Doctor of Philosophy in Geography

RURAL-URBAN CONTINUUM IN THE DISTRICT SANT KABIR NAGAR WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KHALILABAD TOWN

THESIS

SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy In Geography

BY RAISUL BARI

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. ABDUL MUNIR

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2017

ABSTRACT

Acknowledgements

First of all, I am highly grateful to Almighty “ALLAH” ‘the one universal Being’ who blessed me with strength and required passionate ardor to overcome all the obstacles in the way of this toilsome journey for knowledge. In utter gratitude I bow may head before Him. Alhamdulillah, I have come to the successful completion of my Ph.D. which was unrealizable without the support and encouragement of all the admirable and extraordinary people around me.

It is my proud privilege to express my gratitude with wholehearted and gratefulness to my esteemed and illustrious supervisor Dr. Abdul Munir, Professor, Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for his genius guidelines, constant encouragement, continuous inspiration and valuable suggestions. His enthusiasm as well as critical viewpoints gave me the directions leading to the completion of the thesis. I am indebted to him for showing keen interest and concern in the accomplishment of the present work. I feel privileged to have worked under his guidance and would like continue doing so.

I am highly indebted to Professor Ateeque Ahmad Chairman, Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for his inspiration and scrupulously provided me all the necessary facilities in the department.

I would remain indebted to Prof. Nizamuddin Khan Sir, Dr. Mumtaz Ahmad Sir, Dr. Shafiqullah, Dr. Sabbir Ahmed, Dr. Munazir Bari and Dr. Mohd. Sadiq Salman of the department for all their support. They were always forthcoming with their constructive suggestions at all stages of the study, right from the conceptualization to the end. I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all my teachers of the department for their support and for developing healthy academic environment in the department.

Moreover, I am also grateful enough to University Grants Commission (UGC) for granting me the Senior Research Fellowship (UGC- JRF) that really helped me to devote my energies fully into research work without any financial hindrance.

I convey my thanks to the Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi for helping me in getting the necessary materials for my research work. I sincerely thank the Research Seminar Librarian of the Department of Geography, AMU, Aligarh specially Mr. Q.I. Hashmi, Mrs. Talat Kaneez, Mrs. Shaheen Zahid, Mr. Mohammad Arif and cartographers Mr. Munney Khan and Dr. Ayaz Ahmad for their precious and valuable information and support. I am also thankful to Mr. Mazharul Haque, Mr.

i Nooruzzaman and Mr. Fazlur Rahman for being kind, friendly and supportive. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Registrar General, Census of India (New Delhi), State Census Office (Lucknow) and District Statistical Officials for providing me relevant data and information. I praise the help and hospitalities extended to me by my respondents, villagers and informants.

I duly acknowledge the constant support of my seniors Mr. Zafar Iqubal, Suhail bhai (Sociology), Suhail bhai (English), Nisar bhai, Nasib bhai, Meraj Bhai and Khursheed bhai. I am also thankful to my colleagues Sadaf, Tasneem, Akram Bhai, Saher and Uzma for their motivation and cooperation. I owe my special thanks to my friends at my home (study area) Kamil, Nazeer, Mokarram, Ayaz bhai, Er. Obaidurrahman sb. and my older brother Saidul Bari who have been supportive in my entire journey of research work. I cannot forget to acknowledge the moral and logistic support of my room partners Zahoor, Hilal, Sayedil Islam (Remedy) and Amit who have been around me all the time of my sorrow and happiness.

With a profound sense of gratitude and love I must acknowledge the kind and generous support that I have been receiving from my beloved mother and elder sister, whose blessings have remained a constant source of enlightenment in all my academic endeavors. They are the ones who lit the flame of learning in me and whose affection, sacrifice, devotion and constant encouragement helped me to gain this success. I dedicate the present work to them. My adored elder brothers Faizul Bari and Zafrul Bari also need to be acknowledged for their pristine love. My thanks are due to Shabbir Chachu, Asad Bhai and Mujibullah Sir for their support and encouragement.

I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to my friends and juniors Nasim Aktar, Shahanshah, Chand, Tanseer Bhai, Ateeqa Tajdar, Asgor, Akhtarul, Umar, Tabassum, Zafar, Pasarul, Asif, Ehtaram, Fahad, Mahtab, Nisar, Shamshad Alam, Nafees, Md. Dilshad, Fayyaz Afzal, Faizan, Wasiullah Bhai, Ariful, Hifzur, Naushaba, Shabina, Mujahid Bhai, Mayank Yadav, Sana Asma, Rajni sharma and Adnan Bhai. These are the wonder people who have been around me for my entire academic life.

In the last but not the least, I thank to all my well wishers, and everyone who helped me in my research work.

Raisul Bari

ii ABSTRACT

The present work is an attempt to study the dynamics of rural-urban continuum in the Sant Kabir Nagar district. Rural-Urban Continuum is a new concept of settlement geography which surfaced as a response to the concept of ‘Rural-Urban Dichotomy’. It implies that there is something completely (either physically or socially) rural and urban entity that has clear demarcating line. The propagators of the concept of Rural-Urban Continuum envisage the idea that there are no sharp and acute breaking points between countryside and urban areas because they both have something in common. In this unprecedented urbanization countryside is being encroached by the urbanity and the rural areas receded back towards more rural areas. Thus, rural–urban continuum proposes a linear depiction of the contrasting natures of socio-economic relationships of rural and urban settlements. It is a zone of transition between the two extreme poles of purely urban areas where in one place urban activities can be clearly identified and second is the place of purely rural areas where rurality dominates. With the globalization this region became extremely unstable and dynamic in the face of rapid change, chiefly from rural to urban character. Robert Redfield (1897-1958) designated this area as ‘Continuum’ for the first time, it is to be noted that actually continuum, is a zone rather than a line and it is difficult to define. Sinclair (1967), while studying land use pattern designated this region as peri- urban belt, where the pattern of land use is peculiar of its own.

The Khalilabad town (headquarters of the district offices) serves the administrative as well as economic and commercial bondages that have social and economic linkages with its countryside. The district has been selected as study area and special attention was given to Khalilabad town to highlight the development and pattern of rural-urban continuum of the region. After creation of Sant Kabir Nagar district in 1997, Khalilabad town became the hub of different activities. It is the only important town of the district where urbanization is taking place at a great pace. Being centre the of attraction, the town has attracted people of the surrounding regions for job, education, health, administrative and other facilities. People of the countryside get settled here for different facilities which lead to the demographic and social change in the region. Khalilabad is an important town which is playing a pivotal role in maintaining the interrelationship with its rural belt. It has linkages with the

1 surrounding areas in terms of administrative works, health, education, selling and purchasing and recreation facilities. The facilities provided by the town have attracted commuters of the surrounding villages and have a strong interrelationship and it has gradually developed a rural-urban continuum.

The main objectives of this research are as follows: 1. To distinguish the purely rural areas and purely urban areas of Sant Kabir Nagar in relation to Khalilabad town and also to mark off the area where rurality and urbanity intermingle. 2. To assess the rural-urban linkages and relationship in the district of Sant Kabir Nagar. 3. To study the change of the land use pattern of rural-urban continuum of Khalilabad. 4. To find out the pattern of rural-urban continuum in the district. 5. To show the socio-economic problems related to the rural-urban continuum in the study area. 6. To evaluate the impact and influence of Khalilabad town on its surrounding rural areas.

Hypotheses The hypotheses used to achieve the aforesaid objectives are: 1. Whether there exist strong linkages between rural and urban areas in the continuum? 2. Whether there is a positive relationship between rural-urban continuum and household facilities and amenities?

Database and Methodology The study is based on both primary as well as secondary sources of data related to the rural-urban continuum. The primary data was collected through the extensive household surveys of 21 villages selected from all the nine blocks of the district. Relevant data was collected with the help of a well-structured questionnaire. The villages and Khalilabad town has been taken as the unit of analysis. To achieve the objectives, the following methodology was adopted for the study.

2 In order to identify different sampled villages, stratified purposive sampling was adopted on the basis of:

(a) Distance of village from the town i.e. (i) less than 6 Km, (ii) 6 – 12 Km and (iii) more than 12 Km. (b) Population Size of villages i.e. (i) less than 1,000 (ii) 1,000 – 1,500 (iii) more than 1500.

In the second stage 10 per cent of the households from the selected villages were selected for primary data collection.

The villages have been selected on the basis of different criteria given below: a) Distance of the villages from the town. b) Population and household size of the villages c) Distance of the villages from the main roads

Total 21 villages have been surveyed out of the total 1576 inhabited from the nine blocks of the district to find out the rural-urban linkages in the district. Rural-urban linkages were taken as the base for the analysis of rural-urban continuum in the study area. Total population of the sample villages of the study area is 34,321. There were total 5154 households out which 510 household were selected and surveyed for the study.

Secondary data were collected from published records available in different administrative offices of the district. The block as well as village level data regarding demography, facilities and amenities were collected from the Census of India (Primary Census Abstract) for the different decadal years.

For quantitative and qualitative analysis of both secondary and primary data standard statistical techniques have been used to infer the relationship and the ground fact related to the rural and urban areas in the study area. In order to measure spatial disparities Z-score and composite Z-score techniques have been adopted whereas Karl Pearson’s correlation co-efficient (r) method was applied to examine the relationship between selected independent variable (population density) and other dependent variables related to rural– urban characteristics of Sant Kabir

3 Nagar district. Thus, the demarcation of rural-urban continuum zone in the study area was done by using 18 variables on the basis of secondary sources of data. ArcGIS 10.2 was used for analysing land use pattern (by using satellite imageries) and cartographic works. All the computations and graphics have been done with the help of MS-Office and SPSS v.16 software. The present work has been divided into eight chapters apart from conclusion and suggestions. The first Chapter gives an introduction to the general outline of the study with the logic of selection of the topic and study area, location of the study area, objectives, database and methodology and review of literature. The second chapter examines the conceptual framework of rural- urban continuum, definition and historical development of the concept.

Third Chapter deals with the geographical profile of the study area like its topography, physiography, geology, drainage systems, soils, climate and socio- economic setting. Despite homogenous in nature the district is divided topographically into several distinct tracts, the district has an average elevation of 83 meters above the sea level (DEM 2016). On the basis of soil and geology the district is divided into three region, Rapti flood plain, Khalilabad plain and Ghanghata khadar region. Ghaghara and Rapti river systems are two important river systems of the district. The district is in the central part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and extends from 260 30' north latitude to 270 10' north latitude and 820 45' east longitudes to 830 15' east longitudes. The geographical area encompasses 1646 sq. km. with a population of 17, 15,183 (Census of India 2011).

The climatic conditions of the study area have been envisaged taking into account of temperature, rainfall, humidity and winds. The district comes under north eastern plain of hot sub-humid (moist) agro climatic zones. The area is highly influenced by the monsoon climate as more than 90 per cent rainfall occurs with the onset of the south-west monsoon by the middle of June to the end of September. May is the hottest month when temperature sometimes reaches as high as 470C. In this region there is extremity of climatic condition where the month of January is extremely cold and the months of May/June are tremendously hot. The soils of the district are highly calcareous (pH 7.8) and are very similar to the alluvium soil of the region. Agriculture is main base of economy of the district. Paddy and wheat are the

4 principle crops along with sugarcane. The district is directly connected to the Gorakhpur in the east and Lucknow in the west by railways and roadways.

Chapter four is related with the temporal change of land use and land cover of both Sant Kabir Nagar district and Khalilabad town. The land use of the district is analysed with the help of satellite imageries for the year of 2007 and 2016 and the land use of the district is classified into four important groups namely, agriculture and vegetation, built-up area, waterbody and wastelands. The land use pattern of the town was studied for the year of 2016 and is classified as built-up area, open space, waterbodies and agricultural space. It is found that there is positive change in land use of agriculture and vegetation during 2007 and 2016 whereas; the negative change is recorded in the land under waterbody and wasteland during the same period in the district.

Chapter fifth discusses the urban characteristics of Sant Kabir Nagar district with special reference to Khalilabad town. Total urban population of the district is 7.49 per cent (Census of India, 2011) which is distributed in six urban places of the district. There is uneven distribution of urban population and it is only because of historical and locational factors that Khalilabad has more than 52.14 per cent (Census of India, 2011) of the total urban population of the district whereas four blocks even does not have any urban population. The growth rate of urban population of the study area is 27.83 per cent during the decade 2001-2011. Among all the urban places Khalilabad town on an average has the highest urban population growth rate during last three decades i.e. 1981- 2011. The urban population density of the district is 4,944 persons per sq. km. and the highest urban density was recorded to be in Mehdawal town.

The share of total workers in the study area is 29.82 per cent with a male and female gap of (gender gap) 60.20 per cent. The gender gap in work participation varies from 36.52 per cent in Ledwa Mahua to 73.13 per cent in Hariharpur town (2011). In case of urban sex ratio of Sant Kabir Nagar district it was found that it is better (917 females per thousand males) than the urban state average of Uttar Pradesh (894 females per thousand males) (2011). All the towns have shown decadal improvement in sex ratio except Maghar and Hariharpur that have exhibited declining

5 trend in 2001-2011 decade. The average urban literacy rate of the district is 75.06 per cent. Among all the towns Khalilabad town has the highest total, male and female literacy in the district. Khalilabad is only important town of the district having the highest shares of urban facilities like education, electricity, banking, medical and recreational facilities as compared to other towns. The chapter also incorporate detailed and substantial study of the 25 wards of Khalilabad town. The ward-wise study of the town includes population distribution, growth and sex ratio, literacy occupational structure, housing condition and drinking water facilities.

Sixth chapter of the study deals with the rural characteristics of the study area including rural settlements and its distribution, population distribution, growth, density, literacy and sex ratio, occupational structure, infrastructural facilities and bases of economy of rural areas. This chapter also analyses the socio-economic characteristics of the sampled villages. According to census 2011, out of the total (1646 sq. km.) area 1620 sq. km. is inhabited by the rural population in the district. There are total 1,726 villages out of which 1,582 are inhabited village. There are five blocks namely, Sotha, Belhar Kalan, Semariyawan, Haisar Bazar and Pauli that are purely rural in nature and do not have any categorised urban population. There is uneven distribution of rural settlements in the study area and it is only because of the frequent flood in the southern region of the district caused by the Ghaghara and other rivers whereas the central part of the district has large numbers of villages because it has fertile land and high density of road networks and connectivity. Nearly 65 per cent of the villages of the district have the village size up to 999 population whereas, there are only 10 villages having population size 5000 and above.

According to census of India 2011, total rural population of the district is 15, 86,652 which comprises 8, 02,609 males and 7, 84,043 females. Semariyawan block of the district has the highest share of rural population in both the census years of 2001 and 2011. There is 22.28 per cent share of Scheduled Castes population in the study area (2011). The average growth of rural population of Sant Kabir Nagar district during 2001 and 2011 is 20.23 per cent. Due to the reorganization of the administrative boundaries and block-wise shuffling of the population there emerge unique pattern of population growth in the study area. Rural population density of the district is 9, 65 persons per sq. km. (2011). Baghauli has the highest population

6 density in the study area (1,208 persons per sq. km.). The block-wise distribution of sex ratio in the district is not uniform and it varies from 1,012 (highest) females per thousand males in Baghauli and to the lowest 954 in Khalilabad block that has the differences of 58 units. The average rural literacy of the district is 66.03 per cent and Khalilabad block has the highest total, male and female literacy rate among all the blocks of the study area. The work participation rate of rural areas of the district is 43.70 per cent among which 23.94 per cent are male and 19.77 per cent are marginal workers. Among the different economic activities agriculture labourers has the highest (57.42 per cent) share of workers in the district.

In terms of rural infrastructural facilities Belhar Kala has the highest share related to educational facilities in the district whereas, the highest accessibility of medical facility was recorded in Mehdawal block. Semariyawan block has the highest per cent of banking facilities among all the blocks of the districts. Out of the total villages 64.5 per cent of the villages of the study area have the connectivity with the all-weather roads. The socio-economic characteristics of the sampled villages discussed in this chapter deals with the demography, land use and facilities and various amenities available in these sample villages.

Chapter seven explores the relational linkages of the sampled villages with the town on the basis of data obtained through field work from the sampled villages. A rural-urban linkage is the result of two way movements of people, goods, capital, energy, technology and social transaction. For the evaluation of rural-urban linkages between sampled villages and the town nine important aspects has been taken into consideration. Among which administrative, market, health, job and educational relation are the most persuasive for rural-urban linkages in the district. The chapter also gives detailed information regarding socio-economic profile of the sampled households of the study area like sex, age composition, religion, caste, family type and size, monthly income, agricultural status and housing condition.

Chapter eight focuses on the delineation of rural-urban continuum in the district Sant Kabir Nagar with reference to Khalilabad town and sampled villages of the district. For the demarcation of continuum in the study area 18 variables (as a criteria) have been used which are supposed and conjectured to work together for the

7 growth and development of the continuum. The statistical techniques like z-score, composite z-score and Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation have been used to find out the spatial disparity and level of relationship between population density (independent variable) and other dependent variables. All the variables of secondary sources of data were given rank value and then on the basis of its rank (position in facilities), the blocks of the study area were categorised into three continuum zone; high continuum zone, moderate continuum zone and low continuum zone. This continuum zone follows the administrative boundary at block level and it was found that two blocks (Khalilabad and Nath Nagar) in the central part of the district surrounding Khalilabad town fall in the high continuum zone. The variables related to facilities and amenities of these two blocks showed positive and strong ranking. There are three blocks that found to be in medium continuum zone whereas, other four blocks fall into low continuum zone.

To find the position of rural-urban continuum at ground level all the 21 sampled villages and its linkages with the town has been studied. Thus, in order to identify their position in the rural-urban continuum these villages were grouped into three classes i.e. villages of high continuum zone, medium continuum zone and low continuum zone. This classification was obtained with the help of 35 selected variables. These variables belong to five sub categories, each of which having a distinct role in effecting the village with respect to its interaction with the urban area. These five sub categories are housing condition, material possessions, education and employment, social change and frequency and purpose of movements. The rural- urban continuum as developed by analysing the composite z-score values of the 21 sampled villages related to these five sub categories reveals that the northern part of the study area has a strong relationship with the town. Three consecutive zones are found that show the effect of the urban area upon the rural area which decreases with the distance although not at a fast rate yet each zone covers large part of the study area. The chapter also analyses the socio-economic problems related to the rural- urban continuum like migratory problems, slums, housing problems and other problems related to the facilities provided by Khalilabad town.

8 CONTENTS

Page No. Acknowledgements i-ii List of Tables iii-vi List of Figures vii-viii List of Abbreviations ix

CHAPTER I 1-22 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Outline 1.2 Selection of the Study Area 1.3 Location and Administrative Setup of the Study Area 1.4 Objectives of the Study 1.5 Data base 1.6 Methodology 1.7 Review of Literature

CHAPTER II 23-37 CONCEPT OF RURAL-URBAN CONTINUUM 2.1 Conceptual framework 2.2 Definitions 2.3 Historical Development of the Concept of Rural-Urban Continuum 2.4 Basic Characteristics of Rural Areas 2.5 Basic Characteristics of Urban Areas 2.6 Relational and Dynamic Characteristics of the Continuum

CHAPTER III 38-59 GEOGRAPHICAL PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA 3.1 Topography 3.2 Physiography 3.2.1 Rapti Flood Plain 3.2.2 Khalilabad Plain 3.2.3 Ghanghata Khadar 3.3 Geology 3.3.1. Older Alluvium 3.3.2. Newer Alluvium 3.4 Drainage 3.4.1 The Ghaghara 3.4.2 The Rapti 3.4.3 The Kuwanon 3.4.4 The Rawai 3.4.5 The Manwar (Manorma) 3.4.6 The Katnahia 3.4.7 The Ami 3.5 Wetlands and lakes 3.6 Soils 3.7 Climate 3.7.1 Temperature 3.7.2 Rainfall 3.7.3 Humidity 3.7.4 Winds 3.8 Socio-Economic Setting 3.8.1 Agriculture 3.8.2 Land Use Pattern 3.8.3 Demographic Characteristics 3.8.4 Transportation

CHAPTER-IV 60-70 LAND USE PATTERN IN SANT KABIR NAGAR DISTRICT 4.1 Agriculture and Vegetation 4.2 Built-up Area 4.3 Waterbody 4.4 Wasteland 4.5 Land Use of Khalilabad Town 4.5.1 Built-up Area 4.5.2 Open Space 4.5.3 Waterbodies 4.5.4 Agricultural Space

CHAPTER-V 71-116 URBAN CHARACTERISTICS OF SANT KABIR NAGAR DISTRICT 5.1 Distribution of Population in Urban Areas 5.2 Population Growth 5.3 Population Density 5.4 Level of Urbanization 5.5 Distribution of Urban Workers 5.6 Urban Sex Ratio 5.7 Urban Literacy 5.8 Urban Infrastructural Facilities in Sant Kabir Nagar 5.8.1 Educational Facilities 5.8.2 Electricity Facilities 5.8.3 Banking Services 5.8.4 Medical Facilities 5.8.5 Recreational Facility 5.8.6 Transportation and Communications 5.9 Khalilabad Town 5.9.1 Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics 5.9.1.1 Population Distribution 5.9.1.2 Population Growth Rate 5.9.1.3 Population Density 5.9.1.4 Sex Ratio 5.9.1.5 Literacy 5.9.1.6 Occupational Structure 5.9.1.7 Housing Condition 5.9.1.8 Drinking Water Facilities

CHAPTER-VI 117-160 RURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SANT KABIR NAGAR DISTRICT 6.1 Distribution of Rural Settlements 6.2 Distribution Villages by Population Size 6.3 Population Size and Distribution of Rural Population 6.3.1 Very Low Size Population (Less than 500) 6.3.2 Low Size Population (500-999) 6.3.2 Medium Size Population (1000-1999) 6.3.4 Large Size Population (2000-4999) 6.3.5 Very Large Size Population (5000-9999) 6.4 Distribution of Rural Population 6.5 Rural Population Growth 6.6 Rural Population Density 6.7 Rural Sex Ratio 6.8 Rural Literacy 6.9 Work Participation Rate 6.10 Infrastructural Facilities 6.10.1 Educational Facilities 6.10.2 Health Facilities 6.10.3 Banking Facilities 6.10.4 Transport and Telecommunications 6.10.5 Electricity Facility 6.10.6 Population size and Rural Facilities 6.11 Bases of Economy of Rural Areas 6.12 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Sampled Villages 6.12.1 Population Distribution 6.12.2 Sex Ratio 6.12.3 Population Density 6.12.4 Literacy Rate 6.12.5 Work Participation Rate 6.12.6 Land use Pattern 6.12.7 Facilities and Amenities

CHAPTER-VII 161-182 RELATIONAL LINKAGES OF THE SAMPLED VILLAGES WITH KHALILABAD TOWN 7.1 Administrative Relation 7.2 Agricultural Relation 7.3 Financial and Monetary Relation 7.3.1 Relation with Bank and ATMs 7.4 Relation with Market 7.5 Occupational Relation 7.6 Transport and Communication Relation 7.6.1 Road transport 7.6.2 Railways 7.6.3 Postal and Telecommunications 7.7 Educational Relation 7.8 Health 7.9 Recreational and Religious Linkage 7.10 Socio-economic Profile of the Sampled Households 7.10.1 Family Type and size 7.10.2 Average Monthly Income 7.10.3 Agricultural Status 7.10.4 Housing Condition of the Sampled Households

CHAPTER VIII 183-235 CRITERIA TO DELINEATE THE RURAL-URBAN CONTINUUM OF SANT KABIR NAGAR DISTRICT

8.1 Method of Delineation of Rural-Urban Continuum 8.2 Criteria to Delineate the Continuum Based on Secondary Data 8.2.1 Zone of Continuum 8.2.1.1 Zone of High Continuum 8.2.1.2 Zone of Moderate Continuum 8.2.1.3 Zone of Low Continuum 8.3 Co-relation Co-efficient Value (r) 8.4 Village-wise Analysis of Rural-Urban Continuum 8.4.1 Villages of High Continuum Zone 8.4.2 Villages of Medium Continuum Zone 8.4.3 Villages of Low Continuum Zone 8.5 Comparative Analysis 8.6 Socio-Economic Problems Related to the Continuum CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 236-240

Bibliography 241-245

Appendices 246-257

Glossary 258 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page No. No.

1.1 Location Map of the Study Area 3 2.1 From Villages to Metropolis 24 3.1 Sant Kabir Nagar District, Elevation, 2010 40 3.2 Sant Kabir Nagar District, Drainage 43 3.3 Distribution of Wetlands in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2010 45 3.4 Sant Kabir Nagar District, Soil Types 47 3.5 Sant Kabir Nagar District, Climatic Conditions, 2001 49 3.6 Maximum, Minimum and Average Temperature in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2012 51 3.7 Sant Kabir Nagar District, Average Monthly Rainfall, 2012 51 3.8 Sant Kabir Nagar District General Land Use Pattern, 2001 53 3.9 Sant Kabir Nagar District, Transport Network 57 4.1 Sant Kabir Nagar District, Temporal Change in Land use, 2007-2016 62 4.2 Sant Kabir Nagar District, Pattern of land use Change, 2007 63 4.3 Temporal Change in Built-up area in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2007-2016 64 4.4 Sant Kabir Nagar District, Pattern of land use Change, 2016 65 4.5 Pattern of land use Change in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2007-2016 66 4.6 Land Use Pattern in Khalilabad Town, 2016 68 5.1 Town-wise Distribution of population in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 72 5.2 Town-wise Decadal Urban Population Growth Rate, 1981-2011 74 5.3 Town-Wise Urban Population Density in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 1991-2011 76 5.4 Rate of Urbanization in Sant Kabir Nagar, 1971-2011 77 5.5 Town-Wise Work Participation Rate in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 79 5.6 Urban Male and Female Literacy, 2011 86 5.7 Khalilabad Town, Ward-wise Distribution of Population, 2001-2011 95 5.8 Ward-wise Pattern of Population Growth in Khalilabad Town, 2001-2011 97 5.9 Khalilabad Town, Ward-wise Pattern of Population Density, 2011 98 5.10 Khalilabad Town, Ward-wise Distribution of Sex Ratio, 2001-2011 99 5.11 Khalilabad Town, Ward-wise Pattern of Literacy, 2011 103 5.12 Khalilabad Town, Ward-wise Distribution of Workers, 2011 106 5.13 Khalilabad Town, Ward-wise Housing Condition, 2011 109 5.14 Khalilabad Town, Ward-wise Availability of Water Facility, 2011 113 6.1 Distribution of Population by Population Size in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 122 6.2 Block-wise Distribution of Rural Population, 2001-2011 123 6.3 Block-wise Pattern of Rural Population Density, 2001-2011 126 6.4 Block-wise Pattern of Rural Sex Ratio, 2001-2011 127

vii 6.5 Block-wise Pattern of Rural Literacy Rate, 2001-2011 130 6.6 Block-wise Distribution of Total Workers in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2001-2011 134 6.7 Banking Facilities in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 141 6.8 Electricity Facility in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 144 6.9 Location of Sampled Villages 148 6.10 General land use in Sampled Villages, 2011 156 8.1 Population Density Vis-a-vis Rural Population 187 8.2 Population Density Vis-a-vis Urban Population 189 8.3 Population Density vis-à-vis Agricultural Labourers 191 8.4 Population Density vis-à-vis Household Industry Workers 193 8.5 Population Density vis-à-vis Other Workers 195 8.6 Population Density vis-à-vis Literacy Rate 197 8.7 Population Density vis-à-vis Cultivated Areas 199 8.8 Population Density vis-à-vis Road Density 201 8.9 Population Density vis-à-vis Irrigated Areas 203 8.10 Population Density vis-à-vis Electrified Villages 205 8.11 Population Density vis-à-vis Number of Post Office 207 8.12 Population Density vis-à-vis Water Facility 209 8.13 Population Density vis-à-vis Banking Facilities 211 8.14 Population Density vis-à-vis Medical Facilities 213 8.15 Population Density vis-à-vis Villages having Transport Communication 215 8.16 Population Density vis-à-vis Per cent of Villages with Agricultural Credit Societies 218 8.17 Population Density vis-à-vis Block-wise Number of Weekly Market 220 8.18 Blocks with Continuum Precinct 222 8.19 Zone of Rural-Urban Continuum in Sant Kabir Nagar District 227 8.20 Khalilabad Town Housing Condition, 2011 232

viii LIST OF TABLES

Table Titles Page No. No.

1.1 Inhabited and Uninhabited Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 4 1.2 Household and Population Size of the Sampled villages of Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 6 2.1 Rural Urban Differences 26 2.2 Livelihoods and the Rural-urban Continuum 27 2.3 Continuum of Settlements from Rural to Urban 31 3.1 Wetland, Number and Area in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2010 45 3.2 Monthly Maximum-Minimum Temperature, Monthly Average Rainfall and Humidity in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2012 50 3.3 Major crops (Area, Production and Productivity) in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2012-13 52 3.4 Land use pattern of Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2010 54 3.5 Block-wise Population Distributions and Sex Ratio in Sant Kabir Nagar 2001 55 3.6 Block wise Population of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 55 3.7 Block-wise Literacy Rate and Total Workers in Sant Kabir Nagar2001-2011 56 3.8 Block-wise Length of Roads in Sant Kabir Nagar District, (2012-13) 58 4.1 Classification of Land use and land cover in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2007, 20016 61 4.2 Land use Pattern of Khalilabad Town, 2016 67 5.1 Distribution of Urban Population in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001, 2011 72 5.2 Block-wise Distribution of Urban Population in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 73 5.3 Decadal Urban Population Growth Rate in Sant Kabir Nagar District 1981-2011 74 5.4 Population Density in Urban Areas of Sant Kabir Nagar, 1991-2011 76 5.5 Pattern of Urban Population Density, 2011 77 5.6 Work Participation Rate and Gender Gap in Urban Areas of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 80 5.7 Distribution of Main Workers in Different Towns of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 81 5.8 Distribution of Household Industry Workers in Urban Areas of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 81 5.9 Distribution of Other Workers in Urban Areas of Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2001-2011 82 5.10 Urban Sex Ratio of Uttar Pradesh and Sant Kabir Nagar District, 1971-2011 83 5.11 Urban Sex Ratio in Sant Kabir Nagar 1991-2011 84 5.12 Number of Literates and Literacy Rate by sex in Towns of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 85

iii 5.13 Percentages of Literates by Sex in Towns of Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2001 86 5.14 Town-wise Number of Government and Private Educational Institutions in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 88 5.15 Number of Educational Institutions per 10,000 Population in the Towns of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 88 5.16 Use of Electricity Connection in Different Categories in Towns of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 89 5.17 Number of banks in Urban Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 90 5.18 Health Care Facilities in Urban Areas of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 91 5.19 Urban Road Density in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 92 5.20 Ward-wise Population Distributions and Growth Rate in Khalilabad Town, 2001-2011 96 5.21 Ward-wise pattern of Population Growth Rate in Khalilabad Town, 2001-2011 97 5.22 Ward-wise Shares of Population and Sex Ratio in Khalilabad Town, 2001 and 2011 100 5.23 Distribution of Population and sex Ratio in the Age Group of 0-6, 2011 101 5.24 Ward-wise shares of Scheduled Castes Population and Literacy in Khalilabad Town, 2011 102 5.25 Pattern of Literacy in Khalilabad Town, 2011 103 5.26 Ward-wise working population in Khalilabad Town, 2011 104 5.27 Ward-wise Distribution of Household Industry Workers and Other Workers in Khalilabad Town, 2011 107 5.28 Ward-wise Housing Condition and Ownership Status in Khalilabad Town, 2011 108 5.29 Ward-wise Houses with Dwelling Rooms in Khalilabad Town, 2011 110 5.30 Ward-wise of Household size in Khalilabad Town, 2011 111 5.31 Ward-wise Sources of Drinking Water in Khalilabad Town, 2011 112 6.1 Total Numbers of Inhabited and Uninhabited Villages and Area of the Blocks in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 118 6.2 Size-wise Distributions of Villages in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 119 6.3 Block-wise Distribution of Population by Population Size in the District, 2011 120 6.4 Block-wise Distribution of Rural Population in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 123

6.5 Tahsil-wise Population in the age groups 0-6 and Scheduled Caste, 2011 124 6.6 Block-wise Rural Population Growth Rate in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 124 6.7 Block-wise Rural Population Density in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 125 6.8 Rural Sex Ratio of Uttar Pradesh and Sant Kabir Nagar District, 1971-2011 127 6.9 Block-wise Rural Sex Ratio (0-6 Age Group) in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 128 6.10 Sex Ratio of Rural Population by Village Ranges in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 129 6.11 Block-wise Male Female literacy and Gender Gap in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 131

iv 6.12 Block-wise Distributions of Villages by Range of Literacy Rate in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 132 6.13 Block-wise Distributions of Rural Workers and Non-Workers by Sex in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001- 2011 133 6.14 Block-wise Population in Different Category of Economic Activities, 2001-2011 135 6.15 Block-wise Percentage of Villages having Different Types of Amenities, 2011 137 6.16 Block-wise Availability of Educational Facility in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 138 6.17 Block-wise Health and Banking Facilities per 10,000 Population in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 139 6.18 Block-wise Rural Banking Facilities in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 140 6.19 Block-wise Distribution of Transport and communication in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 142 6.20 Block-wise Road Lengths and Density in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 143 6.21 Types of Amenities Available by Population Range in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 144 6.22 Distance-wise Amenities Available to Villages in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 145 6.23 Block-wise Distribution of Cultivable Area to the Total area and Gross Area Sown in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 146 6.24 Distribution of Population in the Sampled Villages, 2011 146 6.25 Distribution of Sampled Villages by Sex Ratio in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 150 6.26 Population Distribution and Sex Ratio of the age Group 0-6 and SCs in the Sampled Villages, 2011 150 6.27 Pattern of Population Density in the Sampled Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 152 6.28 Distribution of Literacy Rate in the Sampled Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 153 6.29 Pattern of literacy in Sampled Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 153 6.30 Occupational Structures of the Sampled Villages, 2011 155 6.31 Infrastructural Facilities in the Sampled Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 157 7.1 Percentage of people travelling for Different to the Town, 2014-15 163 7.2 Name of Administrative Offices in Khalilabad Town 164 7.3 Village-wise Linkages through Labours, Agriculture Inputs and Products 2014-15 165 7.4 Urban–Rural Linkages and Interdependencies 166 7.5 Socio- religious Composition of the Sampled Household in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2014-15 175 7.6 Types and Size of Family of the Sampled of the Household in Sant Kabir Nagar 2014-15 176 7.7 Monthly Average Income of the Sampled Villages of the District, 2014-15 177 7.8 Housing Condition of the Sampled Households in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2014-15 178 8.1 List of Criteria to Delineate the Rural-Urban Continuum 184 8.2 Block wise Distribution of Density and Rural Population, 2011 185 8.3 Relationships between Population Density and Rural Population 186 8.4 Relationships between Population Density and Urban Population 188 8.5 Relationships between Population Density and Agricultural Labourer 190

v 8.6 Relationships between Population Density and Household Industrial Workers 192 8.7 Relationships between Population Density and Other Workers 194 8.8 Relationships between Population Density and Literacy Rate 196 8.9 Relationships between Population Density and Cultivated Areas 198 8.10 Relationships between Population Density and Road Density 200 8.11 Relationships between Population Density and Irrigated Area 202 8.12 Relationships between Population Density and Electrified Villages 204 8.13 Relationships between Population Density and Post Office 206 8.14 Relationships between Population Density and Water Facility 208 8.15 Relationships between Population Density and Banking Facility 210 8.16 Relationships between Population Density and Medical Facility 212 8.17 Relationships between Population Density and Transport Communication 214 8.18 Relationships between Population Density and Agricultural Credit Societies 217 8.19 Relationships between Population Density and Weekly Markets 219 8.20 Correlation Co-efficient between Population Density and other Criteria 224 8.21 Selected Variables used to analyse the Continuum by Sampled Villages 225 8.22 Housing Condition of Khalilabad Town, 2011 231 8.23 Numbers of Rooms per House in Khalilabad Town, 2011 232 8.24 Problems faced by the commuters visiting to the town 2014-15 233 8. 25 Perception of the Commuters related to the urban facilities in Khalilabad town. 233 8.26 Distribution of Slum Population in Khalilabad Town, 2011 234

vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Description

PWD Public Work Department

NH National Highway

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

NARP National Agricultural Research Project

ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research

MDR Major District Road

NATMO National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization

N Number of Variables

Km Kilometre

Sq. Km. Square Kilometre

0C Degree Celsius

OBC Other Backward Class

Mm Millimetre

SCs Scheduled Castes

ICT Information and Communication Technology

USGS United States Geological Survey

SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Science

DEM Digital Elevation Model

TM Thematic Mapping

SRC Socio Religious Community

ICICI Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India

UPSIDC Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development Corporation

RTO Regional Transport Office

DM District Magistrate pH Power of Hydrogen

ix CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Outline The concept of rural-urban continuum emphasizes that there are no distinct break points to be found in the degree and magnitude of rural-urban variations. In this unprecedented urbanization, rural areas and country sides are getting encroached by urbanity and are merging with the urban areas. Conveniently, rural – urban continuum proposes a linear depiction of the contrasting natures of socio-economic relationships of rural and urban settlements. Rural- Urban Continuum is a zone of transition between the two extreme poles of purely urban areas where in one place urban activities can be clearly identified and second is the place of purely rural areas where rurality dominates. With the globalization, this region became extremely unstable and dynamic in the face of rapid change, chiefly from rural to urban character. In this age of rapid urbanization urbanity rapidly encroaches into rural areas and the rural area recedes back towards more rural areas. Robert Redfield (1897-1958) designated this area as ‘Continuum’ for the first time, it is to be noted that actually continuum is a zone rather than a line and it is difficult to define. Sinclair (1967) while studying land use pattern designated this region as peri-urban belt, where the pattern of land use is peculiar to its own. Generally, people living in this zone look for more urban infrastructural facilities while the administration fails to provide. Land use remains in condition of disarray. Study of this area, although very interesting has received less attention by the geographers or regional or country planners. Pattern of change, degree of dynamisms, although occurring imperceptibly or perceptibly is dependent on many factors and processes and varies from one to the other. It is gratifying to note that the change can be measured and depicted by statistical means and the direction of maximum or minimum change can be discerned with great authority.

1.2 Selection of the Study Area Sant Kabir Nagar District is newly created district in which Khalilabad Town is seen as an important emerging urban centre. There is high rate of urban influence on the contiguous rural areas and the villages of the study area have experience imprint of urban life style and way of living. The district Sant Kabir Nagar has been

1 taken here as the study area where special attention is given to Khalilabad town to highlight the development and pattern of rural-urban continuum of the region. The Khalilabad town (headquarter of the district) serves the administrative as well as the economic and commercial bondage that has social and economic linkages with the countryside. The town helps in the proper uses and maintenance of resources available in the district.

After the separation of Sant Kabir Nagar district from Basti and Siddharthnagar districts in 1997, Khalilabad became the hub of different activities. Khalilabad town is the only important town of the district where urbanisation is taking place at a great pace. Being the centre of attraction, the town has attracted people of the surrounding regions for job, education, health, administrative and other facilities. People of the countryside get settle here for different facilities which lead to the demographic change in the region. Khalilabad is the only town which has played a pivotal role in maintaining the interrelationship with its rural belt, especially villages under Sant Kabir Nagar district. It has linkages with the surrounding areas in terms of administrative works, health, education, selling, purchasing, recreation facilities etc. The facilities provided by the town has attracted commuter of the surrounding villages and thus have a strong interrelationship and are gradually developing rural-urban continuum. The researcher has selected this area to find out the nature and the direction of development of the rural-urban continuum in the district.

1.3 Location and Administrative Setup of the Study Area The district Sant Kabir Nagar lies between 260 30 to 270 10' North latitude and 820 45' to 830 15' East longitude in (part of Survey of India Toposheet No. 63 I&J (Plate-1) Eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is bounded by Gorakhpur in the east, Basti in the west, Siddharth Nagar in the north and Ambedkar Nagar in the south. The river Ghaghara separates the district from Ambedkar Nagar on its southern boundary. The district is one of the three districts of Basti (old) district. According to the district statistical department the district covers an area of 1646 sq. km. A newly created district has been carved out as separate districts vide state government notification no. 2647/15/97-309/97-Rev-5 dated 5th September 1997 after assimilating 131 villages from Basti and 161 villages from Siddharthnagar district. The district is named after Sant Kabir, a well-known 15th centuries mystic Saint (poet), philosopher who lived in the town Maghar of the district. For the purpose of proper administration, law and

2 order and collection of land revenue, the district has been divided into three tehsils namely, Ghanghata, Khalilabad and Mehdawal. The district comprises of 9 blocks; viz, Baghauli, Belhar Kala, Haisar Bazar, Khalilabad, Mehdawal, Nath Nagar, Pauli, Sotha and Semriyawan. Khalilabad town is the district headquarters.

Location Map of the Study Area, 2011

Source: Census of India, 2011 Fig. 1.1

The district is very well connected by roads of national highways (NH-28), State highways. The district is also well connected with two prominent cities (Gorakhpur in the east and Lucknow in the west) of the region by railways and National Highways number 28 (NH28) which originates from Lucknow and reaches to Gorakhpur. Total population of the study area is 17,15,183 of which 128531 people (7.49 per cent) reside in urban areas of 5 towns Khalilabad, Mehdawal, Maghar,

Ledwa Mahua and Hariharpur (census 2011). The population density of the district Sant Kabir Nagar is 1042 person per sq. km. The sex ratio of the district is 972 females per thousand males, which is far ahead to 912 females per thousand males at the state level.

Total number of rural settlements in the district Sant Kabir Nagar is 1,727, of which 1576 are inhabited and 151 are uninhabited. The block wise distribution of inhabited and uninhabited villages is given in the table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Inhabited and Uninhabited Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 Sl. No. Block Inhabited Uninhabited Total 1 Semriyawan 181 9 190 2 Mehdawal 169 37 206 3 Baghauli 194 22 216 4 Khalilabad 209 10 219 5 Nath Nagar 227 27 254 6 Haisar Bazar 196 16 212 7 Sotha 141 20 161 8 Belhar Kala 150 6 156 9 Pauli 109 4 113 Total District 1576 151 1727 Source: Census of India 2011

1.4 Objectives of the Study The main objectives of this research are as follows: 1. To assess the rural-urban linkages and relationship in the district of Sant Kabir Nagar. 2. To distinguish the purely rural areas and purely urban areas of Sant Kabir Nagar in relation to Khalilabad town and also to mark off the area where rurality and urbanity intermingle. 3. To study the change of the land use pattern of rural-urban continuum of Khalilabad. 4. To find out the pattern of rural-urban continuum in the district. 5. To show the socio-economic problems related to the rural-urban continuum in the study area. 6. To evaluate the impact and influence of Khalilabad town on surrounding rural areas.

1.5 Database The study is based on both primary as well as secondary sources of data related to the rural-urban continuum, which have been collected from the following sources: 1. Municipal Board, Sant Kabir Nagar district 2. District Vikas Bhawan, Sant Kabir Nagar 3. Census of India 2001 and 2011, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, New Delhi, India. 4. National Atlas and Thematic Mapping, Govt. of India. 5. Executive Engineer, P.W.D. Sant Kabir Nagar 6. District Economics & Statistics Officer, Sant Kabir Nagar 7. Department of Agriculture and Corporation, Uttar Pradesh 8. Zila Sankhyakiya Patrika, Sant Kabir Nagar district 9. Jal Nigam, Sant Kabir Nagar district 10. Zila Parishad, Sant Kabir Nagar district 11. Indian Institute of Soil Science 12. Economic & Statistical Division, State Planning Institute, U.P., Lucknow. 13. Maulana Azad library, Aligarh Muslim University; Seminar library of the Department of Geography, Jawahar Lal Nehru Central Library, New Delhi.

Besides, secondary sources of data have been collected from various Government Offices, Govt. bulletins and from various libraries.

The primary data have been collected through extensive household surveys of 21 villages belonging to all the nine blocks of the district with the help of a well-structured questionnaire (Appendix I) during the year 2014.

1.6 Methodology In this study, the villages and Khalilabad town have been taken as the unit of analysis. To achieve the objectives, the following methodology was adopted for the study. In order to identify different sampled villages, stratified purposive sampling was adopted. The 21 villages were selected from all the 9 blocks of the district on the basis of:

(a) Distance of village from the town i.e. (i) less than 6 Km. (ii) 6 – 12 Km. and (iii) more than 12 Km. (b) Population Size of villages i.e. (i) less than 1,000 (ii) 1,000 – 1,500 and (iii) more than 1500. In the second stage, 10 per cent of the households from the selected villages were selected for primary data collection.

Table 1.2 Household and Population Size of the Sampled Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 Sl. Sampled Total Total Blocks Sampled Villages No. Household Household Population 1 Sotha Ganawaria 21 209 1316 Manjharia Tiwari 10 104 830 2 Mehdawal Patwaria 23 235 1504 Gagnaie Rao 34 344 2175 Lohrauli 10 103 597 3 Belhar Khatiyava 22 223 1499 Ramwapur 33 335 2205 Bhadah 11 111 849 4 Baghauli Parsa Jhakaria 23 235 1427 Amar Dobha 37 378 2967 Kushmaini 17 168 925 5 Semriyawan Bhelwasi 25 255 1771 Raipur Urf Chhapia 31 311 2368 Beldiha 11 110 721 6 Khalilabad Nagwa 23 231 1495 Meer Ganj 35 351 2415 Padaraha 14 141 988 7 Nath Nagar Ghorhat 26 256 1644 Ali Nagar 38 384 2581 8 Pauli Parsahar 30 308 1792 9 Haisar Semar Dandi 36 362 2252 Total District 510 5154 34321 Source: Computed by Researcher based on Census of India, 2011

Total 21 villages have been surveyed out of the total 1576 inhabited from nine blocks of the district to find out the rural-urban linkages in the district. Rural- urban linkages were taken as the base for the analysis of rural-urban continuum in the study area. Total population of the sample villages of the study area is 34,321. There were total 5154 households out which 510 household were selected for the study. For quantitative and qualitative analysis of both secondary and Primary data simple and standard statistical techniques have been used to infer the relationship and the ground fact related to the rural and urban areas in the study area.

In order to reach on standardization, the secondary and raw data for different indicators have been computed into standard scores. It is usually known as z-score or standard score. In the first step, block wise z-sore for each indicator is calculated (Smith, 1973 and Siddiqui, 2003). In the second step, composite z- scores (Cs) of all the indicators for each block have been computed to examine the rural-urban linkages in the study area. The z-score is expressed as follows:

 Z-Score In order to measure spatial disparities of every indicator (criteria) of the rural- urban continuum, Z-score technique (standardized scores) has been adopted. 푿풊 − 푿풊̅̅̅ 퐙퐢 = 흏풊 (푺푫) Where, Zi = denotes standard score of ith Variable Xi = Original Value of ith Variable 푋푖̅̅̅ = Mean of ith Variable ∂ = Standard deviation of ith Variable.

 The composite z-score is obtained with the help of the following formula: ∑ 퐙퐢퐣 푪푺 = 퐍

Where, CS = composite Mean Z- Score Zij = Standard Score of ith Variable at jth unit of study N = No. of Variables

 Karl Pearson’s correlation co-efficient (r) method was applied to examine the relationship between rural – urban continuum

∑(푿풊 − 푿̅) (풀풊 − 풀̅) 풓 = √∑(푿풊 − 푿̅)ퟐ ∑(풀풊 − 풀̅)ퟐ

Where, r = Coefficient of Correlation Xi = ith value of X variable X̅ = Mean of X Yi =ith value of Y variable Y̅ = Mean of Y

Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is also known as the product moment correlation Coefficient. The value of ‘r’ lies between ± 1. Positive values of r indicate positive correlation between the two variables (i.e., changes in both variables take place in the statement direction), whereas, negative values of ‘r’ indicate negative correlation i.e., changes in the two variables taking place in the opposite directions. A zero value of ‘r’ indicates that there is no association between the two variables. When r = (+) 1, it indicates perfect positive correlation and when it is (–) 1, it indicates perfect negative correlation, meaning thereby that variations in independent variable (X) explain 100% of the variations in the dependent variable (Y). We can also say that for a unit change in independent variable, if there happens to be a constant change in the dependent variable in the same direction, then correlation will be termed as perfect positive. But if such change occurs in the opposite direction, the correlation will be termed as perfect negative. The value of ‘r’ nearer to +1 or –1 indicates high degree of correlation between the two variables (Mahmood, 2008).

 Simple percentages were used for calculation and easy understanding of the data.  ArcGIS 10.2 was used for analysing land use pattern and map making.  All the computations and graphics have been done with the help of a PC using the softwares like MS-Office and SPSS v.16 software.

1.7 Review of Literature The review of literature is the base of a scientific inquiry. A perusal of the existing and relevant literature which has appeared in different forms like books, journal, articles and report published and un-published compilation of propositions, etc. providing information about the nature of the inquiry already undertaken helps to understand the problem more thoroughly and accurately. It also provides the effective guidelines to present the work. It helps in making comparative statements in the ongoing research with the researches already been undertaken. The review of literature forms an important part of research because it deals with critical examination of various published and unpublished works related to the study undertaken. Therefore, the brief review of various works of authors related to the rural-urban continuum has been highlighted.

H.S. Maine (1861) in his reputed work “Ancient Law” tried to find out the differences between most traditional societies to whom he has called Status (Rural) and the societies of modernity called as Contract (Urban) . He argued that in rural areas men are bound by Status and are very traditional in nature, whereas, in urban areas people are free to make contracts and form association to whomever they want. Zimmerman (1929) in his study entitled ‘Principles of Rural Urban Sociology’ is of the opinion that there is no absolute boundary line along which would show a clear- cut distinctive boundary between the rural and the urban community. Louis Wirth (1938) in his work he has explained that the urban and rural area may be regarded as two poles in reference to one or the other, of which all human settlements tend to arrange themselves.

Horace Miner (1952) in his paper “The Folk Urban Continuum” has tried to evaluate basic propositions and ideas of the Folk-Urban Continuum. In his study he has also made an effort to determine the advantages and limitations of various related conceptual schemes for research and theory building on it. Queen and Carpenter (1953), in their work entitled “The American City” observed that there is continuous gradation of human behaviour rather than a simple rural urban dichotomy and as human communities are mustered along the rural urban continuum, consistence variations occur in the pattern of these behaviours. Moris Opler (1956), in his work entitled “The Extension of an Indian Village” has pointed out the common origin of villages and town with a cluster of surrounding villages. The village exogamy creates

9 kinship ties with other villages and caste assemblies cutting across village lines, customary works, obligations of practices and ritual services in other rural community, pilgrimages to distant shrines and religious centres in a town. This connection also spreads over urban places.

Charles T. Stewarts (1958) is very much critical of the demographic basis for rural-urban definition as the distinction is ultimately subjective. He is of the opinion that demographic concept of urban and rural fails because they apply the same rules of numbers to advance and backward countries, farmers and peasants and to villagers and townsmen. Gananath (1959), noted that a village which is 10-20 mile away from a big city and is continuously in touch with it, has the occupational diversification like tea stall, bicycle repair shops, dispensaries, shops for collection and distribution of vegetables and milks. It has a good number of houses which are renovated by villagers working in the city and a lot of houses get abandoned by migrants to the city. Dewey (1960) in his work entitled “The Rural-Urban Continuum: Real but Relatively Unimportant” said that there is no such thing as urban culture or rural culture but only an agglomeration of various cultures which is somewhere on the rural-urban continuum. R. D. Lambart (1962) in his study “The Impact of Urban Society upon Villages”, in Indian’s Urban Future, observed that social analysis of urban centres and villages in India is less efficient due to typical social structure in India. He described about those economic activities which are normally considered to be urban activities: textile manufacture, metal work, manufacturing of chemical and fertilizer, cement and food processing have segments of their labour force in rural areas. R.E. Pahl (1965) wrote a book entitled “The Rural-Urban Continuum”, Sociologia Ruralis. In this book he had made an attempt to pitch a clear sociological definition of settlement for spotting of rural-urban continuum by providing the characteristics and qualities of rural as well as urban areas.

R.E. Pahl (1966) in his book “Urbs in Rure” has elaborated the influence of urban areas on the countryside by giving example of London rural-urban fringe of Herefordshire where he found that a house wife who lives in a rural area and does all her shopping in a neighbouring town, may be participating in urban life as much as another house wife living in a peripheral estate. Jane Jacobs (1969), in her work on ‘The Economy of Cities’ has given detailed account of economic activities along the rural-urban continuum and argued that the demarcation line drawn between city

10 commerce and industry on the one hand and rural agriculture on the other is not necessary. She also said that it is not easy to make a division between ‘city-created work’ and ‘rural work’, as well as between ‘city consumption’ and ‘rural production’. She is of the opinion that city is the engine of economic development for the rural areas. M.S.A. Rao (1970) in his book ‘Urbanization and Social Change’ with intensive study of Yadavpur found that due to physical and functional expansion of the Delhi city, the villagers of the surrounding areas started growing vegetables and other market oriented crops for the city market. He said that due to employment the occupational structure has changed.

H.E. Bracy (1972) in his work entitled ‘People and the Countryside’ has mentioned that rural community can be isolated as separate system for the purpose of academic study but this is an unreal phenomena and exercise. He said that many areas which are basically referred as rural are more urban than rural in all the aspects which go to make up the way of life of individuals. These individuals are the ultimate part of its rural population. In the year 1974, M.S.A. Rao edited a book on “Urban Sociology in India” wherein the chapter of urban and social transformation, the author has briefly described about the rural-urban continuum in West Bengal. He has examined the exact process of rural urban differences and their mutual relationship. M.S.A. Rao (1974) edited a book namely “Urban Sociology in India” where in the chapter of ‘Urbanisation and Social Change’ he has delineated three types of urban impact on village. His work is concentrated on West Bengal. First impact is due to migrants’ employment in far off cities. These migrants use money in building grand houses, invests on land in the village. In this situation urban impact is felt by the villagers even though they are not physically connected to the urban areas. Second impact is due to the industrial town surrounded by the villages. Third impact is that the growth of city totally absorbs the villages in the process of urban expansion.

S.B. Singh (1977) in his study entitled “Rural Settlement Geography: A Case Study of Sultanpur District” has analysed the evolution, morphological structure, type and functional organization of the rural settlements in the study areas. He has also distinguished various functional villages and then categorised these villages into rural central places. For the demarcation of rural central place he has used central place theory by selecting various infrastructural facilities and amenities available in the villages and has given due weightage to the population size of the rural settlements.

D’Souza (1982) in his Work entitled Rural-Urban Disparities: Education, Demography India” has beautifully examined the inter-state differences in rural urban literacy rate for the year 1981. Charles S. Perry (1984), the analysis of his Kentucky Counties indicates that rural-urban differences exist with regard to economic well- being and objective social indicators. He has used two indicators to analyse the presence of rural-urban continuum, first is the objective social indicator such as health and education and second one is subjective indicators such as quality of life. He is of the view that rural-urban differences are not persistent with respect to subjective social indicator; and there are acute differences among economic types of rural counties with regard to both economic and social indicators. Biplab Dasgupta studied the process of urbanization and rural change in the districts of West Bengal and he has also appraised rural urban relationship in these districts of West Bengal. He has used various aspects like rural-urban migration, industrialization, health and other facilities in the urban part of West Bengal to analyse its impact on rural areas of the states.

Mathur, (1989), in his work entitled “Impact of Jaipur City on surrounding villages” for the assessment of influence of Jaipur City on the fringe villages has categorized the villages in three concentric circle at a distance of 15 km (63 villages), 25 km (170 villages), and 35 km (136 villages). He called them as the zone of dominance, prominence and association respectively. He is of the opinion that the main reasons of dominance of Jaipur City in these fringe villages are economic transformations and accessibility by road transportation. According to him these two factors have greatly influenced the urbanism in the study area. Evan (1990) has argued that any discussion regarding development requires careful consideration on varying aspects of rural-urban linkages. He maintained that the study of both economic prosperity and structural transformation is very important for the evaluation of rural-urban linkages. Dolfos (1990) explained that urban and rural areas are geographically interlinked to each other. The city and its functions have affected a large proportion of rural activities and on the contrary side he explained how rural areas are being affected by the activities of production, distribution and consumption in the cities. Cities provide a link between the global markets and rural areas which creates a positive relationship. Basu and Kashyap (1992) have written a paper entitled “Rural Non-agricultural Employment in India: Role of Development Process and Rural-Urban Employment Linkages”. The main objective of their paper is to

12 study the rural nonfarm sector across different agro climatic condition in India and to identify regionally differentiated agricultural development process in relation to the size of nonfarm sectors. They found the emergence of nonfarm rural employment. Amin Y. Kamete (1998) wrote a book entitled “Interlocking Livelihoods: Farms and Small Town in Zimbabwe” in which he has described about the nature, position and significance of small town in Zimbabwe. In his study he made an attempt to understand the relationship between small towns and their environs. Douglass, (1998) in his model of rural-urban linkages has identified 5 types of flows viz, people, production, commodities, capital and information. He is of the opinion that transformation and development of rural areas are linked to urban functions through the set of these five flows between rural and urban areas.

Tacoli (1998), in his study analysed that Rural-Urban Linkages are very much essential for poverty reduction and sustainable rural development and urbanization. He is of the view that strong linkages not only improve the living condition but also provide employment opportunity for both rural and urban population. He thinks that domestic trade and better infrastructure facilities are the backbone of mutually benefited rural urban relationship. A.K. Sinha (2000) in his book entitled “A Geographical Analysis of Rural Market and Rurban Centres” tries to explain the functional and behavioural aspects of different types of rural markets and rurban centres and their relationship with socio-political and cultural factors that are completely involved in the process of marketing. He further observed that spacing and development of rural centres in Magadha Division are attached with economic prosperities and transportation facilities. Leo D Haan and Ufford (2002) in their work entitled ‘About Trade and Trust: the Question of Livelihood and Social Capital in Rural-Urban Interactions, has tried to evaluate the impact of various flows of people, goods, services, finance, and information between rural and urban areas across a space. Their study is based on western Africa. They are of the view that over that last few years due to the exposure to the world markets there is expansion of rural-urban interaction in developing countries that is increasing year by year. These interactions between rural and urban produced by different types of flows have influenced the cropping pattern and consumption behaviour in rural areas of developing countries. They again emphasized in their work that the livelihood of

13 region a better manifestation of interaction and linkages between rural and urban areas of a region.

S. Songwan and R.S. Songwan (2003) in their book “Rural Urban Divide: Changing Spatial Pattern of social Variables” have made an attempt to provide an elaborated interpretation of spatio-temporal vision and reality of selected demographic attributes which is very important in the rural urban studies. R.K. Sharma (2004) has written a book entitled “Urban Sociology” in which he has explained how an urban area grows, wherein he has pointed out that urban communities everywhere grow artificially out of the functional necessities of a society whereas villages develop through natural growth. He is of the opinion that rural urban differences exist in every field of life ranging from size of population, social interaction and stratification. According to him, main difference between rural and urban society is that of social organization.

Quisumbing and Scott Mcniven (2005) in their study “Migration and the Rural-Urban Continuum: Evidence from the Rural Philippine” have tried to explore the diversity of the experience of migrants of rural, peri-urban and urban areas by using a unique longitudinal data set from Philippines. V.N. Jha (2006), in his book entitled ‘Small towns and Regional development’ which is related to small centres of North Bihar Plain, recorded that urbanization and development are interlinked. He analysed that urban centres big or small affect their surroundings. Small towns act as linking chain between rural area and high order urban centres. He found out that small urban centres restrain migration streams to larger urban centres and act as growth and service centres for rural hinterlands. Ravindra Kaur (2007), in his book “Urban- Rural Relations and Regional Development” has made data based analysis of the changing pattern and intensity of urban-rural relations with the emergence of Chandigarh as a newly planned city. He has also evaluated the evolving picture of urban-rural relations in the study area. Khan and Sharma (2007), in their work emphasised that the main cause of rapid urbanization in Kota City is mainly due to exodus of in-migration from rural areas which is attracted by better educational facilities, water supply, electricity connectivity and proper transportation and communication facilities. Out of all the facilities available, educational institutions are a prime cause of rapid urban growth in the Kota City. Von Braun (2007), perceived that there are very rapidly changing relationships between rural and urban areas and it

14 is impossible to make exclusive demarcation in the form of line in these places. He has made an assessment that rural settlements and urban places coexist and harmonize along a zone with various types of flows and linkages that occur between the two spaces and this very blur zone may be called as rural-urban continuum. According to him rural settlements and urban areas must be seen as two ends in spatial continuum.

B.G. Shivkumar (2009), in his study on ‘Impact of Urbanization on Agriculture and Rural Society’ has pointed out that urbanization has both positive as well as negative impacts on society. Urbanization has brighter aspect as it open newer employment opportunities, intensified specialized and diversified agriculture and improves the living condition of the villagers. However the loss of soil fertility, encroachment on agricultural land, income disparities are the darker side of urbanization. Deichmann et al. (2009) in their work argued that rural settlements that are very close to the urban centres are generally well connected by better transport and communication networks and are mostly involved in non-farm employment. These regions carry out commercial agricultural practices. Their study is particularly related to Bangladesh which is a developing and neighbouring country of India. It is clearly established by their work that access to urban places and facilities is necessary for the growth of non-form sector. Their observation is that these sectors very much needed to provide diversified alternatives for the livelihood strategy. Madu (2010) in his work entitled “The Structure and pattern of Rurality in Nigeria” tried to identify the structure and pattern of rurality in Nigeria. He has used 14 different indicators and on the basis of which he has demarcated five typologies of rural area. This typological demarcation is very necessary in order to understand the dynamics of rural areas in the country. His finding shows that Nigeria is dominantly rural in nature. Amitabh Kant (2011). observed that India will face large scale fresh urbanization. For next 22 years, every minute 30 Indians will leave rural areas for urban settlement. It implies that there is imperative need for India to create numerous new cities and renovate existing ones. He maintained that India is a late starter of urbanization that is why it has the benefit to utilize the existing technology for sustainable development and can learn from good practices done in other parts of the world. Lichter and Brown (2011), in their work have made a historical assessment of rural-urban interdependence in America. They have also made 10 important perceived observations about rural and small towns of the America. In their work they have

15 highlighted the rapidly changing spatial and social boundaries and the new rural- urban interface in American urban history. Praful Singh (2011) in his work entitled “Land use Pattern Analysis using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Mau District, India” made an attempt to classify the land use and land cover of Mau district into six classes of agriculture, fallow land, settlements, salt affected area, water bodies and roads. No doubt he has carried out his study to find out distribution of land use and land cover in the district but he lacks in comparative study. He has used data (satellite imageries) of two point of time to obtain the detailed information related to the land use and land cover and its change over period of time in the study area.

Shieh, L. (2011) in his work entitled “Becoming urban: Rural-urban integration in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province” has evaluated the policies which were designed by the China to extend the municipal boundaries to the surrounding regions. He found that this step not only helped rural development but also accelerated the overall economic development through increased access to domestic and international trade network. Yoginder, (2011) in his work has given important place to the potential of large villages and small towns as market hubs which facilitate the surrounding smaller villages. In his view these market centres are pivot for the agricultural diversification. OECD (2013), embraces the rural-urban relationship approach for economic development and argue that this kind of approach helps in economic development by creating new economic opportunities. Rural-urban relationship improves the living standards of the people and it also promotes the production of public goods. Subrata Dutta (2013), in his work has criticised the planning policies of both the developed and developing countries. He is of the opinion that for sustainable development one should give due importance to both rural and urban areas. Urban biased policies lead to inequality between rural and urban areas and also weaken the process of urbanization. Both rural and urban sectors are mutually interdependent to each other and maintained high degree of interrelationship and multidimensional rural-urban linkage for sustainable living of the inhabitants. Kumar and Bansal (2014), in their study have used remote sensing and satellite imageries to evaluated changes in the urban land use and land cover in Gurgaon City (Haryana) during 2002 and 2010. They found that there is unchecked urban growth in the south-eastern and south-western region of the city and it results in the reduction of natural vegetation and agricultural land.

Lakshami and Moumita Sar (2014) made an effort to analyse the main forces of rural-urban linkages in Nalhati municipality of West Bengal. They also enquired about the crucial role played by transportation linkages in shaping rural- urban continuum in the study area. They found that social, economic and political linkages between the countryside and municipality vary with increasing distance from the main road. Firoz (2014) has made an attempt to study the process and development of rural-urban continuum in Kerala state by exploring typological classification of settlement patterns. He has used different indicators to determine the typology of settlement patterns in Kerala. Akkoyunlu (2015) is of the view that the linkages between rural and urban areas are discouraged by lack of infrastructure, institutional constrain and trade barriers. He further suggested that conglomerating of rural-urban areas into planning units may produce a strong rural-urban linkage that could also play a crucial role in sustainable development in a region. Gaurav Khanna (2015) writes that the town which are near to highways are more prosperous than those located away from the major roads. He further explained that the availability of roads leads to strong rural-urban linkages as these roads connect the small towns with big cities in a region. According to him, proper access to transport and infrastructural facilities in a region there is a positive impact over all the developmental processes of that region. S.M. Panahi, (2015) in his study has tried to find out the relationship between urban and rural area and its impact on rural development of Ilam province of Iran. In his work he has found that due to strong relationship between urban and rural, the rural housing buildings have urban imprint in their design; he further said that in the study area the housing buildings are built on urban pattern. His works reveal that the people of the rural areas have shifted their occupation structure from purely agriculturalist to other urban professions like driving taxi from rural areas to the city. He is of the view that the change in occupation is only because of decrease in income from agricultural activities and increase in expenditure caused by the introduction of urban way of life in rural areas. Rajesh Shukla (2015), is of the view that the destiny of rural areas which are on the fringe of large cities are closely linked with that of the urban areas. In his study he found out that rural areas which have better infrastructure and are somehow developed are fast catching up on various development indicators. These villages have more average annual household surplus income than those of the niche cities. Ankit and Pran, (2017), have tried to analyse the impact of urbanization on the arable land in Kota city

17 of Rajasthan. For the analysis they have used satellite imagery data for the year 1989 and 2016. The temporal data of the city shows that there is unprecedented growth of built-up areas and shrinkage of arable land around the city. They have used four buffer zones to demarcate the influenced areas caused by urbanization. The change in built-up area is very much high and it is 291.8 per cent, however arable land is shrinking (40.30 per cent) due the rapid urbanization of the peripheral areas of the city. They are of the view that there is continuous transformation of peripheral arable land into built-up areas due to the urban growth and population pressure of the city.

In the age of rapid urbanization urbanity rapidly encroaches into rural areas and the rural areas recede back towards more rural areas. The study area is located midway between two big cities i.e., Lucknow in the west and Gorakhpur in the east. Rural-urban continuum is a zone of transition between two extreme poles of purely urban areas where in one place activities can be clearly identified and second is the place of purely rural areas where rurality dominates. A very little works have been done on rural-urban continuum in India as well as in the study area. The brief review of various previous works related to the rural-urban continuum has been highlighted. It helps in making comperative statements in the ongoing research.

REFERENCES Akkoyunlu, S. (2015). ‘The Potential of Rural-Urban Linkages for Sustainable Development and Trade, International journal of Sustainable Development and World Policy, Vol.4, No.2, pp.20-40. Basu, D.N. and Kashyap, S.P. (1992). ‘Rural Non-agricultural Employment in India: Role of Development Process and Rural-Urban Employment Linkages’ Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 27. Nos. 51-52. D’Souza V.S (1982). Rural Urban disparities: Education, Demography India” pp. 202-205. Dadhich, A.P. and Goyal, R. (2017). ‘Impact of Urbanization on Arable Land in Kota - A Geospatial Analysis’, Engineering Sciences International Research Journal, Vol. 5, pp.1-4. Daniel, L. and Brown, D.L. (2011). Rural America in an urban society: Changing spatial and social boundaries, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 37, pp. 565- 592. Dasgupta, B. (1987). ‘Urbanization and Rural Change in West Bengal’ Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 22, No.7, pp. 276-287. Deichmann, U., Shilpi, F. & Vakis, R. (2009). Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development, 37(3), 645-660. Dewey, R. (1960). ‘The Rural-Urban Continuum: Real but Relatively Unimportant’, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 66, pp. 60-66. District Statistical Handbook, Series 10, Part XII A/B, Village and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract, Sant Kabir Nagar District, Directorate Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh, 2001-2011. Doflos, O. (1990). ‘Geographical Space’ Trans. by Cyrus Shani, Nika Press, Mashad. Douglass, M. (1998). ‘A Regional Network Strategy for Reciprocal Rural–urban Linkages: An Agenda for Policy Research with Reference to Indonesia’, Third World Planning Review 20, 1–33. Evans, H.E. (1990). ‘Rural-Urban Linkages and Structural and Urban Development’, Infrastructural and Urban Development Department, World Bank, Washington D.C, Vol. 71, pp. 5-9.

Firoz, M. et al. (2014). A Methodology to Define the Typology of Rural-Urban Continuum Settlements in Kerala, Journal of Regional Development and Planning, Vol.3, No.1, pp. 49-60. Gananath, V.S. (1959). ‘Some Aspects of Rural-urban Relationship in India’, Indian Geographer, Vol. 4, pp. 29-36. Hann, L.D. and Ufford, P.Q. (2002). ‘About Trade and Trust: the Question of Livelihood and Social Capital in Rural-Urban Interactions’ Centre for International Development Issues, Nijmegen, Dakar, Senegal, pp. 1-13. Jacobs, Jane (1969). ‘The Economy of Cities’ New York, Random House. Jha V.N., (2006). ‘Small towns and Regional development’ Rajesh publication New Delhi. Kamete A.Y. (1998). ‘Interlocking livelihood: ‘Farms and small Town in Zimbabwe’ Environment and Urbanization, Vol.10, No.1, p.24. Kant, A. (2011). The Tale of India’s Cities, Times of India, August 4, 2011. Lakshmi, S.K. and Sar, M. (2014). ‘Rural Urban Linkages: A Study Around Nalhati Municipality’, International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 721-726. Lambart, R.D. (1962). ‘The Impact of Urban Society upon Village’, in India’s Urban Future. (ed. Roy Runner), University of California Press Perkley, p. 118. Madu, I.A. (2010). The Structure and pattern of Rurality in Nigeria, GeoJournal, Springer, Netherland, Vol.75, No.2, pp. 175-184. Mahmood, A. (2008). Statistical Methods in Geographical Studies, Rajesh Publications, New Delhi, p. 51. Miner, H. (1952). ‘The Folk-Urban Continuum’ American Sociological Review, Vol. 5 pp.529-537. Opler, M. (1956). ‘The Extension of an Indian Village”, journal of the Asian Studies, Vol. 16 (Nov), pp. 5-10. Pahl, R.E. (1965). ‘The Rural-Urban Continuum’, Sociologia Ruralis, Weidenfield and Nicolson, Vol. 6, No. 3-4, P. 316. Panahi, S.M. (2015). ‘Interrelationships Between Urban and Rural Areas and their Effect on Rural Development in Ilam Province, Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Science, Vol. 5, pp. 752-758.

Perry, C.S. (1984). ‘Economic Activity and Social Indicators: A Rural-Urban Discontinuum?’ The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol.43, No.1, pp.61-74. Quisumbing A.R. and Mcniven S. (2005). “Migration and the Rural-Urban Continuum: Evidence from the Rural Philippine” International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, USA, pp2-4. Rao MSA, (1970). ‘Urbanization and Social Change: A Study of Rural Community on a Metropolitan Fringe’ Oriental Longman Ltd, New Delhi, pp.45-83. Rao MSA, (1974). “Urban Sociology in India” (ed. Rao MSA) Oriental Longman, New Delhi, pp. 38-90. Rao, M.S.A. (1974). ‘Urban Sociology in India, (ed. Rao MSA), Oriental Longman Ltd., New Delhi pp. 487-507. Redfield, R, (1947). ‘The Folk Society’, The American Journal of Sociology, LII No.4, pp. 293-294. Sangwan, S. and Songwan, R.S. (2003). ‘Rural Urban Divide: Changing Spatial Pattern of social Variables” Concept Publication Company, New Delhi, pp. 19-21. Sharma, R.K. (2004). ‘Urban Sociology’ Atlantic Publisher, New Delhi, PP.74-86. Shieh, L. (2011). Becoming Urban: Rural-Urban Integration in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, pp. 475-494. Shivkumar, B.G. (2009). Impact of Urbanization on Agricultural and Rural Society, in Agrawal B. (ed. 2009), Urbanization of Rural Areas, Jaipur ABD Publisher, pp. 217-234. Shukla, R. (2015). Rural-Urban Continuum and the Lessons for India, The Financial Express, (Opinion), 12th August 2015. Sigh, P. (2011). Land use Pattern Analysis Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Mau District India, Archives of Applied Science Research, Vol. 2-5, pp. 10-16. Sinclair, R. (1967). ‘Von Thunen and Urban Sprawl, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Taylor & Francis, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 72-87. Sinha AK (2000). ‘A Geographical Analysis of Rural Market and Rurban Centers’, ESS Publication, New Delhi, pp. 107-176. Sorokin, P. and Zimmerman, (1929). ‘Principles of Rural Urban Sociology’ Henry Holt and Co. New York P14.

Stelwart, C.T. (1958). ‘The Urban-Rural Dichotomy: Concepts and Uses’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 44, (Sept) p.158. Subrata, D. and Chakraborty, S. (2013). Linkages between Disperse Urbanization and Rural Industrialization: A case Study from West Bengal, South Asia Network of Economic Research Institutes (SANERI). Tacoli, C. (April 1998). ‘The Links Between urban and rural development” Environment and Urbanization, vol. 15 no.1. Valarmathi, M. (2012). An Analysis of Socio-economic Interconnections Between Rural and Urban India, South Asian Research Journals (Academia), Vol.2, No.2, pp. 102-110. Wirth, L. (1938). “Urbanism as a way of life’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 44, p 3. Yogender, A.K (2011). ‘Agriculture in a Rural-Urban Continuum’ Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 66, No 2, pp. 165-177.

CHAPTER II

CONCEPT OF RURAL-URBAN CONTINUUM

2.1 Conceptual Framework The concept of Rural-Urban Continuum was given in 1947, the year of India’s independence by Robert Redfield on the basis of his study of Mexican Peasants of Tepoztlian during the 1920s and 1930s and the concept was extended to other geographical settings. Rural-Urban Continuum is a concept of sociology and settlement geography and surfaced as a response to the concept of what is called “Rural-Urban Dichotomy”. The concept of rural-urban dichotomy implies that there is something completely (either physically or socially) rural and completely urban entity that has a clear demarcating line. The propagators of the concept of Rural-Urban Continuum envisage the idea that there are no sharp and acute breaking points between countryside and urban areas because they have something in common. Redfield and Singer (1954) have stated about two phases of urbanization. The first phase is related to the people becoming urban: primary urbanization. The second phase is related with the endless process of continuous change in the thinking and acting of urban people: secondary urbanization. They are of the view that continuum is related only with the first phase of urbanization and suggest that nothing will change again once this phase is completed. There is another opinion of Pocock (1960) regarding rural-urban continuum, he is of the view that both village and town/city are elements of the same civilization and hence neither rural-urban dichotomy, nor continuum is meaningful. Rural-Urban Continuum is one of the most important issues in urban and rural planning.

In the old days cities were lived within walls and rural and urban areas were divided by gates of the wall but the coming of industrialization and globalization has opened the gates of the city. Today urban ways of life are penetrating into the countryside and it might be difficult to draw a line between the two. One can find rural activities in urban setting and urban activities in rural setting. The relationship between these two setting is not completely perfect, although the continuum concept still has some validity. The Rural-urban continuum can be clearly depicted by the diagram as follow:

From Villages to Metropolis

Source: Pooja Mondal (http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com) Fig. 2.1

2.2 Definitions 1. Ferdinand Tonnies (1887) has said that if all the settlements be it Gemeinschaft (rural) or Gesellschaft (urban) are placed on an array we could have strong account of spatial arrangement of these settlements that are influenced by each other. 2. According to Durkheim, David Emile (1893), “Rural community is based on mechanical solidarity whereas urban community is characterized by organic solidarity”. 3. According to MacIver, (1917), “Between the two, there is no sharp demarcation to tell where the city ends and country begins. Every village possesses some elements of the city and every city carries some features of the village”. 4. Sorokin and Zimmerman (1930) have stated that ‘the factors distinguishing rural from urban settlements include occupation, size and density of population as well as mobility and differentiation and stratification of the society.’ 5. According to Gist and Halbert, (1945), “The familiar dichotomy between rural and urban is more of a theoretical concept than division based upon the facts of community life”. 6. According to Queen and Carpenter, (1953), “There is continuous gradation from rural to urban rather than a simple rural-urban dichotomy”. 7. According to T.K. Oommen “there are considerable variations within rural and urban communities, and the rural urban elements are found in differing proportions in both”.

8. According to Mukherjee, (1963) ‘degree of urbanization is an important and useful conceptual tool for understanding of rural-urban continuum and their mutual relationship’. 9. A. R. Desai, ‘Social life in the country-side moves and develops in a rural setting just as social life in the urban area moves and develops in an urban setting, their respective settings considerably determine rural and urban social life.’ 10. According to A.N. Clark, (2003) ‘the term rural-urban continuum is used in recognition of the fact that in general there is rarely, either physically or socially, sharp division, a clearly marked boundary, between rural and urban areas, with one part of the population wholly urban and the other wholly rural. It is related to the merging of town and country,.

From the above definitions, rural-urban continuum may be defined as the zone of noticeable change in terms of land use, settlements, attitude and behaviour of a person that may show negative or positive change from urban poles towards very small rural settlements in a region.

2.3 Historical Development of the Concept of Rural-Urban Continuum The origin of the concept of Rural-urban continuum has a long historical background behind it. The concept of rural-urban continuum not only gets changed with the passage of time but also gets refined by the conflicting ideas of different scholars. Conventionally, the concept proposes a linear depiction of the contrasting nature of relationships between rural and urban settlements. This was the popular conceptual tool of the scholars of 20th century to study and classify the rural settlement and an urban part of a region. The scholars of that period also made various efforts to understand the influence and impact of mutual interaction between rural and urban areas due to increasing urbanization. L. Luis Wirth (1938) has seen cities in totally distinctive ways as compared to rural areas as cities are large, dense and heterogamous in nature. It was after Robert Redfield that scholars started studying rural-urban continuum as an influence not as a linear aspect. The present day researchers have used the concept of rural-urban continuum to stress the idea that there is no linear breaking point to be found in the quantity of rural-urban differences. The conceptual changes of rural-urban continuum are given in the following table:

Table 2.1 Rural Urban Differences Name of Authors Years Urban Categories Rural Categories Maine 1864 Contract Status Ferdinand Tonnies 1887 Gesellschaft Gemeinschaft Emile Durkheim 1887 Organic Solidarity Mechanical Solidarity H. spencer 1896 Industrial Military Maximilian Weber 1918 Rational Traditional Sorokin’s 1937 Contractual Familistic Robert Redfield 1941 Urban Folk Becker 1957 Secular Sacred Source: Prepared by Author Based on Phillips and Williams, 1984; Reissman, 1964

The table 2.1 shows the work of the great theorists and scholars of the time who had firstly conceptualized the idea of so-called rural (primitive) and urban (civilized) societies. There are different approaches in which distinctions are made between urban and rural areas on the basis of settlement, characteristics of population, occupational and cultural characteristics of the people. Maine in 1864 had tried to differentiate the rural and urban life style on the basis of their relational behaviour of everyday life. Similarly, Weber (1918) is of the view that rural and urban areas have distinct approach and outlook related to each and every issues of the sustenance. He again emphasise that the urban people are rational in nature whereas, rural residents are traditional in nature. These prominent scholars are of the view that the rural and urban areas may be demarcated individually but both the settlements possess some similar type of characteristics. The following are the best models developed by different famous scholars of the world. There are two important models developed by Ferdinand Tonnies (1887) and by Luis Wirth (1938). They suggested that urban life was dynamic, unstable and impersonal whereas rural life was stable, traditional, stratified and integrated to the same people of different context. Robert Redfield has given the idea of rural-urban continuum based on the studies of communities and settlements of Mexican peasants. He is of the opinion that rapid urbanization through the establishment of industries, urban traits and facilities and strong rural-urban linkages has minimized the differences between rural and urban areas. Sorokin and Zimmerman (1929) in the early 20th century have named various factors that distinguish the rural areas from an urban place including size and density of population, occupation, mobility and differentiation and stratification of the classes in

26 both the place. McGee (1991) has proposed a territorial model related to rural-urban relationship named as desakota. The term was coined from the two Indonesian words Desa (rural) and Kota (town). Depakote is the region of intense mixture of rural (agricultural) activities and urban (non-agricultural) activities in a region. These distinctions are also applicable in today’s scenario but with a lot of modification (due to globalization of the world).

Table 2.2 Livelihoods and the Rural-urban Continuum Rural Urban Livelihoods draw from agriculture, Livelihoods draw from labour markets forest, fishing or from other natural through marketing of goods and services resources Access to natural capital like mountains, Reliance on space for production and forests, mines, etc. access to income generating opportunities Land availability is more and easy to Access to land is very difficult and land build a house on cheaper rate markets are highly commercialized Huge gap in the awareness about the People are more aware about the facilities services provided by the governments but highly venerable to government for their welfare and benefits deficits Access to infrastructure and other Access to various public facilities is services is difficult to low income people limited because of distance criteria and because of high price and limited capacity to pay except few commercialization Fewer reliance on cash as they depend Greater reliance on cash for availing the more on agricultural products that is things for day to day requirements prone to climatic conditions Source: Ajai Pal Sharma, (Kurukshtra), February 2015

2.4 Basic Characteristics of Rural Areas According to Census of India (2011) ‘A habitation with a population not more than 5000, and having a density of less than 400 person per sq. km, where at least 75 per cent of the male working population is engaged in agriculture and where there exists no municipality or board, is defined as a rural area. From the above definition, it is clear that rural areas are small, sparsely inhabited and are relatively integrated. There is direct dependency on nature as agriculture is their only source of existence (here industrial society is exception in this rule). In rural areas, the households are generally large in size because of the prevalence of joint family. Rural areas are denominated by open countryside, extensive land uses and low population densities. Rural is often thought of as a polar opposite to ‘urban’. Such poles have normally

27 been identified on the basis of social, land use and relational characteristics. The most significant indicator to identify the rurality is distance from large urban centres.

The rurality may be a correlate of isolation (distance from the large urban centres). One of the important characteristics of rurality is its homogeneity; which have the similarities in their occupation, settlement, dress, speech, belief and values. F. Tonnies (1957) used the term of Gemeinschaft for rural characteristics of an area. This type of traditional and agrarian rural areas may behave like a folk society. The Folk Society was described by Robert Redfield (1947) “as a society which is ideally small, isolated, non-literate and homogenous with a strong sense of group solidarity. Here human behaviour is traditional, spontaneous, uncritical and personal. There is no legislation or habit of experiment and reflection from intellectual ends. Kinship, its relationships and institutions, are the type of categories of experience and the familiar group is the unit of action. The sacred prevails over the secular; the economy is one of status rather than of the market”. Today, however, traditional rural areas are losing their traditional culture.

The characteristics of rural areas are as follows:

 In rural areas, there is direct relationship with nature where land is every means of subsistence. All rural population are predominantly involved in agricultural way of life (except few in non-agricultural). A considerable amount of income is accumulated from agriculture. A farmer’s status is measured by his land, herds, and by his inheritance. The cultivators of rural areas face common problems like dearth of basic infrastructure, low per capita income, unskilled labour force and high incidence of poverty.  The density of population is generally lower in rural areas than that of the urban areas. Population density and rurality (rural population) are always considered to be negatively correlated. The houses and living rooms in rural areas are generally spacious. Here family holds are very strong where everyone is associated with each other and enjoys more or less equal social status. The rural way of life is simple which reflects in their dressing sense, food habits, shelters etc. Most of the people are not aware of different national and international brands of various products. They are more bound to tradition and have very firm faith in religions and are afraid of gods and goddesses.

 It is generally found that rural areas lack in infrastructural facilities like medical, education, banking and transport. Rural areas cope with the high rate of poverty and low standard of living. Terrestrial, occupational and other forms of social mobility of the population are comparatively less in rural areas. Normally, migration carries more individuals from the countryside to the urban areas.  In rural areas there is very less numerous contacts per man. In rural areas more prominent part is occupied by primary contacts and there is predominance of personal and relatively durable relations. Here man acts as a human person. In villages there is no division of labours as it is found in urban areas. In rural areas social differentiation and stratification are found lower than in urban areas. It is mostly based on land and property relations.  The rural areas are cleaner and green as deforestation is not so rampant and level of pollution is very low. It may lack in various types of luxuries but environmentally is more fulfilling.  The economy of rural areas is characterized by two main sectors, that is, the agricultural sector and the non-agricultural sector. The main economic player and stakeholders of the rural areas are farmers, agricultural and non-agricultural labourers, artisans, traders and money lenders. The agricultural revolution, development of industries, transport and communication has not only caused unprecedented urban growth but also brings a revolutionary change in economic sector of rural areas. Thus, it is not only that the villages are moving toward urbanization, but the change is also taking place within the rural areas itself.

2.5 Basic Characteristics of Urban Areas According to Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is as follows: 1. All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc. 2. All other places which satisfied the following criteria: (i) A minimum population of 5,000; (ii) At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non- agricultural pursuits; and (iii) A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.

An urban area is characterized by heterogeneous crowded people and settlement where most of the people are engaged in non-agricultural activities like manufacturing, trade, commerce, and other services. F. Tonnies (1957) has used the term of Gesellschaft for urban characteristics of an area. It denoted large scale, impersonal, calculative and contractual relationship of the people in a society. Tonnies believed that most of the characteristics of rural areas got lost under the process of urbanization and industrialization and have given new form of social organization, behaviour and attitude. Simmel (1950) considered that every act of urban life is done with objectivity and rationality; here people are more calculative and rational in reactions to an activity as compared to traditionally simple rural people.

The basic characteristics of urban people (individuality, rationality secular, regimentation, impersonality, heterogeneity) are somehow affected by physical and social conditions of urban life. Urban and rural way of life is contradictory to each other. Urban life has their influence on rural areas, which is now in the process of change. These characteristics are defined by the term ‘urbanism’.

The characteristics of urban areas are as follows:

 The urban areas have high density of population and are physically crowded but socially distant in nature. There is prevalence of nuclear type of family with small house hold size in urban areas. Person per room is often used as an important housing quality indicator measuring how crowded a house/room is? In urban areas there are more persons per room than in rural areas. The urban areas are also characterised by larger share of younger population due to immigration. Generally urban units are larger than the village. People are engaged in manufacturing, mechanical pursuits, trade and commerce, professions and other non-agricultural activities.  An urban area has population of myriad caste, culture, ethnic groups, classes and religions. They are not all like, there are heterogeneous population as they differ in the sense of food habits, dressing style, and living conditions. Anonymity is the chief characteristics of an urban area. In urban areas there are more numerous contact and have wider area of interactions. An urban area shows the

predominance of secondary, impersonal, relations that exist for short duration of time and man is remembered not by his name but by his numbers and addresses.  Morphological characteristics of urban settlements include the structure of city, industrial and market areas, residential area, open areas, religious and cultural centres, parks, playground, down town, and the forested areas.  There is scarcity of water in urban areas. Most of the urban people get water from a municipal/public or private companies. LPG is the one source of fuel for most of the urban households.  In urban areas there is more social differentiation and stratification than the rural areas. These stratifications and differentiations are based on the occupational status, economy and skills of an individual. There may be slums of the poor amidst or along luxurious bungalows, towering apartments of the rich people.  Mobility is an important aspect of urban areas; urbanity and mobility are positively correlated. Urban life is dynamic in nature and it runs with the speed of metro train. The city gives weight on rationality and the people revolve around status, wealth and material possession. The urban people frequently change their place of jobs for better salary and facilities. The urbanites are clock regulated and are controlled by the traffic lights. Regularity and punctuality are the characteristics of urban life.

Table 2.3 Continuum of Settlements from Rural to Urban Rural Ambiguous/Continuum Urban Unambiguously rural Large or developed Unambiguously urban settlements where most villages/small towns, not centres with much of the of the people earn their clearly defined if they are economically active livelihood from farming urban or rural population draw their and other agricultural livelihoods from non- activities agricultural activities. Population of rural Here population ranges In all nations, these includes settlements ranges from typically from a few hundred settlements with 20,000+ farmsteads to a few to 20,000 inhabitants inhabitants; in most they hundred inhabitants. include many settlements with much less than 20,000 inhabitants Increasing population size gives importance to non-agricultural economic activities Source: David Satterthwaite, 2006

2.6 Relational and Dynamic Characteristics of the Continuum Rural refers to “remote farming areas” and urban to “crowded cities”. Despite this, both rural and urban areas coexist along a continuum with multiple types of flows such as people, goods, public and private capital, money and information, and interactions taking place. Thus, it manifests as close organic relationship between rural and urban areas. The interaction has been mutually reinforcing and its potential can be profitably harnessed to ensure development of rural-urban economy in general and enable the poor and vulnerable rural and urban households to benefit in particular. The rural-urban linkages are both cause and consequences of socio-economic development that includes the flow of services from urban areas to rural settlements. It is now believed that there exists an economic, social and environmental interdependence between urban and rural areas. There is urgency of balance and mutually supportive approach for the sustainable development of the two areas.

Rural-urban relation is a regional planning concept and simply defined as a mechanism through which rural and urban areas interact in complimenting one another in development. In the changing rural-urban scenario, need is now more than before to strengthen rural-urban relation. The above stated relational and dynamic characteristics of the Rural-Urban Continuum are categorised into fallowing heads:

. Agricultural relations . Trade and Financial Relations . Transport and communications relations . Industrial relations . Educational and health relations . Administrative relations . Environmental relations

Agricultural Relations Urban expansion has a significant impact on farming and agriculture in the surrounding peri-urban and rural areas. The areas surrounding urban centres generally play an important role in providing food for urban consumers. Small and intermediate urban centres play a role as markets for agricultural produce from the surrounding region in areas where agricultural farming prevails. Increasing demand from urban markets and consumers stimulates the intensification of production, especially high-

32 value and perishable horticulture. Proper access to urban markets increases the income of rural and peri-urban farmers. As farm income grows, the demand for nonfarm goods and services increases in rural areas. To meet this demand, rural economic activities are diversified into production of rural non-farm goods and services. Near the urban centres the intensity of agricultural activity is generally high and this tendency decreases with the increasing distance towards peripheral areas. There are three crucial aspects of agricultural relations viz physical infrastructure, including road networks and affordable transport; relations between producers, traders and consumers; and information on how markets operate, including price fluctuations and consumer preferences.

Trade and Financial Relation This mainly involves the trade, finance and movement of capital. All the important banking and finance related offices are generally located in the heart of the city where there is mass of people from every walk of life who make trip of the city to maximize their profits. The cluster of various types of services like retail trade, wholesale, and other trade related services in urban areas attracts small traders, large operators, farmers from the surrounding areas. Urban centres act as a collection and distribution point for smaller periodic markets of the rural areas and they also provide suitable condition for investment of capital drives from primary production in rural areas.

Transport and Communication Relations Rural and urban areas are connected by infrastructure network, comprising of transport as well as telecommunication. Urban centre acts as a nerve and convergence point for different mode of transportation routes and provides affordable transport facilities to the surrounding villages. A road radiates like spoke of a wheel in different direction from the city that links it to the neighbouring rural settlements. The development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has in recent years strengthened the rural-urban relation. The strong relationship generated due to transport and communication can bring about a sea change in the living conditions and employment opportunities of both rural and urban populations.

Industrial relations Urban centres are the hub of industrial development and these industries of urban and peri-urban areas receive raw materials and labourer from both urban areas as well as from surrounding villages. High wages and employment in urban areas attract people from the rural areas. People of the country side start to commute from rural to urban areas and make daily up-down for their work. Daily movement of people establishes a reciprocal relationship between rural and urban areas.

Education and Health Relations The urban centres have all types of modern facilities like electricity, transport, shops for daily need and medical services. All these services are prerequisite for the establishment of better educational institution in a region. Urban centres generally have educational centres in the form of schools, colleges, technical schools, and some time post graduate level educations. Urban areas are crowded with health and medical institutions that attract the people of the neighbouring villages. Relationship develops for providing health facilities to the surrounding villages. Urban areas have various religious building and cultural centres that draw people from different faith. Various recreational activities like sport complexes, cinema halls and parks are mostly found in urban areas that establish the social and cultural relations between rural and urban areas.

Administrative Relations The central part of an urban area may acts as a place of state capital, district headquarters and sub-divisional headquarters. The urban centres are jammed with office of various political parties and administrative units. These offices and government bhavans (buildings) pull people every day from surrounding areas and create relation between rural and urban areas. People from rural areas come to urban areas for administrative as well as political reasons.

Environmental Relation Environmental degradation and pollution both in rural and urban areas have been continuously escalating at a faster rate since the intensification of agriculture in rural areas and growth of industries in urban areas. Due to urbanization and industrialization urban centres have extended their geographical boundary towards adjoining rural areas and have encroached on arable and fertile land that produces

34 various environmental problems in a region. These complement rural-urban relations faces many management implications. Rural settlements which are less polluted as compared to the urban areas provides healthy ecosystem like clean air, safe drinking water, pollution free environment to urban areas that are indispensable for human life and well-being. Pollution free environment of surrounding villages helps in mitigating the influence of climate change in an urban area. Therefore, there should be proper management and planning for the zone (continuum) of rural-urban areas for the maintenance of environmental resources that do not have boundary.

This chapter incorporates the conceptual knowledge related to the rural-urban continuum. The genesis and historical background of the term and concept of rural- urban continuum has been discussed in this chapter. The characteristics and classification of rural and urban areas are analysed. Various definitions related to rural-urban continuum which opens the sense of the concept has been pondered upon. Various aspects of rural-urban linkages have also been studied that highlights the nature of rural-urban continuum.

REFERENCES Bansil P.C., (2004). Water Management in India, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, p. 202 Clark, A.N., (2003). The Penguin Dictionary of Geography, Third Edition, Longman Group UK Ltd., p. 445. Desai, A.R. (1969). Rural Sociology in India, Popular Prakashan Private Limited, Mahalaxmi, Mumbai, pp.10-12 District Statistical Handbook, Series 10, Part XII B, Village and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract, Sant Kabir Nagar District, Directorate Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh, 2001-2011. Durkheim, E. (1893). The Division of Labour in Society, Translated by W.D. Halls (1984), The Macmillan Press Ltd, London, pp. 11-149, Gist, N.P. and Halbert, L.A., (1954). Urban Society, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, p. 3 Hobsbawm, E. (1962). The Age of Revolution: Europe, 1789-1848, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, pp. 27-53. Husain, M. (2004). ‘Evolution of Geographical Thought, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, pp. 140-142 Isaac, T. (1986). An Introduction to the study of Agrarian Relations in Kerala, Golden Jubilee Souvenir of the Kerala Karaka Samity, p. 121 Johnston, R.J., Grogory, D. and Smith, D.M. (eds.) (1990). The Dictionary of Human Geography, Second Edition, Blackwell Reference, UK, p. 413. Kalkoti, K. (2015). Need to Strengthen Rural-urban Linkages, Kurukshetra, vol. 63, No. 04, Rural Development Ministry, New Delhi, P. 7 MacIver, R.M., (1917). Review: Community: A Sociological Study, American Political Science Association, Vol.11, No.4, pp.772-774. Mallik, S. (2015). Rural-urban Continuum: Meaning and Context, National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL), IIT Guwahati, Module 3, Lecture 6 Mukherjee, R. (1963). Urbanization and Social Transformations in India, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Vol.4, No.2, pp.178-210. Oomen, T.K. (2010). Classes, Citizenship and Inequality: Emerging Prospective, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pearson, pp.88-89

Oommen, T.K. (1967). The Rural-Urban Continuum Re-examined In the Indian Context, Sociologia Ruralis, Vol.7, No.1, pp 30-48. Phillips, D. and Williams, A. (1984). Rural Britain: A Social Geography, Blackwell, Oxford, p.13 Pocock, D.F. (1960). Sociologies: ‘Urban and Rural, Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol.4, pp. 63-81. Redfield, R. (1941). The Folk Culture of Yucatan, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 344. Redfield, R. and Singer, M.S. (1954). The Cultural Role of Cities, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 3, No.1, pp.53-73. Rigg, J. (1998). Rural-Urban Interactions, Agriculture and Wealth: A Southeast Asian Perspective, Progress in Human Geography, UK, Vol. 22, pp. 497-522. Satterthwaite, D. and Tacoli, C. (2006). The Earthscan Reader in Rural-Urban Linkages, Saurabh Printers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 15-35 Sharma, A. (2009. ‘Rural Road- A Path to Rural Development’ Kurukshetra- A journal on Rural Development, Publication Division, Ministry of I&B Government of India Vol.57, No.6, pp. 8-11. Sharma, A.P. (2015). PURA: A Syndicate Approach to Rural-Urban Linkages’, Kurukshetra, Vol. 63, No. 04, Rural Development Ministry, New Delhi, pp. 28-31. Sivarakrishnan, K. and Anne, R. (2013). Ecologies of Urbanism in India: Metropolitan Civility and Sustainability’ Hong Kong University Press, p. 107 Sorokin, P.A. (1937) Social and Cultural Dynamism, American Book Co., New York, Vol.3 pp. 93-118. Sorokin, P.A. (1937). Social and Cultural Dynamism, American Book Co., New York, Vol.3 pp. 93-118. Sorokin, P.A. and Zimmerman (1929). Principles of Rural-urban Sociology, Henry Holt and Co. New York, p8. Sorokin, P.A. Zimmerman (1969). Principle of Rural-Urban Sociology, Kraus Reprint Co. Publisher , New York, PP. 56-57. Wilcox, C. (2006). Robert Redfield and the Development of American Anthropology, Rowman and Little Field Publisher, USA , pp. 60-61.

CHAPTER III

GEOGRAPHICAL PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

Going through the pages of history, the present district of Sant Kabir Nagar was known in ancient time as Kosala (Koshala) who formed a major part of the great Mahajanpadas and was ruled by the Ikshvaku who were also called Suryavanshis. During the reign of Ramacnandra, the glory of Koshala empire reached its culmination, that is also credited with the establishment of Ram Rajya, an ideally lawful state. However, the Koshala Empire soon came into conflict with the Magadha’s during the time of Ajatashatru and was thus finally annexed and incorporated into the Maghadhan Kingdom which was the most powerful among the 16 Mahajanpadas (D.N. Jha, 2010). The Koshala, being an old name of the area around Sant Kabir Nagar district also remained under the possession of Guptas and were followed by Gurjara Pratiharas and Ghadvalas.

The District came under the sway of Muslim rule both under the Sultans of Delhi and the Mughal kings. In 1394, the Sultan Nasiruddin Mohamad Tughlaq, appointed the wazir Malik Sarwar Khawaja Jahan as governor of this area as a separate zone with the headquarter at Jaunpur and the area remained under the effective control of his successors till 1479 when the whole area was taken over by the Bahlol Lodhi. It was probably around this period that Mahatma Kabir Das, well known poet and philosopher lived at Maghar and played a vital role in carrying the message of Bhakti and made a strong plea for Hindu-Muslim unity (Singh, 2009).

The area around the district Sant Kabir Nagar played an important role in the modern period of India’s Struggle for Independence which is generally traced from the revolt of 1857. During the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhiji, the district remained sensitive and had come into prominence as a centre of political activities mainly due to its association with the neighbouring district of Gorakhpur which attained the national attention for its Chaura- Chauri incident (Sarkar, 2014).

Before understanding rural-urban continuum in Sant Kabir Nagar District, it is necessary to have a look on the physical and socio-economic background of the study area as it influences the agricultural activities, movements of goods and people, flow

38 of knowledge, ideas and culture. The district extends from 260 30' north latitudes to 270 10' north latitudes and 820 45' east longitudes to 830 15' east longitudes. The geographical area encompasses 1646 square kilometres.

3.1 Topography In spite of its apparent uniformity of aspect, the district Sant Kabir Nagar may be divided topographically into several distinct tracts namely, the low valley of the Ghaghara in the south-extending from Ghaghara river to its tributary the Kuwanon; The Central Upland, that occupies the large extent of area between the Kuwanon river and the Tapti; and the low and ill drained paddy belt between the Rapti and other streams.

3.2 Physiography The whole land of the district is formed by the silt brought out by Ghaghara, Rapti and its tributaries. The land of the study areas which is north of Ghaghara river is predominantly plain and fertile like plain area of Ganga and Yamuna rivers (Wadia, 1961). Generally, water flow of the district is from north-west to south-east direction. On the basis of soil and geology the district may be divided into following physiographic division.

3.2.1. Rapti Flood Plain: The region is bounded by Rapti river in the north-eastern side of the district. In the region of Mehdawal, Rapti river has a number of small ‘Jhils’ or ‘Tals’ of which ‘Bakhira’ tal is of great importance. This part of Sant Kabir Nagar has the alluvium soil of recent origin and udalfs-sub order association of soil.

3.2.2. Khalilabad Plain: It covers the central and major part of the district. The plain is locally known as ‘Uparhar’ and is extension of Basti plain. The plain is an upland zone and the western side of the plain has relatively higher surface to its neighbouring region. Khalilabad plain has its slopes towards south-east direction. There are numerous streams which make entry in the plain from the western side and drain the plain for example Ami and Garia rivers. The plain has affected various flood havoc produced by numerous smaller rivers of Ghaghara drainage system. In this region, there are numerous water bodies which are basically the abandoned courses of the rivers. The plain is very rich in agriculture (S.N. Jha, 1972).

Elevation of Relief Features in Sant Kabir Nagar District

Source: Prepared by Researcher based Cartosat DEM 2010 Fig. 3.1

3.2.3. Ghanghata Khadar: The region is situated parallel to Ghaghara river in north- west and south-east direction. The northern part of the region is delimited by watershed line of the Kuwanon river. The area in immediate neighbourhood of the river is low land tract. The rivers usually make change in their path due to flooding in the region. The tract (lowlands) between deep stream and higher bank is known as ‘Manjha’ which are invariably flooded and in the north of this it is called as Tarhar or Khadar. The extension of the land is not continuous but broken in nature. Ox-bow lakes, natural lavees, dead arms are the other different physiographic feature of the study area.

The fig. 3.1 shows the elevation of the district Sant Kabir Nagar from the mean sea level. It is clear from the elevation map that the north eastern part of the district has relative low elevation to the other part of the district and it is up to 13 metres (lowest elevation) from the sea level. The region has one of the largest wetland lake (Bakhira Lake) of Uttar Pradesh. The track of Ghaghara river in the south and south-west part of the district has also low elevation. Most of the parts of the district have smooth and homogenous elevation except a narrow track of Ami River in the central part of the district. The average elevation is 83 metres whereas, highest is 167 metres from the mean sea level.

3.3 Geology The district is part of the Central Ganga Plain. It lies in inter- fluvial belt of river Ghaghara in the south and Rapti in the north-east. The region is underlain by quaternary alluvium comprising of various grades gravel, kankar and clay. It was eroded from the Himalayas by the rivers and the monsoons. Geomorphologically and geologically the alluvium of the district can be classified into two groups, the Older alluvium and the Newer alluvium plains (Krishnan, 1915).

3.3.1. Older Alluvium: It is of the middle Pleistocene age and generally occupies high ground which is not affected by floods during the rainy season. The older alluvium is also known as Bhangar is more clayey in composition and is generally dark in colour. It comprises the low valley of the Ghaghara in south, extending to its tributary Kuwanon between Hainsar Bazar and Nath Nagar blocks area and Rapti river north-east of the district along the Gorakhpur district.

3.3.2. Newer Alluvium: It is also called younger alluvium plain and it is a flat to gently sloping, slightly undulated land surface. It is produced by extensive deposition of unconsolidated sand, silt, and clays that belongs to the Upper Pleistocene to the recent age. The deposition took place adjacent to the flood plain, along the river channels. Newer alluvium covers the lower height.

3.4 Drainage The drainage follows the general slope and relief features of the region. The district has two main river systems viz. the Ghaghara river system and the Rapti river system. Both of which ultimately form the part of the Greater Gangatic System. The other important rivers of the district are the Kuwanon, the Rawai, the Manwar, the Katnahia and the Ami.

3.4.1. The Ghaghara It has its origin in the mountain of kumaun, and is formed by the combined water of Kauriyala, Girwa, Chauka and other streams. It forms the southern boundary of the district. Being mountainous, this river is the main source of water round the year with slight seasonal variations in volume of the water in the district. During rainy season, the river achieves immense size and floods considerably large area, causing much damage to lives, property and standing crops. Due to flood the river have a tendency to change its course, and in this manner large tracts of land from time to time are transferred either to the north or south bank, rendering the total area of the district subject to frequent variation.

3.4.2. The Rapti The most important river of the region rises in the foothills of the north of Behraich district and after distance of about 130 km. traverses to the northern portion of the Gonda district and then touches the district Sant Kabir Nagar in the north-west. The river forms a short boundary between Sant Kabir Nagar and Gorakhpur. It runs along Mehdawal Vikas Khand and finally discharges into Ghaghara (in Deoria district). Rapti has a considerable volume of water in the rainy and winter seasons and carries huge amount of alluvium with it. The deposits made by the river in its bed as well as basin are silty in nature which is locally called as Bhat, due to its relatively high fertilities. There are numerous tributaries especially those on the left bank of Rapti River. The Ami river is the most important river among its tributaries.

Drainage Pattern in Sant Kabir Nagar District

Source: Census of India (District Administrative Maps), 2011 Fig. 3.2

3.4.3 The Kuwanon This river is also known as Kuwanon. The river rises in the low ground of the east of Bahraich district and passes through Gonda district. After crossing Basti it

43 enters into Sant Kabir Nagar near Pachara and Belghat villages. It makes boundary between Nath Nagar and Haisar Bazar in the southern part of the district. After passing through Mahuli West and Mahuli East, it leaves the district in the south eastern corner; after that at a short distance it merges with Ghaghara in Gorakhpur.

3.4.4 The Rawai It is a small stream and right bank tributary of Kuwanon river. The river rises in the north of Amorha and flows between steep and sandy banks frequently infected with Reh, it runs through the western half of Pragana Basti for a distance and ultimately joins the Kuwanon.

3.4.5 The Manwar (Manorama) The river rises in Gonda district and flows in an easterly direction along the edge of Sikri forest to the district boundary. For a short distance it separates the Basti district from Gonda and then it is joined by the Chamnai, a small and sluggish stream. After this junction the Manwar bends to the south-east and flows through the centre of Pragna Amorha, on the eastern boundary of which it receives a small tributary called Ramrekha on its right bank. It then passes through two paraganas of Nagar East and Nagar West and then joins the Kuwanon near Lalganj in Mahuli west.

3.4.6 The Katnahia The only important left bank tributary of Kuwanon is Katnahia, which rises in the swamps to the north of Basti district. In the east of district Basti it meets with the Garia, a similar stream which has its origin in the south of Rasulpur. Their combined water continues in a south easterly direction along the border of Nagar East and Mahuli west Pragana. After here it takes a turns for south and join with the Kuwanon near Mukhlispur in Mahuli East.

3.4.7 The Ami It is one of the chief tributaries of the Rapti. The Ami is a stream which commences at a short distance from Rapti in Rasulpur and issues from a large tract of paddy land.

3.5 Wetlands and Lakes The total wetland area in the district is 15,443 hectares (2010). This is also a district of natural wetlands. The major wetland types of the district are lakes/ponds

44 and river/streams. There are 118 lakes/ponds accounting for around 42.96 per cent of total wetland area whereas, river/streams accounts for 32.41 per cent of total wetland areas. The Ox-bow lakes and riverine wetlands together occupy 14.45 per cent of the total wetland area. Waterlogged area constitutes 9.38 per cent of the total wetland of the study area. The remaining 0.80 per cent of the total wetland is shared by tanks/ponds and other man made ponds.

Table 3.1 Wetland number and area in Sant Kabir Nagar (2010) No. of Total wetland area Per cent of Wetlands categories Wetlands (in ha) wetland Lakes/Pond 118 6167 42.96 Ox-bow lakes 46 1371 9.55 Riverine Wetland 40 703 4.9 Waterlogged 53 1347 9.38 River/stream 89 4652 32.41 Tanks/ponds 5 28 0.2 Waterlogged 2 86 0.6 Source: National Wetland Atlas (2010): UP

Distribution of Wetlands in Sant Kabir Nagar (2010)

Tanks/Ponds Waterlogged 0% 1%

River/stream 32%

Lakes/Pond 43%

Waterlogged 9% Riverine Ox-bow lakes Wetland 10% 5% Source: Prepared by Researcher, 2010 Fig 3.3

Lakes There are numerous lakes in the district some of them are of considerable size. They are most commonly formed by the changes in the river channels, natural depressions and due to other fluvial action. The largest and the most valuable lake in the district is the Bakhira or Badhanchh Tal, sometimes called as the Moti Jhil, which lies on the eastern border of the district between Bakhira and Mehdawal. This lake though seldom more than two metres in depth, is about 8 km. long and its width is 3 km. The lake attracts different types of birds from several countries. The water in the lake is largely derived from the overflow of the Rapti. In 1989, Bakhira Jhil was converted into Bird Sanctuary and was named as Bakhira Bird Sanctuary that covers an area of 29 square kilometres. This is largest natural flood plain wetland of India. During the time of November to January the migratory birds from Tibet, China, Europe and Siberia come here covering 5000 kilometres. Indian purple Moorhen also called Purple Swamp here is one of the most beautiful water birds found in India.

3.6 Soils Soil is one of the most important natural resource that determines the agricultural productivity and growth of vegetation in an area. The district comes under Middle Gangetic Plain region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The soils of the district are highly calcareous (pH 7.8) and are very similar to alluvial soil that comprises of sand, gravel, clay and kankar in different proportion. The texture of the soil is clay loam (82.69 per cent), sandy loam (72.96 per cent), sandy clay (41.26 per cent) and diara soil (14.64 per cent). Sandy types of soils are found along the high bank of Ghaghara.

In the eastern region these soils are locally known by different names like Bhat, Banjar, Mant and Dhuh. Bhat soil (sandy loam) is found in low laying areas of the district which have high lime in content. In the Kachhar of Burhi Rapti there is strip of Bhat soil which is characterized by great fertility. Dhuh soil is found near river banks and is subject to inundation; it is a phosphatic deficient belt. A narrow belt of Trai runs through the northern most part of the district. The fertility status of the soil of the district indicates low nitrogen phosphorous (P) and medium in potash (K) content.

Types of Soils in Sant Kabir Nagar District

Source: NATMO, 2001 Fig.3.4

3.7 Climate Climate form an important part of physical environment which not only influence the various aspects of human life but also determines the life style, culture and food habits of the people. Based on outlined criteria of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) the district comes under north eastern plain of hot sub- humid (moist) agro climatic zone. The climate of the district is more equable than the adjoining districts to the south. The climate is sub humid and resembles out to be eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. It is also characterised by a rhythmic change of seasons, which are caused by the south-west and north-east monsoon. The climate of the district may be categorised into four distinct seasons.

1. The Cold Weather Season (November to February) 2. The Hot Weather Season (March to Mid-June) 3. The Season of Rains/ south west monsoon season (Mid-June to October) 4. Transition or post monsoon season (October to Mid-November)

Most of the rainfall of the district (92 per cent) occurs with the onset of south west Monsoon stream that takes place by the middle of June and continues till the end of September. The period corresponds with a higher temperature and very high relative humidity. May is the hottest month whereas January is the coldest month with minimum temperature. In the month of November, the belt of high pressure extends from north-west India that also covers whole part of the Uttar Pradesh.

3.7.1. Temperature Temperature is one of the most important elements of climate of a region. In the district Sant Kabir Nagar, May is the hottest month and temperature may sometimes be as high as 470C. With the onset of the monsoon temperatures begin to drop in the night but day temperatures continue to be high. January is coldest month. During the winter season the mean minimum temperature is about 90 C and mean maximum is 230 C while during the summer season the minimum is about 250 C and mean maximum is about 440 C. The mean annual temperature of the district is 250 C.

Climatic Conditions in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001

Source: NATMO, 2001 Fig. 3.5

3.7.2. Rainfall The average annual (2012) rainfall received by the district Sant Kabir Nagar is 1141 millimetres. The highest rainfall is in the month of July. Most of the rainfall is received in the months of July, August and September. About 92 per cent of rainfall takes place in the rainy month ranging from July to September. South west monsoon is solely responsible for heavy rains in these months of summer. Some rainfall is also received in winter due to western disturbance before the onset of monsoon. This rain is important for the Rabi crops especially wheat (Husain, 2012).

Table 3.2 Monthly Maximum-Minimum Temperature, Monthly Average Rainfall and Humidity in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2012 Temperature in 0C Rainfall Humidity Months Maximum Minimum Average (in cm) (in per cent) January 21.17 7.14 14.17 1.5 68.15 February 24.8 9.96 17.38 0 66.5 March 30.08 13.72 21.9 1.3 49 April 37.38 21.06 29.22 1.2 54.5 May 40.73 25.7 33.22 4.7 55.5 June 37.87 27.6 32.74 19.5 71 July 34.91 26.48 30.69 36.8 75.5 August 33.13 24.78 28.96 33.7 78 September 32.11 23.9 28.01 25.6 72.5 October 31.8 22.21 27.01 7.6 74 November 29.18 14.97 22.08 0.8 71 December 23.26 10.76 17.01 0 70.5 Average 31.37 19.02 25.45 11.06 67.17 Source: Meteorological Department, Government of India, 2012

3.7.3. Humidity During the cold season and first half of the hot season the air is very dry. During the period of south west Monsoon (June to September) the air is very moist and have a high relative humidity of about 75 per cent. Thereafter the humidity starts decreasing and is low in January. In the south-west monsoon and the post monsoon seasons the relative humidity is high, being above 70 percent. Thereafter the humidity begins to decrease, as the air in the summer is very dry.

Maximum, Minimum and Average Temperatue in Sant Kabir Nagar District (2012)

c 40 0 35 30 25 20 15

Temperature Temperature in 10 5 0

Maximum Minimum Average

Source: Meteorological Department, Government of India, 2012 Fig.3.6

Average Monthly Rainfall of 2012 (in mm) in Sant Kabir Nagar District 450

400

) 350 300 250 200

Rainfall (mm Rainfall 150 100 50 0

Source: Meteorological Department, Government of India, 2012 Fig. 3.7

3.7.4 Winds Winds are in general very light throughout the year. With the advancement of monsoon in the late summer the speed and force of the wind (westerlies) gets increased. There is a hot and dry wind called Loo which blows in the afternoon during the month of May and June. The average annual wind blow in the district ranges from 2 to 7.1 km/hrs.

3.8 Socio-Economic Setting 3.8.1 Agriculture Rural economy of the district Sant Kabir Nagar is entirely dependent on agriculture. According to National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) the district comes under North Eastern Plain Zone (U.P. 8) which is in the Middle Gangetic Plain Region (IV), categorized by the Planning Commission of India. The main types of soil in the region are loamy clay and loamy dumat which is very similar to alluvial soil of the Gangetic Plain. The climate and soil of the district are suitable for the production of nearly all the agricultural crops which are grown in the plain. The major crops cultivated in Sant Kabir Nagar districts are wheat, paddy, maize, pulses, oilseeds (sarso), potato, sugarcane and vegetable. The agricultural area (in hectare) covered by important crops and their productivity and production are presented in the table 3.3. Paddy and wheat are the principle crops in the district, which share about 89.62 per cent of the total area covered by different crops.

Table 3.3 Major Crops (Area, Production and Productivity) in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2012-13 Production in Average Production Main Crops Area in hectare metric tonnes quintal/hectare Wheat 91015 264584 29.07 Paddy 89950 190355 21.16 Sugarcane 3701 207567 560.84 Oilseeds 3070 3300 10.75 Potato 1890 42150 223.02 Maize 1555 2768 17.8 Pulses 8284 8881 10.72 Vegetable 2279 0 0 Source: Economic and Statistics Department (Land Record Officer) SK Nagar, 2012-13

Rice is cultivated in kharif season and its cultivation is highly influenced by South West Monsoon. Out of the total 89,950 hectares of rice cultivated land only 775 hectare lands are irrigated in the district. It means that the production of rice solely depends on the rainfall. In the season of rabi crops, farmers are habitual with the cultivation of wheat, pulses mustard and other crops. The main crop of dry winter is wheat and it occupies 91015 hectares of agricultural land of the district, of which 90,935 hectares of land is irrigated by different means of irrigation.

Land Use Pattern in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2001

Source: NATMO, 2001 Fig. 3.8

3.8.2 Land Use Pattern Land use pattern at any given place and time is determined by various factors including size of population, technology in use, the cultural tradition and location and capabilities of land. It is an important indicator of the effective use of land resource for different purposes of developmental planning. The land uses of the district for the year 2010 are given in table 3.3.

The table 3.4 clearly shows that the total geographical area of the district is 1.74810 lakh hectares. The net sown area of the district is about 69.38 per cent of the total area of land. The share of current and old fallow land is 6.14 per cent whereas land utilization for non- agriculture accounts for 16.19 per cent of the total land. Forest covers only 2.49 per cent of the total land use of the district, which is very low.

Table 3.4

Land Use Pattern of Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2010

land land

Area

Land Non

Forest

Fallow Fallow

Pasture

Current

Gardens

Land Old

Groves&

cultivable excluding

Net Net Sown

Total area

Cultivable

waste waste land

Other land agriculture

174810 4370 2491 8252 3127 1804 28310 127 5032 121297 Source: Economic & Statistical Division, State Planning Institute, U.P., Lucknow, 2010

3.8.3 Demographic Characteristics The most distinguishable characteristic of demography of a region is the distribution of population. Concentration of population plays an important role in defining the development of a region that also gives clear picture of the stages of development of that region. Table 3.5 shows that the total population of the district in 2001 was 1,420,226 that increased to 1715183 and witnessed an increase of 295,557 populations with the growth rate of 20.81 per cent per decade. Out of the total population of the district, 128,531 were residing in urban parts of the study area (2011). The district is divided in three sub-district division namely, Mehdawal, Khalilabad and Ghanghata.

The urban population of the district is 7.49 per cent, which is distributed among six towns of the district namely, Mehdawal, Bagh Nagar urf Bakhira, Ledwa Mahua, Khalilabad, Maghar and Hariharpur. The highest concentration of urban

54 population (37.22 per cent) to the total urban population was found in Khalilabad town (Census 2011). The most populous tehsil is Khalilabad with 632983 and least population was in Mehdawal with 447332. There was a change of 20.77 per cent in the population compared to population as per 2001. Block wise area and population of the district are given in table 3.4. Khalilabad is most populated blocks followed by Semriyawan and Baghauli. Pauli, Belhar Kala and Sotha are lowest populated block of the district (Table. 3.5).

Table 3.5 Block wise Population Distributions and Sex Ratio in Sant Kabir Nagar 2001 Sl. No. Blocks Total Population Males Females Sex Ratio 1 Sotha 1,23,821 50.32 49.68 987 2 Mehdawal 169780 50.77 49.23 970 3 Belhar Kala 81,645 50.96 49.04 962 4 Baghauli 67427 50.19 49.81 993 5 Semriyawan 3,26,580 50.48 49.52 981 6 Khalilabad 2,25,872 51.53 48.47 941 7 Nath Nagar 175055 50.78 49.22 969 8 Pauli 24,781 51.01 48.99 961 9 Haisar Bazar 2,25,265 50.04 49.96 998 SKN 14,20,226 50.66 49.34 974 Source: Census of India, 2001

Table 3.6 Block wise Population of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Sl. No. Blocks Area (sq. km) Persons Male Female Density Sex Ratio 1 Sotha 193.66 151716 50.27 49.73 1104 989 2 Mehdawal 196.17 189042 51.24 48.76 964 952 3 Belhar Kala 122.58 117826 49.81 50.19 875 1008 4 Baghauli 187.53 225202 50.27 49.73 628 989 5 Semriyawan 200.74 242616 50.48 49.52 756 981 6 Khalilabad 173.78 271159 51.52 48.48 1296 941 7 Nath Nagar 208.01 213798 51.34 48.66 1166 948 8 Pauli 114.84 107277 50.62 49.38 1711 975 9 Haisar Bazar 229.68 196547 50.06 49.94 1181 998 District 1646 1715183 50.7 49.3 1042 972 Source: Economic & Statistical Department, Sant Kabir Nagar 2011

The average population density of Sant Kabir Nagar district is 1042 persons per sq. km. which is much higher than the state (829) and national average (382 people per sq. km.), (2011). In 2001, the population density of the district was 863 people per sq. km. Pauli and Khalilabad block are most densely blocks of the district with population density of 1711 and 1296 per sons per sq. km. respectively whereas the lowest density was found in Baghauli with only 628 persons per sq. km. In respect of average sex ratio it stood at 972 females per 1000 males in 2011 census as compared to 2001 census figure of 974. The district is better in sex ratio as against 912 females per males at state and at national level it is 940 females per 1000 males. The literacy rate of the district is 66.62 per cent in 2011 as compared to 50.88 per cent in 2001. If we look at gender wise literacy we find that male and females are 78.39 and 54.80 per cent respectively. However, the proportions of male and female literates have increased from 66.57 and 34.92 per cent in 2001 to 78.39 and 54.80 per cent in 2011.

Table 3.7 Block wise Literacy Rate and Total Workers in Sant Kabir Nagar2001-2011

2001 2011 Workers 2011

Blocks

Gap

Male Male

Total Total Total

Female Gender Female

Per Per cent Total Population

Sotha 151716 50.96 59.72 40.28 19.44 62.09 74.22 49.98 46357 30.56 Mehdawal 189042 47.61 61.79 38.21 23.59 60.38 72.02 48.22 100122 52.96 Belhar Kala 117826 49.04 60.08 39.92 20.16 60.22 73.05 47.63 41689 35.38 Baghauli 225202 52.67 59.43 40.57 18.85 67.49 79.72 55.26 71361 31.69 Semriyawan 242616 55.63 57.72 42.28 15.43 67.51 77.32 57.54 77366 31.89 Khalilabad 271159 57.97 59.93 40.07 19.86 73.55 84.7 61.68 82002 30.24 Nath Nagar 213798 58.04 60.28 39.72 20.55 69.98 82.07 57.27 68108 31.86 Pauli 107277 53.08 59.1 40.9 18.19 63.74 74.57 52.68 31623 29.48 Haisar 196547 56.1 59.21 40.79 18.42 66.63 79.36 54.04 57391 29.2 Bazar District 1715183 50.89 59.56 40.44 19.13 66.72 78.39 54.8 576019 33.58 Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011

The total working populations of the district is 33.58 per cent. Out of which 13.49 per cent are agricultural labourers and only 2.88 per cent are household workers. Mehdawal block has the highest per cent of the working population in the district with 52.96 per cent of the total population. The second highest per cent of

56 working population was registered in Belhar Kala and it constitutes of 35.38 per cent. Haisar Bazar has the lowest share of working populations in the district with 29.20 per cent of total workers. All the blocks except Mehdawal have the lower working population than the district average (Table 3.7).

Source: District Transport Authority 2012-13 Fig. 3.9

3.8.4 Transportation Proper road network and accessibility is prerequisite for the development of rural areas. Road connectivity improves mobility and links the countryside with market towns. The district has good accessibility by having National Highways-28, different state highways and railways. There are other important district roads in the district that provide linkages between rural and urban area. Total length of all types of roads in the district in 2012-13 was 1697 km. that is given in table 3.8. The length of NH-28 in the district is 28 km, which passes through the heart of the district. National Highway 28 connects the district with two important adjoining cities of the region i.e. Basti and Gorakhpur city. There are networks of important state highways in the district with a total length of 111 km that connects it with the surrounding districts.

Table 3.8 Block wise Length of Roads in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2012-13 Name of the Blocks Length (in Km.) Sotha 161 Mehdawal 201 Belhar Kalan 140 Baghauli 170 Semriyawan 171 Khalilabad 267 Nath Nagar 247 Pauli 137 Haisar Bazar 189 Total Rural 1683 Total Urban 14 Total District 1697 Source: District Economics and Statistics Officer (P.W.D) SK Nagar

The district is also connected with railways. Khalilabad railway station is on the Lucknow-Gorakhpur line and goes further east to Bihar, Kolkata, Assam. Gorakhpur is the nearest airport which is 56 km. away from the district and it serves only weekly domestic flights.

REFERENCES Burrard, S.G (1915). Origin of Gangetic Trough: Commonly Called the Himalayan Fore deep, Proceeding of Royal Society, London, vol.19-A, pp.220-238. Chandra, B. (1989). India’s Struggle for Independence (1857-1947, Penguin Random House India, New Delhi, pp. 189-191. District Statistical Handbook, Series 10, Part XII B, Village and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract, Sant Kabir Nagar District, Directorate Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh, 2001-2011. District Vikas Bhavan, Agriculture Division. Dsitrict Statistical Handbook, Series 10, Part XII A and B, Village and Town-wise, Primary Census Abstract, Sant Kabir Nagar District, Directorate of Census Operation, Uttar Pradesh, 2001 and 2011. Husain, M (2012). Geography of India , Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, pp. 14-34 Jha, D.N. (2010). Ancient India: in Historical Outline, Manohar Publishers and Distributors, Delhi, pp. 81-82. Jha, S.N. (1972). Uttar Pradesh the Land and the People , National Book Trust of India, pp. 3-15. Krishnan, S.S. (1915), Geology of India and Burma, Madras, p.511. Oldham, R.D. (1917). Deep Boring at Lucknow, Record of the Geological Survey of India, Vol.23, p.263. Pandey, G. (2013). A Study on Water Quality of Ami River in Uttar Pradesh, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology” Vol. 2, Issue 12, pp. 3000-3001. Sarkar, S. (2014). Modern India (1885-1947), Pearson Education India, New Delhi, pp.399-403. Singh, U. (2009). History of Ancient and Medieval India, Pearson Publication, Delhi, pp. 260-264. Suess, F. (1904-24), “The Faces of the Earth” Oxford Press, Vol5. Wadia, D.N. (1961). Geology of India, Macmillan and Co., London, p.385 Yadav, K.K. (2009), ‘Rural Road Connectivity: A Growth Narrative’ Kurukshetra - A journal on Rural Development, Publication Division, Ministry of I&B Government of India Vol.57, No.6, pp. 3-7.

CHAPTER IV

LAND USE PATTERN IN SANT KABIR NAGAR

The term land use and land cover are used interchangeably but they are not technically synonymous. There are different definitions of land cover and land use among the related scholars. Land cover refers to the physical and biological cover over the surface of land, including water, vegetation, bare soil, and/or artificial structures (Ellis and Pontius, 2006). The term land use has a different and complicated countenance compared to the term land cover. Scholars of different fields have not the same opinions regarding the term land use. Land use is the human use of land and from the point of view of man it is used as an assessment for the assigned function of the land. Urban and agricultural land uses are two of the most known land use classes. The spatial and temporal use of urban land is much more intensive as compared to the rural land use. Rural area land use is very quiet and elastic. Land use and land cover change data and information represent the edge between biological and anthropological influences through time (Yang 2013). Land use and Land cover information are important elements for monitoring, evaluating, protecting and planning for the earth resources. Remotely sensed multispectral data collected from satellites images provide a systematic, synoptic ability to assess conditions over large areas and on a regular basis thus, it is very important for the study of land use change over a period of time. Land covers are classified with the help of land cover classes which locates particular features within the vicinity of a region and it allows in generating a land cover map with minute information about the composition and appearance of the region.

Social economic and cultural life of a man is influenced by the basic natural resources like land in different ways. Proper utilization of land resource produces good productive relationship between man and environment. Geographical character is the mirror of land use of a region, which provides an idea about the carrying capacity of that particular region. Land use pattern of a region provides best picture of socio-economic and cultural advancement of the people of that region. There should be balanced growth and development of a region if the use of land is to dynamically meet the changing need of the people. The economic development of a region is

60 determined by the optimum use of every piece of land in relation to the technological advancement and burgeoning needs of urban life style in every walk of life. Therefore, study of land use and land cover in a region is indispensable to measure the degree of regional development and to make planning for its future use.

The land use pattern of Sant Kabir Nagar district is greatly influenced by its homogenous alluvial plain, flat and fertile alluvial soil, patches of wastes lands, population growth and its impact on limited land along with economic and social factors like irrigation, transport network, communication and urbanization. There is regional variation in use of lands in the district. The land use pattern of western and central part of the district including Khalilabad, Maghar, and Ledwa Mahua is influenced by the urbanization and technological change. This part of the district is more dynamic as compared to other parts of the district. To know the temporal change in an area the study of land use is vital as it gives some idea about agricultural growth, dynamics of built-up area, vegetation cover, wastelands and waterbodies. Land use pattern of the district has shown regional variation in its use. Thus, study of land use helps in implementation of various progressive activities for the sustainable development of a region. The land use and land cover of the study area has been classified into four important categories by using remote sensing data and GIS.

. Agriculture and vegetation . Built-up lands . Water-body . Wastelands

Table 4.1 Classification of Land Use and Land Cover in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2007, 2016 Land Use and Land Cover Area in Sq. km. Area in Sq. km. Change Classification (2007) (2016) Agriculture & Vegetation 1307 (79.40) 1341 (81.47) 34 Built up land 108 (6.56) 130 (7.89) 21 Water body 162 (9.84) 127 (7.71) -35 Waste Land 69 (4.19) 48 (2.91) -21 Total (District) 1646 (100) 1646 0 Source: Computed based on satellite imagery (Landsat TM, October 2007 and 2016), USGS (Earth Explorer)

4.1 Agriculture and Vegetation Table 4.1 shows the classification of land use of the district. The processed data from land sat 3 clearly indicates that in 2007 agriculture and vegetation covers 79.10 per cent of the total land area of the district and shows dominating proportion among all the land use. The central part of the district that includes Nath Nagar, Khalilabad and part of Belhar Kala blocks have largest and dominating area under agriculture and vegetation land use (Fig.4.1). The northern and southern blocks of the study area have lesser part under agriculture and vegetation due to the presence of water bodies and constant presence of waters in the various rivers of these parts. The total land area under agriculture and vegetation during 2007 was 1307 square kilometres whereas; in 2016 it was 1341 square kilometres. The comparative study of the land use of 2007 and 2016 reveals that in 2016 there is positive change in agricultural and vegetation land use of +2.07 per cent to the year 2007 (Fig.4.5). The change in agricultural land use is only because of the improvement in irrigation system that gets boosted in response to the erratic and unpredictable nature of monsoon in the study area.

Sant Kabir Nagar District Temporal Change in Land use, 2007-2016 90 80 70 60

50 40

30 Per cent Per 20 10 0 -10 Agriculture & Built-up Land Waterbody Waste Land Vegetation

2007 2016 Change

Source: Prepared Based on Earth Explorer, USGS (Landsat 8 TM October 2007 and 2016 Fig. 4.1

Source: Prepared Based on Earth Explorer, USGS (Landsat 8 TM October 2007) Fig 4.2

4.2 Built-up Area Built-up area are the land areas that are used for different infrastructural activities consisting of residential, industrial, commercial, and institutional land, construction sites, public administrative sites, railroad yards and for roads. Table 4.1 shows that there is positive change in the built-up land area between 2007 and 2016 in the study area. In 2007 the built-up land in Sant Kabir Nagar district was 6.56 per cent of the total land area. During the years of 2007 and 2016 there has been positive change in areas of built-up land of 1.33 per cent. The built-up land use has increased from 6.56 per cent in the year 2007 to 7.89 per cent in 2016 (Fig.4.3).

Temporal Change in Built-up Area in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2007 and 2016 9 8 7

6 5

Per cent Per 4 3 2 1 0 2007 2016 Years

Fig 4.3

4.3 Waterbody According to satellite imagery data of 2007, out of the total land area of the district, 9.84 per cent area was under waterbodies. Fig. 4.4 clearly shows (in dark blue colour) that the southern and north western part of the district have dominating share of waterbodies that includes Bakhira Jheel (lake) in the north and Ghaghara, Kuwanon river in the south. Temporal analysis of the land use under waterbodies shows that there has been negative change of -2.13 per cent during 2007 and 2016. In the year of 2016 the share of land area for waterbodies was 7.71 per cent of the total land area of the district which is lowers than (9.84 per cent) that of the year 2007.

Source: Prepared Based on Earth Explorer, USGS (Landsat 8 TM October 2016 Fig. 4.4

Source: Prepared Based on Earth Explorer, USGS (Landsat 8 TM October, 2007 and 2016) Fig. 4.5

4.4 Wasteland Wasteland is an uncultivated open area of land with the minimum growth of shrubs on poorly fertile soil. There are two types of wasteland culturable and unculturable, depending on its utilization. Now a days it is valued as open area and are used for recreational and other purposes (Clark 2003). Table 4.1 shows that in the year 2007 the total area under wasteland land use was 4.19 whereas in 2016 it reduced to 2.91 per cent. The temporal change of wasteland land use during the same period was -1.28 per cent that shows that these lands have been utilized for different purposes. Most of the wastelands are found to be in the three southern blocks of the district. Although, the norther part of the Sotha block and the western region of Semriyawan blocks have wasteland but it is in scattered patches.

Land-use of Khalilabad Town The study of urban land use pattern in a region is vital in the sense that it is directly related to the infrastructural development in that urban region. The land use of an urban place is the manifestation of functional relation of human activities to urban function. It was found that due to the urbanization supported by strong rural-

66 urban linkages the urban land use especially built up area is continuously expanding. Khalilabad town has been an urban centre of the district from a long time but in terms of urbanization it is rapidly growing and is in its youthful stage. On the basis of satellite imageries the land use of Khalilabad town has been divided into following four categories.

. Built-up Area . Open Space . Waterbodies . Agricultural Space

Table 4.2 Land use Pattern of Khalilabad Town, 2016 Category Area (in Hectare) Area (in per cent) Built up Area 465 68.26 Open Space 112.8 16.56 Waterbodies 5.2 0.76 Agricultural Space 98.2 14.42 Total 681.2 100 Source: Computed based on satellite imagery of Earth Explorer, USGS (Landsat 8 TM October, 2016)

4.5.1 Built-up Area The residential and built up area dominates the other land uses in Khalilabad town. A perusal study of table 4.2 reveals that in the year 2016, the built up area of the town is 68.26 per cent of the total area of the town. It is also clear from the figure 4.5 that highest concentration of built up area is in the central part of the town extending from east to west along the railway track and other important roads. Most of the land areas of the eastern side of Khalilabad town are built up one as compared to the other parts of the town. There are some important wards that have most of their land area under residential and market buildings and these wards are North and South Motinagar, North and South Ansar Tola, Gola Bazar, North and South Purani Tahsil and Bardahi Bazar. The display of urban encroachment on the surrounding rural areas is only for the settlements of growing urban population in the town.

Source: Prepared Based on Satellite Imagery of Earth Explorer, USGS (Landsat 8 TM October, 2016 Fig .4.6

4.5.2 Open Space Open space in an urban area is undeveloped piece of land accessible to the public that has significant importance in the life of its residents. Open space is used for various sports and recreations in the form of parks and play grounds. It can improve the urban climate and can also reduce urban environmental damages caused by urban pollution. The table 4.2 shows that 16.56 per cent of the total land area of Khalilabad town is open space. The open space land in the central part of the district is used for playgrounds, parks and for other recreation activities, whereas, some pieces of land in the peripheral areas have been left untouched and have only ecological importance for the town. Fig.4.5 clearly indicates that the open space areas are well distributed in all the part of the town which may be fruitful for the citizens if it is properly planned and managed.

4.5.3 Waterbodies Table 4.2 reveals that out of the total land use of the town 0.76 per cent areas are under water bodies of different sizes scattered mostly in the southern part of the

68 town. Few of them are used for the disposal of urban waste of the town whereas; one of the ponds in Bidhiyani ward is used for fishery.

4.5.4 Agricultural Spaces Urbanization is taking place with a faster rate in Khalilabad town. Due to the bourgeoning price of the food grains and other items the very poor people of the town of outer peripheral areas are compelled to carry out agricultural activities on their own plots or on public lands. No doubt urban agriculture is the new culture that is catching up in the million plus cities all around the world but here the case is different. The table 4.2 shows that out of the total land areas 14.46 per cent land uses are used as agricultural land in the town. Most of the agricultural fields are found in the southern part especially in Matihna and Titauwa wards of the town whereas, in northern part it is found in the ward of Kamlapati Tirpathi North.

The Present analysis is related to land use and land cover pattern in Sant Kabir Nagar and Khalilabad town as a separate urban unit. The land use pattern of Sant Kabir Nagar is greatly influenced by its homogenous alluvial fertile plain. The land use and land cover of the study area has been classified into four important categories by using remote sensing data and GIS i.e., agriculture and vegetation which is 81.47 per cent of the total land use (2016), builtup area 7.89 (rural and urban) per cent, water bodies 7.71 per cent and wastelands cover 2.91 per cent of the land area of the district. it is found that the land use pattern of western and central part of the district including Khalilabad, Meghar and Ledwa Mahua is mostly influenced by the urbanization and development in the region.

REFERENCES

Atlas of Tehran Metropolis (2017) ‘Main Types of Land use Pattern in Tehran’s District,. (http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=342#1000) Awasthi, P. (2013). Urban Agriculture in India and its Challenges, International Journal of Environmental Science: Development and Monitoring, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 48-51. Balogh, P.I. and Takacs D. (2011). The Significance of Urban Open Spaces and Green Areas in Urban Property Developments, International Scientific Journal of Sapientia University, Romania, pp.110-121. Clark, A.N. (2003). ‘Dictionary of Geography’ Penguin References, London, U.K. P. 455. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/home/?cid=nrcs143_01385 3 Komarova, A.I. and Kotlykou, V.M (2009). Elsevier’s Dictionary of Geography, Oxford, London, p. 792. Pontius, E.E. (2006). Land-use and Land Cover Change, Encyclopaedia of Earth, http://ecotope.org/people/ellis/papers/ellis_eoe_lulcc_2007.pdf Runsen, Z. and Ming, Z. (2013). Impact of Transportation Arteries on Land Use Pattern in Urban-rural Fringe: A Comparative Gradient Analysis of Qixia District, Nan-jing City, China, Chinese Geographical Science, Vol.23, No. 3, pp. 378-388. Sigh, P. (2011). Land use Pattern Analysis Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Mau District India’ Archives of Applied Science Research, Vol. 2-5, pp. 10-16. Yang, X. (2013). Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis for Landscape Pattern Characterization: in Landscape Ecology for Sustainable Environment and Culture, Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 205–221.

CHAPTER V

URBAN CHARACTERISTICS OF SANT KABIR NAGAR DISTRICT

The starting point of interest and clear objective of geographical study for an urban geographer is the visible landscape of an urban area. The demographic characteristics and infrastructural facilities of any urban place get due importance from the point of view of the socio economic conditions prevailing in that region (Chandna, 2001). Hence, in the present chapter an attempt has been made to study the population distribution, population growth, density of population, sex ratio, literacy and occupational structures. The study of functional and demographic characteristics of urban and rural areas of the study area will help in to discovering the nature and dynamism of rural-urban continuum.

5.1 Distribution of Population in Urban Areas By population distribution we mean geographical and spatial study of distribution of population of a territory and the way in which the people are distributed over it. As the distribution of population is locational, blocks boundaries and urban places (Towns) are used to show the distribution of urban population in the district. Distribution of population helps to understand the geo-economic prospects and potentiality of an area (Mandal, 1980). According to Clark (1972), “population distribution is a dynamic process which is ever changing and cause and effect vary in time and space.” Thus, when one is concerned with distribution, the emphasis should be on the location and pattern of spread of population. One of the most easy ways of measuring population has been percentage distribution where the percentage of people living in the geographic areas of a given class has been calculated (Chandna, 1986).

In 2011, total urban population of Uttar Pradesh was 22.27 per cent whereas in the study area it was 7.49 per cent and was distributed in 6 urban places of the district. There is no doubt that the district has physical homogeneity. There is uneven distribution of urban population and it is only because of historical and locational factors that Khalilabad has more than 52.14 per cent of the total urban population of the district whereas four blocks even don’t have any urban population (Table. 5.2). Out of the 9 blocks of the study area only four blocks namely, Khalilabad, Mehdawal,

71 Baghauli and Ghanghata have urban population. Block wise urban population is given in Table 5.2. It is clear from the Table 5.1, that there is a significant difference in town-wise distribution of urban population in the study area. Highest and lowest urban population has been observed in Khalilabad town which has 37.22 per cent of the total urban population of the district followed by Mehdawal town (21.7 per cent) whereas, Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira (newly created town, after 2001) has 6.59 per cent of the total urban population of the study area which is the lowest one (Fig. 5.1). The north and eastern parts of the district are most urbanized ones and almost all the towns of the study area are found to be in the eastern part.

Town-wise Distribution of Population in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011

40 35 30 25 20 in Per cent Per in 15 ation 10

Popul 5 0 Mehdawal Bagh Nagar Ledwa Mahua Khalilabad Maghar Hariharpur Urf Bakhira

Fig: 5.1

Table 5.1 Distribution of Urban Population in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001, 2011 2001 2011 Blocks Total Total Total Male Female Total Male Female (per cent) (per cent) Mehdawal 24,662 12,906 11,756 24.53 27897 14390 13507 21.7 Bagh Nagar - - - - 8477 4461 4016 6.59 Urf Bakhira* Ledwa Mahua 11,231 5,914 5,317 11.17 13844 7092 6752 10.77 Khalilabad 39,559 20,878 18,681 39.34 47847 25154 22693 37.22 Maghar 15,850 8,281 7,569 15.76 19181 10152 9029 14.92 Hariharpur 9,249 4,739 4,510 9.19 11285 5798 5487 8.77 Sant Kabir 100551 52718 47833 100 128531 67047 61484 100 Nagar Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011 *not designated as a town

72 According to census 2001, total share of the population of the age group of 0-6 was 18.56 per cent of the total urban population of the study area and it has been observed that in 2011 the share of the urban population of the same age group increased to 26.65 per cent. It is well accepted that the population of this age group is considered as burden on working population but after a decade or two this is the age group which will be of great use and will provide workforce for the economic development of the region.

Table 5.2 Block wise Distribution of Urban Population in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 Sl. No. Blocks Total Population Per cent 1 Sotha - - 2 Mehdawal 27897 21.7 3 Belhar Kala - - 4 Baghauli 22321 17.36 5 Semriyawan - - 6 Khalilabad 67028 52.14 7 Nath Nagar 11285 8.77 8 Pauli - - 9 Haisar Bazar - - District Total 128531 100 Source: Census of India, 2011

5.2 Population Growth Population growth rate ordinarily refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often denoted as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period (Chandna, 2001). Population growth may be either positive (+) or negative (-). The simplest and the most commonly used measure is arithmetic rate of increase in population. This can be written in the formula:

Population at the end of the period- Population at the beginning of period Growth Rate = ------Population at beginning of the period

73 Table 5.3 Decadal Urban Population Growth Rate in Sant Kabir Nagar District 1981-2011

1981 1991 2001 2011 Town Population Population Growth Population Growth Population Growth Mehdawal 18,839 22,490 9.66 24662 9.66 27897 13.12 Bagh Nagar Urf - - - - - 8477 - Bakhira Ledwa 6,813 10,002 46.81 11231 12.29 13844 23.27 Mahua Khalilabad 19,399 27,965 44.16 39559 41.46 47847 20.95 Maghar 10,489 12,985 23.8 15850 22.06 19181 21.02 Hariharpur 6,136 8,276 34.88 9249 11.76 11285 22.01 District 61,676 81,718 32.5 100551 23.05 128531 27.83 Total Source: Census of India, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011

To study the urban population growth rate in the district, urban population change of the district as well as of the towns has been observed. It is clear from Table 5.3 that total urban population of the district in 1981 was only 61676 persons that got accelerated to 81718 persons in 1991 with a decennial growth rate of 32.5 per cent. The maximum growth rate in the district was seen during this period, while the lowest urban growth rate was 23.50 per cent during 1991-2001. During 2001-2011 the urban population of the study area has manifested 27.83 per cent growth rate which is lower than the state (Uttar Pradesh) as a whole (28.8 per cent).

Mehdawal Town-wise Decadal Urban Population Growth Rate 1981-2011

50 Bagh 45 Nagar Urf Bakhira 40 Ledwa 35 Mahua 30 Khalilabad 25 20 Maghar 15

Growth (in per cent) 10 Hariharpur 5 0 SKN Total 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011

Fig. 5.2

74 Before 1901 there was only one town that is Mehdawal in the study area and it has urban population of 10143 at that time. After 1981 there were five towns and all the towns have shown the positive decadal growth rate. Except Mehdawal all the towns have exhibited impressive growth rate during prior decades. Khalilabad ranked first in urban population growth rate during 1991-2001 decade with 41.46 per cent and lowest growth rate 9.66 per cent during the same decades was seen in Mehdawal. The present decade has shown positive growth rate at district level as well as town level except Khalilabad and Maghar which have witnessed negative growth rate. During the decade (2001-2011) it was unveiled that the growth rate of Ledwa Mahua with 23.7 per cent was highest in the study area and once again Mehdawal had lowest growth rate (13.12 per cent) with some improvement to its previous decade (i.e. 1991- 2001) (Fig, 5.2).

5.3 Population Density Density of population is the concept that is frequently used by the geographers and is related to the population size to the land area of a region. It is one of the important components used for the delineation of an urban area. Population density shows the pressure of population upon the resources of the area. Demko (1970) recognises that land and people are two important components of an area and, therefore, it is of primary interest to all the geographers concerned with population analysis. Glenn T. Trewartha (1969) has suggested three types of density calculations, arithmetic, nutritional and agricultural densities. Arithmetic density is the most commonly used one, which is ratio between total population and the total land area that is expressed in terms of persons per unit of area.

The urban population density of Sant Kabir Nagar was 3867 persons per square kilometre in 2001 and it increased to 4944 persons per sq. km. in 2011. The density of urban population of Uttar Pradesh is 5884 persons per sq. km. which is higher than the study area. It has been observed that there is constant increase in population density in the district with the passage of time. During the decade of 2001- 2011, there was 1077 difference of population in the density, whereas, the gap in 1991 and 2001 was only 724. The changing figure of density indicates that there is continuous growth of population and congestion in the urban places of the study area. Tables 5.4, shows the pattern of urban population density in the study area.

75 Town-wise Urban Population Density Sant Kabir Nagar District, 1991-2011

10000 9000 8000 7000 1991 2001 2011 6000 Density 5000 4000 3000

Population 2000 1000 0 Mehdawal Bagh Nagar Ledwa Khalilabad Maghar Hariharpur District Urf Bakhira Mahua

Towns

Source: Census of India, 2011 Fig. 5.3

Table 5.4 Population Density in Urban Areas of Sant Kabir Nagar, 1991-2011 Urban Density Towns Area in km2 1991 2001 2011 Mehdawal 3 7497 8221 9299 Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira 1 - - 8477 Ledwa Mahua 2 5001 5616 6922 Khalilabad 7 3995 5619 6835 Maghar 4 3246 3962 4795 Hariharpur 9 919 1028 1254 District 26 3143 3867 4944 Source: Census of India, 1991, 2001, 2011

There is regional variation in the density pattern as some the towns like Mehdawal has density of 9299 persons whereas; Hariharpur has only 1254 persons per sq. km. in 2011. Khalilabad has the density of 6835 persons per sq. km. that shows the burden of increasing population on the limited land area of the study area. The density of urban population of the district is categorised into three categories i.e., high, medium and low. Mehdawal and Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira come under category of high density and these towns are in the northern part of the district, whereas, Ledwa Mahua and Khalilabad are grouped as of medium category. Maghar and Hariharpur town have low densities and are in low category of density (Table 5.5).

76 Table 5.5 Pattern of Urban Population Density, 2011 Index Population per km2 No. of Towns High >7716 Mehdawal,Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira Medium 7716-4813 Ledwa Mahua, Khalilabad Low <4813 Maghar, Hariharpur Source: Computed by the researcher based on census, 2011

5.4 Level of Urbanization Urbanization is the process that transforms a population from rural to urban. In other word we can say that urbanization shows the fundamental reorganization of human society, transforming from a rural, agricultural based society to one based around non-agricultural occupations Bruce (2010). Urbanization is process of social and economic conversion reflecting an occupational change from agriculture to manufacturing. According to Gibbs and Browning (1966) there is close interrelationship between urbanization and division of industrial labours and technological development. The study of pattern of urbanization will provide a sense of understanding of rural-urban continuum in the study area.

Rate of Urbanization in Sant Kabir Nagar, 1971-2011 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Per cent Per 15 10 5 0 1971-1981 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011

Decades

Source: Prepared by researcher based census 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011 Fig. 5.4

The district was carved out from the adjoining districts of Basti and Siddharth Nagar in the year 1997. Before 1961, Mehdawal was the only urban place of the district and Khalilabad was created after 1961 census. Due to population growth and

77 transformation of primary economic activities into non-agricultural activities, in 1971 there was growth of three other towns namely, Hariharpur, Maghar and Ledwa Mahua in the district. According to the census of India 2011, there are total six towns. From the decadal growth rate (27.8per cent) of urban population between 2001 and 2011 it is clear that urban growth rate has accelerated in the study area. If we spatially classify the urban centres based on the classification of census of India, we may divide it into three groups. The first group includes Khalilabad, Mehdawal (class-III) and second group includes Maghar, Hariharpur, and Ledwa Mahua (class-IV) and third one is Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira (class-V). The smallest urban centre is Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira with a population of only 8477 followed by Hariharpur which has population of 11285. Highest population is in Khalilabad 47847 and is followed by Mehdawal town (2011). Mehdawal town is most congested urban centre with the density of 9299 persons per sq. km (2011).

5.5 Distribution of Urban Workers According to census 2011, workers may be defined as participation (either physical or mental) in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. In India, the concept of worker was introduced, for the first time, in 1961 (Chandana, 1986). The ‘main worker’ and ‘marginal worker’ has been defined by Census 1981. A person who has worked for major part of the reference period (i.e. six month or more during the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economically productive activity is termed as ‘Main worker’ and those, who work less than six month during aforesaid period are counted as ‘Marginal workers’. The person who has not worked at all in any economically productive activity is known as ‘Non-worker’.

The economic activities and working population get transformed from agrarian activities to non-agrarian economic activities in an urban area. The level of work participation and working force depends upon a variety of demographic, social and economic factors (Chandana, 1986). In the present study, the researcher has taken into consideration the distribution of different workers and their sex-wise contribution. The gender gap in work participation rate (WPR) is also highlighted in the urban areas of the study area. The table 5.6 clearly indicates the distribution of workers and its gender-wise gap in the district. According to census 2011 the total work participation rate of the urban population is 29.82 per cent and out of which

78 80.10 per cent are males and remaining 19.90 per cent are females. From the aforesaid table it is also clear that males outnumber the females in terms of work participation rate and male-female gap is 60.20 per cent which is highly distinguishable. The work participation of study area as a whole increased from the previous decade. If we see the temporal change we find that in 2001, the work participation rate was only 26.25 per cent and during this decade the gender gap was also higher (69.20 per cent) than current decade which shows that female work participation has improved with the passage of time. There are regional variations in work participation rate in the district. The participation of workers in Ledwa Mahua is highest (31.29 per cent) and has also highest female work participation in the study area. Being one of the important centres of textile industry in the region it has very much balanced gender gap in work participation rate with 36.52 per cent. The lowest work participation was found in Hariharpur only (26.05 per cent) and it also shows the sheer gender gap of 86.56 per cent.

Town-wise Work Participation Rate in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011

100 90 80 70 60

cent 50 40 Per 30 20 10 0 Mehdawal Bagh Nagar Ledwa Khalilabad Maghar Hariharpur District Urf Bakhira Mahua Town Total Male Female

Source: Census of India, 1991-2011

Fig.5.5

79 Table 5.6 Work Participation Rate and Gender Gap in Urban Areas of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 2001 2011 Towns Gender Gender Total Male Female Total Male Female Gap Gap Mehdawal 27.57 84.98 15.02 69.97 30.01 79.87 20.13 59.74 Bagh Nagar - - - - 30.71 82.83 17.17 65.66 Urf Bakhira Ledwa Mahua 30.87 73.23 26.77 46.47 31.25 68.26 31.74 36.52 Khalilabad 25.08 88.69 11.31 77.39 30.4 80.58 19.42 61.17 Maghar 23.82 87.63 12.37 75.26 28.93 83.71 16.29 67.42 Hariharpur 26.23 78.32 21.68 56.64 26.05 86.56 13.44 73.13 District 26.25 84.6 15.4 69.2 29.82 80.1 19.9 60.2 Source: Census of India, 2001-2011

Table 5.7 shows the percentage of main workers during 2001-2011. Out of the total urban workers of the district 66.11 per cent is main workers and in 2001 the share was 81.81 per cent. In the urban areas of the district the proportion of male and female in main workers was 86.13 and 13.87 per cent respectively in 2011. The table shows the declining trend in gender gap of main workers during 2001 (80.19 per cent) and 2011 (72.26 per cent). The trend is only because of the advancement in education and opportunity attained by the women of the district. Among the six urban centres of the study area, the highest share of main workers (75.94 per cent) was found in Ledwa Mahua which is followed by Khalilabad (70.04 per cent) and the lowest proportion (50.48 per cent) was in Hariharpur.

During 2001-2011, the study area has displayed an overall proportion of rapid change in distribution of household industry workers. On the basis of 2001 census data, one can easily say that the participation of workers in household industry was very meagre with only 8.83 per cent. Due to developments in the non-agricultural sector of economy, the participation of household industry workers has increased to 17.63 per cent, which is double to previous decade (2001). The census data of 2011 shows that there is 39.74 per cent of sex wise disparity in household industry and it indicates that it has improved from their preceding decades (41.72 per cent). Among the various towns, Ledwa Mahua is found to be most dynamic (42.93 per cent) whereas, Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira and Hariharpur have very scanty work participation rate of only 5.88 per cent and are at the bottom of list (Table 5.8).

80 Table 5.7 Distribution of Main Workers in Different Towns of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 (in per cent) 2001 2011 Towns Gender Gender Total Male Female Total Male Female Gap Gap Mehdawal 81.35 91.52 8.48 83.04 69.99 83.75 16.25 67.5 Bagh Nagar - - - - 57.59 90.33 9.67 80.65 Urf Bakhira Ledwa Mahua 87.4 80.46 19.54 60.92 75.94 71.17 28.83 42.34 Khalilabad 82.61 93.01 6.99 86.02 70.04 89.58 10.42 79.17 Maghar 77.83 93.77 6.23 87.54 54.59 90.5 9.5 80.99 Hariharpur 78.03 83.04 16.96 66.09 50.48 91.78 8.22 83.56 SKN 81.81 90.1 9.9 80.19 66.11 86.13 13.87 72.26 Source: Census of India, 2001-2011

Table 5.8 Distribution of Household Industry Workers in Urban Areas of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 2001 2011 Towns Gender Gender Total Male Female Total Male Female Gap Gap Mehdawal 8.03 65.38 34.62 30.77 17.69 67.93 32.07 35.85 Bagh Nagar Urf - - - - 5.88 83.66 16.34 67.32 Bakhira Ledwa Mahua 13.35 52.7 47.3 5.4 42.93 54.33 45.67 8.67 Khalilabad 9.23 81.88 18.12 63.76 11.76 86.2 13.8 72.4 Maghar 8.45 70.22 29.78 40.44 24.92 68.4 31.6 36.8 Hariharpur 3.54 88.37 11.63 76.74 5.88 91.33 8.67 82.66 District 8.83 70.86 29.14 41.72 17.63 69.87 30.13 39.74 Source: Census of India, 2001-2011

Other workers are the workers other than cultivators, agricultural labourers, and household industry workers (census 2011). Out of the total working population, 64.84 per cent were engaged as other worker in the urban areas of the district. The highest percentage (78.22 per cent) of other workers was recorded in Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira whereas, lowest was in Hariharpur (43.91 per cent). Table 5.9, indicates that there is some betterment in gender gap in the study area during 2001 and 2011 which reads 10.79 per cent.

81 Table 5.9 Distribution of Other Workers in Urban Areas of Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2001-2011 2001 2011 Towns Gender Gender Total Male Female Total Male Female Gap Gap Mehdawal 65.04 92.74 7.26 85.48 57.91 83.07 16.93 66.13 Bagh Nagar Urf - - - - 78.22 86.25 13.75 72.5 Bakhira Ledwa Mahua 82.67 78.05 21.95 56.11 47.62 76.5 23.5 53.01 Khalilabad 79.66 92.18 7.82 84.36 74.46 84.89 15.11 69.78 Maghar 76.72 93.99 6.01 87.98 68.34 89.01 10.99 78.01 Hariharpur 41.51 89.57 10.43 79.15 43.91 91.71 8.29 83.42 District 72.36 90.33 9.67 80.66 64.84 84.93 15.07 69.87 Source: Census of India, 2001-11

5.6 Urban Sex Ratio In India, sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males and is an important and vital indicator for any meaningful demographic analysis. Trewartha, (1953) has rightly pointed out that the proportion of sexes is an important aspect of geographic study of a landscape as it provides the subsequent information of demography of a region. Franklin, (1956) has rightly observed that the sex ratio is an indicator of economy prevailing in an area and is a useful tool for regional analysis. The equilibrium of sexes affects the social and economic relationships within a community. It is recognized that there is profound consequence of the sex ratio upon the other different demographic elements like population growth, occupational structure and marriage rates (Shryock, 1976).

Number of Female Sex Ratio= Number of Male X 1000

The analysis of pattern of urban sex ratio in the study area is done in the context of both Uttar Pradesh as well as Sant Kabir Nagar. Table 5.10, enables us to compare the condition of urban sex ratio of the district as well as of the state average during 1971-2011. In 1971 there were only 735 females for every thousand males in urban areas of the district and was far behind to the state average of 826 females per thousand males. It was noticed that there was continuous improvement in sex ratio in

82 the study area (except the decade of 1991 when it declined 4 points to its previous decade. It is said that rural urban difference in sex ratio is of universal phenomenon but the developed and developing regions have opposite picture (Davis, 1951). The decade 2001-2011 shows that the urban areas of the district as a whole have higher sex ratio (917 females per thousand males) than the urban state average (894 females per thousand males).

Table 5.10 Urban Sex Ratio of Uttar Pradesh and Sant Kabir Nagar District, 1971-2011 Uttar Pradesh Sant Kabir Nagar Census Years Total Urban Total Urban 1971 876 826 918 735 1981 882 850 951 865 1991 876 864 928 861 2001 898 876 974 907 2011 912 894 972 917 Source: Census of India, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011

There are large spatial and temporal variations in sex ratio at town level. Table 5.11 gives the trends in sex ratio for last three decades in between 1991 and 2011 in respect of all the towns of the district except Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira as it was created after 2001. All the towns have shown decadal improvement in sex ratio except Maghar and Hariharpur that have exhibited declining trend in 2001-2011decade. It is very much clear from the data of census 2011 that there is not much wide variation in sex ratio at town level and the gap of sex ratio between highest and lowest figure is of 63 points. Highest sex ratio is observed in Ledwa Mahua (952 females per thousand males) followed by Hariharpur and Mehdawal with 946 and 939 females per thousand males respectively. While the minimum sex ratio is recorded in Maghar (889 sex ratio) and Khalilabad (902 sex ratio). The towns which are in the track of highly rural population concentration have high sex ratio as compared to the areas which have high urban population.

Unlike overall sex ratio, sex ratio among children is not influenced by sex- selective spatial mobility of population as migration in this age group normally happens with family. The sex ratio of this age group is a better indicator of gender relation in a population (Hasan, 2008). If we compare the overall urban sex ratio and

83 child urban sex ratio in the age group of 0 - 6 the overall sex ratio represents a gloomy picture. The average child sex ratio (06 years of age) of the district is 937 females child for 1000 males child, whereas, the urban child sex ratio of the state stands at 885 girls per 1000 boys. Except Khalilabad (900) and Mehdawal (902) all the town have child sex ratio more than 950 females per 1000 males. Highest sex ratio has been discerned in Hariharpur (1023) and lowest in Mehdawal (902) (Table 5.11).

Table 5.11 Urban Sex Ratio in Sant Kabir Nagar 1991-2011 Urban Sex Ratio Towns 0-6 Age Group (2011) 1991 2001 2011 Mehdawal 867 911 939 902 Khalilabad 842 895 902 900 Maghar 868 914 889 963 Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira - - 900 965 Ledwa Mahua 855 899 952 1005 Hariharpur 910 952 946 1023 Sant Kabir Nagar 868 914 917 937 Source: Census of India, 1991-2011

5.7 Urban Literacy According to census 2011, a person in the age group of 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding in any language is known as literate. The proportion of literate persons in a population is termed as literacy level. Level of literacy helps in eradicating poverty, removal of mental isolation, promoting technological development in a region and also permits the free play of demographic process (Chandna and Sidhu, 1980). Literacy is also an indicator that indicates the pace and direction at which the socio-economic transformation of a society is taking place. Thus, it is the duty of a geographer to analyse the pattern, trend and spatial distribution of literacy in a region. Urbanization is an important determinant of literacy and one may find positive correlation between literacy and degree of urbanization. Thus, we may observe high literacy in urban areas and in rural areas, there is usually low level of literacy rates (Chandna, 1986). To prove the above mentioned saying, literacy rate of two points of time have been taken into account. The study of distribution of literacy is cardinal as by analysing we can judge the quality of population of any region.

84 Table 5.12 Number of Literates and Literacy Rate by sex in Towns of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Number of literates Literacy rate SCs Literacy

Gap Gap Towns M/F M/F Male Male Male Total Total Total Female Female Female

Mehdawal 15613 9008 6605 66.84 75.04 58.17 16.87 53.87 63.38 43.9 19.48 Khalilabad 34114 19379 14735 82.06 88.68 74.72 13.96 62.74 74.31 49.52 24.79 Maghar 12531 7311 5220 76.65 83.95 68.32 15.63 69.15 81.8 53.79 28.01 Bagh Nagar Urf 5330 3070 2260 74.09 80.62 66.75 13.87 54.19 64.36 42.36 22 Bakhira Ledwa 7459 4273 3186 66.14 73.52 58.29 15.23 64.37 76 48.65 27.35 Mahua Hariharpur 7100 4186 2914 73.23 83.52 62.23 21.29 55.56 67.19 43.67 23.52 District 82147 47227 34920 75.06 82.57 66.83 15.74 59.98 71.3 47.31 23.99 Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 5.12 presents the latest estimates (2011) on sex-wise literacy rate and differential male female literacy gap in the study area. As per the census 2011, the average urban literacy rate of the district is 75.06 per cent which is slightly (0.08 per cent) lower than Uttar Pradesh’s average urban literacy rate of 75.14 per cent. The literacy among the male is 82.57 per cent against the average male literacy of 80.45 per cent in the state. If we make comparison of urban female literacy in the study area and Uttar Pradesh, we find that the district has better female literacy as compared to Uttar Pradesh with 66.83 and 60.96 per cent respectively (Fig 5.6). The gender gap between male and female literacy rate is 15.74 per cent against the state’s gender gap of 19.49 per cent.

Among the towns of the study area highest literacy rate is found in Khalilabad (82.0 6per cent) followed by Maghar (76.65 per cent), Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira (74.09 per cent), Hariharpur (73.23 per cent), and Mehdawal (66.84 per cent), whereas, the lowest literacy rate is found in Ledwa Mahua (66.14 per cent). Highest percentage of literacy in male (88.68 per cent) and female (74.72 per cent) is found in Khalilabad. Hariharpur has 21.29 per cent gap in male and female literacy and shows the highest gender gap in urban literacy in the district, on the contrary Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira display the lowest gender gap (13.87 per cent). Table 5.13 shows that in 2001 there was a distinct pattern of literacy in the district. Total urban literacy of Sant Kabir

85 Nagar was 66.4 per cent. The average male and female literacy was 76.9 per cent and 54.9 per cent respectively. Census 2001 indicates that there was huge gender gap in male and female literacy and it got improved (15.74 per cent) in 2011.

Urban Male Female Literacy (2011) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Per cent Per 20 10 0 Total Male Female

Uttar Pradesh Sant Kabir Nagar

Fig: 5.6

Table 5.13 Percentages of Literates by Sex in Towns of Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2001

Scheduled Castes Gap in Percentage of Literates Gap Towns Literacy M/F M/F Total Males Females Total Male Female Literacy Hariharpur 58.2 72.8 43 29.8 38.3 53.5 22.3 31.2 Khalilabad 76.5 85.3 66.6 18.7 48.6 63.3 31.9 31.4 Ledwa 55.4 66.5 43 23.5 52.8 67.2 36.2 31 Mahua Maghar 67.4 77.3 56.7 20.6 52.3 66.8 36.7 30.1 Mehdawal 56.9 68.5 44.2 24.3 40.8 55.7 23.1 32.6 SKN 66.4 76.9 54.9 22 45.8 60.6 29.2 31.4 Source: Census of India, 2001

It becomes necessary to give due weightage to analyse the literacy level of Schedule Castes population in the study area as they have a share of 12.12 per cent (2011) in the total urban population of the district. The scenario is depressing in the case of literacy level especially of female literacy. There is marked contrast of urban literacy rate among Scheduled Castes (59.98 per cent) and the literacy of the district

86 as a whole. The literacy rate among male of SCs is just below to the districts average and shows 71.3 per cent literacy rate but it has gloomy side of female SCs literacy rate as 52.7 per cent female are illiterate in the study area. Maghar is on the top with 69.15 per cent of Scheduled Castes literacy among the towns. The male and female gap in literacy rate among Scheduled Castes is very high (23.99 per cent) (Table, 5.12).

5.8 Urban Infrastructural Facilities in Sant Kabir Nagar Infrastructural development serves as a true engine of growth as development and progress of any particular region depends on the availability of facilities and infrastructure. Infrastructure is an index of development in a region and it includes all those activities and facilities like educational institutions, electricity, transportations, finance and banking, and medical institutions which help to sustain the growth in production and income generation in the economy.

5.8.1 Educational Facilities Educational institutions are one of most important parts of basic infrastructure needed for the operation of a society and are also helpful in an economy to function properly. It not only signifies the quality of a man but is also an indicator of transforming society or a region. Socio-economic development of a region is very much governed by the availability of educational facilities in that region. A region with sufficient educational facilities will show a burgeoning picture of level of literacy as both are correlated to each other. In this part an analysis of distribution of educational facilities in the study area has been discussed. The criteria like number of primary, middle, secondary, senior secondary and colleges have taken into consideration for the study. Number of schools and colleges per 10,000 populations has also been calculated in different towns of the district.

Table 5.14 represents the number of different types of educational institutions in the urban areas of the district. There are total 1257 primary schools, 591 middle schools, 73 secondary schools, 88 senior secondary schools and 6 degree colleges in urban areas of Sant Kabir Nagar. The data reveals that 95 per cent of the total primary schools are distributed in Khalilabad. The remaining towns have only 5 per cent primary institutions. The same scene is found in the distribution of middle schools. The availability of secondary and senior secondary schools in the town shows that

87 they have somehow the same pattern of middle schools as 71.23 per cent of secondary schools and 90.91 per cent of senior secondary schools that are located in Khalilabad town. There are only 6 degree colleges in the urban region of the district and out of which 4 colleges are in Khalilabad and one each in Mehdawal and Hariharpur.

Table 5.14 Town wise Number of Government and Private Educational Institutions in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Senior Primary Middle Secondary Degree Towns Secondary Schools Schools Schools College Schools Mehdawal 12 7 4 2 1 Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira 7 3 3 1 0 Ledwa Mahua 17 5 6 1 0 Khalilabad 1196 563 52 80 4 Maghar 13 7 5 2 0 Hariharpur 12 6 3 2 1 SKN 1257 591 73 88 6 Source: Census of India 2011

Table 5.15 Number of Educational Institutions per 10,000 Population in the Towns of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Senior Degree Towns Primary Middle Secondary Secondary College Mehdawal 4 3 1 1 0.4 Bagh Nagar Urf 8 4 4 1 0.0 Bakhira Ledwa Mahua 12 4 4 1 0.0 Khalilabad 250 118 11 17 0.8 Maghar 7 4 3 1 0.0 Hariharpur 11 5 3 2 0.9 SKN 98 46 6 7 0.5 Source: Census of India, 2011

Distribution of educational institutions by population in any region shows the balancing nature of institutions. It is universally accepted that if any region has educational institutions in a proper ratio it will ultimately benefit the educational development of that region. To have a clear picture of educational development in the urban areas of the study area, number of educational institution per 10,000 population has been used. Table 5.15 clearly shows that there are 98 primary, 46 middle schools, 6 secondary and 7 senior secondary schools for 10,000 populations in the district. The study area lacks in higher educational institutions. At district level, there is only 0.5

88 degree college per 10,000 population. Khalilabad town with 4 degree colleges has the ratio of 0.8 degree college per 10,000 population, whereas, the ratio is higher in Hariharpur town with 0.9 degree college per 10,000 population. Mehdawal shows the lowest ratio of colleges and populations.

5.8.2 Electricity Facilities Electricity is not only necessary for industries but also for the daily household consumptions in the urban areas. Regular supply of electricity is mandatory for all- round development of any region. Electricity is a life giving service. If we talk about urban life, it is said that in an urban area one can live without food but not without electricity. According to census 2011, all the towns of the district were electrified. Electricity requirement of the towns is met out from Tanda Thermal Power Station. According to census 2011, out of the total 18724 households in the urban region of Sant Kabir Nagar only 54 households that make the share of 0.3 per cent do not have any source of power in their houses. In the urban region of the district 68 per cent households were using electricity as the main source of lighting and remaining 32 per cent of households use other source of lighting.

Table 5.16 Use of Electricity Connection in Different Categories in Towns of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Road lighting Towns Domestic Industrial Commercial Others (points) Mehdawal 73.27 5.62 4.78 16.34 0 Bagh Nagar Urf 86.87 0.67 10.1 2.36 0 Bakhira Ledwa Mahua 65.75 0 33.4 0.85 0 Khalilabad 92.98 1.45 3.62 1.95 0 Maghar 90.96 0 0.51 7.58 0.96 Hariharpur 94.67 0.77 2.78 1.78 0 SKN 91.65 1.58 3.97 2.78 0.02 Source: Census of India, 2011

The above Table 5.16 gives town wise electricity connections in different categories. Nearly 91.6 per cent of electric connections in urban region of the district is for domestic use, while 1.58 per cent industrial and 3.97 per cent is used for commercial purpose. It means that the consumption of electricity by the domestic sector is higher as compared to other sectors consumption in the district. Highest per cent of domestic connections are in Hariharpur, most number of connections in industrial categories is in Mehdawal. Ledwa Mahua has large number of cotton textile

89 industries (power loom) in the district and this is the reason that it has the highest 33.40 per cent of its connection for commercial purpose in the study area.

5.8.3 Banking Services Proper banking facilities play a crucial role in the development and progress of a region. The banking and financial reform of 1991 has compelled the banking sector to open their new branches in far distance and it has been providing better banking services (Mujmule, 2016). Table 5.17 reveals that in the census year 2001, there were 15 banking institutions in the different towns of the district and it increased to 20 in number in the year 2011.

Table 5.17 Number of banks in Urban Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 2011 Private Co- Towns Total Nationalised Total Commercial operative Banks Bank Banks Bank Bank Mehdawal 2 1 2 1 4 Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira * 1 0 1 2 Ledwa Mahua 1 0 1 0 1 Khalilabad 9 8 0 2 10 Maghar 2 1 0 1 2 Hariharpur 1 1 0 0 1 SKN 15 12 3 5 20 Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2011 * Data not Available

According to Census 2011, there were total 12 nationalized banks, 3 private commercial banks and 5 co-operative banks in the study region. Town wise analysis indicates that in both the decades 2001 and 2011, Khalilabad town has the higher number of banking services as compared to other towns. Khalilabad is the only big town of the district and act as centripetal forces for the surrounding region for various banking services. It is clear that all the towns have banking facilities but lacking in quantity. For the functioning of economy of a region financial institutions are very important. There are total 23 branches of different banks in Khalilabad and almost all the branches have 2-3 ATMs in the town.

5.8.4 Medical Facilities Due to the climatic condition of the study area it becomes very crucial to have proper health care facilities. Large portions of the district are frequently affected by

90 the floods and nearness to the Trai region (Low lying flood prone area) and the high level of sub-soil water make the region to be hot during summer season. The prevailing monsoon condition causes various diseases (sometimes it becomes epidemics) in the region. It is universally accepted that the urban regions are the main service provider of various types in which health and medical facilities is pivotal. The district health care centre is in Khalilabad and the town also has the highest number of private hospitals and clinics in the study area.

Table 5.18 Health Care Facilities in Urban Areas of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Public Primary Family Number of Beds per Medicine Allopathic Towns Health Health Welfare 10,000 Population Shop (per Hospitals Centres Centres Centres 2001 2011 cent) 2011 Mehdawal 1 1 2 1 12 17 26.8 Bagh Nagar 0 0 0 1 - 1 8.2 Urf Bakhira Ledwa Mahua 0 0 0 1 0 0 15.5 Khalilabad 1 2 4 1 10 10 20.6 Maghar 0 0 0 1 3 2 11.3 Hariharpur 0 1 1 1 0 4 17.5 Urban (Total) 2 4 7 6 7 8 100 Source: Census of India, 2001, 2011

Table 5.18 shows that in 2011, Mehdawal and Khalilabad town have better health care facilities as compared to other towns of the district. In the urban part of the district there are 2 public health centres, 4 primary health centres, 7 allopathic hospitals and 6 family welfare centres. In 2001, Mehdawal town has the most number of beds in hospital (12 per 10,000 population) followed by Khalilabad (10 beds per 10,000 population) whereas, in 2011 Mehdawal town has seen improvement in number of beds (17 beds per 10,000 populations). Lowest ratio of beds (1 bed per 10,000 population) was found in Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira. The availability of registered medicine shops is an indicator of presence of health care facilities in a region. Mehdawal with 26.8 per cent has the highest per cent of medical shops fallowed by Khalilabad (20.6 per cent), Hariharpur (17.5 per cent), Ledwa Mahua (15.5 per cent), and Maghar (11.3 per cent). Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira has the lowest 8.2 per cent of medical shops in the study area. Ledwa Mahua does not have any government health care facilities in the town but has 15.5 per cent of the total medical shops which reveals that the town has private hospitals and clinics.

91 5.8.5 Recreation Facilities An urban place is always known for providing recreational facilities. Cinema hall is the most important source of recreations. The recreational centres attracts a lot of people from every walk of life be it rural or urban. In the study area except Khalilabad city not a single town has cinema hall. In Khalilabad there are three important cinema halls and they are serving recreational facilities to the people of surrounding districts. Khalilabad also has sports and playgrounds.

5.8.6 Transport and Communications Transport and communications is the basic infrastructure for sustainable economic development of a region. Roads are regarded as arteries and veins of a country. The linkages between urban and rural areas are possible only through physical road connectivity. Road density is the ratio of the total road length (in km) to the geographical area of the region and it is an indicator of distribution of road in a region.

Table 5.19 Urban Road Density in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011 Towns Area in Sq. Km. Road length (in Km.) Road Density Mehdawal 3 13 4.33 Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira 1 4 4.00 Ledwa Mahua 2 6 3.00 Khalilabad 7 36.56 5.22 Maghar 4 12 3.00 Hariharpur 9 15.5 1.72 Total 26 87.06 3.35 Source: Census of India 2011

Table 5.19 shows the spatial variation in the level of road density in the urban areas of the district. The average urban road density of the district is 3.35 kilometres of road per square kilometre of area, whereas, the highest road density is found in Khalilabad town i.e. 5.22 followed by Mehdawal, Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira, Ledwa Mahua and Maghar. The lowest road density (1.72) is recorded in Hariharpur town. Khalilabad town has the highest length (36.56 km.) of roads as compared to other towns of the district. The district is well connected by telecommunication networks. In the census year 2011, there were 3.65 per cent household that were connected by the landline and

92 71.75 per cent population were using mobile phone. The internet connection in a region is essential for various e-transactions which helps various services. In the urban area of the district, 2.23 per cent household were using computers and laptops with proper internet connection (2011).

5.9 Khalilabad Town Khalilabad town is the administrative headquarters of Sant Kabir Nagar district. Khalilabad lies on the Faizabad-Gorakhpur road and it is 36 kilometres west to the Gorakhpur city. It is in the east of Basti city which is 35 kilometres away. Khalilabad is the centre point of Gorakhpur and Basti city and these urban centres are connected by the National Highway number 28. There are other roads like SH0088 (state highway) known as Bansi-Mehdawal-Khalilabad Marg (Road) and district road (MD081E) called Mehdawal-Khalilabad-Gagar Marg. All these roads connect it to Ambedkar Nagar and Gorakhpur in south and southeast and Sidharthnagar and Maharajganj in the north and northeast. Khalilabad town is connected by Barhalganj (Gorakhpur) in the south via Hariharpur State Highway number SH0072. The town is well connected to the different blocks of the district by elaborate networks of roads. There is only one Railway Station in the town and it lies on Gorakhpur-Lucknow railway line. The station has three platforms and comes under Lucknow North-Eastern Railway Division. According to Department of Science and Technology (2015) a rail line survey has been done for the construction of new rail line of 147 kilometres of length from Khalilabad-Balrampur via Utraula, Dumariyaganj, Bansi and Mehdawal. Historically, the town of Khalilabad has long eventful background and that can be traced back to the Mughal period. The present district headquarter of Sant Kabir Nagar was named after Qazi Khalil-ur-Rahman who was the chakledar (holder of the track), a revenue collector. He was sent by the Emperor Aurangzeb in 1680 to supress revolts by Rajputs from the nearby villages led by the two brothers Jai Singh and Vijay Singh. Both the Rajput brothers were defeated by the Mughal forces. Qazi Khalil-ur-Rahman is buried in Maghar which is only 7 kilometres from Khalilabad, a tomb was also built here in Maghar by his name. After Khalil-ur-Rahman the region was administered by Chin Qulich Khan who was sent by Emperor Bahadur Shah in 1707 as an administrator and revenue collector. After a short period of time Qulich Khan resigned from the post after that Sadat Khan was appointed as governor of the Subah of Awadh including the fauzdari and the study area was an integral part of the

93 Awadh Province. The town is located in the middle of the district and is equally distant from north-south point. Due its central location Khalilabad town has various administrative and functional significance in the region.

Khalilabad town is in Khalilabad block of the district and is the only big and important town of the study area. According to census 2001, the total urban population of the district was 100551, out of which 39.34 per cent of urban population was living in Khalilabad town. During the decade of 2001-2011, the district has a growth rate of 20.95 per cent. To maintain the law and order and to provide the basic amenities the town has been divided into 25 administrative wards. In this part of the chapter a detailed account of demographic and socio-economic characteristics of all the wards of the town has been given.

5.9.1 Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics 5.9.1.1 Population Distribution Table 5.22, shows the ward-wise distribution of population in Khalilabad town. It is found that there is uneven distribution of population because of the socio economic conditions prevailing in different towns. The wards that are very near to the market have more concentration as compared to the wards which are located at the outer part of the town. It is easily seen that the central part of the town has more population density as all the urban facilities are easily accessible in this part of the town. There are total 25 wards in the town and ward Baghiya (ward no.2) has the highest number of population, while the lowest population only 1189 is in the Ansar Tola Ward (no.22). There are 9 wards which come under the category of low population size, 12 wards are in the medium category and remaining 4 wards have been categorised as of high population category. The shares of male and female population (per cent) are given in table 5.22. The total share of Scheduled Castes in the town is 13.18 per cent of the total population. The highest SCs population was recorded in Matihna with dominating shares of 73.19 per cent whereas; the lowest share was in Motinagar East with zero scheduled Castes population. The studies of age composition of a population in the age 0-6 have their own importance as it shows the balance in male and female ratio in the coming years. The total population of the age group of 0-6 in the town is 13.11 per cent and highest population (16.84 per cent) in the age group of 0-6 is found in the ward Motinagar South and lowest population (10.53 per cent) is in the ward Achakwapur.

94 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census data 2001 and 2011 Fig. 5.7

95 Table 5.20 Ward wise Population Distributions and Growth Rate in Khalilabad Town 2001-2011 Ward Population Population Growth Rate Population Name of theWards No. 2001 2011 2001-2011 Density 1 Matihna 899 2686 198.78 5105 2 Baghiya 1902 3603 89.43 10641 3 Barai Tola 1842 1938 5.21 12212 4 Achakwapur 1409 1501 6.53 3810 5 Madya 1703 1476 -13.33 6752 6 Pathantola East 1630 1339 -17.85 24074 7 Purani Tahsil South 931 1642 76.37 12818 8 Titauwa 688 1391 102.18 2473 9 Gorkhar 1697 2002 17.97 4186 10 Statoin Purwa 1887 2008 6.41 6577 11 Bardahi bazar 1089 3266 199.91 13717 12 Motinagar North 2080 1584 -23.85 6455 13 Shastri Nagar 1632 1391 -14.77 12375 14 Purani Tahsil North 1971 2051 4.06 8855 15 Kamlapati Tirpathi North 1807 2375 31.43 4984 16 Pathantola West 1821 1794 -1.48 31496 17 Banjariya East 2846 1979 -30.46 10521 18 Gola Bazar South 1567 2182 39.25 24628 19 Gola Bazar North 2450 1944 -20.65 4191 20 Bidhiyani 747 1677 124.5 9629 21 Motinagar South 1562 1360 -12.93 10977 22 Ansar Tola North 751 1189 58.32 6893 23 Ansar Tola South 1828 1457 -20.3 7263 24 Audhogik Nagar 1549 2161 39.51 6224 25 Bhitwa 1271 1851 45.63 16395 Khalilabad Total 39559 47847 20.95 6835 Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011

5.9.1.2 Population Growth Rate The table 5.20 shows the ward-wise population growth rate in Khalilabad town during 2001-2011. The overall growth of population in the town was found to be 19.95 per cent over the last decade. Thus, there is an addition of 8288 persons since 2001. On analysing the ward-wise population distribution it was observed that 17 wards have shown positive population growth rate. Although, there is an overall population growth rate in the town but 9 wards out of the total 25 wards have shown a decline in population and negative growth rate of population during the same period.

96 The variation was found to be ranging from -30.43 per cent in Manjharia East to 199.91 per cent in Bardahi Bazar. There are 6 wards which fall under high category of population growth whereas 11 blocks come under medium category and the remaining 9 blocks have low population growth rate and therefore fall in the low category (Table 5.21).

Table 5.21 Ward wise pattern of Population Growth Rate in Khalilabad Town, 2001-2011 High (>68.00) Medium (3.19-68.00) Low(<3.19) 1. Purani Tahsil North, 2. Baria 1.Banjariya East, 1. Purani Tahsil Tola, 3.Station Purwa, 4. 2.Motinagar North 3.Gola South, 2.Baghiya, Achakwapur, 5. Gorkhar, Bazar North, 4.Ansar Tola 3.Titauwa, 6.Kamlapati Tirpathi North, South, 5.Pathantola East, 4.Bidhiyani,5.Ma 7.Gola Bazar South, 6.Shastri Nagar, 7.Madya, tihna, 6.Bardahi 8.Audhogik Nagar , 9.Bhitwa, 8.Motinagar South, bazar 10.Ansar Tola North 9.Pathantola West Source: Computed by researcher based on census data, 2011

Source: Census of India, 2001-2011 Fig. 5.8

97 The wards showing a decline in population have experienced out-migration due to pursuit of education and better employment opportunities. The same phenomena were observed in the other wards but at a lower level. Further, there is migration from rural areas towards Khalilabad town as one can easily identify that there is huge excrescence of population in some selected wards of the town.

Source: Census of India, 2011 Fig: 5.9

5.9.1.3 Population Density Figure 5.9 shows the ward-wise pattern of population density in the town. The average population density of the town is 6835 persons per sq. km. There are three wards in the crowded part of the town that have highest population density and it is only because of the prime location and hub of markets where all the urban facilities of the town are located. In medium category of population density there are ten wards of the town and most of them are confined in the eastern part of the town. The remaining twelve wards fall into low category of population density. The highest population in the town was found to be in Pathantola west ward (31,494 persons per sq. km.) whereas, the lowest density (2473 persons per sq. km.) was recorded in Titauwa ward of the town.

98 Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011 Fig. 5.10

5.9.1.4 Sex Ratio It is easily noticeable that there is ward wise variation in the distribution of sex ratio of Khalilabad town. The table no 5.22 shows that the sex ratio of 7 wards in

99 2001 was more than 942 as compared to 2011 census where it reduced to 925. In 2011, there were 8 wards which had the sex ratio of more than 925, 10 wards had medium sex ratio of 886-925 while there were 7 wards which had lowest sex ratio in the town (less than 886 females per 1000 males). In 2001, highest sex ratio of 1005 females per 1000 males was found in ward number 15 (Kamalapti Tirpathi North) followed by Ansari Tola North 1002 (ward no. 22) while the lowest sex ratio in 2001 was identified in the ward Gola Bazar South followed by Baghiya with 637 and 834 females per 1000 males respectively.

Table 5.22 Ward wise Shares of Population and Sex Ratio in Khalilabad Town, 2001 and 2011 Ward Name of the Ward-wise Share Sex Ratio Sex Ratio Male Female No. Wards of Population 2001 2011 1 Matihna 5.61 52.64 47.36 1002 900 2 Baghiya 7.53 53.48 46.52 834 870 3 Barai Tola 4.05 51.86 48.14 848 928 4 Achakwapur 3.14 53.96 46.04 884 853 5 Madya 3.08 52.44 47.56 869 907 6 Pathantola East 2.8 52.88 47.12 874 891 7 Purani Tahsil South 3.43 52.01 47.99 944 923 8 Titauwa 2.91 51.83 48.17 944 929 9 Gorkhar 4.18 51.8 48.2 853 931 10 Statoin Purwa 4.2 53.14 46.86 857 882 11 Bardahi bazar 6.83 53.18 46.82 927 880 12 Motinagar North 3.31 53.16 46.84 935 881 13 Shastri Nagar 2.91 52.12 47.88 971 919 14 Purani Tahsil North 4.29 53 47 919 887 Kamlapati Tirpathi 15 4.96 52.51 47.49 1006 905 North 16 Pathantola West 3.75 52.9 47.1 923 890 17 Banjariya East 4.14 50.13 49.87 864 995 18 Gola Bazar South 4.56 53.48 46.52 637 870 19 Gola Bazar North 4.06 51.85 48.15 913 929 20 Bidhiyani 3.5 55.22 44.78 896 811 21 Motinagar South 2.84 51.54 48.46 914 940 22 Ansar Tola North 2.49 50.55 49.45 1003 978 23 Ansar Tola South 3.05 52.51 47.49 890 905 24 Audhogik Nagar 4.52 52.75 47.25 986 896 25 Bhitwa 3.87 51.32 48.68 923 948 Khalilabad 100 52.57 47.42 895 903 Source: Census of India 2011

100 With the rapid growth in urban population and higher hike of the land price in the town, has compelled the residents to leave their family in their respective rural villages. In the census year of 2011, the scenario gets changed in respect to the sex ratio of 2001. The highest sex ratio of 995 was recorded in Banjariya East followed by Ansar Tola North with the sex ratio of 978 females per 1000 males (2011). The lowest one was in the ward number 20 (Bhindiya) and it has shown 811 female per 1000 male. It is clear from the table 5.23, it is clear that there is irregular pattern of sex ratio in the population of the age group of 0-6 years. The sex ratio among the age group of 0-6 years was recorded highest in Purani Tahsil North 1273 females per 1000 males followed by Pathantola East (1138 female per 1000 male population) and lowest sex ratio (736) was recorded in Station Purva (2011). This pattern of sex ratio among children shows the difference of 537 units which is not a common phenomenon.

Table 5.23 Distribution of Population and sex Ratio in the Age Group of 0-6, 2011 Share of the population Sex Ratio Name of the Wards Male Female of age group 0-6 0-6 age Matihna 15.75 50.83 49.17 967 Baghiya 14.04 54.74 45.26 827 Barai Tola 16.00 54.19 45.81 845 Achakwapur 10.53 51.27 48.73 951 Madya 15.65 54.55 45.45 833 Pathantola East 13.89 46.77 53.23 1138 Purani Tahsil South 12.67 53.85 46.15 857 Titauwa 12.08 54.76 45.24 826 Gorkhar 12.14 53.50 46.50 869 Statoin Purwa 12.45 57.60 42.40 736 Bardahi bazar 13.72 53.35 46.65 874 Motinagar North 12.31 47.69 52.31 1097 Shastri Nagar 11.21 54.49 45.51 835 Purani Tahsil North 12.19 44.00 56.00 1273 Kamlapati Tirpathi North 11.49 53.11 46.89 883 Pathantola West 14.55 54.41 45.59 838 Banjariya East 14.05 54.32 45.68 841 Gola Bazar South 11.23 53.06 46.94 885 Gola Bazar North 11.52 50.89 49.11 965 Bidhiyani 14.25 54.39 45.61 838 Motinagar South 16.84 54.15 45.85 847 Ansar Tola North 12.62 48.00 52.00 1083 Ansar Tola South 12.83 48.13 51.87 1078 Audhogik Nagar 10.83 53.42 46.58 872 Bhitwa 11.99 54.05 45.95 850 Khalilabad 13.11 6.90 6.21 900 Source: Census of India 2011

101 Table 5.24 Ward wise shares of Scheduled Castes Population and Literacy in Khalilabad Town, 2011 Share of Scheduled Literacy in per cent (2011) Name of the Ward Castes Population Total Male Female M/F Gap Matihna 73.19 66.06 77.98 52.63 25.35 Baghiya 39.74 71.26 81.15 59.99 21.17 Barai Tola 34.98 65.17 75.99 53.73 22.26 Achakwapur 19.92 87.57 92.46 81.76 10.70 Madya 0.68 81.61 91.82 70.52 21.30 Pathantola East 14.71 79.01 85.67 71.24 14.43 Purani Tahsil South 13.22 84.10 91.11 76.59 14.52 Titauwa 19.63 85.12 91.26 78.62 12.64 Gorkhar 7.14 86.13 94.16 77.58 16.57 Statoin Purwa 5.73 83.28 87.43 78.68 8.75 Bardahi bazar 2.54 79.28 85.31 72.42 12.89 Motinagar North 0.00 82.79 89.85 74.53 15.32 Shastri Nagar 4.17 94.33 98.44 89.92 8.52 Purani Tahsil North 6.68 85.51 89.76 80.46 9.30 Kamlapati Tirpathi North 5.56 91.44 95.83 86.60 9.23 Pathantola West 8.64 83.11 86.37 79.48 6.89 Banjariya East 1.62 84.01 91.44 76.74 14.69 Gola Bazar South 0.92 88.07 93.15 82.22 10.93 Gola Bazar North 4.53 85.23 90.72 79.30 11.42 Bidhiyani 0.06 75.66 83.92 65.42 18.50 Motinagar South 8.09 85.68 88.73 82.49 6.24 Ansar Tola North 0.93 87.87 94.90 80.59 14.31 Ansar Tola South 0.75 82.44 89.04 74.96 14.08 Audhogik Nagar 5.88 87.23 92.71 81.14 11.57 Bhitwa 0.65 88.28 93.49 82.85 10.64 Source: Census of India, 2011

5.9.1.5 Literacy In an urban region, high level of literacy is a very important and dynamic character of a population. The total literacy of the town in 2001 was 66.40 per cent, which has increased to 82.06 per cent in 2011. As per the Indian custom, male population have always higher literacy in rural as well as in urban areas than their female counterparts. The male and female gap in literacy can be minimised by providing equal opportunities to get education to the half constituting population of a region. According to 2011 census, the highest total (94.33 per cent), male (98.44 per cent) and female (89.92 per cent) literacy was noticed in the ward Shastri Nagar while Barai Tola with 65.17 per cent has the lowest total literacy in the town and lowest female literacy was observed in Matihna (52.63 per cent). The gender gap in an urban area is very meagre, as it does not make discrimination on the ground of sex. Ward

102 no. 1 (Matihna) of the town is dominated by Scheduled Castes population and it may be one of the reasons that it shows the highest gender gap of 25.35 per cent in male and female literacy achievement while, the lowest male and female literacy gap (6.24 per cent) was found in Motinagar South ward (Table 5.24).

Table 5.25, shows that there are 7 wards of Khalilabad town which fall under category of high literacy rate whereas, 12 wards are in medium category and remaining 6 wards come under low category of literacy rate.

Source: Census of India, 2011 Fig. 5.11

Table 5.25 Pattern of Literacy in Khalilabad Town, 2011 High (86.31) Medium (79.31-86.31) Low (79.31) 1.Madya, 2.Ansar Tola South, 1.Barai Tola, 1.Audhogik Nagar , 3.Motinagar North, 4.Pathantola 2.Matihna, 2.Achakwapur, 3.Ansar West, 5.Station Purwa, 6.Banjariya 3.Baghiya, Tola North, 4.Gola Bazar East, 7.Purani Tahsil South, 4.Bidhiyani, South, 5.Bhitwa, 8.Titauwa, 9.Gola Bazar North, 5.Pathantola 6.Kamlapati Tirpathi 10.Purani Tahsil North, East, 6.Bardahi North, 7.Shastri Nagar 11.Motinagar South, 12.Gorkhar bazar Source: Computed by Researcher based on Census data, 2011

103 Table 5.26 Ward-wise working population in Khalilabad Town, 2011 Name of the Total Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers Ward Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Matihna 50.19 62.61 37.39 44.44 91.32 8.68 55.56 39.65 60.35 Baghiya 32.31 80.41 19.59 55.15 88.32 11.68 44.85 70.69 29.31 Barai Tola 26.42 85.35 14.65 75.59 88.89 11.11 24.41 74.40 25.60 Achakwapur 45.04 68.64 31.36 49.56 91.34 8.66 50.44 46.33 53.67 Madya 26.63 74.30 25.70 50.38 80.30 19.70 49.62 68.21 31.79 Pathantola East 38.61 80.08 19.92 65.96 92.38 7.62 34.04 56.25 43.75 Purani Tahsil 28.81 85.62 14.38 72.73 84.30 15.70 27.27 89.15 10.85 South Titauwa 34.58 79.63 20.37 78.79 93.14 6.86 21.21 29.41 70.59 Gorkhar 31.27 76.20 23.80 61.50 86.23 13.77 38.50 60.17 39.83 Statoin Purwa 24.70 86.49 13.51 93.15 87.45 12.55 6.85 73.53 26.47 Bardahi bazar 31.35 82.81 17.19 89.94 84.47 15.53 10.06 67.96 32.04 Motinagar North 26.52 78.10 21.90 72.62 88.20 11.80 27.38 51.30 48.70 Shastri Nagar 31.27 85.29 14.71 80.92 90.91 9.09 19.08 61.45 38.55 Purani Tahsil 27.65 89.42 10.58 75.66 94.87 5.13 24.34 72.46 27.54 North Kamlapati 29.18 80.66 19.34 85.28 89.17 10.83 14.72 31.37 68.63 Tirpathi North Pathantola West 26.31 92.58 7.42 83.26 95.42 4.58 16.74 78.48 21.52 Banjariya East 24.00 82.53 17.47 76.00 88.92 11.08 24.00 62.28 37.72 Gola Bazar 29.33 86.41 13.59 67.19 90.00 10.00 32.81 79.05 20.95 South Gola Bazar 29.06 90.44 9.56 90.09 90.96 9.04 9.91 85.71 14.29 North Bidhiyani 31.48 81.06 18.94 51.89 92.70 7.30 48.11 68.50 31.50 Motinagar South 24.56 90.72 9.28 96.11 91.28 8.72 3.89 76.92 23.08 Ansar Tola 18.08 87.91 12.09 80.00 95.35 4.65 20.00 58.14 41.86 North Ansar Tola 33.84 70.39 29.61 45.23 82.51 17.49 54.77 60.37 39.63 South Audhogik Nagar 27.63 82.41 17.59 74.04 90.72 9.28 25.96 58.71 41.29 Bhitwa 21.61 93.50 6.50 98.00 93.37 6.63 2.00 100.00 0.00 Town 30.40 80.58 19.42 70.04 89.58 10.42 29.96 59.54 40.46 Sources: Calculated by Researcher based on Census, 2011

5.9.1.6 Occupational Structure The development and growth of an economy is directly related to the occupation of the population of that region. Occupational character reflects the strength and weakness of an urban area. Therefore, a ward wise study of the working structure of Khalilabad town based on secondary sources of data has been done. Table 5.26 shows the total workers, main workers and marginal workers in the town. In the year 2011, it is recorded that 30.40 per cent population of the town is working population. Ward number 1 (Matihna) shows the largest share of total working population in the town whereas, lowest total working population was observed in ward 22 (Ansar Tola South). Ward 25 (Bhitwa) has the highest male and female

104 differences (87 units) in total working population with 93.50 and 6.50 per cent respectively.

To have the proper analysis of the total working population of the town it is also necessary to inquire about main and marginal working population. The highest share of main workers in the town (98 per cent) was noticed in the ward 25 (Bhitwa), while the highest share of male (95.42 per cent) and lowest female in main workers (4.58 per cent) was reported in Pathantola West. The largest share of main workers in female category was observed in ward 5 (Madya). The ward 1 has the most numbers of marginal workers as it has shares of 55.56 per cent and lowest was in ward 25. Bhitwa has the lowest, only 2 per cent of its worker as marginal workers in the town. In this ward, the share of male and female workers as marginal workers shows that the male has 100 per cent share in marginal workers. The highest share (70.59 per cent) of females in marginal workers was found in ward 8 (Titauwa).

The workers who are engaged in production, processing, servicing, repairing or making and selling of goods are categorised as the household industry workers. In Khalilabad town, 11.76 per cent are household industry workers to the total workers. Table 5.27 indicates the ward wise distribution of household workers and other workers in the town. There are 6 wards which have the highest share of household workers and 9 wards come under medium category, whereas, there are 10 wards which come under low category. In 2011, the highest per cent (36.02) of household workers to the total workers was found in ward Pathantola West and lowest was recorded in Achakwapur ward. It is also evident from the table that the highest per cent of female household industry workers were in the ward Barai Tola and the most sharp gender gap in household workers was noticed in Purani Tahsil North as its 100 per cent workers of this category are male and the participation of female is nearly zero per cent.

105 Source: Census of India, 2011

Fig. 5.12

106 Table 5.27 Ward wise Distribution of Household Industry Workers and Other Workers in Khalilabad Town, 2011 Household Industry Workers (per cent) Other workers (per cent) Name of the Gender Gender Total Male Female Total Male Female Ward Gap Gap Matihna 10.61 95.80 4.20 91.61 35.61 89.58 10.42 79.17 Baghiya 3.52 63.41 36.59 26.83 89.09 86.21 13.79 72.42 Barai Tola 7.81 52.50 47.50 5.00 81.25 91.35 8.65 82.69 Achakwapur 1.63 90.91 9.09 81.82 79.44 74.86 25.14 49.72 Madya 31.04 70.49 29.51 40.98 62.60 74.80 25.20 49.59 Pathantola East 2.90 93.33 6.67 86.67 85.11 81.59 18.41 63.18 Purani Tahsil 9.94 80.85 19.15 61.70 84.99 85.57 14.43 71.14 South Titauwa 9.77 97.87 2.13 95.74 60.71 90.41 9.59 80.82 Gorkhar 7.83 57.14 42.86 14.29 84.03 77.95 22.05 55.89 Statoin Purwa 8.27 82.93 17.07 65.85 87.50 87.33 12.67 74.65 Bardahi bazar 1.86 73.68 26.32 47.37 84.18 84.22 15.78 68.45 Motinagar North 18.57 74.36 25.64 48.72 70.24 77.29 22.71 54.58 Shastri Nagar 30.34 97.73 2.27 95.45 67.13 79.79 20.21 59.59 Purani Tahsil 4.41 100.00 0.00 100.00 84.83 92.10 7.90 84.20 North Kamlapati 2.16 93.33 6.67 86.67 83.41 86.16 13.84 72.32 Tirpathi North Pathantola West 36.02 95.88 4.12 91.76 61.65 90.72 9.28 81.44 Banjariya East 4.00 84.21 15.79 68.42 89.89 82.44 17.56 64.87 Gola Bazar 3.75 83.33 16.67 66.67 94.06 87.04 12.96 74.09 South Gola Bazar 35.04 91.92 8.08 83.84 62.83 89.30 10.70 78.59 North Bidhiyani 12.69 91.04 8.96 82.09 60.80 87.23 12.77 74.45 Motinagar South 23.65 93.67 6.33 87.34 75.45 89.68 10.32 79.37 Ansar Tola 15.35 87.88 12.12 75.76 82.79 88.20 11.80 76.40 North Ansar Tola 17.85 65.91 34.09 31.82 76.06 73.07 26.93 46.13 South Audhogik Nagar 11.73 82.86 17.14 65.71 76.21 86.15 13.85 72.31 Bhitwa 34.25 97.08 2.92 94.16 63.75 91.37 8.63 82.75 Town 11.76 86.20 13.80 72.40 74.46 84.89 15.11 69.78 Source: Computed by Researcher based on Census, 2011

According to census 2011, the share of other workers in the town is 74.46 per cent with gender gap of 69.78 per cent. The average share of males for other workers in the town is 84.89 per cent. Gola Bazar South ward has the highest (94.06) per cent of other workers of Khalilabad town whereas, lowest (35.61 per cent) was found in the ward 1 (Matihna). In Purani Tahsil North (ward 14) there are highest per cent of (92.10 per cent) male other workers and lowest share (7.90 per cent) of females in other workers was also observed in the ward Purani Tahsil North. Thus, a gender gap of 84.20 per cent has been observed as highest in ward number 14 of the town. The lowest gender gap in the category of other workers has been observed in the ward Ansar Tola South (46.13 per cent).

107 Table 5.28 Ward wise Housing Condition and Ownership Status in Khalilabad Town, 2011

Ownership Status Housing Condition Ward Wards No. Owned Rented Others Good Liveable Dilapidated

1 Matihna 96.4 3.6 0 41.3 44.7 14.1 2 Baghiya 68.2 5.9 25.9 58.3 39.2 2.5 3 Barai Tola 91.9 7.4 0.7 69.6 25.7 4.7 4 Achakwapur 91.7 7.9 0.4 62 34.5 3.5 5 Madya 97.3 1.6 1.1 95.1 4.3 0.5 6 Pathantola East 93 7 0 58.6 40.3 1.1 7 Purani Tahsil South 79.4 16 4.6 79 16.8 4.2 8 Titauwa 68.8 15 16.2 56.8 33.8 9.4 9 Gorkhar 87.5 11 1.4 69.8 29.2 1.1 10 Statoin Purwa 64.4 33.8 1.8 83.3 14.5 2.2 11 Bardahi bazar 85 14.8 0.2 69.8 27.4 2.8 12 Motinagar North 83.2 10.8 6 77.2 15.1 7.8 13 Shastri Nagar 59.6 15.1 25.2 68.8 31.2 0 14 Purani Tahsil North 82.1 13.1 4.8 70.5 25.6 3.8 Kamlapati Tirpathi 15 83.2 14.9 2 73.5 24.8 1.7 North 16 Pathantola West 88.3 11.7 0 50.6 39.3 10 17 Banjariya East 86 12.2 1.8 56.8 34.7 8.5 18 Gola Bazar South 71.4 28.1 0.5 78.9 20.3 0.8 19 Gola Bazar North 82.1 17.5 0.3 57.9 38.4 3.6 20 Bidhiyani 97.1 2.9 0 39 47.8 13.2 21 Motinagar South 73 27 0 44.4 54 1.6 22 Ansar Tola North 92.7 7.3 0 71.5 22.4 6.1 23 Ansar Tola South 95.3 4.1 0.6 33.1 55.2 11.6 24 Audhogik Nagar 84.9 14.8 0.3 60.2 36.8 3 25 Bhitwa 86.6 12.6 0.8 67.2 26.1 6.7 Khalilabad 82.7 12.8 4.4 63.9 31.3 4.8 Source: Census of India 2011

5.9.1.7 Housing Status Table 5.28 shows that 82.7 per cent of the population of Khalilabad town has its own house; whereas, 12.8 per cent do not possess any house and they were live in rented houses (census, 2011). In the ward Mandya 97.3 per cent people owned a house which is highest in the town and Station Purwa ward has lowest only 64.4 per cent have their own houses. The nature and condition of a house indicates the standards and well-being of that household. Census of India has divided the housing

108 condition in three categories of good, liveable and dilapidated. According to census of India 2011, 63.9 per cent houses were good, 31.3 per cent liveable and 4.8 per cent houses were dilapidated in the town. The highest percentage (95.1) of houses in good condition were found in Mandya whereas, Bidhiyani ward has lowest percentage (39 per cent) of good houses. Matihna and Bidhiyani wards have the highest per cent of houses in dilapidated condition in the town with 14.1 and 13.2 per cent respectively. It is observed that there were three wards which have more than 10 per cent of their houses in dilapidated condition and these wards are Matihna, Mandya and Ansar Tola South (Fig.5.12). These wards are economically backward as compared to other wards of the town.

Khalilabad Town Ward-wise Housing Condition, 2011 100 90 80 70 60 50 Per cent Per 40 30 20 10 0 Madya Bhitwa Titauwa Gorkhar Matihna Baghiya Bidhiyani BaraiTola Achakwapur ShastriNagar Bardahi bazar Statoin Purwa Banjariya East Motinagar East Pathantola East Gola Bazar East Motinagar South Pathantola South Audhogik Nagar Ansar TolaNorth Ansar TolaSouth Gola Bazar South PuraniTahsil North PuraniTahsil South Kamlapati TirpathiNorth Good Livable Delapidated

Source: Census of India, 2011 Fig 5.13

Table 5.29 illustrates the houses with number of rooms and its percentage in different wards of the town. In the town there are 68.2 per cent of houses in which number of rooms varies from one room to three rooms per house. Highest number of houses (27.8 per cent) has two rooms per house in the town. The ward 1 has 51 per cent of its houses with only one room that shows the backwardness of the town. It is evident that the presence of houses with highest per cent of three rooms, four rooms

109 and five rooms is in the ward number 9 (29.5 per cent), ward 24 (23.1 per cent) and ward 15 (11.9 per cent) respectively. There are 9 per cent of houses which have six or more rooms. The shares of houses with 6 or above rooms are higher (9 per cent) than the houses with 5 rooms (6 per cent). The houses with six or more rooms are found to be highest (16.3 per cent) in ward no. 11 of the town which is followed by ward no. 15 (15.1 per cent). The wards which have the largest number of five and above rooms in their houses will certainly have a good living standard as compared to other wards of the town. In an urban area if a house has more numbers of rooms, it generates money for the house owner by letting it for rent.

Table 5.29 Ward wise Houses with Dwelling Rooms in Khalilabad Town, 2011 No exclusive One Two Three Four Five Six rooms Wards room room rooms rooms rooms rooms and above 1 1.6 51 24.9 11.1 7 2.5 1.8 2 2.7 38.3 30.9 10.9 10.2 3 3.9 3 1 26.4 30.7 17.2 13.2 4.1 7.4 4 2.6 10 26.6 17.5 21.4 7.9 14 5 1.6 23.4 27.7 17.4 17.4 5.4 7.1 6 0.5 27.4 30.1 21.5 16.1 1.6 2.7 7 0.4 22.3 39.5 13.4 10.1 7.6 6.7 8 4.7 20.1 28.2 19.7 12.8 7.3 7.3 9 0.4 4.6 24.6 29.5 27.8 3.9 9.3 10 1.1 26.9 25.8 11.3 16.7 7.3 10.9 11 1.1 18.9 15.9 22 18.7 7.2 16.3 12 1.3 24.6 21.1 21.6 12.9 6.5 12.1 13 2.8 6.9 35.3 19.3 17 6 12.8 14 2.2 25.3 39.4 17.9 8.3 3.2 3.5 15 1.2 5.7 25.7 23 17.3 11.9 15.1 16 7.9 30.5 30.5 13.4 10 2.9 4.6 17 3.7 14.8 28.4 18.8 12.2 8.9 13.3 18 5.7 22.4 21.1 16.5 11.6 8.1 14.6 19 3.3 11.9 35.8 23.2 13.2 7 5.6 20 2.9 31.7 26.3 22.4 6.3 6.3 3.9 21 2.6 12.2 33.9 17.5 15.9 6.9 11.1 22 4.2 17.6 29.7 17 17 4.2 10.3 23 11.6 32 33.1 13.4 6.4 1.7 1.7 24 2.1 6.5 20.2 27 23.1 6.5 14.5 25 5.1 19.4 26.1 20.6 9.5 9.5 9.9 Khalil 2.8 22.1 27.8 18.3 14 6 9 abad Source: Census of India 2011

By studying the household size of a region one can easily understand the type of family of that region. It is said that an urban region always has small household size. From the Table 5.30 it is clear that 6.1 per cent population have the household

110 size of less than 2 persons, 19.6 per cent have 3-4 persons, 52.3 per cent have 5-8 persons and 20.7 per cent have more than 9 persons of household size in the town as a whole. The percentage of houses with the household size of 5-8 persons per house ranges from 58.1 per cent (highest) in ward Bhitwa to 45 per cent in Shastri Nagar which is lowest of the town. Ward-wise distribution of household size is given in Table 5.30.

Table 5.30 Ward-wise of Household size in Khalilabad Town, 2011

Sl. No. Name of the Ward <2 03-4 5-8 9 and Above 1 Matihna 6.3 22.5 57.1 14.1 2 Baghiya 12.9 23.8 49 7.3 3 Barai Tola 6.2 15.2 58.1 19.6 4 Achakwapur 4.2 20.9 49.8 24 5 Madya 3.3 16.3 54.3 27.2 6 Pathantola East 5.4 10.2 57 26.3 7 Purani Tahsil South 8.7 26.5 49.6 16 8 Titauwa 7.1 22.2 47.9 17.5 9 Gorkhar 5.4 17.1 54.8 23.1 10 Statoin Purwa 6.2 18.5 47 26.9 11 Bardahi bazar 5.4 21.6 51.5 21.3 12 Motinagar North 9.7 16.8 46.6 24.1 13 Shastri Nagar 5.7 23 45 22.5 14 Purani Tahsil North 2.7 20.5 59.6 17.3 15 Kamlapati Tirpathi North 6.1 25 55.2 14.1 16 Pathantola West 5.7 10.5 52.3 30.5 17 Banjariya East 5.2 17.4 50.2 26.6 18 Gola Bazar South 5.7 24.6 51.9 17.6 19 Gola Bazar North 4.4 20.1 55.3 16.6 20 Bidhiyani 5.5 12.2 56.6 26.8 21 Motinagar South 4.3 24.9 49.2 22.8 22 Ansar Tola North 5.9 12.1 48.4 32.1 23 Ansar Tola South 4.6 11.1 48.3 37.2 24 Audhogik Nagar 5.6 22.8 50.8 21.4 25 Bhitwa 3.5 11.5 58.1 26.5 Khalilabad 6.1 19.6 52.3 20.7 Source: Census of India, 2011

111 Table 5.31 Ward wise Sources of Drinking Water in Khalilabad Town, 2011 - Wards Tap Tap pump Other Hand Within sources Outside Treated Premises Premises Borehole Tubewell/ Untreated

Matihna 32.2 67.8 14.3 0.9 79.8 4.5 0.5 Baghiya 48.5 51.5 49.2 2 41 5.7 2.2 Barai Tola 69.6 30.5 49 1.7 44.3 2.4 2.7 Achakwapur 77.3 22.7 62 26.6 0 9.6 1.7 Madya 50 50 46.2 31 20.7 0 2.1 Pathantola East 79.6 20.5 64.5 4.3 29.6 0 1.6 Purani Tahsil South 87.4 12.6 63 15.5 19.7 0 1.7 Titauwa 77.8 22.2 31.6 0.4 44.4 23.1 0.4 Gorkhar 95.7 4.3 9.3 1.1 89 0.7 0 Statoin Purwa 81.8 18.2 34.9 4 50.9 8 2.3 Bardahi bazar 85.9 14.2 15.2 17.2 62 1.7 3.9 Motinagar North 96.1 3.9 13.4 0 84.5 0.4 1.7 Shastri Nagar 88.1 12 0.5 0 29.8 69.3 0.5 Purani Tahsil North 87.8 12.2 45.8 1.3 49 0.6 3.1 Kamlapati Tirpathi North 91.1 8.9 19.8 1.2 54.2 23.5 1.1 Pathantola West 72 28 45.2 2.5 21.8 30.1 0.4 Banjariya East 83 17 55.4 2.6 22.9 18.8 0.4 Gola Bazar South 84.1 15.9 33.8 6.5 51.6 5.7 2.5 Gola Bazar North 92.7 7.3 38.7 8.6 44 8.6 0 Bidhiyani 67.3 32.7 7.3 1 89.3 0.5 2 Motinagar South 90.5 9.5 11.6 0 75.7 12.2 0.5 Ansar Tola North 73.9 26 63.6 21.2 9.1 4.8 1.2 Ansar Tola South 61 39 33.1 7.6 58.7 0 0.6 Audhogik Nagar 92.3 7.7 32 14.8 52.2 0.6 0.3 Bhitwa 90.1 9.9 45.8 0 45.8 7.5 0.8 Khalilabad 77.1 22.9 34.4 6.4 48.7 9.1 1.6 Source: Census of India, 2011

5.9.1.8 Drinking Water Facilities Availability and access to basic amenities such as good quality of water is the possession of consumer durable goods, which is an important indicator of a household’s economic as well as social status. Table 5.31 clearly indicates there is ward wise variation in the use of tap treated waters. Highest percentage of household (64.5 per cent) with tap treated water facilities was observed in the Pathantola East ward, whereas, the lowest (0.5 per cent) was found in Shashtri Nagar and it shows that

112 there is dearth of good quality of drinking water in the town. Most of the population of Khalilabad town are using hand-pump (48.7 per cent) followed by tap treated water (34.4 per cent), tube-well/borehole (9.1 per cent), tap untreated (6.4 per cent) and by other sources (1.6 per cent). This indicates that the population of the town have access to assured water facility. There are 77.1 per cent of the urban household in the town that have water facilities within their premises whereas, 22.9 per cent have this facilities outside of their premises (fig. 5.13).

Khalilabad Town Ward-wise Availability of Water Facility, 2011 120 100 80 60

Per cent Per 40 20 0 Madya Bhitwa Titauwa Gorkhar Matihna Baghiya Bidhiyani BaraiTola Achakwapur ShastriNagar Bardahi bazar Statoin Purwa Banjariya East Pathantola East Pathantola West Motinagar North Motinagar South Audhogik Nagar Ansar TolaNorth Ansar TolaSouth Gola Bazar North Gola Bazar South PuraniTahsil North Within Premises PuraniTahsil South

Outside Premises Kamlapati TirpathiNorth

Source: Census of India, 2011 Fig.5.14

From the above study, it has been observed that out of the six towns of the district Khalilabad town was found to have highest shares of urban population of the district due to its historical, administrative and location advantages. It was also found that there are only four blocks that have urban population. Khalilabad block has the highest share of urban population as compared to other blocks of the district. From the analysis it was found that during 1981-1991 the urban population growth rate was 32.5 per cent whereas in 2001-2011 it was 28.00 per cent. Mehdawal town was highly densely populated town in the district. Khalilabad town has prime location and importance in the district possessing medical, educational, recreational, banking and other related facilities. Khalilabad town has been divided into 25 wards for better

113 administrative function. Out of the total 25 wards in the town Baghiya (ward no.2) has the highest number of population, while the lowest population only 1189 was observed in the Ansar Tola Ward (no.22). The highest concentration of urban population in Khalilabad town was found to be in the central and eastern part of the town. The peripheral areas of western and eastern part of the town have shown high population growth rate and it was only due to establishment of new settlements by migrants of the surrounding villages.

114 REFERENCES Chandana, R. C. (1986). A Geography of Population of: Concepts, Determinants and Patterns, Kalyani Publishers, p 212). Chandana, R. C. (1986). A Geography of Population of: Concepts, Determinants and Patterns, Kalyani Publishers p 213). Chandana, R. C. (2014). Geography of Population of: Concepts, Determinants and Patterns, Kalyani Publishers, pp. 310-406. Chandana, R. C. (2014). Geography of Population of: Concepts, Determinants and Patterns, Kalyani Publishers, pp. 237-267. Chandna, R. C. (1986). A Geography of Population of: Concepts, Determinants and Patterns, Kalyani Publishers pp. 228-236). Chandna, R. C. and Sindhu, M.S. (1980). An Introduction to Population Geography, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, p. 98. Davis, K. (1951). The Population of India and Pakistan, Princeton University Press, Princeton Demko, J.I. (1970. Population Geography: A Reader, McGraw Hill Company, New York, p. 22 District Statistical Handbook, Series 10, Part XII B, Village and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract, Sant Kabir Nagar District, Directorate Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh, 2001-2011. Frankline, S.H. (1956). The Pattern of Sex Ratio in New Zealand, Economic Geography, Clark University, USA, Vol.32, No.2, pp.162-176. Gibbs, J.P. and Browning, H.L. (1966). The Division of Labour, Technology and the Organization of Production in Twelve Countries, American Sociological Review, Vol.31, pp. 81-92. Gibbs, J.P. and Browing, H.L. (1966), The Division of Labour, Technology and Organization of Production in Twelve Countries, American Sociological Review, Vol. 31, No.1 pp. 81-92 Mandal, R.B. (1980), Recent Trends and Concepts in Geography, Concept Publication, New Delhi, Mandal, R.B. (1980), Urban Geography a Text Book, Concept Publication, New Delhi, pp.19-38 Newbold, K.B (2010). Population Geography: Tools and Issues, Rowman and Littlefield, Maryland, U.K. p.172

115 Sangwan, S. Sangwan, R.S. (2003). Rural-Urban Divide: Changing Spatial Pattern of Social Variable, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, pp.100-126 Sex Ratio Shryock, H.S. and Seigel, J.S. (1976). “The Methods and Materials of Demography” Academic Press, New York, pp. 105-111. Trewartha, G.T. (1953). A Case of Population Geography, Taylor & Francis, Ltd., (Association of American Geographers), Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 71-97. Trewartha, G.T. (1969), A Geography of Population: World Pattern, John Willy and Sons, New York www.onefivenine.com/india/village/santkabeernagar/khalilabad

116 CHAPTER VI

RURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SANT KABIR NAGAR DISTRICT

The study area has both rural and urban population but with a great and dominating rural population. It is said that rural areas are just opposite to the urban areas in terms of social and economic functioning. Most of the urban population is concentrated in the four blocks of the district i.e. Khalilabad, Mehdawal, Baghauli and Ghanghata. The concentration of urban centres is in the central eastern part of the district as the region has Khalilabad, Maghar, Hariharpur, and Ledwa Mahua. Khalilabad is the district’s headquarter and it attracts large number of population from the rural parts of the district. The development of rural-urban continuum in a region is related to the change in the land-use, social life and economic life owing to the constant correlation between rural and urban people. The rural-urban linkage is the result of movement of people from countryside to an urban region. So, the study of rural population, function and other characteristics is pivotal as it will help in analysing the pattern of rural-urban continuum in a region.

6.1 Distribution of Rural Settlements In the present chapter, an attempt has been made to study the spatial distribution of rural settlements and population characteristics like distribution, growth, density, literacy, sex ratio and workforce of the rural population with respect to total population in the study area. According to census 2011, out of the total 1646 sq. km. 1620 sq. km. is inhabited by rural population in the district. The other five blocks namely Sotha, Belhar Kalan, Semriyawan, Haisar Bazar and Pauli are purely rural in nature and do not have any categorised urban population. From the analysis of the table (6.1) below it is noted that there are total 1726 villages (2011) in the district out of which 1582 are inhabited whereas, 144 are uninhabited villages. Though, in 2001 there were 1576 inhabited villages only 6 units less than the present census. The table also shows the block-wise distribution of villages, Nath Nagar has the largest number of total villages 255 and 232 inhabited villages followed by Baghauli 248, Khalilabad 219, Haisar Bazar 212, Mehdawal 207, Semriyawan 191, Sotha 161 and Belhar Kalan 121. The lowest number of villages was found in Pauli with only 121 total villages. There is uneven distribution of rural settlements in the study area and it

117 is only because of the frequent flood in the southern region of the district caused by the Ghaghara and other rivers. The central part of the district has large numbers of villages because it has fertile land and high density of road networks.

Table 6.1 Total Numbers of Inhabited and Uninhabited Villages and Area of the Blocks in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Blocks Total Villages Inhabited Uninhabited Area (in Hectares) Sotha 161 141 20 12621.31 Mehdawal 207 170 37 15299.93 Belhar Kala 121 116 5 25742.15 Baghauli 248 225 23 16798.07 Semriyawan 191 184 7 20664.12 Khalilabad 219 212 7 19564.80 Nath Nagar 255 232 23 18365.58 Pauli 112 106 6 14087.52 Haisar Bazar 212 196 16 21222.28 Total District 1726 1582 144 164365.76 Source: Census of India, 2011

6.2 Distribution Villages by Population Size From the table 6.2, it is observed that nearly one third (32 per cent) of the villages (503 villages) have population lower than 500. Nath Nagar has largest number of villages 89, which is 38 per cent of the total villages having population less than 500 population whereas, Semriyawan block has the lowest 20 per cent of the villages having the same number of population. It shows the pattern of density of villages in terms of number of villages and populations. The size groups of population of 500-999 shows the slightly higher 33 per cent of villages (522) as compared to the population size of less than 500 in the district. Again Nath Nagar has the largest number of villages 85 that accounts 37 per cent of the villages that have the population size of 500-999 and lowest number of villages in this group is found in Mehdawal block of the district. There are 24 per cent and 384 villages that have population size of 1000-1999 in the study area. Pauli block has 34 per cent of villages that has population of 1000-1999 and the lowest number of villages in this size of population is noticed in Nath Nagar (45 villages) followed by Belhar Kalan (22 Villages) in 2011.

118 Table 6.2 Size wise Distributions of Villages in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Total Number and percentage of villages by population size Blocks Inhabited 2000- 5000- <500 500-999 1000-1999 Villages 4999 9999 Sotha 141 38(27%) 42(30 %) 44(31 %) 16(11%) 1(1%) Mehdawal 170 65(38%) 48(28 %) 39(23 %) 16(9%) 2(1%) Belhar Kala 116 38(33%) 43(37 %) 22(19 %) 12(10%) 1(1%) Baghauli 225 76(34%) 82(36 %) 47(21 %) 20(9%) 0(0%) Semriyawan 184 36(20%) 58(32 %) 51(28 %) 38(21%) 1(1%) Khalilabad 212 62(29%) 73(34 %) 56(26 %) 21(10%) 0(0%) Nath Nagar 232 89(38%) 85(37 %) 45(19 %) 10(4%) 3(1%) Pauli 106 26(25%) 37(35 %) 36(34 %) 7(7%) 0(0%) Haisar Bazar 196 73(37%) 54(28 %) 44(22 %) 23(12%) 2(1%) Total District 1,582 503(32%) 522(33%) 384(24%) 163(10%) 10(1%) Source: Census of India, 2011

Further, it is evident that 10 per cent of the total villages of Sant Kabir Nagar have population size of 2000-4999. The largest numbers of these very large size villages are in Semriyawan block with 38 villages (21 per cent) while Pauli with 7 villages (7 per cent) comes at bottom of the list. There are only 10 villages that have population more than 5000 and less than 10000 populations in the district. The villages with exceptionally very large size of population of 5000-9999 share only 1 per cent of the total villages in the district. Most number of villages in this size is in Nath Nagar (3 villages) followed by Haisar Bazar (2 villages) Mehdawal (2 villages) and remaining blocks have only one village each that have population of this size. The villages that have population size of 2000-4999 and 5000-9999 are highly congested and densely rural settlements. Baghauli, Khalilabad and Pauli do not have a single village of the size of 5000-9999.

6.3 Population Size and Distribution of Rural Population After analysing table 6.3 it is evident that most of the rural settlements (87.39 per cent) have population size ranging from 500 and 4999 population in the district. The remaining 12.61 per cent population was distributed in the groups of villages having population less than 500 and the groups of 5000-9999 of population (4.41 per cent). In 2011 the share of population in the village size of less than 500 population was 8.20 per cent whereas, the village size of 500-999 (23.97 per cent), 1000-1999 (33.67 per cent), 2000-4999 (29.75 per cent) and 5000-9999 population size have 4.41

119 per cent of the total population in the district. To have proper assessment of block- wise distribution of rural population the village size (by population) in the district is categorised into following groups.

6.3.1 Very Low Size Population (Less than 500) It is clear from the table 6.3 that 8.20 per cent of total population of the study area was residing in the very low size of rural settlements and the highest concentration of population (11.67 per cent) in class of very low was noticed in Nath Nagar followed by Belhar Kala (8.97 per cent), and lowest was in Semriyawan (3.67 per cent).

6.3.2 Low Size Population (500-999) Nearly 24 per cent of total population lives in the villages of low population size. In this category there are 522 villages of the total villages in the district but it has only 23.97 per cent of the total population. Nath Nagar has highest per cent of population in this group i.e. 30.72 per cent followed by Baghauli and it has 29.32 per cent of the total population. The lowest share of population of this category was found in Semriyawan (17.91 per cent) and second lowest was in Sotha (19.41 per cent) population.

Table 6.3 Block wise Distribution of Population by Population Size in the District, 2011 Village Size and Population (in per cent 2011) <500 500-999 1000-1999 2000-4999 5000-9999 Blocks (Very Low) (Low) (Medium) (Large) (Very Large) Sotha 6.43 19.41 39.1 30.92 4.14 Mehdawal 9.32 21.22 33.43 27.77 8.26 Belhar Kala 9.87 26.53 26.35 29.09 8.15 Baghauli 8.97 29.83 32.94 28.26 0 Semriyawan 3.67 17.91 27.92 47.59 2.91 Khalilabad 9.42 26.05 37.27 27.26 0 Nath Nagar 11.67 30.72 31.65 15.15 10.81 Pauli 6.06 25.6 50.09 18.24 0 Haisar 8.78 19.62 31.31 34.27 6.03 Bazar Total 8.2 23.97 33.67 29.75 4.41 Rural Source: Computed by researcher based on census, 2011

120 6.3.3 Medium Size Population (1000-1999) It is evident from the table no. that in 2011, almost one third (33.67 per cent) of the population is concentrated in medium size of population. The population in this group varies from 26.35 per cent lowest in Belhar Kala to the highest 50.09 per cent in Pauli block and it has difference of 23.74 per cent. The second highest population was registered in the block Sotha with 39.10 per cent of the total population.

6.3.4 Large Size Population (2000-4999) The rural settlements with the population ranging from 2000 to 4999 is categorised as large size population village. In the study area 29.75 per cent of the total population was observed in the large size of villages. Semriyawan has the largest number population in this group (47.59 per cent) as compared to other blocks of the district whereas; the second place is occupied by Haisar Bazar with population of 34.27 per cent. Nath Nagar block has the lowest share of population i.e. 15.15 per cent and second lowest population was revealed in Pauli.

6.3.5 Very Large Size Population (5000-9999) According to census 2011, there are only 10 villages which have population more than 5000 or more and are categorised as very large size villages with respect to the population. These 10 villages constitute more than 4.41 per cent of the total population. Nath Nagar has the maximum 3 villages out of the total 10 villages and it also has the highest share of the population in this category (10.81 per cent) followed by Mehdawal and Belhar Kala with 8.26 and 8.15 per cent respectively. There are three blocks namely, Baghauli, Khalilabad and Pauli which do not have any single village with more than 5000 of population. These very large size villages act as mediator between urban centres and other smaller surrounding villages in providing basic amenities. It is generally accepted that very large size villages are the centre of markets, business and educational hub for neighbouring rural settlements (Fig. 6.1).

121 Distribution of Population by Population Size in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011

4% 8%

30% 24%

<500 (Very Low) 500-999 (Low) 1000-1999 (Medium) 34% 2000-4999 (Large) 5000-9999 (Very Large) Source: Census of India, 2011 Fig. 6.1

6.4 Distribution of Rural Population According to census of India 2011, total rural population of the district is 15, 86,652 which comprises 8, 02,609 males and 7, 84,043 females. In 2001, the total population was 13, 19,675 in which 6, 66,747 were males and 6, 52,928 were females. Nearly 25 per cent of the total rural population of the district was recorded in Semriyawan block while the lowest population was found in Pauli (1.88 per cent). Pauli has the lowest population because it had only 28 inhabited villages in 2001. From the table 6.4 it is evident that in 2011, again the largest concentration of population was in Semriyawan block with 2.42 lakh population (15.29 per cent) and second and third place was occupied by Khalilabad and Baghauli with 2.04 (12.87 per cent) and 2.028 (12.79 per cent) lakh population respectively. The blocks having smaller share of rural population in the district are Sotha (9.56 per cent), Belhar Kala (7.43 per cent) and Pauli having only 6.76 per cent of the total rural population (Fig.6.2). Table 6.5 shows that the share of the population in the age group of 0-6 is 16.69 per cent of the total population in the district. The table also incorporates the distribution of Scheduled Castes population in the study area and it is clear that 22.28 per cent of the total population is Scheduled Castes.

122 Source: Prepared by the Researcher Based on Census 2001 and 2011 Fig.6.2

Table 6.4 Block wise Distribution of Rural Population in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011

Distribution of Rural Population Blocks 2001 2011 Total Per cent Males Females Total Per cent Males Females Sotha 123821 9.38 62305 61516 151716 9.56 76263 75453 Mehdawal 145118 11.00 73296 71822 161145 10.16 82474 78671 Belhar Kala 81645 6.19 41607 40038 117826 7.43 58688 59138 Baghauli 56196 4.26 27925 28271 202881 12.79 101654 101227 Semriyawan 326580 24.75 164858 161722 242616 15.29 122473 120143 Khalilabad 170463 12.92 87237 83226 204131 12.87 104384 99747 Nath Nagar 165806 12.56 84152 81654 202513 12.76 103971 98542 Pauli 24781 1.88 12640 12141 107277 6.76 54306 52971 Haisar Bazar 225265 17.07 112727 112538 196547 12.39 98396 98151 SKN 1319675 100 666747 652928 1586652 100 802609 784043 Source: Census of India, 2001-2011

123 Table 6.5 Tahsil wise Population in the age groups 0-6 and Scheduled Caste, 2011 Population in the age 0-6 Years Scheduled Caste Population Tahsils Per Per Per Total Male Female Total Male Female cent cent cent Khalilabad 104557 6.59 51.21 48.79 4.72 74945 4.72 50.51 49.49 Mehdawal 80383 5.07 51.51 48.49 8.66 137344 8.66 50.65 49.35 Ghanghata 79890 5.04 51.81 48.19 8.90 141171 8.90 50.87 49.13 Total 264830 16.69 51.48 48.52 22.28 353460 22.28 50.71 49.29 Source: Computed by Researcher from the census data, 2011

6.5 Rural Population Growth Table 6.6 signifies that during the decadal years of 2001 and 2011 there has been 20.23 per cent over all rural growth rate of the district which is higher than the state average rural population growth rate (18.0 per cent). In the present decade the study area has seen block-wise re-settlements of villages and population that have caused a sharp decline and increase in the growth rate of rural population in some blocks of the study area. It is clear from the table 6.6 that in Pauli block there was growth rate of population 332.90 per cent followed by Baghauli, 261 per cent growth rate. Semriyawan and Haisar Bazar have witnessed the extraordinary negative growth rate of -25.71 per cent and -12.75 per cent respectively. During reorganization of the administrative boundaries of the blocks and reshuffling of the rural population various villages/population were transferred from Semriyawan block to the Baghauli and it produced the aforesaid situation. Same is the case with Haisar Bazar, some villages of the district were given to the Pauli block to maintain balance in population at block level that will be ultimately helpful in smooth functioning of development programmes.

Table 6.6 Block-wise Rural Population Growth Rate in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 Blocks Growth Rate in Per cent 2001-2011 Sotha 22.53 Mehdawal 11.04 Belhar Kalan 44.32 Baghauli 261.02 Semariyawan -25.71 Khalilabad 19.75 Nath Nagar 22.14 Pauli 332.9 Haisar Bazar -12.75 SKN 20.23 Source: Based on Census, 2001-2011

124 6.6 Rural Population Density According to census 2011, the density of rural population of the district is 965 persons per sq. km. which is higher than the state average 918 persons per sq. km. In 2001, the rural density of Sant Kabir Nagar was 753 persons per sq. km. In the same year (2001) there was readjustment of villages and population in the district and it has resulted into a baffling picture of population distribution. During the census year 2001, there were 1064 villages which had population density more than 501 and it include 67.5 per cent villages of the total villages (1576). This group of population density 501 and above constituted the population share of 79.2 per cent of total rural population of the district.

Table 6.7 Block-wise Rural Population Density in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 Blocks 2001 2011 Sotha 1305 1202 Mehdawal 898 1053 Belhar Kala 216 458 Baghauli 1067 1208 Semriyawan 1124 1174 Khalilabad 1029 1043 Nath Nagar 480 1103 Pauli 850 762 Haisar Bazar 958 926 SKN Rural 753 965 Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011

In 2011, Semriyawan was most populated block with 15.29 per cent population of the district. In terms of density, however, Baghauli is the most densely populated block (1208 persons per sq. km.) of the study area which is followed by Sotha (1202 persons per sq. km.) and Semriyawan with 1174 persons per sq. km (Table 6.7). There are three blocks Haisar Bazar, Belhar Kala, and Pauli which have population density lower than the district average. Belhar Kala and Pauli both are readjusted blocks and have lowest rural density in the district with 458 and 762 persons per sq. km. respectively. Haisar Bazar is drained and bordered by two important rivers of the district i.e. Kuwanon and Ghaghara and the lands along the rivers are inhospitable for population settlements and that is the reason the block has one of the lowest density of 926 persons per sq. km. in the district (Fig.6.3).

125 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census, 2001-2011 Fig. 6.3

6.7 Rural Sex Ratio Sex ratio is a basis for distinction in almost every aspect of social development in any region (Gosal, 2001). Table 6.7 exhibits that the sex ratio of Sant Kabir Nagar district has always been higher and much better than the sex ratio of Uttar Pradesh for the decades of 1971-2011. According to census 2011, the rural sex ratio of the district was 977 females per thousand males which are higher than the state average 912 females per thousand males. The rural sex ratio of the study area has shown positive improvement during aforesaid decades except the census years of 1991 and 2011. These two decades have registered declining trend of sex ratio to its previous decades (Table 6.8).

126 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census, 2001 and 2011 Fig. 6.4

Table 6.8 Rural Sex Ratio of Uttar Pradesh and Sant Kabir Nagar District, 1971-2011 State SKN Years Total Rural Total Rural 1971 876 884 918 922 1981 882 889 951 957 1991 876 879 928 933 2001 898 904 974 979 2011 912 918 972 977 Source: Census of India 1971-2011

The sex ratio at block level in the study area has many fluctuations. Table 6.9 shows the comparative sex ratio for 2001 and 2011 and their trends for 9 blocks of the district. The block-wise distribution of sex ratio in the district is not uniform. It varies from the 1012 (highest) females per thousand males in Baghauli to the lowest 954 in Khalilabad block that has the differences of 58 units. There are only two blocks which fall under the category of high sex ratio (988-1012) i.e. Baghauli (1012) and Haisar Bazar (998).

127 Table 6.9 Block wise Rural Sex Ratio (0-6 Age Group) in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 2001 2011 Blocks Sex Ratio 0-6 Age Group Sex Ratio 0-6 Age Group Sotha 987 946 989 936 Mehdawal 980 927 954 934 Belhar Kala 962 950 1008 959 Baghauli 1,012 948 996 935 Semriyawan 981 946 981 964 Khalilabad 954 946 956 955 Nath Nagar 970 939 948 921 Pauli 961 967 975 955 Haisar Bazar 998 947 998 925 Total SKN 979 944 977 942 Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011

Sotha, Semriyawan and Mehdawal are classified in the category of medium sex ratio (971-987). The remaining four blocks Nath Nagar, Belhar Kala, Pauli and Khalilabad have the sex ratio lower than the district average and are categorised as blocks of low sex ratio (lower than 970). The overall sex ratio of the district and of the blocks in 2011 worsened to its previous decade of 2001. In 2011, the pattern of sex ratio gets changed and it is observed that Pauli is the only block that shows the improvement in sex ratio by 14 points to 975 against 961 in 2001 (Table 6.9). There are three blocks which come under the category of high sex ratio (990-1008), Belhar Kala, Baghauli and Haisar Bazar in descending order. The medium sex ratio (957- 989) was found in Sotha, Semriyawan and Pauli block. The low sex ratio (below 956) was found in the blocks of central part of the district like Nath Nagar, Khalilabad and Mehdawal block in the north eastern part of the region (Fig. 6.4 ).

The table 6.9 also indicates the sex ratio of the population for the age of 0-6 years. The overall sex ratio of the district in this age 0-6 was 944 female children per thousand male children in the year 2001 and it is found that in 2011 there was 2 points decrease in the sex ratio. The highest sex ratio in 2001 in the age groups (0-6) was noticed in Pauli block (967) whereas lowest one (927) was in Mehdawal. Semriyawan has the best sex ratio 964 female per thousand male population in the age group of 0-6 as compared to other blocks. The second best sex ratio in this age group was found in Belhar Kala (959) and Nath Nagar has the lowest child sex ratio (921).

128 Table 6.10 Sex Ratio of Rural Population by Village Ranges in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 2001 2011 Range of Sex Number of Percentage of Number of Per cent of Ratio for Villages Inhabited Villages Villages Inhabited Villages Villages Less than 700 43 2.7 29 1.83 700-749 19 1.2 15 0.95 750-799 48 3.1 28 1.77 800-849 81 5.1 98 6.19 850-899 218 13.8 212 13.4 900-949 254 16.1 329 20.8 950-999 296 18.8 274 17.32 1000-1099 397 25.2 375 23.7 1100+ 220 14 222 14.03 District (979) 1,576 100 1582 100 Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011

In this section, an attempt has been made to assess the range (classes) of sex ratio in different ranges of inhabited villages during the decade of 2001 and 2011. The table 6.10 gives the clear picture of sex ratio in the district in terms of ranges of villages. In 2001 it is found that 74.1 per cent of the total inhabited villages have rural sex ratio more than 900 out of which 39.2 villages have more than 1000 females per thousand males. There are only 12.1 per cent of the villages which constitute the sex ratio of 700 to 849 females per 1000 males. The census year of 2011 reveals nearly the same pattern of distribution of sex ratio in different groups of villages in the study area. It is observed that the sex ratios (range) of 900 and above were found in 76.12 per cent villages of the district which is slightly higher than the preceding decades (2001). The ranges of sex ratio between 1000 and above were distributed in 38 per cent villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, whereas 14.03 per cent of the total inhabited villages of the study area have very high sex ratio of 1100 and above.

6.8 Rural Literacy According to census 2011, the total rural literacy rate of Sant Kabir Nagar district was 66.03 per cent, whereas, in 2001 it was only 49.7 per cent with an increase of 16.33 per cent. The table 6.11 reveals that in 2001 there were only three blocks (Nath Nagar 53.8, Khalilabad 53.5, and Semriyawan 52 per cent) that had literacy rate more than 50 per cent and the remaining 6 blocks had literacy rate between 40-50 per cent. The distribution of literacy rate by blocks in 2001 and 2011 is organised into three grades of high, medium, and low literacy rate with the help of mean and standard deviation as shown in the figure 6.5.

129 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census, 2001 and 2011 Fig.6.5

In 2011, the pattern of distribution of literacy rate by block shows that it is relatively high in Khalilabad (71.21 per cent) and Nath Nagar (69.8 per cent) and medium in Semriyawan (67.51 per cent), Baghauli (67.30 Per cent) and Haisar Bazar (66.63 per cent). Mehdawal (59.24 per cent), Belhar Kala (60.22 per cent), Sotha (62.09 per cent) and Pauli (63 .74 per cent) block have low level of literacy and fall under low category of literacy rate in the district. The variation and gap in male and female literacy rate indicates that the female literacy in every block is less than the male literacy. In 2011, the average male literacy and female literacy rates of the study area ware 78.03 and 53.84 per cent respectively and male/female literacy gap was 24.19 per cent. The highest male literacy rate was recorded in Khalilabad (83.8 per cent) followed by Nath Nagar (81.99 per cent) and lowest was in Mehdawal (71.48 per cent). The highest and lowest female literacy was recorded in block Khalilabad (58.04 per cent) and Mehdawal (46.48 per cent) respectively (2011). The table 6.11 reveals that there is enhancement in literacy rates during the census year of 2011, as in 2001 the total male and female literacy was 66.5 and only 32.7 per cent respectively. The gender gap in literacy in 2001 was 32.3 per cent and it gets reduced to 24.19 per cent in 2011.

130 Table 6.11 Block-wise Male Female literacy and Gender Gap in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 Literacy in Per cent (2001) Literacy in Per cent (2011) Blocks Total Male Female M/F Gap Total Males Females M/F Gap Sotha 46.4 62.1 30.7 31.4 62.09 74.22 49.98 24.24 Mehdawal 44.6 61.6 27.5 34.1 59.24 71.48 46.48 25 Belhar Kala 41.8 58.3 24.7 33.6 60.22 73.05 47.63 25.42 Baghauli 48.6 64.9 32.7 32.2 67.3 80.1 54.61 25.49 Semriyawan 52.0 66.5 37.3 29.2 67.51 77.32 57.54 19.78 Khalilabad 53.5 70.8 35.5 35.3 71.21 83.8 58.04 25.76 Nath Nagar 53.8 70.0 37.3 32.7 69.8 81.99 57 24.99 Pauli 40.5 53.2 27.3 25.9 63.74 74.57 52.68 21.89 Haisar Bazar 49.5 66.5 32.7 33.8 66.63 79.36 54.04 25.32 Total 49.7 65.7 33.4 32.3 66.03 78.03 53.84 24.19 Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011

There is a significant difference in literacy among the villages themselves and it is product of uneven socio-economic development in the region. In this chapter an attempt has been made to analyse the gaps in literacy rates amid inhabited villages of the district. According to census 2001 and 2011 the literacy of the district was 49.7 and 66.03 per cent respectively. It shows that there is improvement of literacy of 16.33 per cent in 2011 against the literacy rate of 2001 census. Table 6.12 reveals that in 2001 there were total 1,576 villages in the district, out of which 24.5 per cent villages had literacy lower than the literacy rate of 40 per cent while contrary to this 70.6 per cent villages have literacy range between 41-70 per cent and the remaining 4.5 per cent villages have exhibited the range of literacy rate between 71-100 per cent. It is evident from the aforesaid table that 49.4 per cent rural population has literacy rate of less than 50 per cent while 49 per cent population shows the literacy rate between the ranges of 51-70 per cent. There is only 1.6 per cent population which has the literacy rate of more than 70 per cent. The range of 51-60 of literacy constitutes 30.1 per cent villages and 33.8 per cent of the total population of the study area. The census years of 2011 has seen a plausible and drastic change in terms of growth of literacy rate in Sant Kabir Nagar. It was observed that there were only 7.91 per cent villages with population of 5.24 per cent which have literacy rate less than 50 per cent

131 while in 2001 there were 50.3 per cent villages which had the literacy less than 50 per cent. As per the census 2011, 68.02 per cent villages have literacy range of 61-80 per cent while the other 6.26 per cent villages have displayed the literacy rate of 80 and above. In 2011, most of the population (46.41 per cent) was concentrated in the literacy of 61-70 per cent.

Table 6.12 Block wise Distributions of Villages by Range of Literacy Rate in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001-2011 2001 2011 Range of Number of Percentage Number of Percentage Percentage Villages Literacy Inhabited Distribution of Inhabited Distribution Distribution (per cent) Rate Villages Population Villages of Villages of Population 1 - 10 5 0.3 0.1 2 0.13 0.01 11 - 20 35 2.2 1.1 6 0.38 0.1 21 - 30 108 6.9 5.2 11 0.7 0.36 31 - 40 238 15.1 14.9 28 1.77 1.23 41 - 50 407 25.8 28.1 78 4.93 3.54 51 - 60 474 30.1 33.8 277 17.51 16.6 61 - 70 231 14.7 15.2 619 39.13 46.41 71 - 80 44 2.8 1.4 457 28.89 29.51 81 - 90 14 0.9 0.2 78 4.93 2.05 91 - 99 2 0.1 0 13 0.82 0.19 100 11 0.7 0 8 0.51 0 Total 1,576 100 100 1,582 100 100 Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011

The improvement of total literacy of 16.33, male 12.33 and female 20.50 per cent between the decades of 2001 and 2011 shows that there is inclination of the people towards educational realization. At the same time various literacy and education improvement missions have been undertaken by the government. Due to improvement in economic condition and exposure to the outer worlds with proper access to educational facilities there have been individual efforts to educate children in the district. It is a good sign that the people of the study area have started to give much emphasis on female education.

6.9 Work Participation Rate The composition of working population of a region varies due to the variations in sex, residence and age. It is observed that in most of the societies of the world the male working participation rate is higher than the female participation rate. The work participation rates of rural areas vary from the urban areas as the social and economic life of the village is very different from that of the urban regions (Chandana, 1986).

132 The work participation rate is generally higher in countryside than the urban areas. In the countryside the whole family members are generally engaged in agriculture, cultivation and in household industry but it is not so in urban areas (Clarke, 1972).

Table 6.13 Block wise Distributions of Rural Workers and Non-Workers by Sex in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2001- 2011 2001 2011

Blocks Non Non Total Main Total Main By Sex workers workers workers Workers Marginal Marginal

Total 37 22.4 14.6 63 30.56 14.61 15.95 69.44 Sotha Males 45.8 35.7 10.1 54.2 41.73 23.35 18.39 58.27 Females 28 8.9 19.1 72 19.26 5.77 13.48 80.74 Total 36.6 21.5 15.1 63.4 34.26 15.27 18.98 65.74 Mehdawal Males 46.3 34.9 11.4 53.7 44.32 24.49 19.83 55.68 Females 26.7 7.7 19 73.3 23.71 5.62 18.09 76.29 Total 36.6 22.9 13.7 63.4 35.38 16.3 19.09 64.62 Belhar Kala Males 47.5 38.2 9.3 52.5 44.3 26 18.3 55.7 Females 25.3 7 18.3 74.7 26.53 6.67 19.87 73.47 Total 37 20.8 16.2 63 31.76 16.95 14.81 68.24 Baghauli Males 44.7 31.3 13.4 55.3 43.14 26.34 16.79 56.86 Females 29.4 10.5 19 70.6 20.33 7.51 12.82 79.67 Total 34 20.5 13.4 66 31.89 15.25 16.64 68.11 Semriyawan Males 43.9 34 10 56.1 44.37 25.46 18.92 55.63 Females 23.8 6.8 17 76.2 19.16 4.84 14.32 80.84 Total 33 20.3 12.7 67 30.33 14.75 15.57 69.67 Khalilabad Males 44.7 33.4 11.2 55.3 43.7 23.94 19.77 56.3 Females 20.8 6.6 14.2 79.2 16.33 5.14 11.19 83.67 Total 35.3 21.1 14.2 64.7 32.18 13.65 18.53 67.82 Nath Nagar Males 45.3 34.1 11.2 54.7 45.57 21.96 23.61 54.43 Females 25 7.7 17.3 75 18.05 4.89 13.17 81.95 Total 38.2 19 19.3 61.8 29.48 15.15 14.32 70.52 Pauli Males 48.5 30.6 17.9 51.5 45.78 25.75 20.02 54.22 Females 27.6 6.9 20.7 72.4 12.77 4.29 8.48 87.23 Total 34.6 19 15.5 65.4 29.2 14.62 14.58 70.8 Haisar Bazar Males 44.9 31.9 13.1 55.1 43.04 24.48 18.56 56.96 Females 24.2 6.02 18 75.8 15.32 4.74 10.59 84.68 Total 35.1 20.7 14.3 64.9 31.58 15.13 16.45 68.42 District (Rural) Males 45.2 33.9 11.2 54.8 43.95 24.56 19.4 56.05 Females 24.8 7.2 17.5 75.2 18.92 5.48 13.44 81.08 Source: Census of India, 2001-2011

133 According to census 2011, the total working and non-working population of the district was 31.58 and 68.42 per cent respectively. Out of the total working population 15.13 per cent were main workers and 16.45 per cent were marginal workers. The census year of 2001 shows a little different picture as in this census year there were 35.1 per cent of the population as working population in the study area. In the year 2001, the composition of main workers was higher than that of 2011. The main workers were 20.7 per cent, whereas, marginal workers were 14.3 per cent of the total workers of the district. Fig. 6.6 reveals the clear image of working population in the decade 2001 and 2011. It is found that the highest percentage of working population is 35.38 per cent which was found in Belhar Kala followed by Mehdawal block with 34.26 per cent working population of the total population. Haisar Bazar (29.20 per cent), Pauli (29.48 per cent) and Khalilabad (30.33 per cent) fall under the lower category of total working population. Pauli block constitutes the highest male working population 45.78 per cent followed by Nath Nagar and it has the share of 45.57 per cent male population. The representation of female working population clearly shows that the highest share of female working population is in Belhar Kalan block and the lowest female participation rate 12.77 per cent was observed in Pauli block of the study area (Table, 6.13).

Block-wise Distribution of Total Workers in Sant Kabir Nagar 2001-211 45 40 35 30 25 20 Per cent Per 15 10 5 0

2001 2011

Source: Prepared by Researcher based on Census 2001 and 2011 Fig. 6.6

134 The rural working population of the district is further divided into four categories i.e., cultivators, agricultural labourer, household workers and other workers based on the basis of census year of 2001 and 2011. The study of table 6.14 exhibits that in 2011, out of the total working population of the study area 29.33 per cent were cultivators, 47.44 per cent agricultural labourers, 4.42 per cent household industrial workers and 18.82 per cent were involved in other working activities. Contrary to this the census year of 2001 shows that there were 46.4 per cent workers as a cultivator and only 39.4 per cent were counted as a agricultural labours. The household industry workers of the district were 3.2 per cent, whereas, others workers constitutes 11 per cent of the total workers (2001). The largest share of working population as a cultivators and agricultural labours shows that agriculture is the main and only sources of livelihood that plays a major role in providing employment to the working force of rural population of the district. Table 6.14 Block wise Population in Different Category of Economic Activities, 2001-2011 Category of workers 2001 2011 Blocks By Sex CL AL HH OT CL AL HH OT Total 49.3 41.2 2.6 6.9 29.21 52.08 2.79 15.92 Sotha Male 56.1 31.2 3.1 9.6 34.26 46.51 2.79 16.44 Female 38.1 57.6 1.9 2.4 18.15 64.30 2.77 14.78 Total 47.3 38.4 2.4 11.9 32.59 50.41 3.55 13.44 Mehdawal Male 52.7 29 2.6 15.7 35.71 46.30 3.10 14.89 Female 37.8 55.1 1.9 5.2 26.48 58.48 4.44 10.60 Total 52.5 38 2.4 7 35.50 50.91 3.34 10.25 Belhar Kala Male 59.4 27.9 2.9 9.8 41.50 43.60 2.79 12.11 Female 39.1 57.7 1.4 1.7 25.55 63.01 4.26 7.18 Total 49.4 40 1.6 8.9 26.11 43.29 6.25 24.35 Baghauli Male 54.8 30.3 1.9 13 29.91 38.78 6.02 25.29 Female 41.2 54.7 1.2 2.9 18.02 52.90 6.73 22.35 Total 45.3 37.7 4.6 12.4 31.06 48.87 3.71 16.36 Semriyawan Male 50.6 28.9 4.3 16.1 35.86 43.50 3.02 17.61 Female 35.3 54.3 5.1 5.3 19.71 61.54 5.36 13.40 Total 45.9 35.6 2.9 15.7 26.63 37.95 6.89 28.54 Khalilabad Male 50 27 3 20 28.79 34.97 6.42 29.82 Female 36.5 54.8 2.7 6 20.56 46.29 8.20 24.95 Total 44.6 41 4.1 10.3 27.48 48.45 4.67 19.40 Nath Nagar Male 52 31.2 4 12.8 31.30 45.68 3.96 19.05 Female 30.8 59.3 4.2 5.7 17.29 55.84 6.54 20.34 Total 39.6 53 1.9 5.4 27.18 55.84 2.32 14.66 Pauli Male 48.4 41.9 2.2 7.4 30.56 54.11 1.88 13.45 Female 23.5 73.3 1.3 1.9 14.75 62.20 3.92 19.13 Total 44.9 41.7 2.7 10.7 29.29 45.49 4.43 20.79 Haisar Bazar Male 49.7 33.7 2.9 13.8 31.93 42.05 4.45 21.57 Female 36 56.8 2.4 4.8 21.83 55.19 4.39 18.59 Total 46.4 39.4 3.2 11 29.33 47.44 4.42 18.82 District (Rural) Male 52 30.2 3.3 14.4 33.01 43.25 4.02 19.73 Female 35.9 56.5 3.1 4.6 20.58 57.41 5.35 16.65 Source: census of India, 2001-2011

135 At block level there is a very minimum variation in the share of working population of different categories of economic activities. Block Belhar Kala has registered highest per cent of cultivators in 2001 (52.5 per cent) and in 2011, 35.5 per cent and lowest cultivators 26.63 per cent were observed in Khalilabad. Pauli block leads in terms of agricultural labourers with 53 and 55.84 per cent in 2001 and 2011 respectively while the lowest was in Khalilabad 37.95 per cent. The share of household industry workers was highest in Khalilabad (6.89 Per cent) and lowest in Pauli (2.32 per cent) in 2011. In both the census years Khalilabad has the highest 15.7 per cent (2001) and 28.54 (2011) per cent other workers to the total workers. The analysis of work participation rates reveals that agriculture labours are mostly female workers in the study area as in Pauli block nearly 73.3 per cent of the female workers are categorised as agricultural labours in 2001 and it got reduced to 64.3 per cent (Sotha) of the total share in the year 2011. The table 6.14 also indicates that the participation of male workers is high in the category of cultivators. It was found that among the cultivators, the percentage of males is higher than the female working force in the district. About 59.4 per cent of the total workers in Belhar Kala were male workers and they were working as cultivators and second highest was in Sotha block with 56.1 per cent. It is evident from the table that household industry could not make much progress in the rural part of the study as it employs only 5.35 per cent workers of the total working population. Therefore, much of the population has to depend on agricultural activities for their livelihood.

6.10 Infrastructural Facilities According to Adebayo (2006) “Infrastructure includes physical structure, facilities or utilities that are put in place by private or public authorities aimed at facilitating the effective functioning of a society”. Socio-economic development of countryside is of acute significance in the framing of the integrated growth and social justice’ (Arora, 1979). Availability of good and quality infrastructure leads to sustainable development, so the provision of basic infrastructure is essential for development of any region. The availability of infrastructural facilities indicates not only the level of social development in an area but it also suggests trends in its future progress’ (Dave, 1991). The presence of physical infrastructure within and around the region is the manifestation of structural progress of socio-economic development of that region. Almost every sector namely of education, agriculture, health, services,

136 marketing, electrification, sanitation and housing and drinking water facilities has been related to equal distribution of infrastructure. Hence, it is important to present a detailed account of infrastructural facilities in terms of their quantity and distributional pattern over the area.

Table 6.15 Block wise Percentage of Villages having Different Types of Amenities, 2011

Type of Amenities Available, 2011

Blocks water ations Banks Power supply Medical societies Drinking al credit Transport Education Agricultur communic Post office

Sotha 60.99 87.94 100 7.8 74.47 2.13 2.84 86.52 Mehdawal 58.24 93.53 100 9.41 23.53 4.12 2.94 88.82 Belhar Kala 73.28 90.52 100 11.21 62.07 4.31 4.31 84.48 Baghauli 58.22 58.67 100 8.89 24 3.56 3.11 85.33 Semriyawan 60.33 67.93 100 13.59 50.54 7.07 4.35 87.5 Khalilabad 71.7 66.04 100 14.62 19.34 1.89 2.83 92.45 Nath Nagar 58.19 84.91 100 9.05 75.86 4.74 12.07 96.55 Pauli 63.21 51.89 100 14.15 66.98 0 2.83 92.45 Haisar Bazar 60.2 20.41 100 11.22 35.71 1.53 4.59 85.2 Total 62.2 68.08 100 11 45.64 3.41 4.74 89.06 Source: Census of India, 2011

6.10.1 Educational Facilities The analysis of the status of rural educational infrastructure in the district shows that in 2011, the highest per cent of villages with educational facilities was found in Belhar Kala 73.28 per cent) and the second highest facilities were found in Khalilabad (71.7 per cent). There are four blocks which have medium type of educational facilities in the district and these blocks are Pauli (63.21 per cent), Sotha (60.99 per cent), Semriyawan (60.33 per cent) and Haisar Bazar (60.20 per cent). Low level of educational facilities was registered in Mehdawal block where only 58.24 per cent of the villages have educational facilities and the villages of Baghauli have second lowest facilities with 58.22 per cent whereas Nath Nagar has the lowest educational facilities (58.19 per cent) among different blocks of the study area (Table 6.15).

137 Table 6.16 Block wise Availability of Educational Facility in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 - Blocks chool chool Pre rimary Senior School S S School Degree Middle Colleges P Primary Secondary Secondary Sotha 1.6 4.8 2.5 0.9 0.8 0.7 Mehdawal 2.1 5.5 2.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 Belhar Kala 2.5 5.9 2.9 0.8 0.3 0.7 Baghauli 1.7 6.3 2.5 0.8 0.6 0.3 Semriyawan 1.7 4.5 2.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 Khalilabad 1.9 7.2 3.5 1.4 0.5 0.1 Nath Nagar 2.3 6.4 3.4 1.2 0.9 0.3 Pauli 1.7 6 2.6 0.3 0.3 0 Haisar Bazar 2.7 5.4 2.9 1.1 0.9 0.4 Total District 2 5.8 2.7 0.8 0.6 0.3 Source: Computed by Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

In the district of Sant Kabir Nagar per 10,000 populations there are two pre- primary schools, 5.8 primary schools, 2.7 middle schools, 0.8 secondary schools, 0.6 senior secondary schools and only 0.3 degree colleges. With 2.7 pre-primary schools Haisar Bazar and with 1.6 pre- primary schools Sotha block stand at the top and bottom respectively among the blocks of the district. In terms of primary schools per 10,000 populations, the highest number of primary schools 7.2 was observed in Khalilabad followed by Nath Nagar 6.4 primary schools per 10000 schools whereas, the lowest 4.8 number of primary schools per 10,000 populations were found in Sotha block. At middle schools level again Khalilabad and Nath Nagar have the first and second palace in terms of number of middle school institutions per 10,000 populations with 3.5 and 3.4 institutions respectively and low level of concentration of middle school per 10,000 population was noticed in Semriyawan 2.2 and Mehdawal 2.1 middle schools per 10,000 populations. Except Khalilabad (1.4), Nath Nagar (1.2) and Haisar Bazar (1.1) have less than one secondary school per 10,000 populations. Here it is disheartening to note that not a single block has senior secondary school for 10,000 populations in the study are. At graduate and above level of educational institutions per 10,000 populations Sotha and Belhar have better ratio of population and institution with 0.7 degree colleges per 10,000 populations (Table, 6.16)

138 6.10.2 Health Facilities A public health facility is the prerequisite condition for the proper development of human beings in a region. Table 6.17 shows that 68.08 per cent of the total villages of the study area have access to medical facilities. Mehdawal and Belhar Kala block have highest and lowest medical facilities with 93.53 per cent and 20.41 per cent respectively.

Table 6.17 Block-wise Health and Banking Facilities per 10,000 Population in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011

Health Facilities per 10000 populations Banks and Credit Societies Maternity and Family Block Medicine Agricultural PHCs Child Health Welfare Banks ATMs Shops Societies Welfare Centres Centre Sotha 0.13 0.2 0.2 5.73 0.2 0.1 0.3 Mehdawal 0.06 0.31 0.37 5.46 0.4 0.1 0.3 Belhar Kala 0.08 0.08 0.08 5.09 0.4 0.4 0.4 Baghauli 0.1 0.3 0.3 5.08 0.4 0.2 0.3 Semriyawan 0.12 0.16 0.16 4.66 0.5 0.5 0.3 Khalilabad 0.1 0.64 0.73 4.41 0.2 0.1 0.3 Nath Nagar 0.05 0.1 0.1 4.25 0.5 0.4 1.4 Pauli 0.19 0.19 0.19 4.47 0 0.2 0.3 Haisar Bazar 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.22 0.2 0.1 0.5 Total 0.1 0.25 0.27 4.41 0.3 0.2 0.5 District Source: Census of India, 2011

The above table 6.17 reveals the presence of Primary Health Centres (PHCs) in Sant Kabir Nagar according to number of populations. The district has 0.10 PHCs per 10,000 population, 0.25 maternity and child health welfare centres, 0.27 family welfare centres and 4.41 numbers of medical shops per 10,000 populations. The block-wise distribution of primary health centres indicates that there are huge regional variations in the availability of health and medical facilities and it varies from the lowest 0.05 PHCs per 10,000 populations in Nath Nagar to 0.19 per 10,000 populations. Khalilabad has the highest numbers of maternity and child health welfare centres with 0.64 per 10,000 population and lowest was in 0.10 per 10,000 population in Nath Nagar. The table 6.17 shows that there are acute scarcities of maternal and child health centres in the district. In terms of family welfare centres Khalilabad block ranked first with 0.73 centres per 10,000 populations and Belhar Kala with 0.08

139 centres per 10,000 populations has lowest rank in the district. The highest and lowest numbers of medical shops per 10,000 populations were noticed in Sotha (5.73) and (1.22 shops) Haisar Bazar respectively.

Table 6.18 Block-wise Rural Banking Facilities in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Commercial & Co- Agricultural Credit Blocks ATM operative Societies Sotha 3 2 4 Mehdawal 7 1 5 Belhar Kala 5 5 5 Baghauli 8 4 7 Semriyawan 13 12 8 Khalilabad 4 2 6 Nath Nagar 11 9 28 Pauli 0 2 3 Haisar Bazar 3 2 9 Total (District) 54 39 75 Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2011

6.10.3 Banking Facilities The availability of banking facilities like commercial and cooperative banks, ATMs and agricultural credit societies makes a village self-sufficient in terms of financial needs and helps in the development process of rural population. These credit societies cater the financial needs of the poor villagers. It is clear from the table 6.18 that in rural parts of Sant Kabir Nagar there are total 54 commercial and cooperative banks out of which Semriyawan (13) has the highest number of banks followed by Nath Nagar (11). The total numbers of ATMs in the district are 39 ATMs of different banking services and Semriyawan block is on top in respect of ATMs distribution with 12 number of units. There are 75 agricultural societies in the district and Nath Nagar has nearly half of the total agricultural credit societies.

The availability of banking facilities per 10,000 populations is given in table 6.17. It is found that there are only 0.3 banks, 0.2 ATMs, and 0.5 agricultural credit societies that feed more than 10,000 rural population of the Study area. The highest ratio in terms of number of banks, ATMs per 10,000 populations was in Semriyawan with 0.5 units each. Nath Nagar has the highest share of agricultural credit societies (1.4 per 10,000 populations) among other blocks in the district (Fig. 6.7).

140 Banking Facilities in Rural Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Commercial and Co-operative Banks ATMs Agricultural Credit Societies

Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census, 2011 Fig. 6.7

6.10.4 Transport and Telecommunications Table 6.19 shows the various facilities available in the villages of different blocks of the study area. The facilities include railway station, bus services, postal services, all weather roads, internet cafes, and weekly haats (marketing centres). It was found that out of the total villages 1019 villages have all weather roads and 125 villages have bus station services. Most of the bus station services were found to be in Nath Nagar and Semriyawan and these blocks rank first and second place with 28 and 24 bus stops respectively. Least number of bus stoppages was noticed in Mehdawal (4 bus stoppages), Pauli (7 bus stoppages)) and Khalilabad (9 bus stoppages). In the district there are 335 villages which have postal services in their villages, highest number of villages with postal services was found in Khalilabad block (71 villages) whereas in Belhar Kala block there are only 17 villages with the postal services that stands to be lowest one in Sant Kabir Nagar. The evaluation of villages with the service of internet cafes exhibits that except Semriyawan with 25 villages with inter cafes and Nath Nagar with 22 cafes all the blocks of the district have insignificant internet cafes in their rural areas. The table also shows that there are 343 villages in the study areas which have weekly rural market (haats) and Semriyawan block has the most number (57) of haats followed by Khalilabad with 48 weekly rural markets in Sant Kabir Nagar. The lowest number of village with weekly markets was notices in Pauli block which has only 21 haats in the block.

141 Table 6.19 Block wise Distribution of Transport and Communication in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Number of Villages having Different Facilities 2011 All Weather Bus Postal Internet Weekly Blocks Roads Service Services Cafes Haat Sotha 87 9 21 2 34 Mehdawal 79 4 31 4 22 Belhar Kala 65 10 17 5 40 Baghauli 126 15 37 4 46 Semriyawan 122 24 52 25 57 Khalilabad 145 9 71 2 48 Nath Nagar 179 28 37 22 40 Pauli 93 7 28 3 21 Haisar Bazar 123 19 41 9 35 Total (District) 1019 125 335 76 343 Source: Census of India, 2011

Transportation plays a crucial role in creating contact between city or market and its surrounding villages to these urban places. The rural areas of the district mainly consist of roads that help in the movement of people and goods efficiently. On an average only 45.64 per cent of the total villages of the study area has infrastructural facilities of transport and communication not only that there is huge gap in the distribution of transport and communication services at block level (Table 6.19). The total length of the pucca (metalled) roads in the district is 1809 kilometres. The pattern and radiation of important roads shows that there are three main focal points of routs of road radiation in the study area, first one is at centre that radiates from Khalilabad town, second is from Nath Nagar and third one from Mehdawal town. Maximum length of metalled road has been observed in Khalilabad town (281 km.), followed by Nath Nagar, Mehdawal, Haisar Bazar, Semriyawan, Baghauli, Sotha, and Pauli having 261 km., 215 km., 203 km., 185 km., 184 km., 175 km., and 151 km. respectively. Belhar Kala has the lowest length of road 154 km. only.

Perusal of table 6.20 indicates the length of the roads in kilometre per 10,000 populations in the rural part of the district. It reveals that 11.40 kilometres length of the roads is used by the 10,000 populations of Sant Kabir Nagar. Block-wise analysis of road in 2011 shows that the utmost 14.08 km. length of the roads per 10,000 population was found in Pauli followed by Khalilabad with 13.77 km. per 10,000 populations whereas, minimal length 7.63 km. length of the road per 10,000 was in Semriyawan block. Table 6.20, further reveals the block wise regional variation in the

142 level of road density and it is found that the average road density of the study area is 1.10 kilometres per sq. km. there are four blocks which have been categorised as the blocks with highest density of roads i.e. Khalilabad 1.44 km per sq. km, Nath Nagar 1.42 km per sq. km, Mehdawal 1.41km per sq. km, Sotha 1.39 km per sq. km, and two bocks Baghauli 1.10 km per sq. km, and Pauli 1.07 km per sq. km, while the remaining three blocks namely Haisar bazar 0.96 km per sq. km, Semriyawan 0.90 km per sq. km, and minimum has been observed in Belhar Kala with the road density of 0.60 km per sq. km of area.

Table 6.20 Block wise Road Lengths and Density in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Road Density 2011 Total Roads Lengths Length per Area Road Density Blocks Population (in Km.) 10,000 (in sq. km) per sq. km Sotha 151716 175 11.53 126.21 1.39 Mehdawal 161145 215 13.34 153.00 1.41 Belhar Kala 117826 154 13.07 257.42 0.60 Baghauli 202881 184 9.07 167.98 1.10 Semriyawan 242616 185 7.63 206.64 0.90 Khalilabad 204131 281 13.77 195.65 1.44 Nath Nagar 202513 261 12.89 183.66 1.42 Pauli 107277 151 14.08 140.88 1.07 Haisar Bazar 196547 203 10.33 212.22 0.96 Total 1586652 1809 11.40 1643.66 1.10 Source: Census of India, 2011

6.10.5 Electricity Facility Globalization has not left any inch on the earth untouched and has provided every household and individual with the kind of tools that run with electricity. In this era of electric gadgets no one lives without electricity and power facilities in a region be it rural or urban. That is why it is an inevitable task to look at electricity facilities in the rural areas of the district. The Fig. 6.8 reveals that every block and 89.04 per cent villages of the study have the facility of electricity. But it varies from 96.55 per cent villages with electricity in Nath Nagar to 84.48 per cent of the villages in Belhar Kala that and has a differences of 12.7 per cent. As aforesaid, the highest per cent (96.55) of villages with electricity facility was found in Nath Nagar followed by Khalilabad and Pauli with 92.45 per cent of villages each. Belhar Kala has lowest (84.48) per cent of villages with electricity facility whereas, second lowest facility in villages was in Haisar Bazar (85.2 per cent).

143 Electricity Facility in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2011

98 96.55 96 94 92.45 92.45 92 90 88.82 87.5 88 86.52 86 85.33 85.2

Per Per cent 84.48 84 82 80 78

Source: Prepared by Researcher, 2011 Fig.6.8

Table 6.21 Types of Amenities Available by Population Range in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Type of amenity available (in Per cent) 2011 ater ation c W cation Population range Edu Medical Drinking Post office Telephone Communi Banks Agri Credit Societies Road Electricity 1-499 30.42 64.41 100 6.36 100 36.58 2.58 3.38 50.89 79.92 500-999 65.9 70.5 100 7.47 100 49.43 1.72 2.87 65.33 92.53 1000 - 1999 81.77 68.75 100 11.98 100 49.48 4.17 5.47 75.26 95.57 2000 - 4999 100 68.71 100 30.67 100 50.92 7.36 9.82 77.3 91.41 5000 - 9999 100 90 100 70 100 70 40 60 70 80 10000 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 District 62.2 68.08 100 11 100 45.64 3.41 4.74 64.41 89.06 Source: Census of India, 2011

6.10.6 Population size and Rural Facilities The table 6.21 shows the population size range of villages and types of facilities available in these villages. It is observed that in 2011 most of amenities are available in the villages with population size of 2000-4999 and 5000-9999. All the villages of the district have 100 per cent drinking water and telephone facilities. The lowest per cent of rural amenities was recorded in the population size of 1-499 and

144 1000-1999. The analysis of facilities of education and health indicate that the villages with 5000-9999 population size have far better position as compared to other size groups. In the villages of this population group size there are 100 per cent educational, 90 per cent medical facilities and they also have 40 per cent banking and 60 per cent facilities of agricultural credits societies in their villages.

Table 6.22 Distance wise Amenities Available to Villages in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011

Villages Availing Facilities by Distance Range Amenities Less than 5 5-10Kilometres 10+ Kilometres Total Kilometres Primary school 98.06 1.05 0.90 100 Education Middle school 92.85 6.36 0.78 100 Degree college 52.07 22.48 25.45 100 Hospital 45.71 24.67 29.62 100 Medical PHC 34.55 38.19 27.27 100 Post office 81.61 14.56 3.84 100 Telephone 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 Bus service 55.59 26.70 17.71 100 Commercial Bank 35.82 30.82 33.35 100 Bank Cooperative bank 31.55 35.87 32.58 100 Agricultural credit societies 55.54 26.81 17.65 100 Source: Census of India, 2011

The distribution of villages not having different facilities and the distance of places from where these villages avail facilities is presented in table 6.22. It is observed that out of the total villages 98.06 per cent of the villages which do not have any primary school in their villages get that facility within a range of less than 5 kilometres from their respective villages. In case of middle school 92.85 per cent villages come in the range of less than 5 kilometres and 6.36 per cent varies from 5-10 kilometres ranges. Nearly 52 per cent villages are fed by the distance of less than 5 kilometres. In the study area only 27.22 per cent villages have primary schools in their villages and of these 67.57 per cent get the facility within the distance of 5 kilometres, whereas, there are 1548 villages that do not have any degree college in their villages. The distance range of less than 5 kilometres covers nearly 806 villages, 5-10 kilometres (348 villages) and the distance range of more than 10 kilometres feeds 394 villages.

145 Table 6.23 Block wise Distribution of Cultivable Area to the Total area and Gross Area Sown in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011

Cultivable Gross area sown Irrigated Blocks area to total Net area area to total area sown Total Rabi Kharif Zaid cultivable area Sotha 79.36 10469 18783 46.18 52.31 1.51 87.67 Mehdawal 86.92 13973 24349 50.93 48.03 1.04 85.07 Belhar Kala 92.57 10903 18920 47.70 50.34 1.97 89.43 Baghauli 80.52 12405 21465 50.29 47.03 2.68 88.64 Semriyawan 84.69 16102 27360 47.20 51.16 1.64 86.94 Khalilabad 76.57 15183 25882 49.82 48.29 1.89 93.22 Nath Nagar 78.48 15026 25409 51.83 45.54 2.63 84.09 Pauli 85.56 16622 25789 49.45 48.15 2.40 76.54 Haisar Bazar 80.12 8946 15635 49.32 48.62 2.07 90.06 Total 83.12 119629 203592 49.28 48.74 1.98 87.27 Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2011

6.11 Bases of Economy of Rural Areas As table 6.23 shows that 83.12 per cent of the total area of the district is cultivable and it is clear that main base of economy of rural areas of the district is agriculture. This portion of alluvial plain of the great plain of India has physical homogeneity and some rainfall with irrigation makes it conducive for flourishing agriculture. Total irrigated area of the study area is 87.27 per cent of the total cultivable land. Of the total gross area 49.28 per cent area is under rabi crops 48.74 per cent under kharif crops and remaining 1.98 per cent includes zaid crops. Rice, wheat, sugarcane, potato, lahi/sarson and arhar are principle agricultural products of the study area.

Rice, wheat and sugarcane are important agricultural produce. The district has sufficient production of these crops but it is insufficient in the production of pulses and oilseed. The crops of pulses include urad, moong, masur, gram and pea, whereas, lahi/sarso is the only oilseed crop of the district except very negligible share of groundnuts. The other worth mentioning crops of the region are maize, jawar, barley, onion and turmeric. Few villages of the district are dependent on poultry farming for the generation of economy.

146 6.12 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Sampled Villages In this section of the chapter an attempt is made to analyse the socio-economic characteristics of the sampled villages and of the district. The researcher has selected and surveyed 21 villages from nine development blocks of the study area with an objective to bring out the characteristics of rural-urban continuum in Sant Kabir Nagar by taking Khalilabad as the regional urban focus for it. The figure 6.6 shows the location of the sample villages of the study areas. Total number of sampled and surveyed villages, households and population are as follows:

Table 6.24 Distribution of Population in the Sampled Villages, 2011 Sex Blocks Name Household Population Male Female Ratio Sotha Ganawaria 209 1316 51.75 48.25 932 Manjharia Tiwari 104 830 51.69 48.31 935 Mehdawal Patwaria 235 1504 48.6 51.4 1057 Gagnaie Rao 344 2175 49.61 50.39 1016 Loharauli 103 597 48.41 51.59 1066 Belhar Kala Khatiyava 223 1499 49.1 50.9 1037 Ramwapur 335 2205 53.29 46.71 877 Bhadah 111 849 50.41 49.59 984 Baghauli Parsa Jhakaria 235 1427 50.88 49.12 966 Amar Dobha 378 2967 50.69 49.31 973 Kushmaini 168 925 52.22 47.78 915 Semriyawan Bhelwasi 255 1771 51.44 48.56 944 Raipur Chhapia Urf Thoka 311 2368 50.55 49.45 978 Beldiha 110 721 49.51 50.49 1020 Khalilabad Nagwa 231 1495 49.97 50.03 1001 Meer Ganj 351 2415 51.43 48.57 944 Padaraha 141 988 50.2 49.8 992 Nath Nagar Ghorhat 256 1644 51.58 48.42 939 Ali Nagar 384 2581 52.23 47.77 915 Pauli Parsahar 308 1792 51.73 48.27 933 Haisar Semar Dandi 362 2252 48.98 51.02 1042 Bazar Total 5154 34321 50.99 49.01 962 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

147 Fig 6.9

148 6.12.1 Population Distribution The table 6.24 shows the number of households, distribution of male and female population and sex ratio in the sampled villages. The villages were selected on the basis of location and distance of the villages from Khalilabad, population size of the villages was also taken into consideration. There are 5154 households and 34321 total populations in the sampled villages of the district. If we see the population size of each villages it is clear from the table 6.24 that there are seven sampled villages which have population 2000 and above while 5 villages have 1500 population. 3 villages have 1000-1500 population and remaining 6 villages have less than 1000 population. Amar Dobha is the most populated village against Lohrauli which is the least populated sampled village of the study area.

Table 6.26 reveals the population of the age groups of 0-6 years and per cent of share of scheduled caste population in the sampled villages of Sant Kabir Nagar. Out of the total population of the sampled villages the share of the population of the age group of 0-6 is 16.84 per cent. The highest per cent of 20.90 population in the age group of 0-6 was found in Ganawaria village of Sotha block followed by Patwaria (19.75 per cent), Bhelwasi (19.54 per cent). The share of population in the age group of 0-6 was comparatively lower in the sampled villages of Parsahar (14.79 per cent), Meer Ganj (14.20 per cent), Beldiha (13.45 per cent) and it was lowest in Kushmaini village with only 12.32 per cent of the total population. The distribution and share of scheduled caste population among total population of the sampled villages varies from minimum share (4.94 per cent) in Ganawaria village of Sotha block to the maximum share of 63.06 per cent of scheduled castes in Padaraha village of Nath Nagar.

6.12.2 Sex Ratio The male and female sex ratio of the sampled villages is given in table 6.25. The statistics shows that in 2011, there are total 7 villages which have high sex ratio and have more female population as compared to male population. The highest sex ratio is seen in Lohrauli village with 1066 females per 1000 males followed by Patwaria (1057 females per 1000 males), Semar Dandi (1042 females per 1000 males) and Khatiyava (1037 females per 1000 males).

149 Table 6.25 Distribution of Sampled Villages by Sex Ratio in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011

Sex Ratio in Sampled Villages High (Above 1000) Medium (1000- 949) Low (Below 949) Village Sex Ratio Village Sex Ratio village Sex Ratio Lohrauli 1066 Padaraha 992 Meer Ganj 944 Patwaria 1057 Bhelwasi 944 Bhadah 984 Semar Dandi 1042 Ghorhat 939 Khatiyava 1037 Manjharia Tiwari 935 Raipur Chhapia Urf Thoka 978 Beldiha 1020 Parsahar 933 Ganawaria 932 Gagnaie Rao 1016 Amar Dobha 973 Kushmaini 915 Ali Nagar 915 Nagwa 1001 Parsa Jhakaria 966 Ramwapur 877 Source: Computed by Researcher Based on Census, 2011

Table 6.26 Population Distribution and Sex Ratio of the age Group 0-6 and SCs in the Sampled Villages, 2011 Population in the age group 0-6 Scheduled Castes Population Villages Per Sex Per Sex Population Population cent Ratio cent Ratio Ganawaria 275 20.9 821 65 4.94 711 Manjharia Tiwari 145 17.47 790 132 15.9 1031 Patwaria 297 19.75 1121 372 24.73 1090 Gagnaie Rao 414 19.03 981 143 6.57 986 Loharauli 97 16.25 1256 231 38.69 763 Khatiyava 274 18.28 1000 435 29.02 875 Ramwapur 357 16.19 840 1245 56.46 864 Bhadah 145 17.08 1302 182 21.44 916 Parsa Jhakaria 227 15.91 861 104 7.29 1167 Amar Dobha 577 19.45 963 239 8.06 1134 Kushmaini 114 12.32 932 229 24.76 974 Bhelwasi 346 19.54 840 348 19.65 1122 Raipur Chhapia Urf Thoka 384 16.22 969 317 13.39 981 Beldiha 97 13.45 1064 131 18.17 899 Nagwa 237 15.85 992 314 21 1026 Meer Ganj 345 14.29 1091 628 26 944 Padaraha 182 18.42 1141 623 63.06 1023 Ghorhat 274 16.67 1076 83 5.05 1306 Ali Nagar 384 14.88 820 744 28.83 879 Parsahar 265 14.79 1023 601 33.54 908 Semar Dandi 346 15.36 977 1074 47.69 974 Source: Computed Based on Census, 2011

There are five sampled villages, which fall under medium categories of sex ratio. Padaraha (992), Bhadah (984), Raipur Chhapia Urf Thoka (978), Amar Dobha (973) and Parsa Jhakaria (966) sampled villages of the study area have medium sex ratio. According to census 2011, 9 sampled villages of the district have low level of

150 sex ratio. In these villages male and female ratio varies from 944 females per 1000 males in village Meer Ganj whereas, the lowest was 877 females per thousand males in Ramwapur village. Other 7 villages of low categories of sex ratio are namely Bhelwasi (944), Ghorhat (939), Manjharia Tiwari (935), Parsahar (933), Ganawaria (932), Kushmaini (915) and Ali Nagar (915). The sampled villages of Mehdawal, Belhar Kala and Khalilabad have shown very good sex ratio in the district.

The study of sex ratio of the age group 0-6 is necessary as it makes clear that what types of pattern of male and female population ratio will be in near future. Bhadah village ranked first in terms of sex ratio of the age group 0-6 years with 1302 females per thousand males followed by Lohrauli with the sex ratio of 1256 whereas, Manjharia Tiwari has shown sex ratio of 790 females per 1000 males in the category and is at bottom of the list. The pattern of the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes is presented in table 6.26 and it is observed that a Ghorhat village has depicted highest sex ratio1306 in scheduled caste population. The lowest sex ratio 711 females per thousand males were found in the sampled village of Ganawaria.

6.12.3 Population Density The pattern of population density of the sampled villages of the study area is given in table 6.27 the statistics reveal that there is huge regional variation of population density at village level in the district and the difference of lowest density (Parsa Jhakaria 623 persons per sq. km) and highest density (Gagnaie Rao 6454 persons per sq. km) is of 5831 units. All the sampled villages are categorised into three population density groups. There are five sampled villages which have population density more than 2921 persons per sq. km. and are categorised as villages with high population density. In medium category of population density there are also five villages and the density of these villages varies from 2921-1337 persons per sq. km. There are 11 sampled villages, which fall under the low category of population density, and it is lower than 1337 persons per sq. km. The sampled villages which are in the central part of the district have high population density as compared to the villages of northern part of the district. The villages of Baghauli block also have low level of population density. The highest population density (6454 persons per sq. km.) was found in Gagnaie Rao of Mehdawal block followed by Bhelwasi (5255 persons

151 per sq. km.), Amar Dobha (3713 persons per sq. km.), Ali Nagar (3488 persons per sq. km.) and Raipur Chhapia Urf Thoka (3397 persons per sq. km.).

Table 6.27 Pattern of Population Density in the Sampled Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Population Density in the Sampled Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 High (2921>) Medium (2921-1337) Low (<1337) Villages Density Villages Density Villages Density Parsa Jhakaria 623 Raipur Chhapia Urf Thoka 3397 Meer Ganj 1655 Bhadah 711 Loharauli 825 Ali Nagar 3488 Ramwapur 1753 Manjharia Tiwari 850 Kushmaini 975 Amar Dobha 3713 Beldiha 2521 Parsahar 991 Semar Dandi 1141 Bhelwasi 5255 Nagwa 2718 Ghorhat 1160 Padaraha 1223 Gagnaie Rao 6454 Patwaria 2750 Khatiyava 1233 Ganawaria 1271 Source: Computed by Researcher based on Census, 2011

6.12.4 Literacy Rate The distribution of literacy rate in the sampled villages of the district is given in table 6.28. From the given table it is observed that there is unequal distribution of literacy rate among these villages. Beldiha is a village of Khalilabad block and it has the highest per cent of literacy rate of 69.21 per cent as well as the highest male (82.63 per cent) and female (56.04 per cent) literacy rate. The other two important villages which have literacy rate just lower than Beldiha village are Meer Ganj 64.51 per cent, Kushmaini 64.22 per cent. Beldiha and Meer Ganj villages of Khalilabad block have more educational facilities than the other villages and have higher literacy rate. The lower literacy rate was identified in Bhelwasi of Semriyawan block which has rate just lower than Patwaria village (42.75 per cent) of Mehdawal block.

The lowest male and female literacy rate was found in Beldiha (56.04 per cent) and Bhelwasi (31.05 per cent) respectively. An attempt has also been made to enquire about gender gap in literacy rate of these sampled villages and it was noticed that the highest male and female gender gap was in Beldiha, which has a very noticeable gap in literacy rate with 26.59 per cent. It means that in Beldiha males have 26.59 per cent more literacy rate than the females. The gender gap of male and female literacy in Amar Dobha is somehow balanced one as it has the gap of only 10.87 per cent.

152 Table 6.28 Distribution of Literacy Rate in the Sampled Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011

Village Total Literates Total Male Female Gender Gap Ganawaria 636 48.33 56.68 39.37 17.31 Manjharia Tiwari 509 61.33 70.86 51.12 19.74 Patwaria 643 42.75 50.75 35.19 15.56 Gagnaie Rao 996 45.79 52.46 39.23 13.22 Loharauli 306 51.26 63.32 39.94 23.39 Khatiyava 816 54.44 65.35 43.91 21.45 Ramwapur 1045 47.39 56.94 36.5 20.43 Bhadah 523 61.6 73.6 49.41 24.19 Parsa Jhakaria 713 49.96 62.26 37.23 25.03 Amar Dobha 1725 58.14 63.5 52.63 10.87 Kushmaini 594 64.22 75.78 51.58 24.19 Bhelwasi 753 42.52 53.35 31.05 22.3 Raipur Chhapia Urf Thoka 1392 58.78 68.92 48.42 20.5 Beldiha 499 69.21 82.63 56.04 26.59 Nagwa 850 56.86 68.54 45.19 23.35 Meer Ganj 1558 64.51 74.24 54.22 20.02 Padaraha 563 56.98 71.37 42.48 28.89 Ghorhat 847 51.52 64.27 37.94 26.33 Ali Nagar 1624 62.92 71.66 53.37 18.3 Parsahar 1045 58.31 67.21 48.79 18.42 Semar Dandi 1305 57.95 69.45 46.91 22.54 Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 6.29 Pattern of literacy in Sampled Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011

High (59.20 Above) Medium (59.20-51.73) Low (Below 51.73) Village Literacy Village Literacy Village Literacy Beldiha 69.21 Raipur Chhapia Urf Thoka 58.78 Ghorhat 51.52 Meer Ganj 64.51 Parsahar 58.31 Lohrauli 51.26 Kushmaini 64.22 Amar Dobha 58.14 Parsa Jhakaria 49.96 Ali Nagar 62.92 Semar Dandi 57.95 Ganawaria 48.33 Padaraha 56.98 Ramwapur 47.39 Bhadah 61.60 Nagwa 56.86 Gagnaie Rao 45.79 Patwaria 42.75 Manjharia Tiwari 61.33 Khatiyava 54.44 Bhelwasi 42.52 Source: Census of India, 2011

The distributional pattern of literacy in the district have been evaluated by using mean and standard deviation methods to categorise it in high, medium and low. The data reveals that among the villages there are 6 villages namely Beldiha, Meer

153 Ganj, Kushmaini, Ali Nagar, Bhadah and Manjharia Tiwari which have high level of literacy rate. Raipur Chhapia Urf Thoka, Parsahar, Amar Dobha, Semar Dandi, Padaraha, Nagwa and Khatiyava have the medium level of literacy rate in the study area whereas, there are 8 villages which fall in low level of literacy rate and these are Ghorhat, Lohrauli, Parsa Jhakaria, Ganawaria, Ramwapur, Gagnaie Rao Patwaria and lowest one Bhelwasi (Table 6.29).

6.12.5 Work Participation Rate The distributing of working population in the sampled villages is furnished in table 6.30. It appears that the working population in these villages are equally distributed with few exceptions. These villages have highest and lowest differences of 29.11 per cent of workers. The highest working population was found in the sampled village of Gagnaie Rao. In this village 52.78 per cent populations are engaged in different economic activities which is highest midst all the sampled villages and lowest work participation rate was 23.67 per cent in Bhadah village. The male and female total work participation rate has depicted a whacking difference. It is so that male population of Bhadah has shown 97.51 per cent population as working population whereas, there are only 2.49 per cent females engaged in any kind of economic activities. The lowest male (55.19 per cent) and highest female workers (44.81 per cent) were in Gagnaie Rao and it shows that females of these villages have full contribution in their economic life.

The total workers were further divided into main and marginal workers. Highest per cent of main and lowest marginal workers were observed in Lohrauli villages with 96.67 per cent and 3.33 per cent respectively. The table also reveals that village Padaraha has most percentage (95.49) share of male working population in the sampled villages. Highest per cent of share of females in main working population was found in Ganawaria (40.29 per cent). Out of the total working population highest marginal population was recorded in the sampled village of Beldiha, which constitute its 81.19 per cent population as marginal population whereas, lowest share of marginal population was in Amar Dobha and it has share of only 7.47 per cent. Gagnaie Rao has the lowest male and highest share of female working population of marginal workers with 44.18 per cent and 55.82 per cent respectively. The lowest female marginal workers (1.23 per cent) were noticed in Bhadah.

154 Table 6.30 Occupational Structure of the Sampled Villages, 2011

Total Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers Sampled Villages Total Male Female Main Male Female Total Male Female Ganawaria 48.33 55.19 44.81 65.57 59.71 40.29 34.43 46.58 53.42 Manjharia Tiwari 29.04 69.29 30.71 41.08 88.89 11.11 58.92 55.63 44.37 Patwaria 23.74 89.92 10.08 51.82 92.97 7.03 48.18 86.63 13.37 Gagnaie Rao 52.78 49.48 50.52 12.46 86.71 13.29 87.54 44.18 55.82 Loharauli 25.13 80.67 19.33 96.67 80.69 19.31 3.33 80 20 Khatiyava 46.96 56.53 43.47 26.56 88.24 11.76 73.44 45.07 54.93 Ramwapur 34.97 66.41 33.59 32.04 89.07 10.93 67.96 55.73 44.27 Bhadah 23.67 97.51 2.49 19.4 92.31 7.69 80.6 98.77 1.23 Parsa Jhakaria 30.48 81.38 18.62 57.93 92.86 7.14 42.07 65.57 34.43 Amar Dobha 27.06 77.09 22.91 92.53 77.79 22.21 7.47 68.33 31.67 Kushmaini 30.38 83.63 16.37 22.78 95.31 4.69 77.22 80.18 19.82 Bhelwasi 23.77 92.64 7.36 88.6 95.17 4.83 11.4 72.92 27.08 Raipur Chhapia Urf Thoka 36.32 64.42 35.58 46.63 86.28 13.72 53.37 45.32 54.68 Beldiha 46.46 55.52 44.48 18.81 87.3 12.7 81.19 48.16 51.84 Nagwa 28.49 79.58 20.42 82.86 82.44 17.56 17.14 65.75 34.25 Meer Ganj 33.5 77.5 22.5 50.06 84.2 15.8 49.94 70.79 29.21 Padaraha 27.33 92.96 7.04 49.26 95.49 4.51 50.74 90.51 9.49 Ghorhat 33.15 68.44 31.56 40.73 76.58 23.42 59.27 62.85 37.15 Ali Nagar 28.48 75.24 24.76 36.87 86.35 13.65 63.13 68.75 31.25 Parsahar 24 92.79 7.21 60.7 93.49 6.51 39.3 91.72 8.28 Semar Dandi 27.53 79.52 20.48 74.19 85.43 14.57 25.81 62.5 37.5 Total 32.46 75.51 24.49 50.84 86.54 13.46 49.16 66.95 33.05 Source: Census of India, 2011

6.12.6 Land use Pattern An attempt has been made to examine the land use pattern in the sampled villages of the district. Figure no. 6.6 shows the general land use classification of the sampled villages of the district. As per the reference year 2011, only 0.08 per cent of the total area of these villages is under forest and it is very low as compared to the district as a whole. The area under non-agricultural uses is only 10.03 per cent in which Meer Ganj has the highest contribution as its 65 per cent land area comes under non-agricultural uses. The land area of these villages is devoid of Barren/uncultivable land (0.20 per cent), permanent pasture/grazing land (0.17 per cent), miscellaneous tree crops (2.75 per cent), culturable waste land (0.50 per cent) and fallow land (1.38 per cent). Fallow lands and the other non-agriculture lands in these sampled villages

155 are very negligible because of the fertile land and satisfactory sources of irrigation facilities. The actual net sown area of the sampled villages was 84.84 per cent of the total land use area during the reference year 2011. Now-a-days it has started declining due to the uncertainly in rainfall and shortage of irrigation facilities along with the depletion of water table in the region.

General Land Use in Sampled Villages , 2011

Permanent Area under Non- Barren and Un- Pastures and Other Land Under agricultural Uses cultivable land Grazing Lands Miscellaneous Forests 10% 0% 0% Tree Crops 0% 3%

Culturable Waste Land 0%

Fallow lands other than current fallows 1%

Current Fallows 1%

Net Area Sown 85%

Source: constructed by Researcher based on Census of India, 2011 Fig. 6.10

6.12.7 Facilities and Amenities Infrastructural facilities and amenities of the sampled villages are given in table 6.31. The educational facilities in the sampled villages were found to be variable. Primary schools were found in every village whereas pre-primary and middle schools were found in 18 and 11 villages respectively. Further, only 5 villages have secondary schools whereas, senior secondary school was found in only 3 villages. It was observed that there was only one degree college in the sampled villages. In those villages where adequate educational infrastructure is not available they get the facilities from the nearby villages. There are three villages which attain pre-primary schooling within the range of 5 km., whereas, 10 villages obtain middle school facility within the same distance. Secondary and senior secondary school

156 facility is available to 13 and 15 villages within five kilometres whereas 4 villages in each have to travel up to 10 kilometres for the same facilities. Degree College is accessible within five kilometres to 5 villages and 5 and 10 villages cover the distance up to 10 kilometres and more than 10 kilometres respectively for the same facility.

Table 6.31 Infrastructural Facilities in the Sampled Villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2011 Villages having Within 5 to 10 Services 10+ km Facilities 5 km km Educational Facilities Pre-Primary school 18 3 0 0 Primary school 21 0 0 0 Middle school 11 10 0 0 Secondary School 5 13 4 0 Senior Secondary school 3 15 4 0 Degree college of arts science & commerce 1 5 5 10 Engineering college 0 2 2 17 Health Facilities Community Health Centre (CHC) 0 5 9 7 Primary Health Centre (PHC) 2 9 4 6 Primary Health sub-Centre (PHS) 0 8 8 5 Maternity and Child Welfare Centre (MCW) 2 10 4 5 Dispensary 1 8 5 7 Family Welfare Centre (FWC) 2 3 10 6 Banking, Marketing and Other Facilities Postal cervices 7 12 1 1 Internet cafes 5 6 4 6 Bus service 7 9 2 3 Connected to Major Roads 13 5 1 2 Commercial & Co-operative Banks 3 7 11 0 ATM 1 4 16 0 Agricultural Credit Societies 3 9 11 0 Mandis / Regular market 2 11 8 0 Weekly Haat 5 12 4 0 Source: Census of India, 2011

The table 6.31 also reveals the health facilities available in the sampled villages. There are only seven villages which have a particular type of health facilities in their villages. There are 14 villages which do not have any type of health facilities and they achieve these facilities from the neighbouring health service centres that range from 5 to 10 kilometres or more. The sampled villages of the study area do not have sufficient banking facilities as there are only 3 villages which have banking facility and only one village has ATM facility whereas, 3 villages have agricultural credit societies. Out of the total villages 7 villages get banking facilities at the distance less than five kilometres and there are 11 villages which have to cover a

157 distance of 5 to 10 kilometres. For transaction of money through ATMs, most of the villages attain the facility from the distance range of 5 to 10 kilometres. Out of the total sampled villages 7 villages have market facilities of daily or weekly markets and remaining villages use the facilities from the nearest market centres. The availability of postal services was noticed in 7 sampled villages of the study area. Although, 13 villages of the study area have proper connection with the major roads (National Highways, State Highways and other district roads), only 7 villages were recorded to be connected with the bus facilities. There are 9 villages which get proper transportation facilities within a distance range of 5 kilometres.

The present discussion is about the rural characteristics of the study area. Rural population density, distribution, growth rate and infrastructural facilities and amenities have been discussed for the superior understanding of rural setup of Sant Kabir Nagar district at block as well as village level. The socio-economic condition of twenty one (21) sampled villages has also been studied. Nearly 92.50 per cent of the total population of Sant Kabir Nagar district is rural and it counts for 15, 86,652 persons, inhabited in 1586 villages of the district. Nath Nagar block has the largest number of inhabited villages (232 villages) in the study area. Highest number and share of rural population are found in Semriyawan block followed by Khalilabad. More than 65.8 per cent of the total rural population of the district was found to be living in villages with population size of less than 2000 population. it was also found that 4.41 per cent of the total population of the district are living in the village size of 5000 and above population. The rural population density of the district was 965 whereas; the sex ration of the district (977 females per 1000 males) was higher and much better than the sex ratio (918) of Uttar Pradesh.

158 REFERENCES Adebayo, A.K. et al. (2006). Impact of Modern Methods of Construction on Healthcare Infrastructure, ARCOM, UK, Vol.2, pp. 969-977. Arora, R.C., (1979). Integrated Rural Development, S. Chand and Company Ltd, New Delhi, p. 1. Chandana, R. C. (2014). Geography of Population of: Concepts, Determinants and Patterns, Kalyani Publishers, pp. 310-406. Chandna, R.C. (1986), A Geography of Population: Concepts, Determinants and Pattern, Kalyani, Publishers, New Delhi, p 216. Chandna, R.C. (1986), A Geography of Population: Concepts, Determinants and Pattern, Kalyani, Publishers, New Delhi, pp.40-41 Chandna, R.C. (1986), A Geography of Population: Concepts, Determinants and Pattern, Kalyani, Publishers, New Delhi, pp.42-43 Clark, J.I. (1972), Population Geography, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K, p14 Clark, J.I. (1972). Population Geography, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK,PP. 88-89). Dave, M., (1991). Urban Ecology and Level of Urban Development, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, pp.68-109 District Statistical Handbook, Series 10, Part XII B, Village and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract, Sant Kabir Nagar District, Directorate Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh, 2001-2011. Douglass, M. (1998). A Regional Network Strategy for Reciprocal Rural–urban Linkages: An Agenda for Policy Research with Reference to Indonesia.” Third World Planning Review Vol. 20, pp. 1–33. Gangaram, and Kumar, R. (2015). Spatial Pattern of Sex Ratio in Rajasthan: 2011, Annals of the Rajasthan Geographical Association, Vol. 32. pp. 146-152. Gosal, R.P.S. (2001). Sex Ratio of India’s Population, 200: A Geographical Analysis, Population Geography, Vol. 23, pp. 29-40 Husain M. (1978). Human and Economic Geography: a text book for class IIX, Publication Department NCERT, New Delhi, pp 121-139. Husain M. (2014). Human Geography, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, pp 223-251. Khullar (2006), India A Comprehensive Geography, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 337-343

159 Singh, K. (1986). Rural development Principle, Policies and Management” SAGE Publication, New Delhi India, pp. 14-36 Trewartha, G.T. (1969), A Geography of World Pattern, John Willy and Sons, New York Wood, M. (2005). Rural Geography: Process, Response, and Experience in Rural Restructuring, Sage publication, New Delhi, p 7

160 CHAPTER VII

RELATIONAL LINKAGES OF THE SAMPLED VILLAGES WITH KHALILABAD TOWN

The rural urban linkages may be defined as the two way movement of people, goods, capital, energy, technologies and social transaction which is functional and structural. Small towns and urban centres are important for rural development and form an integral part of the rural economy. Rural-urban linkages are both a cause and a consequence of socio-economic and cultural development. The proponents of rural- urban dichotomy maintain that rural-urban areas have a clear cut boundary and they presented rural areas as “remote and isolated farming areas” and urban to “crowded cities”. In this globalized world where even a distant world is interdependent on highly populated rural areas, the concept of rural-urban dichotomy is not relevant anymore. The rural and urban areas coexist along a continuum created by the close and organic linkages and interaction bonded by multiple types of flows (Kavita 15).

Towns and cities serve as market and service hubs for the surrounding rural hinterlands and act as, ‘essential drivers of economic prosperity, offering outlets for rural products public and commercial services, and employment opportunities; rural areas provide raw and processed materials, labour and demand for urban goods and services. Trade, migration and remittances, the exchange of goods, people and money are the most apparent sign of the linkages between rural and urban areas. Rural and urban areas are interdependent and are connected economically, politically, socially, and physically through issues such as housing, employment, education and transport uses. There are two types of flows which generate rural-urban linkages and it may be refer as spatial and sectoral flows. Spatial flows include flows of people, goods, money, technology, knowledge, information and waste. By contrast, sectoral flows include flows of agricultural products moving to urban centres, and goods from urban manufacturing areas coming to rural areas. The nature and scope of rural–urban linkages is influenced by several factors like landforms, nature of agricultural land, population density and distribution patterns, availability of roads and transport networks linking local settlements to a number of urban centres where markets and services are located. The exchange of money, goods, visits including social activities,

161 and communication with relatives and friends are used as important indicators of rural-urban linkages.

Conventionally, the scholars have adopted the simplified concept of rural and urban areas with rural referring to more remote farming and isolated areas and urban to cities (Von Braun, 2007). They have viewed these two spaces with special exclusive land uses. Therefore, the concept of rural-urban dichotomy has misrepresented the reality of rural and urban areas and fails to address the interrelationships among these two spaces. In this era of mass communication and globalization urban and rural economic activities cannot be mutually exclusive. The study of relational linkages between rural and urban areas of the study area matters because the livelihoods of rural and urban spaces are interdependent. The pattern of spatial and sectoral flows of goods and services have developed rural-urban continuum and the presence of a web of interrelationship and a network that links both rural and urban areas blur the division line between rural and urban space. The availability of better transport and communications, migration, urban activities in rural area have mitigated the distinction between rural and urban area and also have acted as catalyst of integration between both the spaces (Ndabeni 2016).

The focus in this chapter is to provide detailed information about the rural- urban linkages and inter-dependencies that occur between surrounding countryside and Khalilabad town of the district Sant Kabir Nagar. In the process of development of the rural-urban continuum certain two way factors have become gradually active due to assured transport and communication networks that make the linkages possible between rural settlements and urban places.

The role of local government, agriculture and innovation, presence of small towns, informal sectors in rural areas, and proper infrastructural facilities in rural areas are deciding factors of rural urban linkages. These factors lead a healthy interdependence between rural and urban places that lead sustainable development in the places (Wandschneider, 2004). There are various parameters that have been discussed below to ascertain the high level of dependency between the rural areas of the district and Khalilabad town which are differentia to the rural-urban continuum of Sant Kabir Nagar (Khalilabad town). The growing linkages have been designated as

162 relational linkages of countryside and Khalilabad town. Those relations are based on the following relational aspects:

i) Administrative ii) Agricultural iii) Financial and Monetary Relation iv) Relation with Market v) Occupational Relation vi) Transportation and Communications vii) Educational Relation viii)Health ix) Social and Cultural relations

Table 7.1 Percentage of people travelling for Different Purposes in sampled villages of Sant Kabir Nagar, 2014-15 Purpose of Travel Villages Education Health Job Selling/Purchasing Recreation Administrative Ganawaria 0 19.05 19.05 28.57 9.52 23.81 Manjharia Tiwari 0 30 10 30 0 30 Patwaria 4.35 30.43 8.7 30.43 8.7 17.39 Gagnaie Rao 2.94 38.24 8.82 17.65 11.76 20.59 Lohrauli 10 40 0 20 0 30 Khatiyava 0 22.73 9.09 27.27 13.64 27.27 Ramwapur 6.06 24.24 6.06 30.3 12.12 21.21 Bhadah 0 27.27 18.18 27.27 9.09 18.18 Parsa Jhakaria 0 13.04 17.39 21.74 13.04 34.78 Amar Dobha 5.41 13.51 10.81 48.65 5.41 16.22 Kushmaini 5.88 17.65 5.88 23.53 11.76 35.29 Bhelwasi 8 16 8 24 12 32 Raipur urf Chapia 6.45 16.13 9.68 19.35 12.9 35.48 Beldiha 0 18.18 9.09 36.36 0 36.36 Nagwa 4.57 17.39 17 28 13.04 20 Meer Ganj 8.57 14.29 11.43 34.29 8.57 22.86 Padaraha 0 57.14 0 21.43 0 21.43 Ghorhat 15.38 26.92 15.38 23.08 3.85 15.39 Ali Nagar 5.26 21.05 13.16 21.05 13.16 26.32 Parsahar 3.33 16.67 6.67 26.67 13.33 33.33 Semar Dandi 12.33 8.33 13.33 16.67 16 33.33 Total 4.69 23.25 10.36 26.49 8.94 26.25 Source: Primary Survey 2014-2015

163 7.1 Administrative Relation Khalilabad town is the district headquarters of Sant Kabir Nagar District. The district is divided into 3 tehsils and 9 blocks for revenue collection and better administration. Main administrative work is being handled from Khalilabad town as it functions as the district headquarters. People come from different places of the district to Khalilabad Town for several administrative work purposes. It has created a most important relation between Khalilabad town and its surrounding belts. The district development office is also situated in the town which attract the rural population for various government scheme facilities. The town has offices of all major parties of the district and acts as the hub of political activities of the district. These offices are crowded with the youth and old people from the every corner of the district that shows that they are somehow linked with the town. The primary survey of these sampled villages reveals that out of the total respondents inquired about the purpose of visiting Khalilabad town 26.74 per cent were visiting to the town for various administrative purposes. Among them, most of the respondents have to visit frequently to the town for court related works and other important works like vikas bhavan (development office), DM office and district road transportation office (RTO). Name of Administrative Offices are given below:

Table 7.2 Name of Administrative Offices in Khalilabad Town Sl. No. Status of Office 1 Main Administrative Buildings 2 District Criminal and Civil court Buildings 3 District Jail 4 District Development Office 5 Zilla Parishad and D.M’s Office 6 Municipal Office Building 7 Post Offices 8 Office of the Superintendent of Police 9 Police Station 10 Fire Brigade Head Offices Source: Personal Observation of Author

7.2 Agricultural Relation Agriculture is the backbone of the rural economy of the study area. Rural- urban linkages have a major impact on rural agriculture and its commercialization. The availability of physical infrastructures and urbanization leads to integration of

164 rural market centres with the town that has expanded the rural-urban interaction. The expansions of rural-urban linkages have resulted in the use of new agricultural technology and innovations which have given birth to non-farm activities in the villages nearest to the urban places. In addition, an increasing rural-urban relationship has improved the rural agricultural income and saving (Hazell, 1991).

Table 7.3 Village wise Linkages through Labours, Agriculture Inputs and Products 2015, (in Per cent) Villages Workers for town Agricultural Inputs Agricultural Products Ganawaria 19.05 0.00 5.00 Manjharia Tiwari 20.00 22.22 0.00 Patwaria 34.78 5.00 10.00 Gangai Rao 17.65 6.67 13.33 Loharauli 20.00 12.50 0.00 Khatiyava 18.18 11.11 0.00 Ramwapur 12.12 9.09 9.09 Bhadah 45.45 10.00 20.00 Parsa Jhakaria 21.74 0.00 10.00 Amardobha 18.92 11.11 11.11 Kushmaini 17.65 13.33 13.33 Bhelwasia 12.00 8.70 0.00 Raipur urf Chapia 16.13 12.50 12.50 Beldiha 27.27 11.11 0.00 Nagwa 60.87 71.43 66.67 Meerganj 37.14 18.18 12.12 Padaraha 28.57 7.69 23.08 Ghorhat 19.23 9.09 9.09 Alinagar 10.53 5.88 5.88 parsahar 20.00 7.69 0.00 Semardandi 16.67 0.00 0.00 Total 23.52 12.06 10.53 Source: Primary Survey, 2015

Agricultural produce transported to the town from the surrounding villages are consumed by the urban people and remaining are transported to the national and international markets. The functions and roles carried out by urban places in rural areas are the results of interdependencies that need to be seen as being mutually reinforcing. For Every role an urban area is expected to play, there is a necessary role to be played by the rural areas (Douglass, 1998). He has

165 summarized his views on rural-urban relationship through a table that is given below (Table 7.3). The urban areas create the demand and provide markets for agricultural products and other commodities whereas; rural areas fulfil the food and nutritional requirements of urban people. The agricultural relations with Khalilabad town show that most of the requirements of agricultural products is fulfilled by the countryside villages. It has been found that out of the total agricultural produce of the sample villages average 10.52 per cent of food grains, vegetables and milks are directly sent to Khalilabad town market by the villagers. The district sabji mandi (vegetable market) is centre where the vegetable growers of the surrounding villages come to sell their produce on daily basis. At the same time, out of the total respondents average 12.1 per cent farmers come to the town from the sampled villages to purchase their agricultural equipments and other related materials including seeds, fertilizers, machinery and agricultural knowledge. To have better agricultural practices the District development office has incorporated various important sub offices which provide valuable agriculture related information to the people of surrounding villages. These agricultural offices provide subsidies and incentives to the farmers of rural areas. These interrelationships between rural and urban areas have good linkages that will emerge as catalyst for the sustainable development of the region which have always been neglected by the government and planners. Table 7.4 Urban–Rural Linkages and Interdependencies Urban  Rural  Agriculture trade/transport centre   Agricultural production  Agricultural support services   Agricultural intensification - Production inputs - Rural infrastructure - Repair services - Production incentives - Information on production - Education and methods (innovation) capacity to  Non-agricultural consumer markets  adopt/adapt - Processed agricultural innovation products  Rural income and demand - Private services for non- agricultural goods - Public services (health, and services education, administration)  Agro-based industry 

 Non-agricultural employment  Source: M. Douglass (1998)  Cash crop production and agricultural 166 diversification  All of the above 7.3 Financial and Monetary Relation Financial transaction involving business and monetary relation is one of the important aspects of economically significant rural and urban relation in a region. The villages which are along the road and are very near to the urban places have increased presence of banking and credit institutions and generally have strong financial relation to their nears urban centres. As a result, the financial institutions, like bank and ATMs and e-commerce plays a significant role in rural and urban relation.

7.3.1 Relation with Bank and ATMs Bank may be defined as a financial institution that helps to avail varying types of banking facilities/services, viz. remittances, savings, credits, debits, insurance, payment of pension and other governmental schemes to its customers. Since Khalilabad town is the district headquarter and is biggest town of the study areas it has good number of banks and ATMs. According to the district social welfare office (Zila Sankhyakiya Patrika) there are total 20 various types of banks in the town. The important banks of the town that attract the people of the surrounding villages and show decent rural-urban linkages in the study area are State Bank of India, Union Bank of India, United Bank of India, Allahabad Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Axis Bank, Yes Bank, ICICI Bank and other Cooperative and Sahakari Banks having their branches in Khalilabad town. During primary survey it has been revealed that there are various account holders from the nearest rural settlements who visit town for financial and banking purposes. It is generally seen that the rural areas of the study area have insufficient facilities of ATMs in their villages and therefore, transactions of money by the villagers are fulfilled by banking services of the Khalilabad town. Some of the large villages of the study area have banking facilities in their villages but are overcrowded and the villagers do not get satisfactory and timely financial services. The samples villages Nagwa, Mir Ganj, Chapia Urf Thoka have most of their bank accounts in the town. As a result, people of these villages are in the practice of availing banking services from Khalilabad town. This rural and urban relationship ultimately exerts an impact on continuity of relation between town and villages which thus could be termed as a factor of continuum.

167 7.4 Relation with Market Markets are the centres for trade and commercial activities i.e. business centres and they play a crucial role in maintaining relational linkages. Therefore, it could be said urban market and rural areas are inseparable aspects of development for both the regions. It is pertinent to mention here in the context that Khalilabad town is well known for cotton and other textile markets in the adjoining districts. The town clothing (Bardhahiya Bazar) market, attracts customers from the adjoining districts as well as from other different states and its demand is fulfilled by the nearest villages which totally depend on power loom industry in the district. Khalilabad town draws the countryside villagers to its market as it provides very cheap textiles and other different clothes. The town is the centre of transaction for different types of agricultural products and industrial products. On an average 26.49 per cent of the total people from the sample villages go to the town market for the purpose of selling and purchasing of various kinds of items. Amar Dobha village shows the strongest relation in terms of market to the town as 48.65 per cent of the total respondents visit towns for market services and is followed by Beldiha (36.36 per cent), Meer Ganj (34.29 per cent) and Patwaria (30.43 per cent). The very weak rural and urban relational linkage in terms of market was seen in the villages Semar Dandi of Haisar Bazar block with only 16.67 per cent of its population going to the town for market purpose (Table 7.1). In the Khalilabad urban market, food stuffs, like rice, wheat, milk, vegetable and other several consumable products are transported mainly from surrounding villages of the district. The town also provides for labour market for the surrounding villages. Apart from food stuff, most of the industrial products especially clothing are supplied to different places of the district through Khalilabad Town. Nearly 75 per cent of the clothing products are supplied from Khalilabad town to the neighbouring districts. The reason is that the town is directly linked with surrounding markets with the train services the people do not face any problems in making link with the Khalilabad town. In particular, the town is well connected with Gorakhpur city in the east and Lucknow in the west via Railways and Highways.

India has a growing potential of e-commerce and the district Sant Kabir Nagar is no exception. According to a report by Boston Consulting Group (august 2016), growth of internet use is mostly coming from rural India and it is said that by 2020 half of the internet users will be from rural areas. There are various online shopping

168 sites running in India and they have started having their hold on rural population in matters of online shopping by providing better access to cash on delivery systems. Among all the online shopping sites Amazon.in, Flipkart, Snapdeal and Paytm are much used sites in these sampled villages. A primary survey of few educated persons who were using internet service from the rural areas shows that they are doing online shopping but the facility providers do not have their courier facility in some sample villages and the people generally go to the town to accept the product. Personal observation shows that this new type of marketing system of e-commerce has made strong rural and urban relation in the study area.

7.5 Occupational Relation District Sant Kabir Nagar is mainly agriculture based district. There is a lack of large scale industries in the study area, there are only 10 industries including large and medium scale and all are located in the urban region of Khalilabad town. The industrial area of the town has an extent of 231.35 acres of land (UPSIDC.Com) which is governed by the regional office Gorakhpur of Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation LTD. After 2014, there has been marvellous development of various industries in the industrial area of the district which includes food processing, paper mills, bearing industry, beverage packaging, textile industries, sugar mill etc. There has been regular movement of workers and labour from the sampled villages to the town to earn their livelihood on daily basis. Most of the rural workers are engaged in sugar and food processing mills in the town. Few of the labour visit town as construction workers in the town. It was found during primary survey that 23.52 per cent of the total workers of the sampled villages were working in urban part of the district (Table 7.3). The table further reveals that villages Nagwa shares highest per cent (60.87 per cent) of workers of the village to the Khalilabad followed by Bhadah (45.45 per cent) and Patwaria (34.78 per cent). Distance has very much impact on the workers going to the town from a village as Ali Nagar which is more than 20 km. away from the town and has minimum (10.53 per cent) portion of workers visiting to the town as compared to Nagwa which is very near to the town. The daily routine visits of these villagers to the town for their living generate relational linkages that reciprocally benefit both the spaces. Table no.1 shows that 10.36 per cent of the total respondents of the study areas were working in the town in various governmental and private offices. Beside there are various other training

169 centres and camps which are held on monthly or bi-annual basis in the town and develop different type of linkages between rural area and town in the study area.

7.6 Transport and Communications Relation The infrastructural facilities of transport and communication are critical for rural development in the perspective of two basic facts- one, it provides strong and well recognized linkages between rural and urban areas and two, it has correlation between better facilities and poverty alleviation in both rural and urban spaces. The network of transportation and communications is compared as the veins of connectivity of an urban area to the surrounding rural areas. The construction of railroads have led to the decrease in the cost of transportations, increase in flow of goods and people and improved the level of income of the people of that region (Donaldson, 2016). Easier road connectivity have encouraged the rural people to seek work in nearby towns and have also assured access to better social infrastructure like banks, post office, hospital, government offices, and local and urban markets (K.K. Yadav, 2009). Khalilabad town has adequate transport networks that connect links with all the urban areas of the district. The town is also well connected with capital of the state through national highways and railways. Thus Khalilabad town is supplemented with following modes of transport and communications:

i) Road transport ii) Railways iii) Post offices and Tele communication

7.6.1 Road Transport It is widely accepted fact that a well laid out road grid will provide platform for the fast and sustainable development of rural areas. Road transport is one of the main constituents that link the urban areas of the district with all the rural settlements of the study area. Khalilabad town has well connection with the Lucknow city in the west and Gorakhpur city in the east, in between Lucknow and Gorakhpur city one of the important city of the region, Basti, is also connected with the National Highway 28 which in in the west of the town Khalilabad. Khalilabad town is in the centre of the district and has three bus terminals which are the meeting points of different villages, district and state bus services of the region. By the national highway 28 it makes link with the Maghar town in the east and by state highways 88 it has its connection with

170 Bakhira Urf Bagh Nagar, Ledwa Mahua and Mehdawal town in the north. The town also has its linkages with southernmost block and one of the important towns Hariharpur through the district road (MDR81E). The networks of roads in the district make it possible that nearly all the villages have direct or indirect link with the town and it provides a better linkage between rural and urban areas for movement of people and goods. The linkages through road transportation help not only rural settlements but also the urban spaces in the district.

7.6.2 Railways Khalilabad railway station is one of the important railway stations of the region that serves entire population of the district as well as the population of neighbouring districts. Khalilabad town has two railway stations which is used by the passenger to travel for far distant cities like Mumbai, Ahmadabad, Delhi, Ludhiana etc. Khalilabad railway stations have strong relation to its countryside villages by providing regular train services to its commuters. There are sufficient local trains between Lucknow city and Gorakhpur via Khalilabad town. The commuters of the region who do not get fair job in the district make visits on daily basis to the nearest city from Khalilabad railway station. It has been already described in the previous chapter that according to Department of Science and Technology (2015) a rail line survey has been done for the construction of new rail line of 147 kilometres of length from Khalilabad-Balrampur via Utraula, Dumariyaganj, Bansi and Mehdawal. The construction of these railways line will nourish larger area and linkages of the spaces will be easier in the region. There is strong rural-urban relation in the study area developed by facility of railways in the town.

7.6.3 Postal and Telecommunications Telecommunication is the transmission of messages over significant distances in very short time. The revolution and intense competition among various service providers of telephony has ensured quality services at affordable prices. The field of telecommunication has the potential of supporting the villagers in improving their quality of life and livelihood. Telecommunication is the fastest mode of communication that links rural areas to the urban areas. During primary survey it was noticed that 96.8 per cent of the respondents have cellular mobile telephone facilities, televisions (37 per cent), Computer (8.95 per cent) and newspaper subscriptions. The villages having highest tele-density will have seamless transmission of information

171 about urban market that ultimately empowers the villagers of the region. During survey it was observed that the villages which have services like mobile phone, computer with internet, television and newspaper subscription have close linkages with town and were aware about market prices, health, education and local government schemes. Apart from these post and telegraph office is also an important factor that determines the linkages between rural and urban areas. There are total 168 post offices in the district (2001). Out of the total, 6 post offices were located in the urban part of the district. This also helps to establish the rural urban continuum from Khalilabad town to its surroundings regions.

7.7 Educational Relation Education is one of the important factors that drives people from rural areas to the urban areas. The educational facilities especially higher education available in urban areas is exceptionally more advanced than in rural areas. Due to presence of large market and movement of people in urban areas, there are various private colleges and schools opened to provide better education than that of government run rural schools. The disparities in the quality of education in terms of content, coverage, scope and preference of institutions are significantly higher between rural and urban areas. The qualities of urban educational systems attract students from the rural areas and provide educational relation between rural and urban spaces. In Khalilabad town there is a wide scope for education facilities in different streams. In this town there are 52 secondary schools, and 80 senior secondary schools. Besides, there are 6 degree colleges of which two are law colleges, one is Women’s degree college, remaining three are degree colleges. Hira Lal Niwas PG College is one of the reputed colleges of the region that attract students for higher education from various parts of the district as well as from neighbouring districts. It appears from primary survey that out of the total students in degree colleges about 42 per cent students were from the rural areas of the district and 58 per cent were living in urban areas. Most of the regular students from nearby rural areas come by the means of bus, auto rickshaw, cycle and motor cycles. A few students from distant village areas choose to stay at rental houses within the town. Thus, by providing better education for rural and urban population a type of rural-urban linkage is established.

172 7.8 Health In rural areas there is a dearth of modern and proper health care facilities where as it is easily accessible in urban part of a region. In rural parts of India there are speedy advancements in socio-economic development and it matched urban progress but in terms of health facilities it is still far behind from urban centres. More than 75 per cent of health infrastructure in the country is concentrated in urban areas where as only 27 per cent are found in rural areas (Kartick Das 2012). This rural- urban health disparity attracts rural population to urban areas and generates strong linkages between rural and urban areas.

Apart from district health centres there are many private hospitals and doctor’s chambers as well as clinical houses available in Khalilabad town. So, peoples from surrounding areas come for better health facilities and maintain a linkage. The primary survey reveals that 23.25 per cent people of the sampled villages were travelling to the town for health related services. The blocks and their sample villages which are close to the town have shown more link to the town in terms of health facilities. The table 7.3 shows that the maximum percentage of the population (57.14 per cent) Padaraha village come to the town for health related issues and it is followed by Lohrauli (40 per cent), Gagnaie Rao (38.24 per cent), and Patwaria (30.43 per cent). The lowest incidence of linkages in terms of health was noticed in Semar Dandi (8.33) villages which are far away from the town. It shows that distance of villages and urban health facilities have opposite relation, lowest distance strong rural-urban linkages and longest distance weaker rural-urban relation.

7.9 Recreational and Religious Linkage In the developing countries most of the recreational facilities like cinema halls, outdoor and indoor sport complexes and parks are generally found in urban areas. The countryside population have to visit urban areas to avail these recreation facilities. the primary surveys reveals that 8.94 per cent respondents of the sample villages use to visit to Khalilabad town for recreational purposes. Due to scarcity of cinema halls in the neighbouring urban areas most of the people of these villages visit to the Khalilabad town to watch their preferred movies in the well-known cinema halls (Madhukunj Chitra Mandir, Moti Picture Hall and Sanjay Theatre). Khalilabad town also has various hotels of good quality that attract the financially wealthy rural population in the town to have food in the restaurants with their families. Through

173 these recreational facilities, the town has linkage with the rural areas of the study areas. There are a few famous religious place in the town that fascinate and attract the devotees of countryside villages. Among various religious places of the town Tameshwar Nath Mandi and Samay Mandir are well known in countryside villages that fetch so many believers. So, we can say that there are linkages between rural and urban areas in terms of recreational facilities and religious activities. These religious festivals and recreational facilities of the town create a sense of integrity among people and that develops rural urban continuum.

7.10 Socio-economic Profile of the Sampled Households This section of the chapter is devoted to the analysis of the characteristics of sampled households of the study area which basically deals with the socio-economic condition of sample households. A brief account of basic household facilities and amenities of the sampled households is identified by primary survey. The socio- economic background of the sampled villages is of vital importance to study the pattern of rural-urban linkages in Sant Kabir Nagar district.

Age and sex composition is an important factor of demographic characteristics that varies from one community to another (Hussain, 2011). Table 7.5 presents socio- religious community (SRC) wise age sex composition of the sampled households within the study area. The analysis of age and sex composition clearly shows that there were 88.02 per cent males and 11.98 per cent females of the total respondents. The table clearly shows that the largest proportion of the respondents was in the age- group of 31-45 years and constitutes 33.54 per cent of the total respondents. In the age group of 15-30 years were 24.23 per cent, 46-60 (29.20 per cent) and 60 and above age groups have share of 13.01 per cent of the total respondents in the study area. The SRC wise share of the total respondents of the district is 75.55 per cent, 24.44 per cent, 31.26 per cent, 51.99 per cent and 16.73 per cent among Hindu, Muslim, General, OBs and SCs/STs respectively.

174 Table 7.5 Socio- religious Composition of the Sampled Household in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2014-15 Sex Age Composition Religion Castes Villages Male Female 15-30 31-45 46-60 60+ Hindu Muslim General OBC SCs/STs Ganawaria 85.71 14.29 23.81 28.57 28.57 19.05 100.00 0.00 33.33 57.14 9.52 Manjharia Tiwari 90.00 10.00 10.00 30.00 40.00 20.00 100.00 0.00 80.00 0 20.00 Patwaria 86.96 13.04 26.09 43.48 21.74 8.70 26.09 73.91 56.52 30.43 13.04 Gagnaie Rao 88.24 11.76 32.35 23.53 35.29 8.82 100.00 0.00 23.53 67.65 8.82 Lohrauli 80.00 20.00 40.00 20.00 40.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 30.00 40 30.00 Khatiyava 86.36 13.64 36.36 40.91 18.18 4.55 59.09 40.91 36.36 50 13.64 Ramwapur 87.88 12.12 30.30 24.24 30.30 15.15 69.70 30.30 24.24 42.42 33.33 Bhadah 90.91 9.09 18.18 54.55 27.27 0.00 100.00 0.00 18.18 63.64 18.18 Parsa Jhakaria 86.96 13.04 17.39 30.43 43.48 8.70 60.87 39.13 21.74 65.22 13.04 Amar Dobha 86.49 13.51 10.81 48.65 40.54 0.00 5.41 94.59 8.11 91.89 0.00 Kushmaini 100.00 0.00 29.41 11.76 29.41 29.41 100.00 0.00 29.41 52.94 17.65 Bhelwasi 92.00 8.00 20.00 48.00 16.00 16.00 100.00 0.00 24.00 60 16.00 Raipur urf Chapia 87.10 12.90 16.13 25.81 38.71 19.35 12.90 87.10 22.58 67.74 9.68 Beldiha 81.82 18.18 27.27 54.55 9.09 9.09 72.73 27.27 45.45 36.36 18.18 Nagwa 86.96 13.04 8.70 26.09 17.39 47.83 100.00 0.00 30.43 60.87 8.70 Meerganj 94.29 5.71 28.57 34.29 25.71 11.43 40.00 60.00 20.00 68.57 11.43 Padaraha 85.71 14.29 35.71 21.43 35.71 7.14 92.86 7.14 21.43 42.86 35.71 Ghorhat 84.62 15.38 34.62 26.92 30.77 7.69 100.00 0.00 23.08 69.23 7.69 Ali Nagar 84.21 15.79 21.05 26.32 39.47 13.16 73.68 26.32 31.58 50 18.42 Parsahar 93.33 6.67 20.00 43.33 23.33 13.33 73.33 26.67 43.33 33.33 23.33 Semar Dandi 88.89 11.11 22.22 41.67 22.22 13.89 100.00 0.00 33.33 41.67 25.00 Total 88.02 11.98 24.23 33.54 29.20 13.01 75.55 24.44 31.26 51.99 16.73 Source: Primary Survey, 2014-15

175 Table 7.6 Types and Size of Family of the Sampled of the Household in Sant Kabir Nagar, 2015 Type of family Size of family Villages Sampled Household Nuclear Joint < 3 04-05 06-07 08-09 10+ Ganawaria 21 28.57 71.43 0.00 14.29 33.33 14.29 38.10 Manjharia Tiwari 10 40.00 60.00 0.00 40.00 10.00 10.00 40.00 Patwaria 23 34.78 65.22 0.00 13.04 13.04 39.13 34.78 Gangai Rao 34 35.29 64.71 2.94 14.71 26.47 35.29 20.59 Loharauli 10 40.00 60.00 0.00 40.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 Khatiyava 22 31.82 68.18 0.00 13.64 40.91 9.09 36.36 Ramwapur 33 39.39 60.61 6.06 24.24 21.21 30.30 18.18 Bhadah 11 72.73 27.27 0.00 36.36 18.18 45.45 0.00 Parsa Jhakaria 23 30.43 69.57 4.35 17.39 30.43 26.09 21.74 Amardobha 37 27.03 72.97 0.00 16.22 29.73 32.43 21.62 Kushmaini 17 35.29 64.71 0.00 17.65 17.65 5.88 58.82 Bhelwasia 25 36.00 64.00 20.00 12.00 16.00 24.00 28.00 Raipur urf Chapia 31 38.71 61.29 9.68 16.13 22.58 25.81 25.81 Beldiha 11 27.27 72.73 0.00 27.27 36.36 27.27 9.09 Nagwa 23 34.78 65.22 8.70 17.39 21.74 21.74 30.43 Meerganj 35 28.57 71.43 0.00 11.43 14.29 28.57 45.71 Padaraha 14 57.14 42.86 0.00 35.71 35.71 0.00 28.57 Ghorhat 26 30.77 69.23 3.85 23.08 30.77 23.08 19.23 Alinagar 38 47.37 52.63 13.16 26.32 31.58 13.16 15.79 parsahar 30 26.67 73.33 0.00 16.67 46.67 23.33 13.33 Semardandi 36 41.67 58.33 0.00 19.44 27.78 33.33 19.44 Total 510 37.34 62.65 3.27 21.57 24.97 23.25 26.93 Source: Primary Survey 2014-15

7.10.1 Family Type and Size In the present work a total of 510 household have been surveyed. Table 7.6 reveals that there are 37.34 per cent nuclear and 62.34 per cent of joint families living in these sampled households. Further the table indicates the size of the families of the respondents in the district. It is found out of the total 3.27 per cent of the households have family size of less than three members and 21.57 per cent have 4-5 family size, 24.97 per cent have 6-7 family size, 23.25 per cent have 8-9 family size and highest (26.93 per cent) have family size more than 10 members in the sampled villages.

176 Table 7.7 Monthly Average Income of the Sampled Villages of the District, 2014-15 Income Level Villages <4000 4000-8000 8001-12000 12001-16000 >16000 Ganawaria 9.52 42.86 23.81 9.52 14.29 Manjharia Tiwari 30 50 0 10 10 Patwaria 21.74 52.17 8.7 13.04 4.35 Gangai Rao 47.06 29.41 11.76 5.88 5.88 Loharauli 50 40 10 0 0 Khatiyava 36.36 45.45 9.09 0 9.09 Ramwapur 30.3 42.42 15.15 6.06 6.06 Bhadah 27.27 36.36 9.09 0 27.27 Parsa Jhakaria 34.78 47.83 8.7 4.35 4.35 Amardobha 27.03 43.24 18.92 5.41 5.41 Kushmaini 41.18 29.41 17.65 0 11.76 Bhelwasia 36 36 16 8 4 Raipur urf Chapia 45.16 38.71 6.45 6.45 3.23 Beldiha 45.45 18.18 18.18 0 18.18 Nagwa 26.09 34.78 17.39 13.04 8.7 Meerganj 25.71 34.29 17.14 11.43 11.43 Padaraha 35.71 50 7.14 7.14 0 Ghorhat 34.62 30.77 15.38 11.54 7.69 Alinagar 28.95 34.21 15.79 10.53 10.53 Parsahar 20 30 16.67 13.33 20 Semardandi 25 36.11 13.89 13.89 11.11 Total 32.28 38.2 13.18 7.12 9.2 Source: Based on Primary Survey, 2014-15

7.10.2 Average Monthly Income The present table no. 7.3 shows the average monthly income of the sampled villages. During primary survey it was noted that there are 32.28 per cent of the household who earn less than 4000 rupees per month, 38.20 per cent were recorded having average monthly income 4000-8000 rupees, 13.18 per cent household were earning 8000-12000 rupees per month, 7.12 per cent earn 12000-16000 rupees per month and 9.20 per cent household earn more than 16000 rupees per month. Table 7.7 indicates that out of the total households 70.48 per cent of the households have average monthly income less than 8000 rupees which are very low.

177 Table 7.8 Housing Condition of the Sampled Households in Sant Kabir Nagar District, 2014-15 Nature of Kitchen Electricity Types of House Toilet Facility Drain Facility Facility Village Semi- Kutcha Pucca Yes No Open Closed Yes No Yes No Pucca Ganawaria 9.52 90.48 0 28.57 71.43 85.71 14.29 33.33 66.67 76.19 23.81 Manjharia 10 80 10 30 70 80 20 20 80 90 10 Tiwari Patwaria 8.7 78.26 13.04 52.17 47.83 69.57 30.43 34.78 65.22 91.3 8.7 Gagnaie 11.76 76.47 11.76 38.24 61.76 82.35 17.65 26.47 73.53 85.29 14.71 Rao Lohrauli 20 70 10 40 60 80 20 30 70 70 30 Khatiyava 4.55 86.36 9.09 22.73 77.27 18.18 81.82 22.73 77.27 90.91 9.09 Ramwapur 12.12 78.79 9.09 45.45 54.55 75.76 24.24 33.33 66.67 84.85 15.15 Bhadah 9.09 81.82 9.09 63.64 36.36 63.64 36.36 54.55 45.45 90.91 9.09 Parsa 17.39 73.91 8.7 34.78 65.22 86.96 13.04 17.39 82.61 82.61 17.39 Jhakaria Amar 5.41 91.89 2.7 59.46 40.54 72.97 27.03 32.43 67.57 100 0 Dobha Kushmaini 5.88 88.24 5.88 52.94 47.06 64.71 35.29 35.29 64.71 100 0 Bhelwasi 4 88 8 28 72 72 28 24 76 92 8 Raipur urf 9.68 80.65 9.68 19.35 80.65 77.42 22.58 22.58 77.42 90.32 9.68 Chapia Beldiha 0 90.91 9.09 27.27 72.73 100 0 27.27 72.73 90.91 9.09 Nagwa 4.35 86.96 8.7 56.52 43.48 30.43 69.57 47.83 52.17 100 0 Meer Ganj 2.86 97.14 0 34.29 65.71 77.14 22.86 25.71 74.29 91.43 8.57 Padaraha 14.29 64.29 21.43 14.29 85.71 85.71 14.29 21.43 78.57 78.57 21.43 Ghorhat 15.38 73.08 11.54 38.46 61.54 65.38 34.62 38.46 61.54 88.46 11.54 Ali Nagar 10.53 76.32 13.16 47.37 52.63 73.68 26.32 39.47 60.53 89.47 10.53 Parsahar 13.33 80 6.67 40 60 76.67 23.33 33.33 66.67 83.33 16.67 Semar 8.33 86.11 5.56 30.56 69.44 91.67 8.33 19.44 80.56 86.11 13.89 Dandi Total 9.39 81.89 8.72 38.29 61.71 72.86 27.14 30.47 69.53 88.22 11.78 Source: Primary Survey conducted by researcher 2014-15

7.10.3 Agricultural Status Agriculture is the main source of economy of the district. The primary survey of the sampled villages reveals that there are 85.07 per cent of the households who have agricultural landholding and about 14.93 per cent households do not have any agricultural land. All the sampled households (100 per cent) of Ramwapur have agricultural landholdings which is highest in the study area, whereas, the lowest (24.32 per cent) landholding is found in Amar Dobha village. The inhabitants of

178 Amar Dobha villages do not have enough agricultural land and are solely dependent on textile industry for their economy and living. Appendix II shows that there are 38.27 per cent households in the sampled villages, which have agricultural landholding of less than 3 bigha. Nearly 28.44 per cent farmers have 3-5 bigha of agricultural landholdings whereas, 15.11 per cent farmers have 6-8 bigha, 9.17 per cent have 9-11 bigha and 9.01 per cent people have more than 12 bigha of agricultural landholdings.

The main agricultural products of sampled villages are rice, wheat, sugarcane, pulses and vegetables. Rice is dominating crops as 60.96 of the villagers grow rice in their agricultural fields. Wheat is the second most (24.47 per cent) cultivated crops of the study area fallowed by sugarcane (6.70 per cent), pulses (4.06 per cent) and vegetables (3.80 per cent). It was reported by the respondents that the cultivation of sugarcane is continuously declining in the study due to delay and underpaid for the sugarcane produce by the government. Vegetables are grown only by 3.80 per cent of the villagers of the study area and it was observed that the villages which are near to the town grow more vegetables than those which are away from the town. Nagwa is only 5 kilometres away from the town and grows vegetables for the consumption of urban people and is leading (19.05 per cent) cultivator of vegetables in the study area followed by Raipur Urf Chhapia (12.50 per cent).

7.10.4 Housing Condition of the Sampled Households Table 7.8 shows the housing condition of the sampled households. It is evident from the table that 81.89 per cent households were living in pucca houses and 9.39 per cent were living in kutcha houses whereas, 8.72 per cent of the surveyed households have semi-pucca houses. Beldiha village has 0 per cent of kutcha houses in the study area, whereas, Lohrauli has highest percentage of (20.00 per cent) kutcha houses in the village. The highest per cent of (97.14) pucca houses was observed in Meer Ganj and lowest (64.29 per cent) in Padaraha village of the study area. It was noticed that only 38.29 per cent households have toilet facilities in their houses whereas, more 61.71 per cent of the total surveyed households do not have toilet facilities in their houses and defecate in open spaces. The sampled village which has highest per cent of toilet facility in its houses is Bhadah village (63.64 per cent) whereas, Padaraha has lowest per cent of houses with toilet facility (14.29 per cent). The table 7.8 furthers reveals that 72.86 per cent drainage of the sampled households

179 is open in nature and 27.14 per cent houses have closed drainage systems. Khatiyava has the highest per cent of houses with closed drainage (81.82 per cent) among all the sampled villages, whereas, it was 0 per cent in Beldiha. Nearly 30.47 per cent of the sampled households have the kitchen facilities whereas, 69.53 per cent do not have kitchen facilities. Out of the total sampled households 88.22 per cent have electricity facilities and 11.78 per cent households do not have electricity connection in their houses. In terms of electricity facility some sampled villages have 100 per cent (Amar Dobha, Nagwa and Kushmaini) electricity in the house while the lowest electricity connection was observed in Ganawaria (76.19 per cent).

This chapter is the crucial portion of the work where, the relational linkage of the sampled villages with Khalilabad town has been pondered over. Relational linkage means the interaction and interrelationship between a major town and the neighbouring villages. Khalilabad town acts as an important town or a primate town due to its different functions and being headquarter of the district Sant Kabir Nagar. Due to all these reasons, people from different towns or villages come here for their various needs and services. In this chapter, these relational purposes have been discussed. The most import relational bases are administrative, agricultural, business, financial, industrial, transport and communication, social and cultural relations. The most important observation is that Khalilabad town is quite rich with its various infrastructural facilities that tend to attract people of surrounding villages and influences to produce good linkages between urban and rural areas of the district that ultimately shape the rural urban continuum. During primary survey it was found that highest percentage (26.49 per cent) of the villagers were going for the market purposes followed by administrative (26.25 per cent) and health (23.25 per cent) purposes. On the contrary it was found that the intensity of the movement of villagers for jobs and employments (10.36 per cent) recreation (8.94 per cent) and education (4.69 per cent) is not so strong.

180 REFERENCES

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181 Von Broun, J. (2007). Rural-urban Linkages for Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington D.C, U.S.A. Wandschneider, T. (2004). Small Rural Towns and Local Economic Development Evidence from two Poor States in India, Natural Resources Institute, U.K., http://www.nri.org. Yadav, K.K. (April, 2009). ‘Rural Road Connectivity: A Growth Narrative’ Kurukshetra, (Ministry of Rural Development) New Delhi, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 3-7.

182 CHAPTER VIII

CRITERIA TO DELINEATE THE RURAL-URBAN CONTINUUM

The population density of a region signifies the pattern of population growth of that region. The trend and pattern of development of a region can be distinguished by studying the population density of that region. Simon and Gobin (1980) in their investigation related to population density in relation to economic growth found that there is a strong and positive relationship between population density and economic growth. The function of a settlement is easily understood by considering the rural density of a region. Rural density has always been the chief unifying theme within geographical studies, relating the range and depth of the interrelationships that happen between society, individual and the nearby settlements that may be the rural and urban areas. The trade and service produced due to the high concentration of population of a region produce a close link between rural and urban places. Population density, distribution and presence of transport and communication network effects the rural urban interaction that helps in identifying the rural-urban continuum in a region. All the factors affecting the population distribution and density may broadly be classified into three major categories- (1) physical aspects i.e., climate, landforms, soils, energy resources and vegetation. 2- Social-Cultural factors i.e., history of settlement, type of economy, the advancement in technology, government planning and decisions, and social organisation. 3- Demographic factors i.e., birth rate, death rate and migration. The influence of physical factors in modifying population distribution is negligible in Sant Kabir Nagar district as the district is comparatively smaller and has homogeneous land surface. But socio-cultural and demographic factors like economic advancement and betterment, natural growth and migration have great influence on the population variation in the district.

Rural-urban continuum is a process which depends on mutual interaction, mobility, land use, availability of infrastructural facilities and amenities in a region which is volatile in nature. Therefore, the identification of developmental pattern and direction of the rural-urban continuum is challenging one. Simultaneously, it is beyond doubt that rural-urban continuum is influenced by various criteria which are related to the population density of a region. To delineate the continuum in the study

183 area the researcher has used 18 selected variables which are supposed and conjectured to work together for the growth and development of continuum (Appendix III). The following selected variables are taken as criteria to delineate the rural-urban continuum in the district (Table 8.1). This criterion is limited with the paucity of data at block level and therefore, the unit of analysis is limited to a block.

Table 8.1 List of Criteria to Delineate the Rural-Urban Continuum CRITERION DESCRIPTION Criterion I Population Density Criterion II Percentage of Rural Population Criterion III Urban Population Criterion IV Percentage of Agricultural Labourer Criterion V Percentage of Household Industrial Workers Criterion VI Percentage of Other Workers Criterion VII Percentage of Literacy Criterion VIII Percentage of Cultivated Areas Criterion IX Road Density Criterion X Percentage of Irrigated Area Criterion XI Percentage of Electrified Villages Criterion XII No. of Post Offices Criterion XIII Percentage of villages having Water Facility Criterion XIV Number of Banking Facilities Criterion XV Villages having Medical Facilities Criterion XVI Villages having Transport Communication facilities Criterion XVII Percentage of Villages with Agricultural Credit Societies Criterion XVIII Number of Weekly Markets Source: Prepared by the Researcher

8.1 Method of Delineation of Rural-Urban Continuum These criteria (variable) are considered to be the parameters by which the process, direction and the dynamism of rural-urban continuum can be determined. Firstly, choropleth maps are made for the clear presentation of the spatial variation of selected criteria and a comparative assessment is made with population density. Population density is considered to be the ultimate reflection of these criteria. So, ultimately a correspondence study is made between population density and other selected criteria (Appendix IV). The block-wise population density is taken as an independent variable (Y) and individual criterion as a dependent variable (X).

184 8.2 Criteria to Delineate the Continuum Based on Secondary Data CRITERION I Population Density vis-à-vis Rural Population The population density, as well as the distribution of the rural population in the district, varies from one block to another block. The above table shows the block- wise density and distribution of population by rank. The blocks of the central-western and southern region have the highest percentage of rural population. The highest per cent (15.29) of the rural population is in Semriyawan block. The blocks of northern part (Sotha and Belhar) have the lowest share of the urban population as compared to the other parts of the district. Here Pauli block of the south western region of the district has the lowest population i.e. 6.76 per cent. Semriyawan and Haisar are the only blocks which do not have any urban population and have maximum share of rural population in the district (Table 8.2). It is found that rurality is more noticeable in the northern and southern part of the district and it is only because of the less accessibility and distance from the urban and central part of the district. The rural population is concentrated in the central part of the study area. It may be because of the facilities provided by the various urban centres of the region.

Table 8.2 Block wise Distribution of Density and Rural Population, 2011 Density Rural Population Rank Blocks Density Rank Blocks Rural Population 1 Pauli 1711 1 Semriyawan 15.29 2 Khalilabad 1296 2 Khalilabad 12.87 3 Haisar Bazar 1181 3 Baghauli 12.79 4 Nath Nagar 1166 4 Nath Nagar 12.76 5 Sotha 1104 5 Haisar Bazar 12.39 6 Mehdawal 964 6 Mehdawal 10.16 7 Belhar Kala 875 7 Sotha 9.56 8 Semriyawan 756 8 Belhar Kala 7.43 9 Baghauli 628 9 Pauli 6.76 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

In this part, an attempt has been made to explain the spatial dimension of linkages between population density and selected variables. To review the population density and rural population, choropleth map has been prepared on the basis of categories computed by the mean and standard deviation technique. The composite

185 index of population density and rural population has been worked out to find out a more meaningful comparison (Table 8.3). To assess the spatial relationship between population density and rural population choropleth map of population density vis-à- vis rural population has been prepared.

Table 8.3 Relationships between Population Density and Rural Population Z-Score Block Population Density Rural Population Sotha 0.088 -0.55 Mehdawal -0.347 -0.337 Belhar Kala -0.624 -1.305 Baghauli -1.392 0.596 Semriyawan -0.994 1.482 Khalilabad 0.685 0.624 Nath Nagar 0.281 0.585 Pauli 1.975 -1.543 Haisar Bazar 0.327 0.454 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

The Fig. 8.1 reveals that there are two blocks having same grade scores while seven blocks are having different grade scores for population density and rural population. From this figure it is obvious that there are two blocks namely, Pauli and Semriyawan in southern and central parts of the district where Pauli has recorded high grade score (above +0.50 for population density as well as for rural population) while there is only one block namely, Khalilabad where score for population density is higher (above +0.50) and score of rural population is medium (-0.50 to +0.50) whereas, there is also one block namely, Belhar Kala in northern part of the study area where population density of the people is low (below -0.50) but rural population is medium (-0.50 to +0.50). In the case of medium grade scores (-0.50 to +0.50) of population density, there are two blocks namely, Haisar Bazar and Mehdawal where the rural population is high (above +0.50), whereas there is not a single block where both the variables recorded medium grade scores. In Fig. 8.1 it can be observed that there is only one block on the western side, namely, Semriyawan where both the variables recorded low grade scores (below -0.50 for population density as well as rural population).

186 Fig.8.1

Thus, from the above discussion, it may be argued that the rural population is related to the population density because there is not a single block where a low level of rural population and high level of population density has been observed. It is

187 generally perceived that rural population and population density are contradictory to each other and usually show negative correlation. The value of correlation co-efficient is (r) = -0.500. It means the variables are inversely correlated.

Criterion-II Population Density vis-à-vis Urban Population There are only six urban places (towns) in the study area. There are four blocks namely, Mehdawal, Baghauli, Khalilabad and Nath Nagar in which all the urban inhabitants are found. It has been observed that there is a regional variation in the size of the population of urban centres of the district. Khalilabad town has the highest number of urban population as compared to other urban centres. Variation in urban population is also found in these four blocks. Khalilabad block has the highest share of the urban population (24.7 per cent) of its total population. Khalilabad town is in Khalilabad block which is district headquarter and one of the important towns of the district. The constituent of urban population (5.28 per cent) to the total population is lowest in Nath Nagar block. The urban population of the study area is given in table 8.2 along with block-wise z-scores of population density and urban population (II criterion). Table 8.4 Relationships between Population Density and Urban Population Z-Score Blocks Urban Population Population Density Urban Population Sotha 0.00 0.088 -0.688 Mehdawal 14.76 -0.347 0.985 Belhar Kala 0.00 -0.624 -0.688 Baghauli 9.91 -1.392 0.436 Semriyawan 0.00 -0.994 -0.688 Khalilabad 24.72 0.685 2.114 Nath Nagar 5.28 0.281 -0.090 Pauli 0.00 1.975 -0.688 Haisar Bazar 0.00 0.327 -0.688 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

The block wise z-scores of urban population have also been calculated and grouped into three categories of high, medium and low for interrelating to population density. The Fig. 8.2 reveals that there are two blocks having same grade scores while seven blocks are having different grade scores for population density and urban

188 Fig. 8.2 population. This figure further show that only one block, namely, Khalilabad has a high urban population as well as high population density (above +0.50). Belhar Kala and Baghauli of north-eastern and western parts of the district have a medium score

189 for urban population whereas, a low category for population density. Five blocks of the district have low (-0.50) score of the urban population out of which Pauli has high population density and Sotha, Nath Nagar and Haisar have low population density. The table 8.4 shows that Semriyawan has a low score of urban population as well as low population density. Therefore, it may be rightly pointed out that there is a positive relationship between population density and urban population. It is mostly professed that an urban area has high population density and urban area and population density are parallel to each other. The value of correlation co-efficient is (r) = +0.050. It means the variables are directly correlated.

Criterion-III Population Density vis-à-vis Agricultural Labourers

Table: 8.5 Relationships between Population Density and Agricultural Labourer Z-Score Blocks Agricultural Labourer Population Density Agricultural Labourer Sotha 52.08 0.09 0.89 Mehdawal 45.99 -0.35 -0.39 Belhar Kala 50.91 -0.62 0.64 Baghauli 40.05 -1.39 -1.64 Semriyawan 48.87 -0.99 0.21 Khalilabad 43.53 0.69 -0.91 Nath Nagar 48.02 0.28 0.03 Pauli 55.84 1.98 1.68 Haisar Bazar 45.49 0.33 -0.50 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

Table 8.5 indicates the distribution of agricultural labourers in the district. Agricultural labourers constitute more than 50 per cent of the workforce in Pauli (55.84 per cent), Sotha (52.08 per cent), and Belhar Kala blocks (50.91 per cent). Pauli has the highest (55.84 per cent) agricultural labourers. The share of agricultural labourers is least in Baghauli as compared to other blocks, which is only (40.05 per cent). The block-wise z-scores of agricultural labourers for different blocks have been given in Table 8.5. The fig.8.3 reveals that there are three blocks which have same grade score while six blocks are having different grade scores for population density and agricultural labourers. Pauli is the only block which has high agricultural labourers as well as high population density (above +0.50). Two blocks namely, Nath

190 Fig.8.3

Nagar and Haisar Bazar of the southern part of the district have a high score (above +0.50) for agricultural labourers whereas, low score (below -0.50) for population density (Fig.8.3). In the medium score for agricultural labourers (-0.50 to +0.50),

191 there are four blocks namely, Sotha, Baghauli, Khalilabad and Semriyawan but only one block Sotha has medium population density in this category. The central part of the district namely Khalilabad, Semriyawan and Baghauli have medium (-0.50 to +0.50) agricultural labourers score whereas, Khalilabad has high (above 0.50) population density. Semriyawan and Baghauli have medium (-0.50 to +0.50) agricultural labourers score but low (below-0.50) population density. Mehdawal and Belhar Kala have a low score (below-0.50) for agricultural labourers in which Mehdawal has medium (-0.50-to +0.50) population density and Belhar Kala has low population density. It is commonly avowed that agricultural labourers and population density are corresponding to each other. The value of co-relation co-efficient is (r) = +0.570. It means the relationship between the variables is positive and significantly correlated.

Criterion-IV Population Density vis-à-vis Household Industry Workers

Table 8.6 Relationships between Population Density and Household Industrial Workers Z-Score Household Industrial Blocks Workers Population Household Industrial Density Workers Sotha 2.79 0.09 -0.878 Mehdawal 4.99 -0.35 0.054 Belhar Kala 3.34 -0.62 -0.642 Baghauli 8.46 -1.39 1.524 Semriyawan 3.71 -0.99 -0.485 Khalilabad 8.97 0.69 1.742 Nath Nagar 4.72 0.28 -0.060 Pauli 2.32 1.98 -1.077 Haisar Bazar 4.43 0.33 -0.182 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

Table 8.6 indicates the block-wise share of household industrial workers to the total workforce in the district. The highest share of household industrial workers was found in Khalilabad (8.97 per cent) followed by Baghauli (8.46 per cent) blocks. All the household industries of the district are concentrated in these blocks. Pauli (2.32 per cent), Sotha (2.79 per cent) and Belhar Kala (3.34 per cent) have minimum household industry workers in Sant Kabir Nagar.

192 Fig. 8.4

The block wise z-scores of household industrial workers have been calculated and compared with the population density to identify the relationship between both the variables. The Fig. 8.4 reveals that there is only one block having same grade

193 score whereas eight blocks are having different grade scores for population density and household agricultural labourers. There is not a single block, which has high value in both the household industrial workers as well as population density. Mehdawal and Belhar Kala have high grade score (above 0.50) for household industrial workers, whereas, Mehdawal has medium score (-0.50 to +0.50) and Belhar has low grade score (below -0.50). Sotha is the only block, which has medium household industrial workers as well as medium score for population density. Khalilabad has medium household worker and high population density whereas, Semriyawan and Baghauli have medium grade score of household workers and low (- 0.50 to +0.50) population density. Pauli, Nath Nagar and Haisar have low grade scores for household workers of these blocks Pauli has high population density whereas, Nath Nagar and Haisar have medium grade of population density.

From the above discussion and analysis it is obvious that the co-relation between household industrial workers and population density is negatively co-related and the value of co-relation co-efficient is (r) = -0.305.

Criterion-V Population Density vis-à-vis Other Workers

Table 8.7 Relationships between Population Density and Other Workers Z-Score Blocks Other Workers Population Density Other Workers Sotha 15.92 0.09 -0.315 Mehdawal 19.30 -0.35 0.017 Belhar Kala 10.25 -0.62 -0.869 Baghauli 27.73 -1.39 0.841 Semriyawan 3.71 -0.99 -1.508 Khalilabad 39.37 0.69 1.981 Nath Nagar 20.46 0.28 0.130 Pauli 14.66 1.98 -0.437 Haisar Bazar 20.79 0.33 0.162 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

On an average 19.13 per cent of the total workers are found to be other workers in the district. Khalilabad block has the largest share (39.37 per cent) of other workers to the total workers followed by Baghauli with (27.73 per cent). It is evident

194 Fig. 8.5 from the table 8.7 that the blocks with the largest share of the urban population have a generally bulky share of other workers. The least share (3.71 per cent) of other workers to the total workers is found in Semriyawan blocks.

195 The spatial distribution of other workers and population density is highlighted in Fig. 8.5 that clearly shows that there are two blocks namely, Haisar, Nath Nagar that have same grade scores and both the blocks are in the southern part of the district and have medium (-0.5 to +0.50) scores in other workers as well as in population density whereas, seven blocks have different grade scores. There are two blocks namely, Mehdawal and Belhar that have a high score (+0.50) in terms of other workers. Mehdawal has a high score for others workers and medium score for population density whereas; Belhar has high other workers but low population density. Khalilabad has medium z-score regarding other workers but has high population density. There are two blocks i.e. Semriyawan and Baghauli and have medium grade score related to other workers, however, they display low (-0.50) population density. Pauli is the only block that has a low share of other workers but has high population density whereas, Sotha has low (-0.50) grade score in respect of other workers but has medium population density. It is admitted that other workers are reciprocal to various facilities as well as population density in a region. The value of co-relation co-efficient between these two variables is (r) = +0.183. It means the relationship between the variables is positively co-related.

Criterion-VI Population Density vis-à-vis Literacy Rate

Table 8.8 Relationships between Population Density and Literacy Rate Z-Score Block Literacy Rate Population Density Literacy Rate Sotha 62.09 0.09 -0.807 Mehdawal 60.38 -0.35 -1.186 Belhar Kala 60.22 -0.62 -1.222 Baghauli 67.49 -1.39 0.391 Semriyawan 67.51 -0.99 0.394 Khalilabad 73.55 0.69 1.733 Nath Nagar 69.98 0.28 0.942 Pauli 63.74 1.98 -0.442 Haisar Bazar 66.63 0.33 0.199 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

According to the Census 2011, total literacy of the district is 65.73 per cent. The blocks with urban population have high literacy rate as compared to other rural

196 blocks. Khalilabad has the highest (73.55) percentage of literacy rate followed by Nath Nagar with 69.98 per cent. The lowest literacy rate (60.22 per cent) was found in Belhar Kala block. The literacy rate is high in central part of the district, which includes Khalilabad, Baghauli and Semriyawan blocks (Table 8.8).

Fig. 8.6

197 The Fig. 8.6 indicates that out of the total blocks two blocks are having same grade scores while seven blocks experience different grade scores for population density and literacy rate. From this figure, it is apparent that there are two blocks namely Mehdawal and Baghauli in the north-eastern part of the district that have high (above 0.50) grade scores regarding literacy rate. Among them, Mehdawal has medium (-0.50 to +0.50) and Baghauli has low (-0.50) score. Sotha in north and Haisar in the southern part of the district have a medium value of literacy rate as well as population density. Belhar and Semriyawan blocks of the western region of the district indicate medium z-score for literacy rate but have low z-score for population density.

Generally, the relationship between population density and percentage of literacy rate should be positive and it is not an exception in this case. The value of co- relation co-efficient between these two variables is (r) = +0.061 that means the relationship between the variables is positively co-related.

Criterion-VII Population Density vis-à-vis Cultivated Areas

Table 8.9 Relationships between Population Density and Cultivated Areas Z-Score Block Cultivated Areas Population Density Cultivated Areas Sotha 79.36 0.09 -0.669 Mehdawal 86.92 -0.35 0.822 Belhar Kala 92.57 -0.62 1.937 Baghauli 80.52 -1.39 -0.440 Semriyawan 84.69 -0.99 0.383 Khalilabad 76.57 0.69 -1.219 Nath Nagar 78.48 0.28 -0.842 Pauli 85.56 1.98 0.554 Haisar Bazar 80.12 0.33 -0.519 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

The average cultivated area of Sant Kabir Nagar district is 82.75 per cent. The table 8.7 shows that there are three blocks that have more than 85 of its total area under cultivation i.e., Belhar Kala (92.57 per cent) Mehdawal (86.92 per cent) and

198 Pauli (85.56 per cent). The low percentage of cultivated area in the district is found in Khalilabad (78.48 per cent) and Nath Nagar block (78.48 per cent).

Fig. 8.7

199 The block wise z-scores of cultivated area of different blocks have been given in table 8.9. The figure 8.7 shows that there are five blocks, which have same grade scores whereas, four blocks are having different grade scores for population density and cultivated area. There are three blocks namely; Pauli, Khalilabad and Haisar having high (+0.50) grade scores whereas Pauli and Khalilabad also have high population density. Haisar Bazar is the only block that has high score for cultivated area (+0.50) and medium (-0.50 to +0.50) population density. Sotha is the only blocks that medium grade score for cultivated areas as well as population density. Belhar kala has low population density score and medium score in cultivated area. There are two blocks namely, Semriyawan and Baghauli having low grade score of cultivated area as well as population density. The remaining two blocks Nath Nagar and Mehdawal have low z-scores for cultivated area as well as medium (-0.50 to +0.50) population density. From the above discussion it is clear that the co-relation between cultivated area and population density is negatively related and the value of correlation and coefficient for this factor is (r) = -0.152.

Criterion-VIII Population Density Vis-à-vis Road Density

Table 8.10 Relationships between Population Density and Road Density Road Density Z-Score Block (Per Sq. km) Population Density Road Density Sotha 0.83 0.09 -0.948 Mehdawal 1.02 -0.35 -0.129 Belhar Kala 1.14 -0.62 0.369 Baghauli 0.91 -1.39 -0.629 Semriyawan 0.85 -0.99 -0.861 Khalilabad 1.54 0.69 2.040 Nath Nagar 1.19 0.28 0.561 Pauli 1.19 1.98 0.585 Haisar Bazar 0.82 0.33 -0.984 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

Table 8.10 shows the road density per sq. km. in the district. Khalilabad block has the highest (1.54 per sq. km) road density followed by Nath Nagar 1.19 kilometre roads per sq. km. The lowest (0.82 per sq. km) share of road density was recorded in Haisar Bazar.

200 Fig. 8.8

The spatial distribution of road density and population density is highlighted in Fig. 8.8 which clearly shows that there are two blocks namely, Semriyawan and Belhar that have same grade scores and both the blocks have low (below -0.50) scores

201 in road density as well as population density. There are three blocks namely, Mehdawal, Haisar and Baghauli having high score (+0.50) values regarding road density in the district. Among them, Mehdawal and Haisar have medium score values of population density whereas, Baghauli has low grade score related to population density. Pauli and Khalilabad have medium (-0.5 to +0.50) z-score value concerning road density but have a high value of population density. There are two blocks namely Sotha and Nath Nagar, which fall into the low category of road density but have medium scores for population density.

Usually, the relationship between population density and road density are mutually correlated and is always positive in nature. The value of co-relation co- efficient between these two variables is (r) = +0.523 that means the relationship between the variables is positive and significantly co-related.

Criterion-IX Population Density vis-à-vis Irrigated Areas

Table 8.11 Relationships between Population Density and Irrigated Area Z-Score Block Irrigated Area Population Density Irrigated Area Sotha 87.67 0.09 0.174 Mehdawal 85.07 -0.35 -0.377 Belhar Kala 89.43 -0.62 0.547 Baghauli 88.64 -1.39 0.379 Semriyawan 86.94 -0.99 0.019 Khalilabad 93.22 0.69 1.350 Nath Nagar 84.09 0.28 -0.585 Pauli 76.54 1.98 -2.184 Haisar Bazar 90.06 0.33 0.680 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

Table 8.11 reveals the block wise percentage of irrigated areas in the district. Khalilabad and Haisar are two blocks that have more than 90 per cent of the total agricultural land under irrigation. The highest percentage (93.22 per cent) of the area under irrigation is in Khalilabad block followed by Haisar Bazar (90.06 per cent) and Belhar Kala block (89.43 per cent). Pauli block has lowest (76.54 per cent) share of irrigated land to the total land.

202 Fig. 8.9

The block wise z-scores of irrigated area has been calculated and grouped into three categories of high, medium and low for interrelating to population density. The Fig. 8.9 reveals that there are four blocks having same grade scores while five blocks are having different grade scores for population density and irrigated area. This figure

203 further specifies that only one block, namely, Pauli have a high score of irrigated area as well as high population density (above +0.50). Mehdawal block has high (above +0.50) value for irrigated area but medium score (-0.50 to +0.50) for population density. Four blocks of the district namely Belhar, Nath Nagar, Sotha and Khalilabad have medium (-0.50 to +0.50) scores of irrigated area out of which Khalilabad has high population density and Belhar has low population density score value, whereas, Nath Nagar and Sotha have medium population densities. There are two blocks i.e. Baghauli and Haisar having low grade scores of irrigated area, where Haisar has medium score regarding population density and Baghauli has low (below -0.50) population density. The value of correlation co-efficient of population density and irrigated area is (r) = -0.539. It means the variables are negatively correlated.

Criterion-X Population Density vis-à-vis Electrified Villages

Table 8.12 Relationships between Population Density and Electrified Villages Z-Score Percentage of Electrified Block Villages Population Electrified Density Villages Sotha 86.52 0.09 -0.553 Mehdawal 88.82 -0.35 0.002 Belhar Kala 84.48 -0.62 -1.046 Baghauli 85.33 -1.39 -0.841 Semriyawan 87.5 -0.99 -0.316 Khalilabad 92.45 0.69 0.879 Nath Nagar 96.55 0.28 1.870 Pauli 92.45 1.98 0.879 Haisar Bazar 85.2 0.33 -0.872 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

The above table 8.12 shows that 88.81 per cent villages of the district are electrified which varies from block to block. Except for Belhar, all the blocks have more than 85 per cent electrified villages. The percentage of electrified villages is largest (96.55 per cent) in Nath Nagar block followed by Khalilabad (92.45 per cent) and Pauli (92.45 per cent). Belhar (84.48 per cent) and Haisar blocks (85.20 per cent) have a low level of electrified villages as compared to other blocks of the district. It is found that the central and southern part of Sant Kabir Nagar has fairly electrified villages.

204 Fig. 8.10

The block wise z-scores of electrified villages of different blocks have been given in table 8.12. The figure 8.10 indicates that there are three blocks, which have same grade scores whereas, six blocks are having different grade scores for

205 population density and electrified villages. There are three blocks namely Baghauli, Mehdawal and Haisar having high (above +0.50) grade scores regarding electrified villages where Mehdawal and Haisar have medium population density scores. Baghauli is the only block that has a high score of electrified villages but has a low score of population density. Khalilabad has medium electrified villages value (-0.50 to +0.50 but high (above +0.50) population density score whereas, Sotha has a medium score in both electrified villages as well as population density. There are four blocks namely, Nath Nagar, Belhar, Semriyawan and Pauli having low scores (below -0.50) of electrified villages, among which Belhar and Semriyawan also have low population densities whereas, Sotha has medium population density. Pauli is the only block that has a low score of Electrified villages and high population density.

It is commonly viewed that rural electrification and population density are ancillary to each other. The settlements with high population density have chances of better electric facilities. The value of co-relation co-efficient is (r) = +0.605. It means the relationship between the variables is positive and significantly correlated.

Criterion-XI Population Density vis-à-vis Number of Post Office

Table 8.13 Relationships between Population Density and Post Office Z-Score Block No. of Post Office Population Density No. of Post Office Sotha 11 0.09 -1.322 Mehdawal 16 -0.35 -0.529 Belhar Kala 13 -0.62 -1.005 Baghauli 20 -1.39 0.106 Semriyawan 25 -0.99 0.900 Khalilabad 31 0.69 1.852 Nath Nagar 21 0.28 0.265 Pauli 15 1.98 -0.687 Haisar Bazar 22 0.33 0.424 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

The post office is one of the important facets to delineate linkages among the inhabitants of an area and Sant Kabir Nagar is not an exception. The distribution and availability of postal service vary from one block to another depending on the level of

206 Fig. 8.11 development. The table 8.13 shows that the number of the post office is high in Khalilabad (31 post offices) followed by Semriyawan (25 post offices) and Haisar (22 post offices) whereas, it is lowest in Sotha (11 post offices) and Belhar (13 post

207 offices). The central and southern blocks of the district have a satisfactorily good number of post offices while the northern blocks of the district have a minimum number of post offices as compared to other blocks.

The relationship between the number of the post offices and population density is highlighted in fig. 8.11, which clearly shows that there is not a single block that has high grade score although, all the blocks have different grades score related to post offices and population density. There are two blocks namely, Mehdawal and Sotha having high scores (above +0.50) with respect to post office but medium scores (-0.50 to +0.50) related to population density. In medium category of the post office, there are three blocks namely, Semriyawan, Baghauli, Belhar but these blocks are in the low category of population density. There are four villages viz., Khalilabad, Haisar, Pauli and Nath Nagar having low (below -0.50) grade scores for the post office. Among them two blocks i.e., Khalilabad and Pauli have high values of population density whereas, Haisar and Nath Nagar have low values of population density. The relationship is negative and the value of the co-relation co-efficient for this factor is (r) = -0.055.

Criterion-XII Population Density vis-à-vis Water Facility

Table 8.14 Relationships between Population Density and Water Facility Z-Score Block Water Facility Population Density Water Facility Sotha 98.99 0.09 0.595 Mehdawal 98.8 -0.35 0.354 Belhar Kala 98.4 -0.62 -0.152 Baghauli 98.6 -1.39 0.101 Semriyawan 98.5 -0.99 -0.025 Khalilabad 99.8 0.69 1.620 Nath Nagar 98.2 0.28 -0.405 Pauli 96.8 1.98 -2.177 Haisar Bazar 98.6 0.33 0.101 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

208 Fig. 8.12

Table 8.14 indicates the per cent of villages having potable drinking water facilities in the district. Most of the villages have access to water facilities. The water table of the region is not much below that is why it is cheap and easy to extract

209 potable water in the district. According to the Census of India 2011, nearly 98.52 villages of the district have water facilities. It is noticed that there is minimum regional variation in terms of water facilities in the district.

The fig. 8.12 reveals that there is only one block that has same grade score and other eight blocks have different grade scores for water facility and population density. There are two blocks namely, Mehdawal and Nath Nagar that have high (above +0.50) grade score but these blocks have medium scores regarding (-0.50 to +0.50) population density. In medium category concerning water facilities, there are six blocks viz., Khalilabad, Belhar, Semriyawan, Sotha, Pauli and Baghauli having medium grade scores. Among these blocks, Khalilabad and Pauli have high scores for population density. There are three blocks namely, Belhar Semriyawan and Baghauli that possess medium value for water facility but low population density value. Sotha is the only block that has a medium score for both water facility and population density. Haisar block has low water facility score but medium score for population density. The table 8.14 shows that there is negative relation between population density and percentage of villages having drinking water facility. The value of co- relation co-efficient is (r) = -0.426.

Criterion-XIII Population Density vis-à-vis Banking Facilities

Table 8.15 Relationships between Population Density and Banking Facility Banking Facilities Z-Score Block (in Number) Population Density Banking Facilities Sotha 3 0.09 -0.723 Mehdawal 7 -0.35 0.241 Belhar Kala 5 -0.62 -0.241 Baghauli 8 -1.39 0.482 Semriyawan 13 -0.99 1.687 Khalilabad 4 0.69 -0.482 Nath Nagar 11 0.28 1.205 Pauli 0 1.98 -1.446 Haisar Bazar 3 0.33 -0.723 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

210 Fig. 8.13

The Table 8.15 shows the block wise distribution of banking facilities in the district. It was noticed that Semriyawan block has the highest number of banking facilities in the district, whereas, Pauli block does not have any banking facilities. The

211 concentrations of banking facilities are found to be in the central part of the district. The northern and southern region of the district is lacking in banking facilities.

There are two blocks having high grade scores and seven blocks have different grade scores related to banking facilities and population density. Sotha and Baghauli are two blocks that have high values (above +0.50) of banking facilities where Sotha has medium (-0.50 to +0.50) and Baghauli has low (below -0.50) value of population density. Four blocks are such that have medium scores of banking services among which Khalilabad and Pauli have high scores of population density. Two blocks among the medium grade score concerning banking facilities Belhar Kala has low and Mehdawal has a medium value of population density. There are three blocks namely, Semriyawan, Nath Nagar and Haisar having low grade scores for banking facilities but only Semriyawan block has value of low (-0.50 to +0.50) population density whereas, Nath Nagar and Haisar Bazar have medium value (below -0.50) population density (Fig. 8.13).

Criterion-XIV Population Density vis-à-vis Medical Facilities

Table 8.16 Relationships between Population Density and Medical Facility Villages having Z-Score Block Medical Population Villages having Medical Facilities Density Facilities Sotha 87.94 0.09 0.799 Mehdawal 93.53 -0.35 1.036 Belhar Kala 90.52 -0.62 0.909 Baghauli 58.67 -1.39 -0.442 Semriyawan 67.93 -0.99 -0.049 Khalilabad 66.04 0.69 -0.129 Nath Nagar 84.91 0.28 0.671 Pauli 51.89 1.98 -0.729 Haisar Bazar 20.41 0.33 -2.064 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

The table 8.16 shows the per cent of villages having medical facilities in different blocks of the district. According to the census 2011, 69.09 per cent of villages of the district have medical facilities. There are colossal spatial variations in medical facilities at the block level. The highest per cent of villages with medical

212 Fig. 8.14 facilities are found in Mehdawal (93.53 per cent) and lowest were noticed in Haisar Bazar block (20.41 per cent). The villages of northern parts of the district namely Mehdawal, Belhar and Sotha have a commendatory percentage of medical facilities while it is lowest and disparage in the southern (Haisar and Pauli block) part of the district.

213 The block-wise z-scores of medical facilities have been calculated and compared with the population density to identify the relationship between both the variables. The Fig. 8.14 indicates that there are five blocks having same grade scores whereas, four blocks are having different grade scores for medical facilities and population density. There are four blocks namely, Khalilabad, Pauli, Nath Nagar and Pauli having high scores (above +0.50) for medical facilities and out of which two blocks viz., Khalilabad and Pauli have high value in both the medical facilities as well as population density. Baghauli has a high score for medical facilities and low value for population density whereas, Nath Nagar has a high value of medical facilities but low in population density. There are two blocks namely, Sotha and Mehdawal which have medium (-0.50 to +0.50) grade scores in both the medical facilities as well as population density. Belhar Kala is the only block having a medium score for medical facilities but a low score for population density. Semriyawan is the only block having low (below -0.50) score for medical facilities as well as population density. It is generally observed that availability of medical facilities in a region depends on various socio-economic factors. Densely populated areas also influence the location of medical facilities and institutions. The value of the co-relation co-efficient for these factors is (r) = -0.274. It means the relationship between the variables is negatively co-related.

Criterion-XV Population Density vis-à-vis Villages having Transport Communication

Table 8.17 Relationships between Population Density and Transport Communication Villages having Z-Score Block Transport Population Villages having Transport Communication Density Communication Sotha 74.47 0.088 1.154 Mehdawal 23.53 -0.347 -1.072 Belhar Kala 62.07 -0.624 0.612 Baghauli 24 -1.392 -1.052 Semriyawan 50.54 -0.994 0.108 Khalilabad 19.34 0.685 -1.255 Nath Nagar 75.86 0.281 1.215 Pauli 66.98 1.975 0.827 Haisar Bazar 35.71 0.327 -0.540 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

214 Fig. 8.15

Table 8.17 shows that 75.86 per cent of villages (highest) from Nath Nagar block have proper transportation facilities in the district. Along with Nath Nagar, north-western as well as south-western blocks of the district have fair transport

215 communication facilities as compared to the other blocks. The villages with least transport communication are observed in central part of the district. Khalilabad has lowest portion (19.34 per cent) of villages with transport facilities followed by Mehdawal block (23.53 per cent).

The Fig. 8.15 reveals that there are four blocks having same grade scores while five blocks have different grade scores for population density and villages having transport communication. From the figure it is apparent that there is one block namely, Pauli which has recorded high grade score (above +0.50 for population density as well as for villages having transport communication). Sotha block in the northern part of the district has recorded medium grade score (-0.50 to +0.50 for both the variables), while, Belhar Kala and Semriyawan in the north-eastern part of the study area have recorded low grade scores (below -0.50) for both the variables. There are two blocks in the southern part of the district namely, Haisar Bazar and Nath Nagar where population density is medium but villages having transport communication is high. Mehdawal block in the north-eastern part has medium grade value for population density but low for villages having transport communication. From the above confabulation it is evident that the co-relation between transport communication facility and population density is co-related to each other as high population density leads better transport and communication provisions in an area and vice versa. The value of co-relation co-efficient is (r) = +0.291 that shows positive co- relation among these variables.

Criterion-XVI Population Density vis-à-vis Per cent of Villages with Agricultural Credit Societies

According to census 2011, highest percentage (12.07) of villages with agricultural credit societies was found in Nath Nagar, whereas, it was registered that the villages of Khalilabad and Pauli blocks jointly have lowest (2.83 per cent) share of agricultural credit societies.

216 Table 8.18 Relationships between Population Density and Agricultural Credit Societies

Per cent of villages Z-Score Block with Agricultural Population Per cent of villages with Credit Societies Agricultural Credit Density Societies Sotha 2.84 0.088 -0.537 Mehdawal 2.94 -0.347 -0.503 Belhar Kala 4.31 -0.624 -0.041 Baghauli 3.11 -1.392 -0.446 Semriyawan 4.35 -0.994 -0.027 Khalilabad 2.83 0.685 -0.541 Nath Nagar 12.07 0.281 2.581 Pauli 2.83 1.975 -0.541 Haisar Bazar 4.59 0.327 0.054 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

The block wise z-scores of per cent of villages with agricultural credit societies of different blocks have been given in Table 8.18. The figure 8.16 shows that there is only one block that has same grade score whereas, eight blocks are having different grade scores for population density and per cent of villages with agricultural credit societies. Sotha is the only block in the northern part which has the medium grade score for both the variables (-0.50 to +0.50). Pauli has high score (above +0.50) for population density but medium grade score for agricultural credit societies. Pauli has the high grade score for population density (above +0.50) but medium grade for agricultural credit societies (-0.50 to +0.50). There are three blocks namely, Haisar Bazar, Nath Nagar and Mehdawal in the southern and north-eastern parts which have medium grade score for population density but have low grade scores in terms of per cent of villages with agricultural credit societies. There are two blocks namely; Belhar Kala and Semriyawan in north-eastern part which have low grade scores (below -0.50) for population density, whereas medium grade scores in terms of agricultural credit societies. The ongoing analysis indicates that facilities of agricultural credit societies and population density of the district is negatively co- related. The value of the co-relation co-efficient for these factors is (r) = -0.008.

217 Fig. 8.16

218 Criterion-XVII Population Density vis-à-vis Block-wise Number of Weekly Market

Table 8.19 Relationships between Population Density and Weekly Markets Z-Score Number of Weekly Block Markets Population Number of Weekly Density Markets Sotha 34 0.088 -0.350 Mehdawal 22 -0.347 -1.372 Belhar Kala 40 -0.624 0.161 Baghauli 46 -1.392 0.672 Semriyawan 57 -0.994 1.609 Khalilabad 48 0.685 0.842 Nath Nagar 40 0.281 0.161 Pauli 21 1.975 -1.457 Haisar Bazar 35 0.327 -0.265 Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Census Data, 2011

The table 8.19 reveals that there are total 343 weekly markets in the district. The distribution of these markets in the district indicates that central parts namely, Semriyawan, Khalilabad and Baghauli have largest share of weekly markets as compared to the other blocks of the northern and southern part of the district. Semriyawan block has the largest number (57) of weekly markets in the district followed by Khalilabad (48 weekly markets) whereas, the Pauli (21 weekly markets) and Mehdawal (22 weekly markets) blocks have minimum number of weekly markets in the study area.

The Fig. 8.17 reveals that there is only one block having same grade score while eight blocks ensure different grade scores for population density and number of weekly markets. From this figure it is clear that there are two blocks namely, Sotha and Mehdawal in the northern part of the district where population density have medium grade scores (-0.50 to +0.50) while for weekly markets these blocks fall under high grade score (above +0.50). In the central part of the district there are two blocks viz., Baghauli and Semriyawan which have low grade scores (below -0.50) in terms of population density and medium grade scores for weekly markets. Belhar Kala is the only block that has low value of population density and high score related to weekly markets. Pauli and Khalilabad have high grade scores for population

219 density where, Pauli has medium and Khalilabad indicates low value concerning weekly markets. Nath Nagar is the only block that has medium grade score for both the variables.

Fig. 8.17

220 The value of co-relation co-efficient weekly market and population density is (r) = -0.762. The above table (8.19) shows that the weekly markets of the study area and population density is negatively correlated to each other. It may be concluded that the weekly markets of the study area are decreasing day by day and it does not have much influence in the study area.

8.2.1 Zone of Continuum The analysis of all criteria concerned with rural-urban continuum shows the zone of influence of the urban area towards rural areas. Some criteria shows positive correlation co-efficient and some criterial show negative correlation co-efficient with population density. It also indicates that the numbers of criteria showing positive values are less than the numbers of criteria showing negative correlation. It may be presumed that the criteria showing positive correlation explain the factors influencing the interaction between different blocks of Sant Kabir Nagar in a better way. The aforesaid 18 variables were used as criteria to delineate the rural-urban continuum. The relationship between each variable with population density is shown in seventeen different maps which gives a clear understanding of the spatial relationship of a particular variable at block level. Finally, to understand the overall scenario of the interrelationship ranking methods were used to rank all the blocks according to the calculated values of the particular variable in descending order. Further, for each block the 18 ranks obtained from each variable were added to achieve a final value for each block. There is an inverse relationship between the final value and the position of the block in the rural urban continuum zone. Thus, the block with the lowest value will be placed in the strongest zone of continuum and vice-versa. The final values ranged from 62 in case of Khalilabad to 112 in case of Pauli block (Appendix V). The blocks were thus categorized into three zones on the basis of Standard Deviation into three zones.

8.2.1.1 Zone of High Continuum Zone of high continuum means, the zone where the variables related to facilities and amenities showed positive and strong ranking. In this zone of continuum two blocks namely Khalilabad and Nath Nagar were found. These two blocks have maximum facilities that are related to urban areas and regular interaction takes place with respect to administrative purposes, trading requirement, academic purpose, recreational and other reasons.

221 Fig. 8.18

222 8.2.1.2 Zone of Moderate Continuum The blocks adjacent to the Khalilabad town namely, Semriyawan, Baghauli and Mehdawal are included in the zone of moderate continuum (Fig.8.18). These blocks have good access to the facilities provided by the town that has also improved their socio-economic condition. Proper road connectivity between these blocks and Khalilabad town has provided various infrastructural facilities in these blocks that have made the region self- sufficient in terms of various facilities and amenities. On the basis of ranking value of selected variables it is acknowledged that these blocks have the value of medium type (81.62-98.38) and are categorized as moderate zone of rural-urban continuum.

8.2.1.3 Zone of Low Continuum There are total four blocks that have characteristics of low rural-urban continuum. Sotha and Belhar Kala are two blocks of the northern part of the district that show the value of low continuum (above 98.38). The other remaining two blocks that have low zone of continuum are Pauli and Haisar Bazar and these blocks are in the southernmost part of the district. Because of the remote location and minimum accessibility to the town due to bad transport and communication, the region does not have good infrastructural facilities and amenities and shows low continuum zone in the study area. These blocks are far away from the town and do not have any urban population.

8.3 Co-relation Co-efficient Value (r)

From the previous discussion and analysis it is obvious that different criteria have influenced the density of population considerably in the district of Sant Kabir Nagar. It is also perceived that these criteria do not influence population density in the same degree. There are various variables that show positive co-relation for one block and at the same time these variables reveal negative co-relation for another block. There are some criteria which create some adverse condition for high population density. The correspondence with population density and other criterion can be explained by the following table.

223 Table 8.20 Correlation Co-efficient between Population Density and other Criteria Nature of Correlation Criterion Co-efficient Positive Negative Rural Population -0.500 Urban Population 0.050 Agricultural Labourer 0.570 Household Industrial Workers -0.305 Other Workers 0.183 Total Literacy 2011 0.061 Cultivated Areas -0.152 Road Density (Sq. km.) 0.523 Irrigated Area -0.539 Percentage of Electrified Villages 0.605 Number of Post Offices -0.055 Water Facility -0.426 Number of Banking Facilities -0.695 Villages having Medical Facilities -0.274 Villages having Transport Communication 0.291 Percentage of villages with Agricultural Credit Societies -0.008 Number of Weekly Markets -.762* Source: Computed by the Researcher * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.

The present section of this chapter examines the relationship between population density and other variables namely, rural and urban population, workers, literacy rate, cultivated areas, road density, irrigated area, electrified villages, water and postal facilities, banking facility, medical facility, transport communication, agricultural credit societies and weekly markets in the district. The relationships between variables have been studied with population density as independent variable and other 17 different above mentioned variables as dependent variables.

8.4 Village-wise Analysis of Rural-Urban Continuum The 21 sampled villages were selected to understand the relationship between rural and urban areas and attempt was made to quantify the level of interaction of these villages with the Khalilabad town. Thus, in order to identify their position in the rural-urban continuum these villages were grouped into three classes i.e. villages of high continuum zone, medium continuum zone and low continuum zone. This classification was obtained with the help of 35 selected variables. There variables belong to five sub categories each of which has a distinct role in effecting the village

224 with respect to its interaction with the urban area. They are housing condition, material possessions, education and employment, social change and frequency and purpose of movement. Each of the above categories has a set of variables selected for the purpose of estimating the impact of urban area upon the surveyed villages. The 35 selected variables are as follows.

Table 8.21 Selected Variables used to Analyse the Continuum by Sampled Villages VARIABLE DESCRIPTION HOUSING CONDITIONS (5) X1 Percentage of households with pucca house X2 Percentage of households with Toilet facility X3 Percentage of households with closed drainage facility X4 Percentage of households with kitchen facility X5 Percentage of households with electricity facility MATERIAL POSSESSIONS (9) X6 Percentage of households with four wheelers X7 Percentage of households using purified water X8 Percentage of households with washing machine X9 Percentage of households with inverter X10 Percentage of households with refrigerator X11 Percentage of households with computer X12 Percentage of households with cable/DTH X13 Percentage of households having LPG connection X14 Percentage of households with newspaper subscription EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC STATUS (6) X15 Percentage of literates X16 Number of School going Children from the village X17 Percentage of households with government services X18 Percentage of labour visiting town X19 Percentage of households employed in town X20 Percentage of households with monthly income more than Rs. 16000/- SOCIAL CHANGE (6) X21 Percentage of households with nuclear family X22 Percentage of households with family size of less than 3 members X23 Percentage of households acknowledging change in dress material X24 Percentage of households acknowledging change in food habit X25 Percentage of households acknowledging change in language X26 Percentage of households acknowledging change in marriage FREQUENCY AND PURPOSE OF MOVEMENT (9) X27 Percentage of households visiting town daily X28 Percentage of households visiting town weekly X29 Percentage of households visiting town monthly X30 Percentage of households visiting town once in a year X31 Percentage of households visiting town for administrative purpose X32 Percentage of households visiting town for educational purpose X33 Percentage of households visiting town for health purpose X34 Percentage of households visiting town for recreational purpose X35 Percentage of households visiting town for selling and purchasing purpose Source: Prepared by the Researcher based on Primary Survey, 2014-2015

225 The z-score value of all the variables was obtained and the composite z-score value of 35 variables for each sampled villages was calculated. On the basis of final composite value the villages were categorised into three groups on the basis of standard deviation methods (Appendix VI).

8.4.1 Villages of High Continuum Zone This zone includes only five villages namely Nagwa, Bhadah, Kushmaini, Ali Nagar and Meer Ganj and they lie near the Khalilabad town. This shows that they have strong linkages with the urban area in comparison to the other sampled villages. On detailed analysis it was found that there is variation in the composite z-score values within the category itself. The highest value was observed in case of Nagwa (0.872) whereas, the least value was found for Meer Ganj (0.204). This variation is due to the difference in the value of constituent variables of the five sub-categories. The Nagwa village was found to attain high positive values in housing condition, material possessions, education and employment and social change whereas, very small value is found in frequency and purpose of movement by the commuters category. Still, this village has the highest composite value not only among the category of villages in high continuum zone but among all sampled villages. Nagwa has high score value (0.872) in the high zone of continuum and is followed by Bhadah (0.748), Kushmaini (0.465) and Ali Nagar (0.225). In case of Meer Ganj it was found that it has lowest score value (0.204) in high continuum but attained positive value although smaller than the Nagwa village in four sub categories namely housing condition, material possessions, education and employment and frequency and purpose of movement whereas, negative value was observed in social change category. Finally, the composite value obtained was found to lie in the lowest part of the villages of high continuum zone.

All the villages except Ali Nagar were found to lie in the north of Khalilabad town and this zone occupies the Khalilabad block, parts of Baghauli, Semriyawan and Nath Nagar blocks.

226 Fig. 8.19

8.4.2 Villages of Medium Continuum Zone There are nine villages viz., Amar Dobha, Patwaria, Bhelwasi, Ghorhat, Khatiyawan, Ramwapur, Parsahar, Manjharia Tiwari and Ganawaria are incorporated

227 in medium continuum zone. Most of the sampled villages of this zone are found to be on the north of the Khalilabad town. Only two villages of the medium continuum zone are in the south part of the district. In the category of medium zone of continuum six sampled villages namely, Amar Dobha (+0.189), Patwaria (+0.130), Bhelwasi (+0.080), Ghorhat (+0.031), Khatiyawan (+0.029) and Ramwapur (+0.007) have positive score values whereas, three villages i.e., Parsahar (-0.023), Manjharia Tiwari (-0.133) and Ganawaria (-0.163) have negative composite z-scores but still fall into medium continuum zone. By thorough study it was established that there is large variation in the values of composite z-score within the medium category itself. The highest value of this category was observed in Amar Dobha village of Baghauli Blocks whereas, the lowest score value of this continuum zone was found in Ganawaria village of Sotha block (Fig. 8.20).

This variation is due to the difference in the value of constituent variables of the five sub-categories. In terms of housing condition and material possession Amar Dobha has managed to have high value in these sub-categories. Medium value was found related to education and employment and frequency and purpose of movement. The sub-category shows that Amar Dobha has low score value as compared to other sub- categories. In case of Ganawaria which has the minimum value in the medium continuum zone attains medium score value in three sub-categories namely housing condition, material possessions and education and employment but shows low value for social change and frequency and purpose of movement.

8.4.3 Villages of Low Continuum Zone Out of the total twenty one sampled villages of the study area seven villages namely, Beldiha (-0.217), Gagnaie Rao (-0.243), Raipur Urf Chhapia (-0.271), Semar Dandi (-0.321), Parsa Jhakaria (-0.468), Lohrauli (-0.523) and Padaraha (-0.622) are categorized in low continuum zone based on the composite z-score computed by the standard deviation method. These villages have shown very weak score values of linkages with the town in terms of marketing, health and administrative purpose. Beldiha village of Khalilabad Block has highest score value (-0.217) among the other villages of low zone of continuum. The analysis shows that the composite z-score value for housing condition, material possession and education, employment and economic status of Beldiha village is in medium category whereas, the value of social change and frequency and purpose of movement is of low level. The lowest

228 composite z-score (-0.622) and weakest linkages with the town in low continuum zone were recorded for Padaraha village of Nath Nagar block. The values of variables associated with housing condition, material possessions, education, employment and economic status and frequency and purpose of movement shows that Padaraha village has lowest rank in the low zone of continuum whereas, it has shown high z-score related to social change. This shows that there is variation of values of linkages within the low continuum zone in itself.

The analysis of continuum zone formed by the sampled villages shows that the norther part of the Khalilabad town is actively linked with the urban area in comparison to the southern parts of the district. The weakest continuum zone has seven villages distributed in three pockets, the northern and the central side have only two villages whereas, the southern pocket contains three villages.

The rural-urban continuum as developed by analysing the composite z-score values of the 21 sampled villages reveals that the northern part of the study area has a strong relationship with the town. Three consecutive zones are found and show that the effect of the urban area upon the rural area decreases with the distance although not at a fast rate rather each zone covers a large part of the study area. The southern part shows two types of regions. The southern region shows all three continuum zones in continuation starting from high followed by medium and low continuum zone whereas, the southern part of the study area also shows an abrupt change from high to low continuum zone showing a sharp declining effect of the urban area after the high continuum zone. The figure 8.19 shows the direction of the continuum zone and its distribution in the study area. The map clearly reveals the area under high continuum zone surrounding Khalilabad town followed by medium zone along with intrusion of low continuum zone in two sectors, followed by low continuum zone lying farthest from the town.

8.5 Comparative Analysis The figure 8.18 shows the rural-urban continuum developed upon the rank value of 18 variables at block level. It reveals three zones i.e. high, medium and low continuum zone having two, three and four blocks respectively. The high zone occupies the central part of the district (Khalilabad and Nath Nagar blocks) adjoining Khalilabad town followed by three blocks (Mehdawal, Baghauli and Semriyawan) in

229 the northern part forming medium continuum zone. The farthest blocks from the town both in northern and southern parts of the district form low continuum zone. The present result is based on secondary data pertaining to 18 variables selected for the purpose of delineating the continuum zone and is limited to block level analysis because of the paucity of relevant data at smaller geographical units. Therefore, the block level data is used as basis for obtaining the present result.

The rural-urban continuum does not have a sharp boundary between the urban rural places rather it is a gradual change which is not revealed satisfactorily in the above analysis because the used data follows the administrative boundaries. Thus, each continuum zone is limited to follow the administrative division which does not happen in reality. Therefore, there is a need to verify the above results at the ground level by field survey and obtain the geographical distribution of the continuum zone. For this purpose 21 villages were selected and 35 variables were used to find out the pattern of the rural-urban continuum in the study area (Fig 8.20).

It was observed that the rural-urban continuum developed with the help of field survey is more accurate and reveals the impact of town in the different directions. Although the overall result is in conformity with the earlier continuum zones developed by secondary data (Fig 8.19) but it successfully shows the geographical region rather than administrative ones.

6.8 Socio-Economic Problems Related to the Rural-Urban Continuum The unprecedented increase in population during last few decades due to rapid industrialization and urbanization led to urban encroachment on surrounding lands. This kind of encroachment is not limited to large and metro cities but is also witnessed in medium and large towns of any region and Khalilabad town is not an exception to this phenomenon. Agriculture is the base of economy of the district but due to frequent occurrence of drought agriculture has reduced employment opportunities. The affluent rural businessmen have started making investment in real estate around the periphery of the Khalilabad town that has caused land speculation. Khalilabad town is one of the dominant urban places of the district which not only acts as an administrative headquarter but also regarded as the only financial and commercial hub of the region. The town has recorded a tremendous increase in population during last three decades leading to several problems including haphazard

230 and imbalanced growth between the core and its countryside. Traffic congestion is also one of the problems faced by the town and its residents. The internal road and lane connectivity of the town is also inadequate for the easy movement of light vehicles. The following problems shared by the commuters need to be looked by the local authority of the town.

Migratory Problems Khalilabad town has seen remarkable infrastructural growth as compared to any other urban places of the district which has created a tendency among affluent villagers to settle permanently or have houses within the town or within its fringe area. The neighbouring villagers have started to purchase houses in the town leaving their own residence at villages to avail all the urban facilities in the town. This has created various problems like transport, market, housing, water supply, sewage and other related problems. There is continuous increase of land value and dearth of housing area in the prime location of the town has compelled to purchase countryside agricultural land surrounding Khalilabad town leading to conversion of agricultural land into settlements. The speculation of land is one of the emerging problems of fringe areas of the town. The outer peripheral part of the town is highly crowded and congested one that experiences acute shortage of various infrastructural facilities in the town.

Housing and other Facilities Related Problems in the Town

Table 8.22 Housing Condition of Khalilabad Town, 2011 Good Livable Dilapidated 63.9 31.3 4.8 Source: Census of India, 2011

Housing condition and its related problems are not only related to rural areas but it is also a stark reality of an urban area. It is said that a house should constitute not less than two rooms for better and peaceful living. The standard household size is 3-5 persons per house in a region. Table 8.23 shows the housing condition of the town and reveals that 63.9 per cent of the houses are in good condition whereas, 31.3 per cent are just in livable condition. There are 4.8 per cent houses in the town that are in dilapidated condition. As far as dwelling rooms of a house are concerned 22.1 per

231 cent houses have only one room, 27.8 per cent have two rooms and only 9 per cent houses have more than six rooms. The housing condition of the town shows that due to overcrowding and congestion there is shortage of housing facilities in the town. From the above analysis it was observed that the housing condition of the town is not good and is lacking in various services. The residents of the northern part of the town have reported that there is problem of sewerage, drainage, waste disposal and proper water facilities.

Table 8.23 Numbers of Rooms per House in Khalilabad Town, 2011 Number of Dwelling Rooms 2011 One Two Three Four Five Six rooms and room rooms rooms rooms rooms above 22.1 27.8 18.3 14 6 9 Source: Census of India, 2011

Khalilabad Town Housing Condition, 2011 70

30 Per cent Per

0 Good Livable Delapidated Fig. 8.20

A brief survey was conducted to visualize the perception of the commuters and urban dwellers regarding facilities provided by the town. It was observed that 30.13 per cent of the commuters have admitted that there are irregular transport services from the town to the surrounding rural settlements. Being centre of administrative and marketing services of the district there is always a pertinent

232 problem of traffic congestion during working hours. The table 8.24 shows that 37.97 per cent commuters have faced congestion problems in the town. Khalilabad town is well known for the clothing markets (Bardahiya Bazar) that not only attract people from the surrounding villages but also fetch merchants from other districts as well. It is observed that 38.08 per cent commuters have faced various market related problems in the town. The over crowdedness in the town has caused problems of social insecurity (8.73 per cent) and environmental pollution (11.36 per cent) in the town.

Table 8.24 Problems faced by the commuters visiting to the town Irregular Traffic Transport Fare Hike Market Social Security Pollution Congestion Service 30.13 25.86 37.97 38.08 8.73 11.36 Source: Based on Primary Survey, 2015

Table 8.25 Perception of the Commuters related to the urban facilities in Khalilabad town Good 48.63 Transport Moderate 36.92 Poor 14.45 Good 52.53 Market Moderate 39.75 Poor 7.72 Good 56.38 Education Moderate 35.34 Poor 8.28 Good 37.58 Health Moderate 44.94 Poor 17.48 Good 17.40 Water Supply Moderate 46.74 Poor 35.86 Good 24.04 Sewage Moderate 41.57 Poor 34.39 Source: Based on Primary Survey, 2015

Table 8.25 conveys the perception and opinion of the commuters related to various urban facilities provided by the town in the study area. Nearly 50 per cent of the commuters have accepted that the facilities like transport, Markets, Education are good in condition. The roads and transportation system in the low continuum zone of

233 north western and southernmost part is in deplorable conditions. The villages which are near to the town have better road and transportation facilities in the region. In case of facilities related to health, water supply and sewage they are of the view that it is also not in good condition. On an average 44.41 per cent of the respondents are of the view that the facilities and amenities like health, water supply and sewerage are in moderate condition whereas, 29 per cent of these facilities were observed to be in poor and bad condition.

Problems of Town’s Slums

Table 8.26 Distribution of Population in Khalilabad Town, 2011 Name of Slums No. of Household approximate Total Population Bagahiya 232 1244 Achakpurwa 230 1509 Matihna 480 2691 Total 942 5444 Source: Census of India, 2011

According to census of India 2011, nearly 17.4 per cent of the total urban population in India lives in slums where housing conditions are inhuman. About 2.9 per cent of the urban houses are in dilapidated condition (Census 2011). There are three slums within the jurisdiction of municipal limit of Khalilabad town. The total population of these slums is 5444 which is 11.38 per cent of the total population of the town (Table 8.26). Matihna and Achakwapur are in the western part of the town where Matihna is in the south western part of the town and Achakwapur is in the north western part of the town. Eastern most part of Khalilabad town has some slum population that lives in Baghiya ward. The economic condition of the people of the slum areas is very weak and they do not have any urban facilities and amenities in these slum areas.

The above analysis reveals that Khalilabad town is experiencing various socio- economic problems in the town. It was found that traffic congestion, markets and slums were noticeable problems that were faced routinely by the residents of the town and the commuters. The presence and quality of facilities and amenities was found to be in bad condition in the villages which are far away from the town and vice versa.

234 REFERENCES Berry, B.J.L., 1967. Geography of Market Centres and Retail Distribution. 1st Edn. Prentice-Hall, Prenton, pp: 146. Deepa, A. (2004). Rural-urban Interaction: A Case Study of Haridwar Development Region, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, School of Social Science, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Delhi, India, (http://hdl.handle.net/10603/16529). District Statistical Handbook, Series 10, Part XII B, Village and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract, Sant Kabir Nagar District, Directorate Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh, 2001-2011. Ismael, A.K. and Ngah, I. (2011). Rural Population Density Effect on Socio-economic Characteristics: A Review, Journal of Social Sciences, Science Publications Malaysia, Vol. 7, No.4, pp. 655-661. Oommen, T.K. (1991). Rural-urban Continuum and Folk-culture : An Examination of Persistence and Change in Sambalpur, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, School of Social Science, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Delhi, India, (http://hdl.handle.net/10603/15122). Sant Kabir Nagar District, Zila Sankhyakiya Patrika (District Statistical Handbook), Uttar Pradesh, 2001. Sant Kabir Nagar District, Zila Sankhyakiya Patrika (District Statistical Handbook), Uttar Pradesh, 2011. Simon, J. and Gobin, R. (1980). The relationship between population and economic growth in LDC's, in: J. Simon and J. Davanzo (eds.), ‘Research in Population economics, Vol. 2. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc., pp. 215–234. Tuhin, R. (2011). Nature and Dynamism of Rural-urban Continuum of North 24 Parganas with Special Reference to Barasat Town, Unpublished Thesis, Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India, (http://hdl.handle.net/10603/165696).

235 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

The present study regarding rural-urban continuum is unique in itself because very few studies are found at national level and that too does not cover the present study. The selected district is in the eastern Uttar Pradesh is homogenous alluvial plain, flat and fertile alluvial soil with patches of wastes lands. The study area is one of the most densely populated districts of Uttar Pradesh state. Further, population growth and its impact on limited land along with economic and social factors like irrigation, transport network, communication and urbanization highly determines its land use pattern. The land use and land cover of the study area was studied using remote sensing data and GIS technique. The land use was classified into four important categories i.e. agriculture and vegetation, built-up lands, water-body and wastelands. Land use pattern of the district has shown regional variation in it use over the last decade. According to satellite imagery data of 2007 the area under agriculture and vegetation was 1307 sq. km. (81.47 per cent) which increased to 1341 sq. km (81.47 per cent) within a decade (2016). Thus temporal growth of 2.07 per cent was observed in vegetation and agricultural land use during 2007 and 2016. Similarly built-up area has also shown growth by 1.33 per cent during the above mentioned period. The other categories of land use have shown a declining nature and it was found that the area under water bodies has declined by 2.13 per cent and the area under waste land has also declined by 1.28 per cent. It was found that the built area of the town was nearly 68.30 per cent of the total land area.

The distribution of population of the district is highly influenced by the land use pattern of the region. Before 1961 Mehdawal was the only town in the study area but now there are total six urban places in the district namely, Mehdawal, Bagh Nagar Urf Bakhira, Ledwa Mahua, Khalilabad, Maghar and Hariharpur. The total urban population of the district is 7.48 per cent. Khalilabad town is most important town of the district and constitute nearly 37.22 per cent of the total urban population of the district. The central and north eastern part of the district is more urbanized than the other parts of the district. The population density of the district is constantly increasing. The north-eastern urban places have high population density whereas, the urban centres of the central region have comparatively low population density. There

236 are only 4 blocks with urban population namely Khalilabad, Mehdawal, Baghauli and Nath Nagar.

The growth rate of urban population was found to be 32.50 per cent during 1981-91, 23.05 per cent during 1991-01 and 27.83 per cent during 2001-11. Overall the fastest growing town during last 3 decades was Khalilabad town. The growth of total workers in the district was found to be 3.57 per cent during last decade. Due to the government policies and improvement in girl’s education the literacy rate has improved in the district since last decade and it was recorded as 75.096 per cent in 2011.Thus it improved from 66.40 per cent in 2001 to 75.06 per cent in the current census year of 2011. The infrastructural facilities were found to be highest in Khalilabad town with respect to other towns in the district. This is only due to the presence of administrative headquarters and marketing centres at the Khalilabad town. The Khalilabad town is divided into 25 administrative wards. In 2001, the north central wards were having high population density but due to migration from the neighbouring rural areas a shift in the population density pattern was observed in 2011 and it was seen that the outer wards were more densely populated than the other parts of the town.

There are five blocks namely Sotha, Belhar Kalan, Semariyawan, Haisar Bazar and Pauli which are purely rural in nature and do not have any urban population. There are 1582 inhabited villages in the district which were distributed among the 9 blocks. During 2001 Semariyawan block has the largest share of rural population (25.00 per cent). In 2011 after reshuffling of the villages from one block to another some villages were added to Pauli and Belhar block. Still Semariyawan has the largest share of rural population. The villages of the district are generally of small size and only 4.41 per cent villages that have population size of 5000 and above. The overall growth rate of the district was found to be 20.23 per cent during 2001-2011. There is an improvement in rural density since 2001. Earlier it was 753 persons per sq. km. which improved to 965 persons per sq. km. in 2011. There is a steady increase in sex ratio in rural areas since 1971. It increased from 922 females per thousand males in 1971 to 977 females per thousand males in 2011. The total literacy of rural population in study area was 49.7 per cent in 2001 which increased to 66.03 per cent in 2011. Further; the female literacy was only 33.40 per cent in 2001 which turn out to be 53.84 per cent in 2011.

237 The parameters used to ascertain the movement of people from rural to urban areas which produce positive rural-urban linkages shows that marketing, administrative and health purposes have influential impact on the degree of rural- urban relation in the study area. The available market facilities in the town attract 26.49 per cent of the total population from the neighbouring as well as from the far away rural areas. The educational and recreational factors have very least impact on rural-urban linkages in the study area and it produces weak relational linkages as compared to other aspects. The Banking facilities of the town have limited impact upon the sampled villages, except that of the surrounding sampled villages.

The comparison of the delineated continuum zone with the help of secondary data and primary data obtained by field survey shows the impact of Khalilabad town in the adjoining rural areas. The large zone of influence covering 21 sampled villages reveals strong linkages between rural and urban areas in the continuum. This strong linkage is well established both by the secondary and the primary sources of data and hence the first hypothesis is found to be valid.

The influence of the urban area is well recognised and has a significant impact upon the characteristics and functions of the rural areas in the continuum zone. The present study has under taken detailed field work to analyse the level of influence of Khalilabad town upon the rural areas of the continuum. The composite score value of all the thirty five variables grouped into five categories have clearly demarcated the villages lying into high, medium and low continuum zone. Most of the villages were found to have positive values in housing facilities and material possession and it was observed that all the villages lying in high and medium continuum zone have either positive or marginally negative values in both the sub categories. It was also found that, generally the values declined with the increasing distance from the Khalilabad town thereby indicating diminishing rural-urban linkages with increasing distance. Therefore, it will be true to say that household facilities and amenities are definitely influenced by the urban area and it proves the second hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between rural-urban continuum and household facilities and amenities.

238 SUGGESTIONS In this modern era of globalization and speedy growing urbanization and mass communication, the spreads of the service take no time to reach to the isolated and remote areas. Where, distinction between rural and urban places is becoming increasingly integrated as a result of better transport and communications, migration, urban activities and urban life style in rural areas and vice versa. Therefore, the division of rural and urban areas by acute and sharp boundary should be discarded as it hampers and creates imbalances and hitches in developmental solutions for both rural as well as urban areas.

Times has come that the government and development planners should give equal weightage to the urban places as well as to the rural areas as both the entities are interdependent to each other. The villages with strong relations and linkages to the town shows that for development process both the spaces are dependent to each other.

The present study shows the impact of town upon its continuum thus, there is a need for policies that recognise these linkages of the continuum for the sustainable development of these parts of the rural-urban continuum of the study area.

The wall of the city has been demolished and its vestige is washed out with globalization and rapidly changing dimension of transport and communications. Thus, for all-round development of the region (continuum areas) the planners and government agencies should give proper and equal importance to both the rural and urban areas in the process of advancement.

The mass visit of rural population to the town indicates that there is lack of health and marketing facilities in the sampled villages of these continuum zones that demands improvements of these facilities in the villages.

The farmers of the surrounding villages have started to sell their agricultural lands to the real estate businessmen. Due to the speculation of these agricultural lands along national highways (NH28) close to the town these businessmen have started construction apartments along with opening of restaurants and other types of shops which are in a much disorganized manner. So, for that there must be a properly planned and strongly regulated law enforced by the concerned governmental department.

239 Road infrastructure is the vein for rural-urban relationship in a region and it enables the commuters to access employment and facilities in the town. Good quality roads can provide employment to the people of surrounding rural areas in the town and it ultimately reduces rural migration to larger urban centres. During field work it was found that nearly 51 per cent of commuters of the study area are of the views that the transport and road are not in good condition. So, it is necessary to have superior quality of roads which will not only be convenience for commuters but it will also enable the countryside farmers to directly get connected with the food processing industries. These linkages will change the cropping patterns on the way to cash crops that will be helpful for other new associated commercial activities.

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