Taxonomic Index
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Barrett, M., S. Schneider, P. Sachdeva, A. Gomez, S. Buchmann
Journal of Comparative Physiology A https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01492-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Neuroanatomical diferentiation associated with alternative reproductive tactics in male arid land bees, Centris pallida and Amegilla dawsoni Meghan Barrett1 · Sophi Schneider2 · Purnima Sachdeva1 · Angelina Gomez1 · Stephen Buchmann3,4 · Sean O’Donnell1,5 Received: 1 February 2021 / Revised: 19 May 2021 / Accepted: 22 May 2021 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) occur when there is categorical variation in the reproductive strategies of a sex within a population. These diferent behavioral phenotypes can expose animals to distinct cognitive challenges, which may be addressed through neuroanatomical diferentiation. The dramatic phenotypic plasticity underlying ARTs provides a powerful opportunity to study how intraspecifc nervous system variation can support distinct cognitive abilities. We hypothesized that conspecifc animals pursuing ARTs would exhibit dissimilar brain architecture. Dimorphic males of the bee species Centris pallida and Amegilla dawsoni use alternative mate location strategies that rely primarily on either olfaction (large-morph) or vision (small-morph) to fnd females. This variation in behavior led us to predict increased volumes of the brain regions supporting their primarily chemosensory or visual mate location strategies. Large-morph males relying mainly on olfaction had relatively larger antennal lobes and relatively smaller optic lobes than small-morph males relying primarily on visual cues. In both species, as relative volumes of the optic lobe increased, the relative volume of the antennal lobe decreased. In addition, A. dawsoni large males had relatively larger mushroom body lips, which process olfactory inputs. -
THE HUMBLE-BEE MACMILLAN and CO., Limited LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MELBOURNE the MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO the MACMILLAN CO
THE HUMBLE-BEE MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO A PET QUEEN OF BOMBUS TERRESTRIS INCUBATING HER BROOD. (See page 139.) THE HUMBLE-BEE ITS LIFE-HISTORY AND HOW TO DOMESTICATE IT WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE BRITISH SPECIES OF BOMBUS AND PSITHTRUS BY \ ; Ff W. U SLADEN FELLOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON AUTHOR OF 'QUEEN-REARING IN ENGLAND ' ILLUSTRATED WITH PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS BY THE AUTHOR AND FIVE COLOURED PLATES PHOTOGRAPHED DIRECT FROM NA TURE MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1912 COPYRIGHT Printed in ENGLAND. PREFACE The title, scheme, and some of the contents of this book are borrowed from a little treatise printed on a stencil copying apparatus in August 1892. The boyish effort brought me several naturalist friends who encouraged me to pursue further the study of these intelligent and useful insects. ..Of these friends, I feel especially indebted to the late Edward Saunders, F.R.S., author of The Hymen- optera Aculeata of the British Islands, and to the late Mrs. Brightwen, the gentle writer of Wild Nattcre Won by Kindness, and other charming studies of pet animals. The general outline of the life-history of the humble-bee is, of course, well known, but few observers have taken the trouble to investigate the details. Even Hoffer's extensive monograph, Die Htimmeln Steiermarks, published in 1882 and 1883, makes no mention of many remarkable can particulars that I have witnessed, and there be no doubt that further investigations will reveal more. -
Bombus Terrestris L
Apidologie 39 (2008) 419–427 Available online at: c INRA/DIB-AGIB/ EDP Sciences, 2008 www.apidologie.org DOI: 10.1051/apido:2008020 Original article Foraging distance in Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)* Stephan Wolf, Robin F.A. Moritz Institut für Biologie / Institutsbereich Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Received 11 October 2007 – Revised 7 February 2008 – Accepted 25 February 2008 Abstract – A major determinant of bumblebees pollination efficiency is the distance of pollen dispersal, which depends on the foraging distance of workers. We employ a transect setting, controlling for both forage and nest location, to assess the foraging distance of Bombus terrestris workers and the influence of environmental factors on foraging frequency over distance. The mean foraging distance of B. terrestris workers was 267.2 m ± 180.3 m (max. 800 m). Nearly 40% of the workers foraged within 100 m around the nest. B. terrestris workers have thus rather moderate foraging ranges if rewarding forage is available within vicinity of the nests. We found the spatial distribution and the quality of forage plots to be the major determinants for the bees foraging decision-making, explaining over 80% of the foraging frequency. This low foraging range has implications for using B. terrestris colonies as pollinators in agriculture. Bumblebee / foraging / pollination / decision-making 1. INTRODUCTION efficiency (Gauld et al., 1990; Westerkamp, 1991; Wilson and Thomson, 1991; Goulson, Pollen dispersal through animal pollinators 2003). This is partly due to the more robust is essential for plant reproduction. The effi- handling of flowers by bumblebees and their ciency of pollinators depends on various fac- ability of buzz-pollination (e.g. -
Food Load Manipulation Ability Shapes Flight Morphology in Females Of
Polidori et al. Frontiers in Zoology 2013, 10:36 http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/10/1/36 RESEARCH Open Access Food load manipulation ability shapes flight morphology in females of central-place foraging Hymenoptera Carlo Polidori1*, Angelica Crottini2, Lidia Della Venezia3,5, Jesús Selfa4, Nicola Saino5 and Diego Rubolini5 Abstract Background: Ecological constraints related to foraging are expected to affect the evolution of morphological traits relevant to food capture, manipulation and transport. Females of central-place foraging Hymenoptera vary in their food load manipulation ability. Bees and social wasps modulate the amount of food taken per foraging trip (in terms of e.g. number of pollen grains or parts of prey), while solitary wasps carry exclusively entire prey items. We hypothesized that the foraging constraints acting on females of the latter species, imposed by the upper limit to the load size they are able to transport in flight, should promote the evolution of a greater load-lifting capacity and manoeuvrability, specifically in terms of greater flight muscle to body mass ratio and lower wing loading. Results: Our comparative study of 28 species confirms that, accounting for shared ancestry, female flight muscle ratio was significantly higher and wing loading lower in species taking entire prey compared to those that are able to modulate load size. Body mass had no effect on flight muscle ratio, though it strongly and negatively co-varied with wing loading. Across species, flight muscle ratio and wing loading were negatively correlated, suggesting coevolution of these traits. Conclusions: Natural selection has led to the coevolution of resource load manipulation ability and morphological traits affecting flying ability with additional loads in females of central-place foraging Hymenoptera. -
The Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in the African Cichlid Fish, Neolamprologus Pulcher
Biol. Rev. (2011), 86, pp. 511–530. 511 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00158.x The evolution of cooperative breeding in the African cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher Marian Wong∗ and Sigal Balshine Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada (Received 14 December 2009; revised 5 August 2010; accepted 16 August 2010) ABSTRACT The conundrum of why subordinate individuals assist dominants at the expense of their own direct reproduction has received much theoretical and empirical attention over the last 50 years. During this time, birds and mammals have taken centre stage as model vertebrate systems for exploring why helpers help. However, fish have great potential for enhancing our understanding of the generality and adaptiveness of helping behaviour because of the ease with which they can be experimentally manipulated under controlled laboratory and field conditions. In particular, the freshwater African cichlid, Neolamprologus pulcher, has emerged as a promising model species for investigating the evolution of cooperative breeding, with 64 papers published on this species over the past 27 years. Here we clarify current knowledge pertaining to the costs and benefits of helping in N. pulcher by critically assessing the existing empirical evidence. We then provide a comprehensive examination of the evidence pertaining to four key hypotheses for why helpers might help: (1) kin selection; (2) pay-to-stay; (3) signals of prestige; and (4) group augmentation. For each hypothesis, we outline the underlying theory, address the appropriateness of N. pulcher as a model species and describe the key predictions and associated empirical tests. For N. -
Evidence for and Against Deformed Wing Virus Spillover from Honey Bees to Bumble Bees: a Reverse Genetic Analysis Olesya N
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evidence for and against deformed wing virus spillover from honey bees to bumble bees: a reverse genetic analysis Olesya N. Gusachenko1*, Luke Woodford1, Katharin Balbirnie‑Cumming1, Eugene V. Ryabov2 & David J. Evans1* Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a persistent pathogen of European honey bees and the major contributor to overwintering colony losses. The prevalence of DWV in honey bees has led to signifcant concerns about spillover of the virus to other pollinating species. Bumble bees are both a major group of wild and commercially‑reared pollinators. Several studies have reported pathogen spillover of DWV from honey bees to bumble bees, but evidence of a sustained viral infection characterized by virus replication and accumulation has yet to be demonstrated. Here we investigate the infectivity and transmission of DWV in bumble bees using the buf-tailed bumble bee Bombus terrestris as a model. We apply a reverse genetics approach combined with controlled laboratory conditions to detect and monitor DWV infection. A novel reverse genetics system for three representative DWV variants, including the two master variants of DWV—type A and B—was used. Our results directly confrm DWV replication in bumble bees but also demonstrate striking resistance to infection by certain transmission routes. Bumble bees may support DWV replication but it is not clear how infection could occur under natural environmental conditions. Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a widely established pathogen of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera. In synergistic action with its vector—the parasitic mite Varroa destructor—it has had a devastating impact on the health of honey bee colonies globally1,2. -
Molecular Ecology and Social Evolution of the Eastern Carpenter Bee
Molecular ecology and social evolution of the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica Jessica L. Vickruck, B.Sc., M.Sc. Department of Biological Sciences Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © 2017 Abstract Bees are extremely valuable models in both ecology and evolutionary biology. Their link to agriculture and sensitivity to climate change make them an excellent group to examine how anthropogenic disturbance can affect how genes flow through populations. In addition, many bees demonstrate behavioural flexibility, making certain species excellent models with which to study the evolution of social groups. This thesis studies the molecular ecology and social evolution of one such bee, the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica. As a generalist native pollinator that nests almost exclusively in milled lumber, anthropogenic disturbance and climate change have the power to drastically alter how genes flow through eastern carpenter bee populations. In addition, X. virginica is facultatively social and is an excellent organism to examine how species evolve from solitary to group living. Across their range of eastern North America, X. virginica appears to be structured into three main subpopulations: a northern group, a western group and a core group. Population genetic analyses suggest that the northern and potentially the western group represent recent range expansions. Climate data also suggest that summer and winter temperatures describe a significant amount of the genetic differentiation seen across their range. Taken together, this suggests that climate warming may have allowed eastern carpenter bees to expand their range northward. Despite nesting predominantly in disturbed areas, eastern carpenter bees have adapted to newly available habitat and appear to be thriving. -
Leary, C.J. 2014. Close-Range Vocal Signals Elicit a Stress Response in Male Green Treefrogs
Animal Behaviour 96 (2014) 39e48 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Close-range vocal signals elicit a stress response in male green treefrogs: resolution of an androgen-based conflict * Christopher J. Leary Department of Biology, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, U.S.A. article info Male courtship signals often stimulate the production of sex steroids in both female and male receivers. fi Article history: Such effects bene t signallers by increasing receptivity in females, but impose costs on signallers by Received 11 March 2014 promoting sexual behaviour and aggression in male competitors. To resolve this androgen-based conflict, Initial acceptance 24 April 2014 males should use strategies that suppress sex steroid production in rival males. In green treefrogs, Hyla Final acceptance 7 July 2014 cinerea, chorus sounds (i.e. advertisement calls from aggregates of males) are known to stimulate Published online 17 August 2014 androgen production in receiver males. Here, I examined whether males of this species counter these MS. number: A14-00205R effects by eliciting an endocrine stress response in male conspecifics during close-range vocal in- teractions. I show that corticosterone (CORT) levels were higher in males that lost vocal contests in Keywords: natural choruses compared to contest winners and nonaggressive males. Testosterone levels were also acoustic signal lower in contest losers compared to nonaggressive males, but not contest winners; dihydrotesterone challenge hypothesis levels did not differ among the three groups. Aggressive and advertisement calls were then broadcast to courtship signal glucocorticoid males in an experiment that simulated close-range vocal communication. -
Behavioural Mechanisms of Reproductive Isolation Between Two Hybridizing Dung Fly Species
Animal Behaviour 132 (2017) 155e166 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Behavioural mechanisms of reproductive isolation between two hybridizing dung fly species * Athene Giesen , Wolf U. Blanckenhorn, Martin A. Schafer€ Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland article info Characterization of the phenotypic differentiation and genetic basis of traits that can contribute to Article history: reproductive isolation is an important avenue to understand the mechanisms of speciation. We quan- Received 29 November 2016 tified the degree of prezygotic isolation and geographical variation in mating behaviour among four Initial acceptance 26 January 2017 populations of Sepsis neocynipsea that occur in allopatry, parapatry or sympatry with four populations of Final acceptance 21 June 2017 its sister species Sepsis cynipsea. To obtain insights into the quantitative genetic basis and the role of selection against hybrid phenotypes we also investigated mating behaviour of F1 hybrid offspring and MS. number: 16-01039R corresponding backcrosses with the parental populations. Our study documents successful hybridization under laboratory conditions, with low copulation frequencies in heterospecific pairings but higher fre- Keywords: quencies in pairings of F1 hybrids signifying hybrid vigour. Analyses of F1 offspring and their parental biogeography backcrosses provided little evidence for sexual selection against hybrids. -
Funnel Weaver Spiders (Funnel-Web Weavers, Grass Spiders)
Colorado Arachnids of Interest Funnel Weaver Spiders (Funnel-web weavers, Grass spiders) Class: Arachnida (Arachnids) Order: Araneae (Spiders) Family: Agelenidae (Funnel weaver Figure 1. Female grass spider on sheet web. spiders) Identification and Descriptive Features: Funnel weaver spiders are generally brownish or grayish spiders with a body typically ranging from1/3 to 2/3-inch when full grown. They have four pairs of eyes that are roughly the same size. The legs and body are hairy and legs usually have some dark banding. They are often mistaken for wolf spiders (Lycosidae family) but the size and pattern of eyes can most easily distinguish them. Like wolf spiders, the funnel weavers are very fast runners. Among the three most common genera (Agelenopsis, Hololena, Tegenaria) found in homes and around yards, Agelenopsis (Figures 1, 2 and 3) is perhaps most easily distinguished as it has long tail-like structures extending from the rear end of the body. These structures are the spider’s spinnerets, from which the silk emerges. Males of this genus have a unique and peculiarly coiled structure (embolus) on their pedipalps (Figure 3), the appendages next to the mouthparts. Hololena species often have similar appearance but lack the elongated spinnerets and male pedipalps have a normal clubbed appearance. Spiders within both genera Figure 2. Adult female of a grass spider, usually have dark longitudinal bands that run along the Agelenopsis sp. back of the cephalothorax and an elongated abdomen. Tegenaria species tend to have blunter abdomens marked with gray or black patches. Dark bands may also run along the cephalothorax, which is reddish brown with yellowish hairs in the species Tegenaria domestica (Figure 4). -
Concepts Derived from the Challenge Hypothesis T ⁎ John C
Hormones and Behavior 115 (2019) 104550 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Hormones and Behavior journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yhbeh Review article Concepts derived from the Challenge Hypothesis T ⁎ John C. Wingfielda, , Wolfgang Goymannb, Cecilia Jalabertc,d, Kiran K. Somac,d,e a Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA b Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany c Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada d Djavad Mofawaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada e Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The Challenge Hypothesis was developed to explain why and how regulatory mechanisms underlying patterns of State levels testosterone secretion vary so much across species and populations as well as among and within individuals. The Neurosteroids hypothesis has been tested many times over the past 30 years in all vertebrate groups as well as some in- Songbird vertebrates. Some experimental tests supported the hypothesis but many did not. However, the emerging con- Aggression cepts and methods extend and widen the Challenge Hypothesis to potentially all endocrine systems, and not only Testosterone control of secretion, but also transport mechanisms and how target cells are able to adjust their responsiveness to Mass spectrometry Androgens circulating levels of hormones independently of other tissues. The latter concept may be particularly important in explaining how tissues respond differently to the same hormone concentration. Responsiveness of the hy- pothalamo-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis to environmental and social cues regulating reproductive functions may all be driven by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH), but the question remains as to how different contexts and social interactions result in stimulation of GnRH or GnIH release. -
The Role of Limb Autotomy in the Territorial Beha Vior of the Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium Lar (Palaemonidae)
THE ROLE OF LIMB AUTOTOMY IN THE TERRITORIAL BEHA VIOR OF THE FRESHWATER PRAWN, MACROBRACHIUM LAR (PALAEMONIDAE) BY RICHARD ALAN SEIDEL A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF GUAM NOVEMBER 2003 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Richard Alan Seidel for the Master of Science in Biology presented November 5, 2003. Title: The Role of Limb Autotomy in the Territorial Behavior of the Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium lar (Palaemonidae) Approved: __________________________________________________J~~ p.-~ __ Terry J. Donaldson, Chairman, Thesis Committee The role of limb autotomy in the territorial behavior of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lar, was analyzed to determine whether or not prawns modified their defended territory size depending on the condition of cheliped autotomy. Territory size data were collected for sets consisting of four prawns interacting during 14-day measurement periods. Specific territory size measurements were obtained using Thiessen polygons demarcated by boundaries where agonistic encounters occurred and aggressive pressure was equal. Agonistic encounters were defined to include lunging, chasing, and fleeing. Measured territory sizes were then analyzed using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis with the Tukey-Kramer Muhiple-Comparison test and the Kruskal-Wallis test employed where necessary. No significant differences were found in the Control group, in which all 12 prawns 2 defended a territory with a mean size of 5274.6 ± 244.7 cm • Results for Experiment Experiment Group 1, with one cheliped autotomized, showed that most prawns defended less territory compared to those prawns with both chelipeds intact. The results of Experiment Group 2 showed that most prawns with two chelipeds autotomized also defended less territory than most prawns with both chelipeds intact.