Taxonomic Index

A Apis dorsata (giant Asian honeybee), 422, 428 aardwolf (Proteles cristatus), 271 Apis mellifera (honeybees), 87, 162, 165, acarid mites, ‘fighter’/‘scrambler’ males, 245, 249, 414, 422, 428 549 Apis mellifera capensis (Cape honeybee), Achatina fulica, 337 432 Acromyrmex spp. (leafcutter ), 420 Apis mellifera ligustica, 111 Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), 386 Aplysia sea slugs, 336 Aeolidiella glauca, 339 Araneidae, 444, 449 African black coucals (Centropus grillii), Araneoidae, monogyny/multiple males, 476 454 African buffalos (Syncerus caffer), 248 Arctocephalus galapagoensis (Galápagos African cichlid (Astatotilapia burtoni), fur seals), 276 671 Argentine ants (Linepithema humile), 673 African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), 480 Argiope aurantia, 456 Agelaius phoeniceus (red-winged Argiope bruennichi, 450 blackbird), 372, 634 Argiope keyserlingi, 450 aperta (funnel-web ), Argiope lobata, 450 601, 668 Argiope nephila, 456 Alderia willowi, 347 Arianta arbustorum, 338, 340, 341, 348 Amblyrhynchos cristatus (Galápagos army ants (Eciton burchelli), 245, 415, marine iguana), 39 422, 423, 427 dawsoni (Dawson’s Astatotilapia burtoni (African cichlid), burrowing ), 556 671 American robin (Turdus migratorius), 360 Ateles spp. (spider monkeys), 667 amoeba, social, 65, 70 aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis), Anas platyrhynchos (mallard), 364 626, 664 angler , 457 Anolis lizards, dewlap colouration, 20 B Anser albifrons (white-fronted geese), 136 Anser anser (greylag geese), 121, 126 baboons, 38–43, 138, 249, 642, 666, 667 Anser domesticus (domestic geese), 42 banded mongoose (Mungos mungo), 34, ants, 70, 151, 164–168, 245, 249, 423, 268, 280, 673 428, 457, 596, 673 bank swallows (Riparia riparia), 64 , 154, 182–185 Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus), Apis cerana cerana, 111 43, 64

685 686 Taxonomic Index barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis), 64, 133 Callorhinus ursinus (northern fur seals), barnacles, 457 283 Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii), 254, Canis lupus (wolves), 138 256, 667 Canis mesomelas (black-backed jackal), , see also, honeybees 289 Belding’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus Cape honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis), belding), 34 432 Biomphalaria glabrata, 334, 342 capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus), 34, birds, 126, 359ff 248, 251, 631 black elder (Sambucus nigra), 21 Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi, 159, 160 black scavenger ( cynipsea), 307, Cardiocondyla obscurior, 160 310, 315, 320 cats (Felis catus), 488 black widow (Latrodectus hasselti), 443, cattle (Bos indicus), 248 448, 449 Cavia aperea, 278 black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), cavies, 271, 278, 282, 518, 525 289 Cebus capucinus (capuchin monkeys), 34, blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), 6, 21 248, 251 Blatta germanica (German cockroach), Centris pallida, 550 245 Centropus grillii (African black coucal), blenniid , brood care, 270 476 blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), 34 ceratopogonid biting midges, 453, 457 blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), 20, 377, Cercopithecoidea, 666 378, 385 Cercopithecus mitis (blue monkey), 34 bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas 380, 538, 539 ursinus), 38–42, 249, 251 bluethroat (Luscinia svecica), 363, 364, chameleons, 12 369, 378 Chelidonura hirundinina, 335, 345, 346 bola , 4 Chelidonura sandrana, 337, 346, 348 Bombus terrestris (), 169, chickens (Gallus gallus), 33 418, 421 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 34, 138, bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata), 671 631, 634, 667, 671 Bos indicus, 248 clawed frogs (Xenopus leavis), 65 Branta leucopsis (barnacle geese), cleaner wrasse, 224, 225 64, 133 cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), brown bears (Ursus arctos), 279 45 brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), 484 Clitaetra spp., 447 brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus fulvus), coal tit (Parus ater), 369 251, 664 cockroaches (Blatta germanica), 245 , 169, 418, 421 cod (Gadus morhua), 674 burying (Necrophorus Columba livia f. domestica (pigeons) 256 vespilloides), 64 common tern (Sterna hirundo), 277 butterflies, eyespots, 14 Cornu aspersum (Helix aspersa), 335, 347 Corvus ossifragus (fish crows), 6, 17 C coucals, 476 Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyenas), Caenorhabditis elegans, 276 484, 486 Cakile edentula (sea rockets), 65 crows, 11, 17, 126 California mouse (Peromyscus Cryptomys anselli, 276 californicus), 271, 284, 286 Cryptotermes secundus, 183 Callibaetis ferrugineus hageni (mayfies), Cryptotermes spp. 189 669, 670 cuckoo , 476 Callithrix jacchus, 671 Cyanistes caeruleus (blue tit), 20, 377, Callitrichidae, 270, 665 378, 385 Taxonomic Index 687

Cycliophora, 457 Eisenia andrei, 337 Cynictis penicillata, (yellow mongoose), Eisenia fetida, 340 34 Elacatinus spp., 225 elephants (Loxodonta africana), 34, 39, D 43, 249, 251, 258, 289 Emberiza schoeniclus (reed bunting), 369 Dama dama (fallow deer), 555 Entelegynae, 449 damselflies, 541, 553, 559 eukaryotes, 180, 191–194 Daphnia pulicaria (water fleas), 673 Eulemur fulvus fulvus (brown lemurs), Daubentonia madagascariensis (aye-ayes), 251, 664 626, 664 Euplectes ardens (red-collared widowbird), Dawson’s burrowing bees (Amegilla 5 dawsoni), 556 Euplectes axiliaris (short-tailed Dayak fruit bat (Dyacopterus spadiceus), widowbird), 19 268 Euplectes progne (long-tailed widowbird), degus (Octodon degus), 668 301 Diacamma spp., 166 Euprymna tasmanica (dumpling squid), Dicrurus adsimilis (fork-tailed drongos), 610 34 European shags (Phalacrocorax Dictyostelium purpureum, 65 aristotelis), 673 digger (Sphex ichneumoneus), 541 Dinoponera quadriceps, 457 F Dinoponera spp., 166 Djungarian hamster (Phodopus campbelli), fairy-wren, 396 271, 284 Falco tinnunculus (kestrels), 5, 7 dogs, wild (Lycaon pictus), 289 fallow deer (Dama dama), 555 Dolichovespula saxonica (Saxon ), Felis catus (domestic cat), 488 161 field crickets (Gryllus integer), 555 Dolomedes fimbriatus (fishing spider), fire ants (Solenopsis invicta), 70 601 fish crows (Corvus ossifragus), 6, 17 dolphins, 639 fishing spiders (Dolomedes fimbriatus), domestic cat (Felis catus), 488 601 domestic pigeons (Columba livia f. flatworms, 335 domestica), 256 fork-tailed drongos (Dicrurus adsimilis), Dorylus spp., 415, 416 34 dragonflies, 555 Fulmarus glacialis (northern fulmar), 363 Drosophila spp., 347 funnel-web spiders, 601, 668 drywood , 189 Dugesia gonocephala, 338, 345 G dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica), 610 Gadus morhua (cod), 674 dung , 307, 310, 312 Galápagos fur seals (Arctocephalus dunnocks (Prunella modularis), 64 galapagoensis), 276 dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma Galápagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchos fuscipes), 470 cristatus), 39 dwarf mongoose (Helogale parvula), 480 Galea monasteriensis (yellow-toothed Dyacopterus spadiceus (Dayak fruit bat), cavy), 271, 518 268 Gallinula chloropus (moorhens), 64 Gallus gallus, 33, 364 E garden warblers (Sylvia borin), 15 Gasterosteus aculeatus (three-spined eastern kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), 392 stickleback), 65, 250, 592, 668 Echiura, 457 geese (Anser domesticus), 42 Eciton burchelli, 245, 416, 427 Geospiza forti (ground finch), 314 688 Taxonomic Index gibbons, 665 K golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), 69 Kalotermitidae, 189 golden-collared manakin (Manacus kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), 5, 7 vitellinus), 10, 20 killer whales (Orcinus orca), 35 Gorilla gorilla beringei (mountain gorillas), 248 L (Lanius excubitor), 372, 373 Labroides bicolor (cleaner wrasse), 225 great tit (Parus major), 280, 386, 387, 605 Labroides dimidiatus (cleaner wrasse), green woodhoopoes (Phoeniculus 225 purpureus), 42 Lacerta vivipara (common lizards), 600 greylag geese (Anser anser), 121, Lake Tanganyika cichlids, 542, 596 126–128 Lake Victoria cichlids, 19 ground finch (Geospiza forti), 314 Lamprologus ocellatus (snail cichlid), 270 Gryllus integer (field crickets) 555 Lanius excubitor (great grey shrike), Guinea baboons (Papio papio), 43 372, 373 guinea pigs, 282, 512–517, 523 Lanyu scops owl (Otus elegans botelensis), Gunther’s dik-dik (Madoqua guentheri), 361 39 Latrodectus geometricus (black widow), guppies (Poecilia reticulata), 11, 668 448 Latrodectus hasselti (black widow), H 448, 449 Latrodectus spp., 443, 448 hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus), leafcutter ants, 420 285 Lemur catta (ring-tailed lemur), 466 harvester ants, 419 lemurs, 251, 466, 664 Helogale parvula (dwarf mongoose), Lepilemur ruficaudatus, 664 480 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish), Herennia multipuncta, 447 380, 538, 539 Heterocephalus glaber (naked mole-rats), Leptothorax spp., 166–168 290 lesser bulldog bats (Noctilia albiventris), Homo sapiens, , 67 43 honeybees (Apis mellifera), 87, 103, 162, Limia perugiae, 560 165, 249, 415, 422, 549 Linanthus parryae, 22 house mice (Mus musculus), 64, 65, 612 Linepithema humile (Argentine ants), 673 house sparrow (Passer domesticus), 308, lions (Panthera leo), 34, 138 311, 367 Liostenogaster flavolineata, 183 humans, 233, 235, 290 lizards, common (Lacerta vivipara), 600 hyenas, 274, 281, 283, 484–488, 517 long-tailed widowbird (Euplectes progne), Hylobatidae, 665 301 , 125, 155, 156, Loxodonta africana (elephants), 34, 39, 183–189, 413 43, 249, 251, 258, 289 Lumbricus terrestris, 335, 342, 348 I Luscinia svecica, (bluethroat), 363 Lycaon pictus (African wild dog), iguanas, 563 289, 480 Ischnura ramburi, 541 Lymnaea spp., 334, 340, 344

J M

Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), 42 Macaca fuscata (Japanese macaques), 42 junglefowl (Gallus gallus), 364 Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaques), 35, 36, 511, 518–520 Taxonomic Index 689

Macaca radiata (bonnet macaques), 671 mongoose, 34, 268 Macaca sylvanus (Barbary macaques), monkeyflowers (Mimulus spp.), 43, 64 bees/hummingbirds, 12 macaques, 35, 36, 42, 64, 511, 518–520, montane vole (Microtus montanus), 482 666, 671 moorhens (Gallinula chloropus), 64 Macropus eugenii (tammar wallabies), mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla 668 beringei), 248 Macrostomum lignano, 334, 335 mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus), 278 Macrotermes bellicosus, 199 Muenster yellow-toothed cavy (Galea Madoqua guentheri (Gunther’s dik-dik), monasteriensis), 271, 518 39 Mungos mungo (banded mongoose), 34, mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), 364 268, 280, 673 Malurus coronatus (purple-crowned fairy- Mus musculus (house mice), 64, 65, 612 wren), 396 Myotis bechsteinii (Bechstein’s bats), 254, Malurus cyaneus (superb fairy-wren), 256, 667 363, 385 Malurus splendens (splendid fairy-wren), N 395 Manacus candei (white-collared manakin), naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber), 20 185, 187, 290 Manacus vitellinus (golden-collared Nannophya pygmaea, 555 manakin), 10, 20 Navanax inermis, 344 manakins, 10, 20 Necrophorus vespilloides (burying marine isopods, 558 beetles), 64 marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), 665, 671 Neolamprologus pulcher, 542, 596 mayflies, 669, 670 Neotoma fuscipes (dusky-footed meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), woodrats), 470 482, 485 Nephilengys spp., 447 (Suricata suricatta), 230, 271, Nephilia clavipes, 446 279, 284, 289 Nephilia edulis, 446, 456 Melipona quadrifasciata, 425 Nephilia fenestrata, 446, 450, 456 Melipona spp., 188–190 Nephilia plumipes, 446, 456 Melospiza melodia (song sparrow), 370 Nephilidae, 446, 449 melyrid beetles, 22 New Zealand stitchbird (Hihi, Notiomystis Meriones unguiculatus (Mongolian gerbil), cincta), 385 271 Noctilia albiventris (lesser bulldog bat), Mesocricetus auratus (golden hamsters), 43 69 northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), 363 mice, 506–511, 515, 523 northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), Microcebus berthae, 664 283 Microcebus murinus (mouse lemurs), 278 Notiomystis cincta (New Zealand Micropterus dolomieu (smallmouth bass), stitchbird, hihi), 385 668 Microtus montanus (montane vole), 482 O Microtus ochrogaster (prairie vole), 268, 271, 482 Octodon degus, 668 Microtus pennsylvanicus (meadow vole), Ocyphaps lophotes (crested pigeons), 43 482, 485 Oncorhynchus mykiss (steelhead), 674 Microtus pinetorum (pine vole), 271 Onthophagus acuminatus, 538, 547, 548 Mimulus spp. (monkeyflowers), 12 Ophryotrocha diadema, 334, 335, 343 Mnais costalis, 553, 559 Opilionidae, 443 mole-rat (Cryptomys anselli) 276 orang-utans (Pongo abelii/P. pygmaeus), Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), 629, 634, 637 271 orb-web spiders (Araneoidae), 454 690 Taxonomic Index

Orchis mascula, 18 Pongo abelii/Pongo pygmaeus (orang- Orcinus orca (killer whales), 35 utans), 629, 634 Oreochromis mossambicus, 612 prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), 268, Otus elegans botelensis (Lanyu scops owl), 271, 482 361 Presbytis thomasis (Thomas langurs), 34 P primates, 42, 258, 270, 665 Pristomyrmex punctatus, 165 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee), 34, 138, Propithecus verreauxi (Verreaux’s 667, 671 sifakas), 43, 251, 664 Panthera leo (lions), 34 Proteles cristatus (aardwolf), 271 paper wasp, 165, 168 Prunella modularis (dunnocks), 64 Papio hamadryas ursinus (chacma Pseudobiceros bedfordi, 347 baboons), 38–42, 249, 251 Pseudoceros bifurcus, 335, 347 Papio papio (Guinea baboons), 43, 667 purple-crowned fairy-wren (Malurus Paracerceis sculpta, 558 coronatus), 396 Parahyaena brunnea (brown hyena), 484 Pygoscelis adeliae (Adélie penguin), parrots, 126 386 Parus ater (coal tit), 369 Parus major (great tit), 280, 386, 387, 605 R Passer domesticus (house sparrow), 308, 367 red fox (Vulpes vulpes), 128 Pavo cristatus (peafowl), 65 red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) 364 peafowl (Pavo cristatus), 65 red-collared widowbird (Euplectes ardens), Pelvicachromis taeniatus, 65 5 Perissodus microlepis, 554 red-winged blackbird (Agelaius Peromyscus californicus (California phoeniceus), 372, 634 mouse), 271, 284, 286 reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus), Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mice), 369, 382 555 Rhabdomys pumilio (striped mice), Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (cliff swallows), 268, 667 45 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), 35, Phalacrocorax aristotelis (European 36, 511, 518–520 shags), 673 ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), 466 Philomachus pugnax, 553 Riparia riparia (bank swallows), 64 Phodopus campbelli (Djungarian hamster), rough-toothed dolphin (Steno 271, 284 bredanensis), 43 Phoeniculus purpureus (green woodhoopoes), 42 S Physa acuta, 334, 340–342, 344 Physa gyrina, 341 Sambucus nigra (black elder), 21 Phytoseiulus persimilis, 64 Sancassania berlesei, 550, 556 pied babblers (Turdoides bicolour), 34 Saxon wasp (Dolichovespula saxonica), pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica), 161 256 scarab (Onthophagus acuminatus), pigs, 280, 281 538, 547, 548, 563 pine vole (Microtus pinetorum), 271 Scathophaga stercoraria (yellow dung plains spadefoot toad (Spea bombifrons), flies), 312, 315, 321 73 Schistocephalus solidus, 338, 341, 342 punctata, 169 Schistosoma mansoni, 342 poeciliid fishes, 560 Schistosomatidae, 457 Pogonomyrmex rugosus (harvester ants), Schmidtea polychroa, 341, 345 419 sea rockets (Cakile edentula), 65 poison frogs, 16 sea slugs, 335–338 Taxonomic Index 691

Semnopithecus entellus (hanuman langurs), T 285 Sepsis cynipsea (black scavenger fly), 307, Tachycineta bicolor (tree swallow), 310, 315, 320 362, 363 Serranus tabacarius, 334, 335 Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch), 467 short-tailed widowbirds (Euplectes tamarins, 665 axiliaris), 19 tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii), siamangs, 665 668 side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana), Teleogryllus oceanicus (field crickets), 472, 473, 554 668 slime mold (Dictyostelium), 191 Temnothorax albipennis, 245, 249, smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), 251, 596 668 Temnothorax nylanderi, 168 snail cichlid (Lamprologus ocellatus), Temnothorax unifasciatus, 164, 167 270 termites, 154, 180–189, 193 Solenopsis invicta (fire ants), 70 Theridiidae, 448 solicitation behaviour, 280 Thomas langurs (Presbytis thomasis), 34 song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), 370 three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus Spea bombifrons (plains spadefoot toad), aculeatus), 65, 250, 601 73 , 182, 183, 185 Spermophilus belding (Belding’s ground Tidarren cuneolatum, 449 squirrels), 34 Tiddaren argo, 448 sphecid digger wasps, 538 tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), 612 Sphex ichneumoneus, 541 titi monkey (Callicebus molloch), 518 spider monkeys (Ateles spp.), 667 tree lizards, 472, 562 spiders, 441, 455 tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), splendid fairy-wren (Malurus splendens), 362, 363 395 Turdoides bicolour (pied babblers), 34 spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), Turdus migratorius (American robin), 360 484, 486 Tursiops truncatus (dolphins) 639 squirrel monkey, 515 Tyrannus tyrannus (eastern kingbird), 392 steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 674 Steno bredanensis (rough-toothed U dolphin), 43 Sterna hirundo (common tern), 277 Urosaurus ornatus (tree lizard), 472, 562 sticklebacks, 20, 65, 250, 592, 601, Ursus arctos (brown bear), 279 611, 668 Uta stansburiana (side-blotched lizard), stingless bee, 166, 169 472, 554 stitchbird, 385 Streblognathus spp., 166, 169 V striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio), 268, 667 Verreaux’s sifakas (Propithecus Succinea putris, 338, 340 verreauxi), 43, 251, 664 superb fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus), voles, 5, 7, 268, 271, 373, 482, 485, 487 363, 385 Vulpes vulpes (red fox), 128 Suricata suricatta (meerkats), 230, 271, 284, 289 W swallows, 45, 64, 362 swordtail fishes, 19, 553, 559 wallabies, 668 Sylvia atricapilla (blackcap), 6 wasps, 152, 161, 165, 168, 183–186, 413, Sylvia borin (garden warblers), 15 426, 538 Symphodus ocellatus (Mediterranean sphecid, 538 wrasse), 550, 551 stenogastrine, 183 Syncerus caffer (African buffalo), 248 water fleas (Daphnia pulicaria), 673 692 Taxonomic Index white-collared manakin (Manacus candei), Xiphophorus nigrensis (Panuco swordtail), 20 553, 559 white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), Xiphophorus spp. (swordtail fishes), 19 555 white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), Y 136 widowbirds, 5, 19, 301 yeast, 70 wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), 289 yellow dung flies (Scathophaga wolves (Canis lupus), 138 stercoraria), 312, 315, 321 woodrats, /, 470 yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata), wrasses, 225, 550, 551, 566 34 yellow-toothed cavy (Galea X monasteriensis), 271, 518

Xenopus leavis (clawed frogs), 65 Z Xiphophorus multilineatus, 559 zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), 467

Subject Index

A future expectations, 603 monoamine oxidase-A, 506 acoustic signals/communication, 30, 31 agonistic interaction, 131, 134, 137 activational effect, 473 alarm calls, 32–34, 39, 626 adaptation, 505, 522–528 allelic compatibility, 379 definition, 61 allelic quality, 379 adaptationist programme, critique allocation decisions, 537 (Gould/Lewontin), 657 alloparenting (alloparental care), 185, 186, adaptiveness, horizontal, 629, 635 189, 290 oblique/vertical, 629, 634 alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), adolescence, 505, 506, 522ff 537ff fighting, 524 density dependence, 555 social interactions, testosterone, 526 frequency dependence, 552 stress responsiveness, 522 genetic/environmental, 557 adoption, 489 hormones, 562 adrenal cortex, 123 sequential, 539, 558 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), altricial young, 272 489, 490 altruism, 56, 74, 79, 182–190, 202, 203, adult sex ratio (ASR), 269 214, 215, 219, 231 affordances, 624, 625, 647 coercion, 190 aggregation, 242 enforced, 151, 187 aggression, deprivation of early maternal , 183 care/ physical interactions with peers, weak (by-product mutualism/pseudo- 518 reciprocity, n-player games) 231 early life stress, 518 altruistic punishment, 233 hormones, 469, 476 Alzheimer’s disease, 507 male-male, 469, 479 Alzheimer-like pathology, 508 maternal, 288 amniotic fluid, 287 progesterone, 477 androgens, 129, 134, 512–517, 523 ritualised, 167 behaviour, birds, 129 routines/adaptiveness, 599 male aggression, 612 testosterone, woodrats, 470 receptors, 477 aggressiveness, 506, 523 responsiveness, 475, 478 behavioural stability, 611 seasonality, 474 conspecifics, 592 androstenedione (AE), 484

693 694 Subject Index angler fish, monogynous males, 457 genetic, 379 personality, 587ff good genes, 379 animal societies, 246 indirect, 367, 369–382, 396 antagonistic pleiotropy, 547 insurance, 373–375 antennae, 90 male, 383, 386–387, 396–397 antennal boxing, 167 material, 372–373 anthocyanins, 6, 17 transfer, 417 fungal growth inhibition, 7 Bernstein, I.S., 469 anti-predator strategies, 39, 669 Berthold, A.A., 468 anti-recognition hypothesis, 76 best of a bad job tactic, 550 anxiety, 507, 509, 520, 522 bet-hedging strategy, 348 anxiety-like behaviour, modification, 509 between-species cooperation, 191 arginine vasopressin, 482–485 bias, prestige/model-based/content, 631 arginine vasotocin, 561 transmission, 629 armaments/weaponry, 389 bigyny, spiders, 453 armpit effect, 69 biochemical switches, 561 associative learning, 93, 110 BIOL rule, 631 associative recall, 110, 114 biparental care, 360, 381 assortative mating, 133, 317, 337, 600 birds, 126, 359ff audience, 31–34 cognitive abilities, 126 effects, 33ff monogamy, 138 parental care, 361 B birthdate effect, 552, 560 body size, 307, 663 Bateman gradient, 393–396 female fecundity (clutch size), 315 Bateman’s principle, 389 frequency distribution, 312 Beach, F.A., 468 bonding mechanisms, 122 begging, 35, 44, 167, 279–281, 389, bourgeois males/tactics, 537ff, 545–567 640, 673 vs. parasitic males, damselflies, behaviour, altruistic, 56, 74, 79, 182–190, 553, 559 202, 203, 214, 215, 219, 231 iguanas, 563 behavioural consistency, 590, 594, 595 brain, 123 behavioural constraints, Bauplan, 657 nidopallium, 123, 125 phylogenetic, 655 prefrontal cortex, 125 behavioural development, 505–512, 521, size, 125 527, 528 breeding, cooperative, 363, 542 behavioural ecology, 657 sequential ARTs, 543 behavioural flexibility, 587 synchrony, 368 behavioural infantilisation, 514 breeding density, 368 behavioural phenotype, 129, 130, 669 brood care, 154, 182, 186, 199, 268, behavioural polymorphism, 669 270, 540 behavioural profile, 505ff blenniid fishes, 270 behavioural ‘spillovers’, 595, 601, 612 cooperative, 289 behavioural syndromes, 587–590, 611, male fish, 67, 270 658, 675 male , 284 behavioural tactic, 125 brood parasitism, intraspecific, 541 behavioural types, 675 by-product mutualism, 219–225, behavioural variability, 655 230–234 constraints, 660 bystanders, 29–31, 34, 137, 228 benefits, compatibility, 379 direct, 371–375, 383 C diversity, 375–376 female, 371–379, 397–398 caller, sacrifice, 46 fertility, 373–374 calling behaviour, begging, 44 Subject Index 695 calls, echo-locating, 43 common garden experiments, behavioural travel, 32, 42 variation, 668 camouflage, 13 communication, 4, 30, 31, 44, 624 disruptive, 13 acoustic, 31 canalisation, 598, 610, 675 cost-benefit, 44 candidate gene, 671 definition, 4, 31 care, biparental, 360, 361, 381 environmental influence, 20 costs, 361 models, 29, 44 male facultative response, 381 network, 29–32, 46 paternal, 271, 365, 381–384, 388, parent-offspring, 279 442, 518 social groups, 29 reduction, 365 synergy effect, 45 carotenoids, , birds, vocal, 29 129 communication problem, 77 castes, 157, 537, 595 compatibility, 376, 379, 419 determination, 420, 426 genetic, 419 polymorphism, 162 compensatory allocation, 377 categorisation, bees, 94, 95 competition, avoidance, 57 Challenge Hypothesis (J. Wingfield), between-group, 232 471, 525 male-male, 302, 346, 442, 471 cheaters, 179, 182, 190–193, 197, 202 parent-offspring, 279 cleaner wrasses, 225 competitors, ARTs, 538 sperm exchange, 346 cooperation, 541–543 choice experiments, 321 eavesdropping, 37 chromatic/achromatic information, 8 complex learning, 88, 113 circadian time, 110 complex maze, 103, 114 cleaner pairs, joint inspections, cheating, compound eye, 89 228 compromise, 256 cleaners, cooperating, 225, 227 concorde fallacy, 268, 269 clients, ectoparasites, 224 conditional reciprocity, 342 cleaning mutualisms, 229 conditionality, 216 coalitions, 258, 485, 488 condition-dependent switch, 546 decision-making processes, 258 conditioned stimulus, 93 coefficient of relatedness (r), 183 conditioning, observational, 626 coercion, 187–190 configural learning, 93 altruism, 190 conflict, 151, 155, 246 cognition, 61, 87–92, 103, 125, 126 about parental care, 274 cognitive abilities, behavioural variability, bees, 152 252, 655, 663 between parents, 274 crows, 126 inter-individual, 246 parrots, 126 mating roles, 342 cognitive empathy, 627 parent-offspring, 272ff, 275 colony efficiency, 188 prevention/resolution, Hymenoptera, colour, visual, 8, 12 155 colour changes, chameleons, 12 reduction by specialisation, 598 colour contrasts, 18 resolution, 151, 182, 193, 195 colour perception, 9 sexual, 273 colour polymorphism, 22 siblings, 273 colour selection, associative learning, 15 testosterone, 478 colour vision, 89 wasps, 152 colouration, disruptive, 13 weaning, 282 commitment, 595, 598 within families, 273 benefit of the signaller, 598 conflict behaviour, 122 common ancestry, 179, 191, 193, 202 conformity, obligate gregariousness, 631 696 Subject Index consensus, 243, 247 courtship gifts, within-pair/extra-pair cost, 243 copulations, 373 conservatism, 635 cross-fostering, 634 consistency, benefits, 595 interspecific, 627 consolation, 135 cross-modal associative recall, 110 conspicuousness, 10 cross-modal transfer, 99 constrained female hypothesis, 365 cubic spline software, 314 constraints, behavioural, 655, 660 cuckoldry, 76, 365, 377, 380, developmental, 200, 555, 657, 660 399, 546 ecological, 72 cues, 7, 30, 31, 43 life-history, 661 definition, 31 male reproductive interests, 138 vs. signals, 6 monogamy, 390 cultural evolution, 623, 644 phylogenetic, 655, 658, 660, 665 cultural , 233 physiological, 268, 275, 515, 527 culture, 623, 638, 640, 647 sensory, 19 adaptation, 644 time, 246, 250, 259, 565, 668 assessing, 640 contact calls, 42 capuchin monkeys, 639, 642 content bias, 631 cetaceans, 639, 642 context cues, 106 chimpanzees, 639, 642 contextual/familiar imitation, 626 cumulative, 642 cooperation, 39, 56, 70ff, 153, 179ff, 258 definitions, 638 between-species, 191 geographic variations, 639, 640 competitors, 541–543 intelligence, 643 complexity, 190 social learning, 623 evolutionary dilemma, 181 variation, 641 fission-fusion societies, 247 cuticular hydrocarbons, 164 genetic relatedness, 190 cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), relatedness, 184 194 unrelated individuals, 213 cooperative behaviour, 215 D cooperative breeding, 363, 373, 395, 542 cooperative care, humans, 289, 290 dart shooting, garden snail, 347 cooperators, 34 Darwinian fitness, 467 coordination, 29, 31, 41, 46, 133, 242–248 decision-making process, 43 coping style/strategy, 589, 612 decision rules, 241 copulation, 359ff, 380 decisions, group size, 259 forced, 384–388 shared (democratic) vs. unshared duration, spiders, 444 (despotic), 241, 244 frequent, 380, 384, 388 state-dependent, 672 promiscuity/extra-pair, 359ff delayed match-to-sample (DMTS), 88–92, successful, 386 95, 98–101, 114 copying, 250, 623, 626, 632 symbolic (SDMTS), 99 corticosteroid binding globulins (CBG), delayed non-matching task (DNMTS), 490 98 corticosteroids, 130, 489, 520, 523 demasculinisation, 514, 516 corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), density dependence, 332, 368, 515, 537, 489 555, 600 cortisol stress responses, 516–519, 523 despotic societies, 258 cost-benefit, signalling networks, 44 developmental plasticity, 675 costs, female, 365, 382, 380–383 differential conditioning, 95 male, 384, 387, 386–387, 396–397 discriminating admittance, 57 opportunity, 366, 371, 384 discrimination, biconditional, 93 reproduction, 276 definition, 60 Subject Index 697 discrimination learning (peak-shift , 657 phenomena), 15 Euler-Lotka equation, 304 disease, veneral/resistance, 421, 422 , 154–157, 182, 183, display behaviour, 389 189, 243 divergent selection (Lake Victoria , 156 cichlids), water clarity, 19 parental manipulation, 189 division of labour, 88, 199–203 termites, 154, 157 reproductive, 154 evolution, 23, 303, 322 divorce, 365, 375, 380 major transitions, 153 DNA, microsatellite, 426, 428 evolutionary causes, 371–388 DNA fingerprinting, 361 evolutionary consequences, 388–397 dominance, 155, 163–167, 170, 485 female perspective, 371–383 hierarchies, 166, 487 frequency, 361–370 dopamine receptors, partner preference, male perspective, 383, 384 485 male/female driven, 384–388, 399 Drd4 gene, explorative behaviour in great evolutionary history, 467 tits, 605 evolutionary stable strategies (ESS), drone congregation, 422, 429 44, 218, 269, 552 evolutionary trap, 601 E exaptation, 61 experimental testing, 568 ear flagging, elephants, 43 exploratory behaviour, fitness eavesdropping, 5, 29–38, 228, 625, consequences, 609 632–638 expression of preference, 244 competitors, 37 extrachromosomal factors, 559 definition, 31, 37 extra-group paternity, 363 escalated conflicts, 35 extra-pair behaviour, 361 interceptive, 31, 37 diversity benefits, 375 parasites, 37 evolutionary causes, 371 predators, 37 female benefits, 371 social, 31, 37, 38 female costs, 380 ecdysone, 564 female quality, 398 echo-locating calls, 43 fertility benefits, 374 ectoparasite removal, 224 genetic benefits, 378 edge detection mechanisms, contrasts, insurance benefits, 373 13 male benefits, 383 effective sex ratio (ESR), 453 male costs, 384 egg size, 129 male/female driven, 384 egg trading, 343 material benefits, 372, 383 emergent properties, 199–203 extra-pair matings, 359ff, 480, 541 emotionality/emotional systems, 122 male retaliation, 365 empathy, 627 reduced male care, 380 emulation, 627 extra-pair paternity (EPP), 359ff energetic investment, 124 adult mortality, 367 enforcement, 187 assortative personality, 608 enhancement (local or stimulus), 625 fitness, 391 environmental enrichment, 507 hierarchical explanation, 370 epigenetic inheritance/effect, 505, 521, island populations, 367 527, 668, 675 weather conditions, 369 ESS, 44, 218, 269, 552 extra-pair young, fitness-relevant traits, Essential Hypothesis, 396 479 quality genomes, 376 , 477 eye mimicry, 14 ethograms, 657, 675 eyespots, butterflies, 14 698 Subject Index

F fruit colouration, food selection, 6 fruits, ripe, anthocyanins, 17 facilitation (social), 625 familiarity, direct (prior association), G 62, 63, 66 indirect (phenotype matching), 67, 69 game structure, 217, 218, 225 fangs, abdomen somersault, male sacrifice, game theory, 213ff, 545, 552, 599, 657 448 , 166, 171 fathers, caring, 271 games/partner control mechanisms, 229 prolactin, 284 gene-by-environment interactions, 505, feather whistle, 43 508, 511, 609, 670 fecundity, 304 gene expression, 605, 613 selection, 320 genes, compatible, 379 female choice, 302 good genes, 379 allelic quality/compatibility, 376 social behaviour, 429 cryptic, 364, 386–389, 399 genetic bet hedging, 375, 376 female control/dominance, genetic compatibility, 419 384–388, 485 genetic correlations, 547, 565 female fitness, extra-pair behaviour, 359 genetic divergence, 668 female forays, 384–388 genetic diversity, 375, 376, 423 female manipulation hypothesis, 385 genetic drift, 303 female mate choice, 541, 555, 565 genetic kin recognition, 69 female perspective, 482 genetic linkage, 601, 607 female pursuit, 384–388 genetic polyethism, 420 female quality, 368, 369, 398 genetic polymorphisms, 505 female resistance, 384–388 genetic predispositions, 507 female-centred clans, 133 genetic relatedness, 56, 79 fertilisations, alternative tactics, 537 genetic variance, 423, 424, 604 stealing, 68, 539, 542, 557 genital damage, 441–446 ‘fighter’/‘scrambler’ males, acarid mites, genitalia, enlarged clitoris/pseudo-penis/ 549 virilisation (hyenas), 484, 486 fighting, adolescence, 524 ‘one-shot’, 443, 458 over females, 540, 550, 556 genotype, 508, 509, 526 fission-fusion behaviour/societies, gloves-off hypothesis, 447 241ff, 247, 491 glucocorticoids, 124, 131–136, 490, 516 fitness, 303, 304, 322, 390, 517, 527, gluconeogenesis, 490 587–593, 598–609 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), components, 318, 322, 391–393 469, 474, 562 direct, 183, 190, 201, 203 good gene model, 20, 367, 377 estimators, 304 gossip, helping, 234 frequencies of competing strategies, green-beard genes, 56, 69, 70, 79, 599 191, 203 inclusive, 79 greylag geese, 121, 126 indirect, 183–186 female-bonded clan, 121 relative, 307, 390 Grünau flock, 128 selection of combinations, 604 social system, 127 variance, 390–393 group augmentation, 289 flexibility, costs, 594 group cohesion, vocal signals, 41 flower constancy, 99 group coordination, vocal signals, 29, 41 flowers, rewardless, exploitation group decisions, 46, 241ff, 251–254 of pollinators, 5 conflict, 252 foraging lanes, 245 group-level adaptations, 154 foraging skills, learning, 630 group-living, 487 foraging success, colony size, 45 group movements, tarvel calls, 42 Subject Index 699 group selection, 195, 197, 232 humans, cooperation, 235 intrademic, 198 cooperative breeding, 290 grouping benefits, 244 tragedy of the commons, 233 guppy pigmentation, sexual vs. Huntington’s disease, 507 natural selection, 11 hydrocarbons, heptacosane/nonacosane, 163, 164 H hyenas, 274, 281, 283, 484–488, 517 enlarged clitoris/pseudo-penis/ half-sib comparisons, 376, 397 virilisation, 484 Hamilton’s rule, inclusive fitness theory, siblicide, 283, 484 56, 183, 184, 199, 202 hymenopterans, 125, 155, 156, haplodiploidy, 156, 161, 183 183–189 , 156, 183 conflict prevention/resolution, 155 origin of males, 161 polyandry, 413 harmonic radar, 92, 113 hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical heart rate, 136 (HPA) system, 123, 489, 514, 516, helpers, 185, 596 523, 612 at the nest, 482 reproductive tactic, 543 I helping, conditional, 57 fitness, 213–223, 230–234 image scoring, 221, 227, 228, 234 heritability, 21, 302, 322, 593, 605–607 imitation, 627 hermaphroditism, sequential, 332, 568 contextual/familiar, 626, 627 simultaneous, 329, 331 over-imitation, 635 heterozygosity, reproductive success/ production/motor/novel, 627 sexual attractiveness, 377, 378 immune system, 76, 129, 274, 340, 468, heuristics, 79, 642 481, 489, 511 hierarchy, 165 immune tolerance, 76 hoarding behaviour, degus, 668 immunocompetence, 134, 303 honest signal, 163 inbreeding, 185, 340 honeybees 87, 162, 165, 249, 415, 422 avoidance, 56, 57, 74, 78, 185 age polyethism, 549 inclusive fitness, 56, 79, 155, 162, 169, choice of nest-site, 251 183, 187, 197, 198, 232 complex maze, 103 increase, intrinsic rate, 304 compound eyes, 89 indeterminate growth, 544, 558, 566 conditioning, 93 individual differences, 599 dance language, 200 individual flexibility, 672 giant Asian, 422, 428 individual optimisation, 277 map-based strategies, 113 individual recognition, 66 memory, 88, 99 individual social performance, 121 monogyny, 456 individual style, 122 navigation, 92 individuality, 154, 170 numerical abilities, 101 infant killing/infanticide, 138, 509 optic flow, 112 infanticide, lions, 138 polyandry, 414 infantilisation, prenatally stressed sons, selection in colonies, 430 512–516 threshold response, 427 infidelity, 399 waggle dance, 245 information, 30, 31, 628 working memory, 99 cascades, 250 horizontal inheritance, 193 manipulation, 4 hormonal control systems, 660 perishable/non-perishable, 628, 641 hormonal synchrony, 135 pooling, 244 hormone-behaviour relationships, 465ff public, 631, 638 hormones, 466, 562, 597, 608–613 transfer, 200, 254 700 Subject Index inheritance, horizontal, 193 Lamarck, 644 uniparental, 193 landmark, 94 vertical, 193 lateralisation, sensoric, 90 innovation, 629, 641, 644, 647 leadership, 244, 248 society, or police personalised, 248 state, 169 learning, 90, 126, 592, 596, 599, 610, 623 , altruistic worker castes, 157 birds, 126 conflicts/conflict resolution, 151 constructive, 643 cooperation, 153 context-dependent, 106, 111 social, 154, 179, 182, 186, 190–195, costs, 633 199–202, 243, 245 individual, 624 instinctive social behaviour, 123 maze experiments in bees, 90 instincts, 624, 656, 675 observational, 626, 627 null hypothesis, 624 rules, 98 intelligence, culture, 643 social information, 625 inter-population differences, 668 social interaction, 627 intrademic group selection, 198 songbirds, 467 investment, 214ff lek mating, ruffs, 553 iterated prisoner’s dilemma, 215, 218, lemur syndrome, 664, 666 220, 228 life-for-life relatedness, 158 life-history, 365 K constraints, 661 tactics, 537 kin, 79 trade-off, 600 kin aggregations, 57 light gradients, depth-mediated, divergent kin bias, 56ff, 79 evolution, 19 ancillary, 57 longevity, 168 non-discriminatory, 57 Lorenz, K., 128 kin detection, 77 luminance, 8 kin discrimination, 58, 77, 79 luteinising hormone (LH), 469, 562 kin recognition, 55ff, 366 cues, 63 M definitions, 59, 63 failure, 76 maintenance costs, 595 genetic, 69 major evolutionary transitions, 179, 190, Homo sapiens, 67 191, 202 mechanisms, 62 major histocompatibility complex (MHC), tag-based, 70 340 kin selection, 57, 79, 155, 156, 183, 414 kin recognition, 68 conflict/cooperation, 155 male brood care, fish, 270 patrilines, 414 male care, reduced, 380 kinship, 79, 156, 253 male coercion, 384–388 decision-making processes, 258 male fighting, lethal (ants), 160 inclusive fitness theory, 156 male harm, hermaphrodites, 346 kinship communication, 77 male-male competition, 302, 346, 442, kinship cues, 71 471, 479, 598 kiss-squeaks, 629 male polymorphism, 554, 559 knowledge, 628 male sacrifice, abdomen somersault, Konrad Lorenz Research Station (KLF), 128 spiders, 448 male song, field crickets, 668 L males, haplodiploidy, 161 morph abundance regulated label, 628, 643 by females, 556 lactation, 252, 268, 270, 275, 286, 288, 509 origin, 161 Subject Index 701

ornamented, 21 meme, socially transmitted information, parasitic, 539 628 quality, 368, 369, 377, 388, 482 memory, 15 size dimorphism, 553 circadian timed episodic-like, 110 ‘top-quality’, 376 episodic-like, 110 mammals, parental care, 267 long-term, 99 manipulation, 4, 187, 189 microsatellite DNA analyses, paternity manipulative ejaculation, Drosophila spp., assignment, 426 347 migratory tradition, 127 masculinisation, 484, 512–516, 665 milk-letdown, pigs, 280, 281 social environment during pregnancy, mimicking/avoiding males, damselflies, 514 541 masquerade, 13 mimicry, 537 mate choice, 336 mirror neurons, 626 copying, 632 mirror-self-recognition, 627 size-dependent, 336 mobbing calls, 33 mate competition, local, 159 model-based bias, 631 mate copying, 626 molecular tools, 361 mate guarding, 360, 361, 368–371, 380, monandry, 158, 171, 422 384, 388, 458 monogamy, 133, 138, 157, 470 mate quality, 371 biparental care, 133 mate switching, rapid, 363 birds, 360 maternal aggression, 288 constraints, 390 maternal behaviour, 506, 520, 521 genetic, 389 maternal care, 505, 511, 518–522, 527 social, 359–361 induction, 285 strict, 389, 397 maintenance, 286 monogyny, 158, 171, 421, 441, 446–459 olfactory cues, 287 functional, 171 maternal effects, 129, 509, 517, 527, 670 male-biased sex ratio, 441 maternal effort, 274 multiple males, Araneoidae, 454 maternal inheritance, 194 sex ratio/evolution, 454 mates, larger-size, 19 mortality, 662 mating, multiple, costs-benefits, 348, 442 sex-specific, 360 suicidal, 453 mother-infant interactions, aggression by mating behaviour, 417 bystanders, 35, 36 mating competition, 321, 442 multicellular organisms, 179, 180, mating decisions, neuroendocrine 191, 195 regulation, 482 multilevel selection, 156, 179, 196, 198, mating effort, 451, 452 201, 202, 232 mating frequency, 158, 161, 443, 449, 451 multiple choice maze, 95, 96 mating plugs, 446 multiple mating, 161, 348, 359, 427, 442, mating roles, conflict, 342 453, 541 mating strategies, alternative, 472 costs-benefits, 348, 359, 442 mating success, 304, 305, 391 mutation-selection balance, 604 mating systems, genetic, 360, 471 mutualism, 214, 541 hormones, 470, 476 social, 360, 471 N spiders, 443 mating tactics, proximate control, 481 natural selection, 301, 303, 306, 322 matriarchs, 252, 485 neonatal identify deception, 76 matrilines, 132 nepotism, 55–58, 73–79 matrilineal groups, support amongst nest inheritance, 185 females, 488 network analyses, 202 maze, 91 neuromodulators, 561 702 Subject Index neuropeptides, 561 parental care, 267, 271, 475 neuroticism, genetic factors, 506 asymmetry, 268 neurotransmitter, 611 conflict, 268, 273, 274 nidopallium (NCl), birds, 123, 125 definition, 270 numerical abilities, bees, 101 mammals, 268 nuptial flight, 429 mechanisms, 283 nut cracking, chimpanzees/capuchin multiple mating, 269 monkeys, 631 phylogenetic aspects, 270 nutrition, detectability, 16 sex roles, 268 parental effects, 377, 397, 675 O parental effort/input/investment, 274 parenting/parents, 129, 360 observational conditioning, 626 , thelytokous, odour signals, 71 165, 432 offspring, number/size, 662 partner choice/preference, 218–222, parental care, 267 227, 483 quality, extra-pair behaviour, 359 partner control mechanisms, 218–221, stress responsiveness, 225–229 maternal behaviour, 520 allohormones, 347 offspring begging, 279 paternal care, 271, 366, 382 olfaction, 90 paternal investment, 274, 382, 451, 452 bees, 89 paternity, 453 recognition, 71 analysis, 361 omatidium, 89 assignment, microsatellite ontogeny, 467, 505, 526 DNA analyses, 426 operational sex ratio (OSR), 269, 555 extra-group, 363 opsin genes, divergent evolution, 19 mixed, 361 optic flow, 89 multiple, 366 optimal investment, 277 protection, 388 organisational effect, 473 uncertainty, 442 orientation, 94, 95, 108, 109 pathogen resistance, 421 ornamentation, 389 patrilines, 413, 430 over-imitation, 635 hymenopterans, 413 oxytocin, 124, 139, 286, 287, 465, pay-to-stay hypothesis, 221, 278, 596 482, 671 pedipalp ectomisation, 448 receptors, 483 penis, pseudo-penis (hyenas), 486 penis-fencing, flatworms, 335 P perception, visual, 10 personality (traits), 129, 138, 257, 398, pair-bond formation, hormones, 465 588, 669 pair-living, 360 assortative, 608 pair partners, 133 constraint/adaptive hypotheses, 594 pairing, forward, 93 definitions, 589, 590 parasite resistance, genetic diversity, development, 609 420 evolution, 588 parasites, eavesdropping, 37 fitness, 608 parasitic male, 538, 539, 547–553, 563 heritability, 604 parasitic tactic, 537–541, 545, 549, 554, sexual, 398 558–560, 566, 569 phenotype, adaptive, 517 parasitism, reproductive, 387 development, 66, 613, 660, 670, 675 parent-offspring conflict (POC), epigenetic factors, 201 272, 275, 279 individual behavioural, 125, 129, 130 parentage analysis, 361, 399 matching (indirect familiarity), 62, 67, DNA fingerprinting, 361 69, 71 Subject Index 703

plasticity, 303, 601, 602, 609, 613, predation, 320 670, 675 predators, camouflage traits, 13 variance, 425 eavesdropping, 37 phylogenetic aspects, 270 prefrontal cortex (PC), 123 phylogenetic constraints, 655, 658 pregnancy, 509–517, 527 phylogenetic inertia, 660 endocrine change, 286 pituitary, 123 social environment, 513 plant–animal relationships, 6, 17, 21 prenatal phase, influences on behaviour, plants, seed dispersers, 6 506, 511 plasticity, phenotypic, 601, 602, 609, 613, social influences, 512 670, 675 prenatal stress, adaptive value, 517 play, 627, 643 prestige bias, 631 pleiotropy, 600, 601, 606 prey eavesdropping, 37 antagonistic, 601 Price equation, theory of selection, 196 plumage colours, conspicuousness, Price’s covariance, 156 conspecifics vs. avian predators, 11 primates, parental care, 270 polarised light, 89 phylogenetic constraints, 665 policing, 221 subordinates forming coalitions, 258 ants, 163–170, 187, 188, 235 tarvel calls, 42 , isolation, 23 prisoner’s dilemma, iterated, pollinators, exploitation, flowers 214–220, 228 rewardless flowers, 5 proactives vs. reactives, 129 sensory ecology, 12 proboscis extension response (PER), 93 polyandry, 158, 171, 413ff, 421, 424, producer–scrounger system, 599 444, 470 production imitation, 627 ants, 158, 420 progesterone, 284, 286, 473, 477 classical, 476 aggression, 477 colony structure, 424 prolactin, 284, 286, 563 extreme, 422, 433 promiscuity, 359, 471, 483 sequential, 363 costs, 359 polyethism, 537 fitness, 379 temporal, 672 genetic predisposition, 368 polygyny, 158, 171, 421, 453, 470 protandry, 566 ants, 158, 420 spiders, 455 polymorphisms, 675 proximate mechanism/causation, 121, 466 behavioural, 669 pseudo-penis, hyenas, 486 heritable threshold responses, 547 pseudoreciprocity, 219–223, 227–234 preference traits, 540, 541, 556 public good, 215, 229–234 polyphenism, 537, 552 public information, 30 population selection, laboratory studies, punishment, 163, 170, 187, 195, 220, 221, 320 227, 233 population standard deviation, 307 altruistic, 233 populations, behavioural variability, 667 inter-population differences, 668 Q positive patterning, 93 post-copulatory processes, 399 quality female, 368, 369, 398 post-mating investment, 481 quality genomes, extra-pair young, 376 post-partum oestrus, tamarins/marmosets, quality male, 368, 369, 377, 388 665 quantitative genetics, 302, 322, 605–607 posterior forebrain caudolateral quantitative trait loci (QTL), 605 nidopallium (NCl), birds, 123 queen control, 161 postnatal, 505, 506, 511, 518, 527 queen number, 158 pre-mating investment, 481 queen , 163 precocial young, 272 queen–worker conflict, 155, 158 704 Subject Index queens, 154 restaurant hypothesis, 282 executed by workers (bees), 189 retaliation, 131, 272, 365, 368 risk of mating flights, 422 rumble vocalisations, elephants, 34, 43 queuing, 488, 491, 524 quorum, 244, 250 S

R salmon, bourgeois/parasitic males, 547, 563 radio frequency identification, 92 sample stimulus, 92 rank inheritance, 489 sanctions, 220–222 rank order, 165 satellites, parasitic breeding, 551, 555, reaction norm, 539, 546, 547, 550, 557, 558, 568 591, 592, 607, 674, 675 scale-eating, Lake Tanganyika fishes, 554 recall, associative, cross-modal, 110 scrounging, 630 receiver, 30, 31 seasonal pattern, 128 recipients, desirable/undesirable, 72 seasonal variation, 672 reciprocity, 218–228, 234, 258, 541 seed dispersers, antioxidant rewards, 6 indirect, 220, 234 segregation distorters, 194 tit-for-tat like, 221, 224 selection, antagonistic, 600–602 recognition, 65, 71, 278 artificial, 306 alleles, 62, 69, 79 balancing, 322, 599, 600, 609 failure, 76 coefficients, 306, 316, 322 individual, 66 correlated, 314 state-mediated, 64 correlational, 322, 600–604 vs. discrimination, 60 density-dependent, 599 recruiting support, 488 differential, 322 regression relatedness, 171 direct, 314 regurgitation, 167 directional, 311, 322 relatedness, 155–171, 203, 257, 423 disruptive, 306, 314, 322, 537–541, asymmetry, 159, 171 555, 556, 564–566, 599, 600, 609 genetic diversity, 423 diversifying, 306, 322 reproduction, mode, 661 epigamic, 305, 323 reproductive allocation, 169 episode, 322 Reproductive Ground Plan Hypothesis, fecundity, 323 430 frequency-dependent, 269, 537, 538, reproductive load, 185 552–556, 599, 604, 609 reproductive parasitism, 387 gradients, 307, 311, 322, 394 reproductive polymorphisms, 537ff multivariate, 313 reproductive skew, 166, 186, 203 univariate, 308 reproductive success, 391, 481 group, 195–198, 232 actual/realized/true, 391 intensity, 311, 322 apparent, 391 inter-sexual, 323 genetic, 391 intra-sexual, 323 lifetime, 317 levels, 154, 196, 198 reproductive suppression, 491 linear, 323 reproductive tactics, alternative, 537ff multilevel, 156, 179, 196–202, 232 exploitive, 540 multiple receivers, 11 reproductive value (RV), 269 neuronal processes, 12, 15 resource competition, local, 159 non-linear, 323 resource holding potential, 555, 558 opportunity, 390–394 response, evolutionary, 365, 366 positive, 323 facultative, 365, 366, 380, 381 response, 302 responsiveness, environmental stimuli, sexual vs. natural, 11 507 stabilising, 306, 314, 323, 609 Subject Index 705

strength, 389, 390, 394 sexual dimorphism, 389–391, 396, studies, phenomenological, 322 441, 444 survival, 323 sex ratio, 454 viability, 323 sexual mimicry, 569 self-fertilisation, 331 sexual monopolisation, 458 self-inspection (self-referent phenotype sexual personality, 398 matching), 65, 69, 70 , 11, 302, 305, 322, self-maintenance, maternal care, 275 389–397, 441 self-organisation, 199, 201, 244, 245, 259 Bateman gradient, 393–396 self-reference, 67 consistency, 598 self-restraint, 163 extra-pair behaviour, 359 self-sacrifice, 443 variance in mating success, 389 self-serving behaviour, 215 vs. natural selection, 11 selfing, 334, 341 shared (democratic) decisions, 241, 244 selfish genes, parasitic behaviour, 628 vs. unshared (despotic) decisions, 241 selfish policing, 169 siblicide, 283, 484 sender, 30, 31 sibling competition/rivalry, 375, 380, 383, sensitisation, 285 389, 484 females to newborns, 285 signals, 5, 11, 16, 30–32 sensoric lateralisation, 90 acoustic, 31 sensory exploitation, 16 communication, 5 sequence fallacy, , conspicuousness, 10 451 costly/cheap, 44 sequential tactics, 539–545, 558–563 definition, 31 serotonin, 506–511 mate attraction, 32 serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene, territorial defence, 32 507–511 variants, 628, 629, 642 gene, polymorphism, 506 simultaneous hermaphroditism, 329 sex allocation, 158, 169, 331, 334, simultaneous tactics, 543, 544, 566 419, 537 size, effect, 566 manipulation, 419 size-fecundity, 336 ratio, 158, 171 skills, 628, 642 sex investment ratio, 414 snapshot, 99 sex locus load, 418 sneaker males (sneaky matings), 39, 541, sex pheromones, bola spiders, 4 550, 551 mimicing, 4 sociability, 139, 600 sex ratio, 158–160, 390, 454 social amoeba, 65, 70 adult (ASR), 269 social behaviour, instinctive, 123 effective (ESR), 453 network, 122 operational (OSR), 269, 555 social competence, 124 optimisation, 159 social context, 121, 123, 488 primary, 158 social defeat, 511, 512, 521 sex roles, 268, 361, 441 social eavesdropping, 31 egalitarian, 360 social efficiency, 124 reversal, 476 social environment, 505, 511–514, sex steroids, organising effects, 511 522, 527 sex switching, 228 social evolution theory, 216 sex-determining factors/locus, 418, 559 social experience, 505, 509, 519–523, 527 sexes, hermaphroditism, 329 social insects, 154, 179, 182, 186, 190– sexual cannibalism, 441, 443, 449–453 195, 199–202 pre-copulatory, 601 castes, 157, 537, 595 sexual conflict, 330, 371, 379, 380, monogamy, 157 384–388, 399, 458, 541 social instability, 512, 515, 522 intralocus, 379 life span reduction, 515 706 Subject Index social isolation, aggression/aberrant spermatheca, 161, 166 behaviour, 518 spiders, copulation duration, 444 social knowledge, 38, 39 genital damage, 441 social learning, 623ff, 647, 671 monogynous mating, 441ff adaptive, 633, 634 protandry, 455 evolution, 636 sexual cannibalism, 441 group size, 636 spiteful behaviour, 70 horizontal, 631, 635 split sex ratio, 158 vertical, 630, 634 SSD, protandry, 455 social life, 203 status-dependent switch, 546 social organisation, 203, 247 steroid hormone receptor gene, epigenetic social performance, individual, 121, 124 modification, 521 social prestige, 220, 221, 228 sticklebacks, 65, 250, 592, 601, 611, 668 social queues, ranks, 488 agressiveness, 602, 611 social rank, 127, 491 breeding colouration, 20 social relationship, 518 migratory strategies, 668 social stability, prenatal effect, 512 stimuli, conditional, 429 social status, 488 conditioned/unconditioned, 93 social stress, 122, 487 matching, 92 heart rate, 136 stolen fertilisations, 68 reduction, 139 strategies, insect societies, 125 status, 491 strategy vs. tactic, 214–218, 224–227, social support, 130–133, 137–139, 545, 675 512, 518 stress, 122, 131, 136, 139, 487, 505, 507, monogamous pair-bonds, 138 512–527 passive, 138 axes, 123 social systems, birds, 121, 125, 138 coping, 122 cognition-based, 125 prenatal, 512 socialisation, 129, 506, 518 responsiveness, sex differences, 523 , 122 social, 122, 487 syndromes, 184–186, 190 stress-related pathologies, subordinate society, 242 , 491 socio-ecological model, 663 stressors, 137, 487, 511–523 socio-sexual diencephalic and tegmental non-social, 512 network, 123 pregnancy, 511 soldiers, 182, 185, 189, 199, 200 social interactions, 137 solicitation behaviour, 280 subfamily, 413 specialisation, 595–598 submissive behaviours, energetic costs, speciation, 564 597 disruptive selection, 600 suicidal mating, 453, 458 species, close, behavioural differences, superorganism, 153, 169, 170 666 support, recruitment, 488 spectral sensitivities, 8, 9 surrogate mothers, spotted hyenas, speed-accuracy trade-offs, 15 489 sperm competition, 302, 339, 364, 388, survival, 304, 603 399, 415 switch, biochemical, 561 hermaphrodites, 339 condition-/status-dependent, 560 sperm injection, traumatic/hypodermic, switch points, selection, 546 347 symbiotic associations, 193 sperm limitation, extreme polyandry, symbolic delayed match-to-sample 416, 424 (SDMTS), 99 sperm selection, 419 symbolic matching, 98 sperm storage, 363, 388 symbols, 628, 629 sperm trading, 344 symmetry, 94 Subject Index 707 sympathico-adrenergic axis (SAA), 123 travel calls, 32, 42 synergy, 44, 46, 399, 433 triumph ceremony, greylag geese, 127 twinning, callitrichids, 270 T U tactics, best of a bad job, 550 bourgeois, 545 uncertainty/unpredictability, conditional, 545, 549–554 stress responses, 515 fixed, 544ff, 558 UV reflectance, visible cue, 5 flexible, 544ff, 561–565 parasitic, 538, 545 V plastic, 545, 557 switching, 537 vagino-cervical stimulation (VCS), societies, 125 oxytocin, 287 vs. strategy, 545 variance partitioning, see, fitness tadpoles, colouration, 12 components task specialisation, 425, 429 vasopressin, 465, 561 teaching, 245, 626, 627, 636, 642–647 viability selection, 320 ants, 245 visual generalisation, 101 temperament, 589 mumber-based, 101 testis size, 465 visual system, divergent evolution, 19 testosterone, 134, 467, 471, 476, 481, 484, vitellogenin, 430 512, 516, 523–526, 563, 612 vocal communication, 29 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 484 vocalisations, travel, 42 extra-pair behaviour (birds), 481 11-keto-testosterone, 468 W male mating tactics, 481 risk of injury/mortality, 481 warning colouration, 16 testosterone-co-variation (TC), 134 poison frogs, 16 thelytoky, 165, 432 weaning, 274, 282 theory of mind, 627 conflict, 282 thermoregulation, pigments, 7 weaponry/armaments, 389 third-party relationships, 489 weather conditions, extra-pair paternity, threshold response/switching, 426, 427, 369 537, 546–549, 556–565 Westermarck effect, 66, 67 time constraints, 250 Wingfield, J., Challenge Hypothesis, 469 Tinbergen, N., 267, 270, 466, 656 , 90, 162, 164 tit-for-tat like reciprocity, 221, 224 workers, 154, 182, 185–191, 199, 202 tool use, chimpanzees, 671 egg-laying, 432 toxic animals, contrasting colours, 14 reproduction, 162, 187, 188, 432 trade-offs, 259, 537, 541, 546, 564, 565 sex ratio manipulating, 158 trading (conditional reciprocity), 343 task specialisation, 429 traditions, 638, 647, 669 working memory, 91, 99–101 tragedy of the commons, 154, 162, 213, 215, 229–235 Y trait-group selection, 198 transgenic mice, 507 Y-maze, 91, 98, 99, 103, 106 transmission bias, 629 Yalow, R. 469 conformity, 631, 645 yeast, cooperation, 70 content bias, 631 prestige bias, 631, 645 Z transposons, 194 traumatic sperm injection, 347 z-score, 307