SHORT COMMUNICATION A CATALOGUE OF IRISH POLLEN DIAGRAMS

F.J.G. Mitchell, B.S. Stefanini and R. Marchant

ABSTRACT

The fi rst Irish pollen diagram was published by Gunnar Erdtman in the Irish Naturalists’ Journal in 1927. Since then over 475 pollen diagrams have been produced from locations throughout from a range of sites and time spans. The data from these pollen diagrams can be used to reconstruct vegetation dynamics over long timescales and so facilitate the investigation of climate change impacts, plant migration and the scale of human-induced landscape change. In this paper we collate the available data from Irish pollen sites into the Irish Pollen Site Database (IPOL) to illustrate their distribution and range. It is intended that this database will be a useful research resource for anyone investigating Irish vegetation history. The database also links to the European and global research agenda surrounding impacts of climate change on ecosystems and associated livelihoods. The IPOL database can be accessed online at www.ipol.ie. F.J.G. Mitchell (corresponding author; email: fraser. [email protected]) and INTRODUCTION macrofossils and pollen from 44 locations across B.S. Stefanini, Botany the country (Jessen 1949). This was supplemented Department, Trinity Investigation of pollen preserved in peat and with additional investigations by Frank Mitchell College Dublin, lake sediments provides reconstructions of long- (Mitchell 1951). These combined works provid- Dublin 2, Ireland; R. ed 84 pollen diagrams. Later work has focused Marchant, Botany term vegetation change. These reconstructions Department, Trinity have a variety of applications such as quantifying on more detailed single-site investigations and College Dublin, climate change impacts, providing archaeologi- expanded to include lake sediments as the tech- Dublin 2 and York cal context and exploring plant migrations and nology to abstract lacustrine sedimentary deposits Institute for Tropical introductions (Mitchell 2011). In addition to became available (Livingstone 1955; Mackereth Ecosystem Dynamics these reconstructive applications, the observation 1958). Another important development was the (KITE), Environment of past ecosystem composition and distribution advent of radiocarbon dating, which provided Department, independent chronologies to interpret the recon- University of York, are becoming increasingly crucial for testing Heslington, York climate models used to predict future environ- structed vegetation. More recently this has been YO10 5DD, UK. ments and develop policies to address the impacts supplemented with tephrochronology at some of future climate change (Thuiller 2007) and the sites (Pilcher et al. 1996; Plunkett et al. 2004). Cite as follows: restoration of habitats (Jackson and Hobbs 2009). Detailed investigations at these sites provide Mitchell, F.J.G., The landforms derived from Quaternary glacia- comprehensive data pertaining to the local- Stefanini, B.S. tions and the contemporary climate provide ideal ity over long temporal scales and this has been and Marchant, R. 2013 A catalogue conditions for the accumulation and preservation the focus of most investigations in Ireland. The of Irish pollen of pollen-bearing sediments throughout Ireland synthesis of data from a number of sites provides diagrams. Biology (Coxon and McCarron 2009; Mitchell 2009). additional spatial context from which regional and Environment: The Quaternary Research Committee of the and national patterns in vegetation responses Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy invited Professor Knud can be elucidated. Limited data from a few Irish Royal Irish Academy Jessen from the University of Copenhagen to ini- sites have contributed to European-scale projects 113B. DOI: 10.3318/ which have reconstructed plant migration and BIOE.2013.04. tiate a comprehensive investigation of Irish peat deposits during the 1930s. The initial publication climate responses since glacial times (Huntley from this project was the investigation of the Late- and Birks 1983; Birks 1989; Brewer et al. 2002). Received 27 February glacial deposits at Ballybetagh, County Dublin Attempts to collate Irish data have been rare since 2012. Accepted (Jessen and Farrington 1938). The Second World Knud Jessen and Frank Mitchell published their 31 August 2012. War delayed the publication of the main body of syntheses, but they have revealed the potential Published 10 June work which catalogued peat stratigraphy, plant wealth of Irish data (Mitchell 2005; 2006). The 2013.

DOI: 10.3318/BIOE.2013.04 Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 113B (2013). © Royal Irish Academy 1 Biology and Environment development of revised pollen representation diagrams overlaid with information on site type models, high-resolution data and more secure and the number of radiocarbon dates. chronologies have also unlocked new potential for reconstructing vegetation dynamics through pol- len analysis (Caseldine and Fyfe 2006; Caseldine RESULTS et al. 2007; Gaillard et al. 2010). The aim of this paper is to facilitate the The IPOL database contains records for 475 exploitation of Irish pollen data. Here we report pol- pollen diagrams distributed throughout Ireland. len diagram metadata compiled in a comprehensive The complete database is presented in the database of Irish pollen sites. The intention is that Appendix and is also available in an updatable this database will continue to develop online and format online at www.ipol.ie. The distribution of provide a research resource for anyone planning pollen diagrams by county is illustrated in Table new palynological work in Ireland or wishing to 1. This reveals a reasonably even spread across the locate or collate existing data. provinces but with extremes of County Kerry with 63 records and County Carlow with none. Over 50% of the pollen diagrams (270) are METHODS derived from peat deposits (Fig. 1). A further 113 are from lake sediments and 36 are from local sites Records in the database were selected that such as small hollows, mor humus and soil deposits. represent a pollen diagram which covers some An addition 56 records do not fi t these categories time period during the Quaternary and which and cover sites such as pingos, marine sections and is located on the island of Ireland or its adjacent a range of archaeological settings. Two-thirds of islands. Diagrams that have been published or these sites (312) are located in the lowlands below reproduced in an available format such as in 100m Ordnance Datum (OD), one-quarter (113) theses or reports prepared for funding agencies or are in the altitudinal range between 100 and 300m state bodies were selected. We have attempted to OD and only 10% (50) are found above 300m collate all available records under these criteria. OD. The age category that the pollen data fall into The pollen diagram site data included site name, is tabulated in Table 2. The vast majority of the grid reference, altitude and county. The pollen data (88%) are Holocene in age but there are 76 diagram data included the time span of the dia- records of Late-glacial age and a further nineteen gram, the number of radiocarbon dates and of interglacial or interstadial records. other dating techniques. The source reference The truncated nature of many of the records is for the publication of the pollen diagram was illustrated by the fact that a relatively low propor- also recorded. These records were compiled into tion of the records cover the full span of each age a database called the Irish Pollen Site Database category (Table 2). Radiocarbon dating has been (IPOL). the principal technique applied to derive indepen- These data were incorporated into maps using dent chronologies, but the use of other techniques ArcGIS to illustrate the distribution of pollen such as tephra, spheroidal carbonaceous particles

Table 1— Number of pollen diagrams in the IPOL database per county listed by province. Numbers in parentheses are the province totals.

Ulster (156) (83) Munster (134) Connaught (102) Antrim 54 Carlow 0 Clare 21 Galway 34 Armagh 7 Dublin 4 Cork 19 Leitrim 4 Cavan 3 Kildare 5 Kerry 63 Mayo 42 Donegal 20 Kilkenny 4 Limerick 15 Roscommon 5 Down 26 Laois 1 Tipperary 11 Sligo 17 Fermanagh 6 Longford 6 Waterford 5 Londonderry 21 Louth 10 Monaghan 3 Meath 7 Tyrone 16 Offaly 18 Westmeath 3 Wexford 10 Wicklow 15

2 A catalogue of Irish pollen diagrams

Fig. 1—Map of Ireland depicting locations pollen diagrams within the IPOL database overlaid with site type.

(SCP) and uranium–thorium are also recorded in abundance of suitable sites but also the longevity the database. There are 50 records that have used of palynological research in Ireland. The first tephra dating. There are 1312 radiocarbon dates pollen diagram was published in 1927 (Erdtman recorded in the database. Over 50% of diagrams 1927) and Knud Jessen and Frank Mitchell (250) have no independent dating, 26% have up between them published 104 diagrams. Despite to four radiocarbon dates and 21% have over fi ve these impressive statistics most of the diagrams in dates (Table 3, Fig. 2). the database have no, or suboptimal, dating. For example, all of Knud Jessen’s and the vast majority of Frank Mitchell’s pollen diagrams were com- DISCUSSION pleted before the advent of radiocarbon dating. In addition, many diagrams cover relatively short It is remarkable that an area as small as Ireland time periods. Nevertheless, almost one-half (223) (84,422 km2) should support so many pol- of the diagrams have at least one radiocarbon date len diagrams. This reflects not only the wide and 109 of the diagrams cover the full Holocene

Table 2—Number of pollen diagrams in the IPOL database by age category and age span.

Age category No. of records in age No. of records spanning category full age category Holocene 380 58 Late-glacial 41 33 Holocene and Late-glacial 35 18 Interglacial/Interstadial 19 0

3 Biology and Environment

Table 3— Number of radiocarbon dates The early work of Knud Jessen and Frank associated with pollen diagrams in Mitchell served to provide regional backgrounds the IPOL database. to vegetation development as well as context and relative dating for associated archaeological fea- Number of 14C dates tures. The wealth of Irish pollen data that are now 0 249 available enable more ambitious metadata analy- 1–4 124 sis which has also been facilitated by the advent of 5–10 71 absolute dating. For example, the recent develop- >10 29 ment of the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm (LRA) (Sugita 2007a; 2007b) provides recon- struction of both regional and local vegetation community composition from pollen data. When or full Late-glacial period. Mapping the diagram considered alongside other complementary data locations reveals a reasonable spread of distribu- such as fi re frequency from sedimentary charcoal, tion across Ireland with the lowest density in soil erosion from lake chemistry or human activi- some southern counties. Consequently we can ty based archaeological information; the response demonstrate the existence of an excellent resource and recovery of the environment to perturbation to facilitate future research. There is an increasing can be quantifi ed to a resolution that is relevant trend to use multiple-site data to explore spatial to contemporary issues (Mitchell 2011). and temporal patterns in vegetation responses Databases are never static and this one will to stimuli such as climate and human impact continue to grow as new data become avail- (Mitchell 2011) and we envisage that the database able (particularly from the grey literature), but will facilitate future research. also when sites that may have been overlooked

Fig. 2—Map of Ireland depicting locations pollen diagrams within the IPOL database overlaid with number of radiocarbon dates.

4 A catalogue of Irish pollen diagrams come to light. This publication is intended to Erdtman, G. 1927 Traces of the history of the forests highlight the range of existing data and where of Ireland. The Irish Naturalists’ Journal 1, 242–5. they can be found. It was never the intention of Fyfe, R.M., de Beaulieu, J.L., Binney, H., Bradshaw, this exercise to archive the original pollen count R.H.W., Brewer, S., Le Flao, A., Finsinger, W., data. The European Pollen Database (www.euro- Gaillard, M.J., Giesecke, T., Gil-Romera, G., peanpollendatabase.net/base) was established for Grimm, E.C., Huntley, B., Kunes, P., Kuhl, N., that purpose (Fyfe et al. 2009) and it should be Leydet, M., Lotter, A.F., Tarasov, P.E. and Tonkov, consulted along with the Global Pollen Database S. 2009 The European Pollen Database: past (www.neotomadb.org). efforts and current activities. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 18, 417–24. The IPOL database serves to update the work Gaillard, M.J., Sugita, S., Mazier, F., Trondman, A.K., that Jessen started 80 years ago (Jessen 1949). It is Broström, A., Hickler, T., Kaplan, J. O., Kjellström, anticipated that this database will not only facili- E., Kokfelt, U., Kuneš, P., Lemmen, C., Miller, P., tate data retrieval but also inform on optimal site Olofsson, J., Poska, A., Rundgren, M., Smith, B., location for future work. Strandberg, G., Fyfe, R., Nielsen, A.B., Alenius, T., Balakauskas, L., Barnekow, L., Birks, H.J.B., Bjune, A., Björkman, L., Giesecke, T., Hjelle, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS K., Kalnina, L., Kangur, M., van der Knaap, W. O., Koff, T., Lagerås, P., Latałowa, M., Leydet, This project was initiated with funding through M., Lechterbeck, J., Lindbladh, M., Odgaard, EU Marie Curie Host Fellowship Contract B., Peglar, S., Segerström, U., von Stedingk, H. HPMD-CT-2000-00051. We would like to and Seppä, H. 2010 Holocene land-cover acknowledge all palynologists that have worked reconstructions for studies on land cover-climate in Ireland and particularly thank those in research feedbacks. Climate of the Past 6, 483–99. centres across Ireland and Britain who have Huntley, B. and Birks, H.J.B. 1983 An atlas of past and present pollen maps for Europe: 0–13,000 years facilitated us in compiling the database. In this ago. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. regard, we especially thank Valerie Hall (Queen’s Jackson, S.T. and Hobbs, R.J. 2009 Ecological University ) for her assistance and support. restoration in the light of ecological history. We also thank Michael Dolan who contributed Science 325, 567–9. to building the database and to Chloe Galley for Jessen, K. 1949 Studies in the Late Quaternary producing the maps. deposits and flora-history of Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 52B, 85–290. Jessen, K. and Farrington, A. 1938 The bogs at REFERENCES Ballybetagh, near Dublin, with remarks on Late- glacial conditions in Ireland. Proceedings of the Birks, H.J.B. 1989 Holocene isochrone maps and Royal Irish Academy 44B, 205–60. patterns of tree-spreading in the British Isles. Livingstone, D.A. 1955 A lightweight piston Journal of Biogeography 16, 503 –40. sampler for lake deposits. Ecology 36, 137–9. Brewer, S., Cheddadi, R., de Beaulieu, J.L., Reille, Mackereth, F.J.H. 1958 A portable core sampler M. (and data contributors) 2002 The spread of for lake deposits. Limnology and Oceanography 3, deciduous Quercus throughout Europe since the 181–91. last glacial period. Forest Ecology and Management Mitchell, F.J.G. 2005 How open were European 156, 27–48. primeval forests? Hypothesis testing using palaeo- Caseldine, C. and Fyfe, R. 2006 A modelling ecological data. Journal of Ecology 93, 168–77. approach to locating and characterising elm Mitchell, F.J.G. 2006 Where did Ireland’s trees decline/landnam landscapes. Quaternary Science come from? Biology and Environment: Proceedings of Reviews 25, 632–44. the Royal Irish Academy 106B, 251–60. Caseldine, C., Fyfe, R., Langdon, C. and Thompson, Mitchell, F.J.G. 2009 The Holocene. In C.H. G. 2007 Simulating the nature of vegetation Holland and I.S. Sanders (eds), The of communities at the opening of the Neolithic on Ireland, 2nd edn, 397–404. Edinburgh. Dunedin , Co. Mayo, Ireland—the potential Academic Press. role of models of pollen dispersal and deposi- Mitchell, F.J.G. 2011 Exploring vegetation in the tion. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 144, fourth dimension. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 135–44. 26, 45–52. Coxon, P. and McCarron, S.G. 2009 Cenozoic: Mitchell, G.F. 1951 Studies in Irish Quaternary Tertiary and Quaternary (until 11,700 years deposits: No. 7. Proceedings of the Royal Irish before present). In C.H. Holland and I.S. Sanders Academy 53B, 111–206. (eds), 355–96, The geology of Ireland, 2nd edn. Pilcher, J.R., Hall, V.A. and McCormac, F.G. Edinburgh. Dunedin Academic Press. 1996 An outline tephrochronology for the

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Holocene of the north of Ireland. Journal of REVEALS regional vegetation composition. Quaternary Science 11, 485–94. Holocene 17, 229–41. Plunkett, G.M., Pilcher, J.R., McCormac, F.G. and Hall, Sugita, S. 2007b Theory of quantitative reconstruction V.A. 2004 New dates for first millennium BC of vegetation II: all you need is LOVE. Holocene tephra isochrones in Ireland. Holocene 14, 780–6. 17, 243–57. Sugita, S. 2007a Theory of quantitative recon- Thuiller, W. 2007 Climate change and the ecolo- struction of vegetation I: pollen from large sites gist. Nature 448, 550–2.

6 A catalogue of Irish pollen diagrams (1996) (2007) (2010) (1989) et al. References et al. et al. et al. Barber (2004) (2003) (2004) (1988) (1938) (2000) ple cores per site, top and bottom C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) .

www.ipol.ie APPENDIX Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span no. Site Site and pollen diagram metadata within the IPOL database, sorted alphabetically by site name. Additionaldates, data tephra, columns other dating on multi and the analysts are available through the online version at 369 Abbeyknockmoy261340 Addergoole Bog304 Agher 53°26’29”70 All Saints Bog 8°45’58” 53°20’50”10962 Altar Lough Galway262 9°2’13” Altnahinch An Loch Mór, Inis Oírr420 Galway 55°3’53” 53°8’55” 53°27’29” 53°3’32” 60341 Annagarriff Bog288 Annaholty 6°44’13” Raised bog 7°58’53” 8°3’24” 9°30’30” 55°1’7”124 Aranmore Island A 10239 Ardcavan Meath Offaly Galway 55°2’35” Donegal8 Ardlow Inn 54°29’40” Raised bog 8°23’16”20 54°58’27” 0–1700 6°14’33” Ards Beg Donegal 6°36’43” Arts Lough 540465 10 52°43’28” 8°29’29” 90 40 Antrim Armagh254 Blanket bog Athy Basin 0–500 Lake Donegal Raised bog Raised bog85 8°27’26” Aughrim 30 52°20’57” 53°51’20”446 6 Baggotstown Tipperary 240 Lake32 Ballinderry 20 6°27’42” 0–6000 7°6’26”280 52°58’41” 0 Peaty basin Lomas-Clarke and Ballinloghig Lake 55°5’55” 0–10000 Raised bog 0–1100187 Wexford Ballinphuill 0 45 Cavan463 Coastal peat 52°59’0” Ballyally Lough 6°25’32” 8°10’17” 0–11600155 Ballyarnet Raised bog 52°30’58” 52°28’10” Connolly (1999) 52°11’39” Wicklow Ballybetagh 1 0–11000 6°58’52” 0 Donegal 1 400–450191 0 53°24’7” 0–13500 150 0–11500 9°20’44” 10°18’27” 8°29’31” 1 Kildare290 Ballybetagh 2 Section 51°30’10” 490 53°16’28” Hanna (1993) Raised bog 3397 Kerry 5000–9000 Ballycotton Kerry Limerick Mitchell (1951) 7°40’45” 65 Cole and Mitchell 305 Lake 12 9°17’9” Ballydoo Bog 8°30’2” Offaly Molloy and O’Connell 53°13’26” 0 Ballydoo Lough Blanket bog 5 55°2’32” 50 1176 80 Goddard (1971) Cork 0 Galway 0–6000 53°13’26” Ballyduff Bog 125 6°12’1” 84 Lake Hall and Bunting (2001) Interglacial 7°17’49” Fossitt (1994) Peat deposit Shaw (1985) Blanket bog 51°50’11” Mitchell (1951) Lake 68 0–10000 Dublin 53°31’36” 6°12’1” Derry 53°32’9” 100 0–11500 Lake 24 8°1’29” 0 Dublin 9°27’20” Raised bog 0 Gortian 9°27’27” 500–7500 53°5’8” Lake 230 Galway Cork 6000–10500 Mitchell (1948) 0 30 Galway Blanket bog Jessen (1949) 250 5 7°59’37” Archaeological 0–13800 0–6000 Jessen (1949) Bog/fen 0 1 0 36 Tipperary Bradshaw and McGee 0–10000 45 0 9000–13000 3500–5000 Lake Jessen (1949) Zvelebil Watts (1964) 0–7000 Blanket bog 11 Coastal 55 15 0 12600–15000 Raised bog 10 Barnosky (1988) 2 Molloy 220–11200 Jessen and Farrington O’Carrroll (2012) 0 6 O’Neill 0–115 0–7500 0–5000 Buzer (1980) Watts (1977) 11 Jennings (1997) 2 39 0 Stefanini (2008) Carter Huang and O’Connell

7 Biology and Environment (2008) (1940) (1988) (1993) et al. et al. et al. References et al. (2010) O’Connell (2008) O’Connell (2008) Mitchell (1979) (2003) (1960) (1993) 0 Craig (1973) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) deposit 54°49’54” 6°28’9” Derry 10 Raised bog 0–8000 0 Jessen (1949) Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span Bog no. Site 342343 Ballyvalloo Lower303 Ballyvenaght Ballywoolen229 52°24’39”79 Bann Estuary 6°21’13” Barrees Basin (BAR-L1)84 55°10’4” 51°42’30” Wexford Barrees Monoliths 55°9’44”433 9°55’10” 6°7’7” Battlestown 55°9’6” 6°46’0”308 23 Cork 51°42’17”119 Bay Farm Antrim Kettle hole Derry 6°41’48”7 Beaghmore 1 9°54’53”309 Derry Beaghmore 2310 Beaghs Forest Cork 140 52°13’33” 210454 Beaghs Sand Quarry 10000–11000 Blanket bog Blanket bog Belderg1 0 6°52’38” 54°42’9” 54°58’25” 55°4’52” 4 Peat Wexford 0 200 55° 3’26” 5°59’11” 54°42’9” 6°56’15” 0–4500 0–4500 Blanket bog Coastal 6°11’15” Mitchell (1951) Antrim 6°11’16” Tyrone 6°56’15” 30 Antrim Antrim 54°18’8” Interglacial peat Tyrone 0–2200 5300–5500 9 30 0 190 9°33’50” 0–10000 270 Blanket bog Blanket bog 300 190 Overland and Blanket bog Mayo Mitchell (1951) Blanket bog 4 Blanket bog 10 0 0–1000 0–4000 Wilson and Plunkett Overland and 0–4500 50 0–3000 0–8000 Jessen (1949) Monolith 0 3 1 14 1 Mitchell (1951) Francis (1987) Goddard (1971) Pilcher (1969) Goddard (1971) 0 Bourke (1972) 67 Ballynakill383178 Ballyness171 Ballypatrick Forest1179 Ballypatrick Forest2425 Ballyscullion 192 55°9’32” Ballyscullion 2 53°21’35” 55°9’35” Ballyscullion 3 6°7’52” 7°44’26” 55°9’47” 6°7’47” 54°47’25” Westmeath Antrim 54°47’34” 7°52’44” Antrim 6°26’48” 54°47’46” 60 6°26’48” Donegal Antrim 250 6°26’56” Raised bog Antrim 240 Blanket bog Antrim 0 Blanket bog 20 20 Coastal peat 0–8500 Raised bog 0–3900 30 Raised bog 4200–7300 Rased bog 2000–5000 1000–11500 0 0 0–7000 2 2 Mitchell (1951), 850–1300 Doyle (2003) 0 Goddard (1971) Shaw and Carter (1994) Jessen (1949) 7 0 Smith (1975) Hall 50 Ballynagilly 104 Ballynahatty 54°41’48” 54°32’38” 6°50’59” 5°57’10” Tyrone Down 200 Blanket bog 40 Fen peatland 0–11000 3000–11500 17 6 Pilcher and Smith Plunkett 161147 Ballydugan294 Ballygawley Lough Ballygisheen Bog306 54°12’26” Ballyhalbert291 51°58’15” 54°18’38” Ballykeeroguemore 8°28’3”316 9°54’38” 5°45’29”226 Ballyline Sligo 52°18’56” Ballymacombs More Kerry Down 54°29’42”307 6°54’47” Ballymulholland 5°27’40” 26 Wexford Down 8.4 150 Lake 52°34’14” Blanket bog Lake 55°9’38” 48 7°25’27” 15 Interglacial 6°57’49” Kilkenny 0–1275 Coastal Derry 0–6300 500–11500 70 Interglacial deposit 1 5 Late glacial 0 3 Peat section Cole and Mitchell Singh and Smith (1973) Göransson (1984) 0 0–2000 Morrison and Stephens Mitchell and Watts 2 Coxon and Flegg (1985) Mallory

8 A catalogue of Irish pollen diagrams

et al. et al. et al. (2002) (1940) (1959) (2007) et al. et al. References et al. et al. (2000) (2000) (2000) Mitchell Cruichshank (1981) (2010a) (2010b) (1989) (1988) 0 Gennard (1984) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) deposit 53°6’13” 8°42’17” Galway 60 Section Interglacial 0 Jessen 51°54’24” 10°23’9” Kerry 10 Blanket bog 1000 –7000 1 Coxon (1985) 53°26’54” 9°56’40” Galway 30 Mor humus 0–1000 0 Hannon and Bradshaw Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span Embayment Derrycunlaghmore called Gort) no. Site 326314 Brockley, Rathlin Island438 Broghan Bog 55°18’13” Bunnamohaun 6°11’47” Antrim 54°39’26” 53°47’39” 7°4’24” 50 10°2’28” Tyrone Blanket bog Mayo 190 700–5300 50 Blanket bog Peat monolith 8 0–6500 2500 Doyle (2003) 0 2 Hirons (1988) Molloy (2007) 345264 Boskill Brackloon Hollow A265 Brackloon Hollow B 53°45’31”263 Brackloon Lough 9°33’17” 53°45’40”260270 Mayo Bray Top 52°35’46” 9°33’31” Bray West Bog 53°45’36”346 Mayo 8°26’43” Breaghwy 9°33’46” Limerick397 85398 Breanlee Mayo Forest hollow177 Breanlee Lower 80 51°53’25”169 75 Breen Bog Forest hollow Breen Wood 10°25’13” Raised bog 0–5000268 54°5’12” 85 Kerry128 Brendan Rock-knoll 52°0’55” Lake Bridges of Ross 9°5’14” 52°0’41” 51°54’25” 9°47’27” 7000–14000 55°7’38” 55°8’15” 230 2 Mayo 9°47’13” 10°24’11” Kerry Blanket bog 52°35’24” 6°14’44” 6°14’21” 0 Kerry Kerry von Engelbrechten Antrim Antrim 0–12600 9°52’3” 30 Mitchell (1951) 0 490 3000–5500 Clare Blanket bog Blanket bog 360 10 von Engelbrechten 320 150 Blanket bog Blanket bog 3 Blanket bog 1 Mor humus 3000–6000 von Engelbrechten 2 Mitchell (1989) 0–6000 0–4000 Peat section 0–2200 0 Mitchell (1951), Late glacial 1 4 4 0 0 Coxon (1985) Goddard (1971) Cruickshank and Welten (1952) Welten (1952) Richards 271 Borheen Lough 52°22’20” 8°9’8” Tipperary 476 Lake 0–12000 4 Leira 387 Belderg 286 Belderg 334429 Belfast130 Belle Lake Benburb 54°18’17”136 Birch Island, Lough 9°33’48” 54°18’17”311 Mayo24 Black Bog 9°33’48”185 54°34’38” 52°11’37” Black Lough Bloomhill Bog Mayo 54°24’35”172 5°55’45” 7°1’37”435 Bog of Cullen 50 6°45’18”293 Antrim Bog of the Frogs Waterford Atlantic blanket bog Boleyneendorrish (also 54°9’37” Tyrone 53°21’18” 50 1000–2500 53°10’11” 33 Atlantic blanket bog 7°53’40” 7°49’37” 52°30’27” 25 53°22’38” 6°5’9” 4000–5500 Lake 20 1 Offaly Offaly Section 8°17’0” Down 6°4’30” Interglacial peat Verrill and Tipping 3 Tipperary Dublin 43 50 Verrill and Tipping 381 91 10000–14000 Raised bog Lake 6000–15000 Blanket bog 110 Raised bog Peaty basin 0 8 250–3500 0–6000 Mitchell (1951) 300–11500 Craig (1978) 0–650 0–13000 0 15 0 Parkes and Bradshaw Molloy (2008a) 4 1 McVicker (1993) Heery (1998) Cooney (1994)

9 Biology and Environment (2001) (2005b) (1998) (2008) (1994) et al. (1981) et al. et al. References et al. et al. et al. (2011) (2011) (2009) Middeldorp (1988) (2001) 0 Dowling C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) 0–4000 3Gortian Maloney (1985) peat Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span no. Site 37181 Bunnyconnellan East257 Burren Townland210 Butter 1 54°5’18”266 Butter Mountain 2299 Cadogan’s Bog 8°59’52” 53°55’4” Caheraphuca Bog 54°11’12”298 54°11’20” Mayo Caheraphuca Lough 6°2’46” 9°19’0”347 6°2’46” 51°33’15” 52°56’10”144 Cahercorney Down Mayo 52°55’45”57 Caherkine Lough Down 220 9°34’47” 8°54’25”464 Caislean 8°55’12” Blanket bog138 Camaross Cork Clare 45022 Camillan 1 165 Clare 52°47’12” 488241 52°32’15” Blanket bog Camillan 2 Section160 Canbo Blanket bog 0–4800 8°51’18”72 Cannons Lough 8°30’17” 75 34 Clare Cappanawalla 40 Limerick372 1000–3500 Blanket bog Bog 52°21’43” 53°59’0” 2000–5000 52°1’4” Carbury Bog Lake Gortian441 2 54°56’5” 6°42’14” 10°7’60” 52°1’2” 8564 Carnlough 9°31’56” 4 30 0–600098 Wexford Mayo 53°54’52” O’Connell (1990b) 0 53°7’3” Carnlough Beach Alluvium 6°33’2” 9°31’59” Kerry Lake Carnsore Point Holland (1975) 53°22’54” 3000–10000 8°9’45” Derry 0 McVicker (1993) Kerry 9°11’48” 70 2200–7400 54°59’34” 6°58’37” Roscommon 80 6 Clare Pingo Coxon 11000–14000 54°59’0” 20 1 Kildare 100 52°10’35” 5°59’17” Blanket bog Mighall 40 7 Forest hollow 25 Raised bog 5°59’18” 0–11500 Antrim 0 Molloy and O’Connell 6°22’4” Lake Mor humus 296 Antrim Molloy and O’Connell 90 4000–6000 Wexford Mitchell (1951) 0–9500 Heath Late glacial Raised bog 0–13000 5 0 0–250 2 10 4 Section O’Connell 0 0–11500 Coastal sediments/ Peat 9000–13500 3 0–850 Caseldine 0 0–3500 Mitchell (1973) Mitchell (1988) 0 Jessen (1949) 4 Late glacial 0 Mitchell (1990b) Prior 4 4 Smith (1961) van Geel and Feeser and O’Connell Francis (1987) 44164 Carran Lough295 Carrantuohill Carrigtohill211390 Carrivmoragh151 Carron 54°23’0”42 51°59’54” Carrownaglogh 96 Carrowreagh 7°47’12” 51°54’50”315 9°44’34” Cashelkeelty 54°18’19”247 Castlebog Fermanagh 8°16’55” Kerry267 Castlelackan Demesne 54°7’27” 5°58’41” Céide Fields (BHY) Cork 60168 54°17’8” Down 53°2’1” 8°59’9” 53°52’1”175 Chancellorsland Lake 1014 51°45’26” 54°18’8” Charleville 9°16’33” Mayo Blanket bog 8°21’51” 9°4’2” 54°8’43” 9°48’53” 9 Mayo 9°27’37” 260 Roscommon 52°28’30” Kerry Clare Blanket bog Section Mayo 6°6’53” 75 150 8°21’49” 8000–14000 Down 53°14’52” Raised bog Blanket bog 100 Tipperary 1600–10000 110 Raised bog 120 170 7°31’47” 0 Blanket bog Interglacial/ Fen peat Blanket bog 110 381 Offaly 0–3800 1000–14500 10 Tisdall (1996) Archaeological 1000–4000 Blanket bog 1000–9500 0 Holland (1975) 0–6600 3000–5000 0 65 Welten (1952) (2008b) 0–11500 1 4 4000–7000 0 Jessen (1949) Woodland hollow 5 Molloy O’Connell (1986) Jessen (1949) 8 0 0 O’Connell and Molloy Lynch (1981) McVicker (1993) Crabtree (1982) 0 Stefanini (2003)

10 A catalogue of Irish pollen diagrams (1988) (1996) (1996) (1998) (2008) (1992) (1955) et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. References et al. et al. Ghráinne (1994) Ghráinne (1994) (2002) and Browne (1991) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) 53°33’3” 9°56’23” Galway 60 Blanket bog 0–10300 11 O’Connell Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span Park (FRKII) no. Site 37 Church Lough21674 Claggan Mountain419 Clara Bog 323 Claraghmore Bog 1 53°36’55”471 Claraghmore Bog 2 53°56’30”406 Claremorris 10°11’26” 54°37’57”405 Clonenagh Bog 9°47’12” 54°37’50”289 Clonfert Bog Galway 7°27’21” Mayo101 Clonmass Estuary A 53°19’11” 7°27’33”66 Clonmass Estuary B Tyrone245 53° 0’22” 7°37’19” Tyrone Clonsast 53°43’19” 15 55°9’47”461 Cloonacool 55°9’10” 30 Offaly 53°14’49” Cloonamore Lake 7°25’12” 8°59’43” 100246 7°52’44” Blanket bog223 Laois 78 Cloonlara 7°54’48” Mayo Raised bog 8°4’10” Donegal145 Cloughmills Raised bog Donegal 60 Cloverhill Lough Galway 54°6’28”275 53°12’33” 53°37’40” 0–4900 Raised bog35 Clynacartan Bog 100 400–450 5 70 0–11500 8°45’37” 10°11’41” 7°10’47” 9 National Raised bog 54°14’29” 2600–3500 60253 Raised bog Coastal peat 53°57’1” Galway 54°59’1” Sligo Offaly348 Cool Bog (Kilteely) Coastal Raised bog 0–11500 51°53’40” 8°30’7”123 5 Cool West 0 8°54’30” 6°20’48” 8165 Coolteen 0 10°23’45” 700–5000 0–1300 Sligo 52°30’55” 1500–11000335 Coomloughra Lough 30 Foss and Doyle (1990) Mayo Antrim Hall and Bunting (2001) Kerry 75192 Cooney Lough O’Connell and Ní 60 0–1900 Plunkett (2009) 11 Blanket bog 8°23’38”26 Cordal Raised bog 0–3500 52°0’11” Blanket bog139 0 5 Limerick Cork Harbour 1 Crushell 52°26’34”69 Cork Harbour 2 80 28 0 80 9°45’50”411 25 Erdtman (1927) 54°12’15” 52°21’1” 4500–6000 Corlea 6/9 Shaw and Carter (1994) Raised bog Lake373 0 Corlea 9 9°16’8” Raised bog 100 Kerry 500–11500 0–8000 Hall (2005) Blanket bog25 Corlona 1 8°32’25” 51°53’55” 6°36’11” Fen peat 51°53’55” Limerick312 Hall (2005) Cornaher Lough 040 Sligo Corrib Bog Wexford 52°13’28” 8°27’48” Shaw and Carter (1994) 0–10000 0 8°27’48” 0–5000 490 5000–7500 Corslieve Lough 215402 Cork O’Connell and Ní 1 9°20’37” 53°37’5” Cork Blanket bog217 0–1700 Coumenare Jessen (1949) Blanket bog 53°21’47” 50 10000–15500 53°37’11” Kerry14 Cregganmore Mitchell (1951) 35 7°50’56” 53°58’31” 1 Peaty basin 0 7°24’48” 54°3’16” Crinnagh River 7°51’24” 53°20’18” 0 Lake 0 Longford 6 0–3000 Westmeath 8°0’25” Mitchell (1989) 6 Jessen (1949) Longford 9°38’41” 0 300 Jessen (1949) 9°0’0” Jessen (1949) Section 52°10’51” Leitrim 54°16’27” 12800–15000 Section Mayo 90 60 Blanket bog 51°59’6” Göransson (1984, Galway 60 10°10’57” Lake 9°35’21” Raised bog 8 0 Kerry Raised bog 9°32’35” 2800–11200 75 Mayo 1000–7000 320 Kerry Gortian 0 Craig (1978) Mitchell (1951) 8 Raised bog Gortian Lake 3650–4850 11 560 Raised bog 4800–5500 Welten (1952) 0 60 0–12000 Ghilardi (2012) Blanket bog 200 0–7000 7 Lake 0 Mitchell (1951) 0 Blanket bog 4 100–2200 Caseldine Scourse 0–10500 1000–5000 Dowling 3 Caseldine 4500–7500 1 Heery (1998) 3 0 2000–13000 4 Tohall Bingham (2011) 0 Mitchell (1951) Browne (1986), Coxon 0 Jessen (1949) McKeever (1984)

11 Biology and Environment (2005a) (1998) (1940) (1994) (2005) (2005) (1986) (2007) et al. et al. References et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. Van Ooschot (1980) (2004) (1997) (1973) Mitchell (1960) (1993) 0 Dowling C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) Gortian Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span no. Site 40713 Derryville 2115 Devil’s Bit Dolan9421 Doo Lough 1 Doo Lough 2 52°46’9”432473 Dooagh 51°59’51” 7°41’19”297 Doon Lough Douglas 9°32’59” 53°24’13” Tipperary320 52°1’4” 52°1’3” Kerry198 Douglas Top 9°59’44” Dromatouk 100 9°31’37” 9°31’34” 54°16’32” Galway Raised bog 53°58’23” Kerry Kerry 20 8°18’52” 51°52’18” 10°7’15” 54°51’30” Blanket bog 30 Leitrim 0–1500 Mayo 51°52’49” 8°24’28” 6°3’44” Blanket bog 20 20 Cork 9°31’14” Lake 117 Antrim Lake 7000–8500 Kerry Lake 0 0–11500 0 402 Peat sequence 0 6 Hall (2005) Blanket bog 107 Section Jessen (1949) 0–11500 0 0–11500 Blanket bog 6000–10000 0–14000 Teunissen and Teuissen- 0–6000 5 0–4000 0 4 Interglacial/ Head 0 Healy (1987) Mitchell and Cooney 1 Turbayne (1988) 2 Hanna (1993) Lynch (1981) 285 Croaghaun East317318 Crockalough243 Crocknamoyle76 Crocknaraw 54°11’31”319 Cromane Point28 Cronalaght 9°27’23” 55°2’40” Crossnacreevy 55°6’46” Mayo196450 Cullenagh 53°32’6” 6°6’41” 52°8’14”231 Cultra 6°8’17”23 Cushendun Antrim 160 10°1’33”408 Antrim 54°33’38” 9°53’59” 55°4’1” Dereen409 Derragh Bog Blanket bog Galway Kerry112 Derragh Lough 5°50’28” 8°12’28”17 Derryadd 402 51°43’0” 230 Down Donegal Derrybrien Blanket bog 114 55°7’51” 0–6500 Blanket bog240 54°39’21” 9°13’30”396 53°45’47” Derrycassan 0 Blanket bog 53°46’1”16 Derryclure Bog Cork 6°2’30” 400 5°48’17” 135 53°4’24”19 Coastal 0–8000 7°24’8” Derrycunihy 1 7°24’29” 0–3000 Blanket bog Archaeological251 Down Antrim 54°30’24” Derrycunihy 2 4 3400–5800 9°17’10”116 Derryfadda Lower Longford Longford 53°4’48” Derryinver Hill 53°14’14” 244 6°26’47” Clare 0–1000 54°4’20” Dwyer and Mitchell 80 0–6000 8°34’42” Blanket bog 1224 51°58’27” 5 Antrim 75 62 70 7°27’34” 2 53°41’53” 3 450–2500 Derrynadivva 7°38’44”336 51°58’26” Derrytagh North Galway Modern transect Lake Raised bog Coastal Offaly 9°35’53” Derryville 1 Hanna (1993) 53°35’2” 9°6’31” Goddard (1971) Jennings (1997) Cavan 270 9°35’38” 2 0–1000 Kerry 20 Blanket bog 1 2 Mayo Kerry 9°58’10” 200 54°30’11” Wood peat 53°53’58” Clayton and Girling 0–6300 80 Blanket bog Galway Hanna (1993) Shaw 75 6°26’43” 4000–8500 9°19’34” 52°44’45” Raised bog 1200–7500 35 0–5500 1 Blanket bog Armagh 50 15 Mayo 6000–10000 Forest hollow 7°39’59” 1000–2200 80 Raised bog 12 Lynch (1981) Forest hollow 0 Tipperary 0 0 0–800 Blanket bog 10 4500–7500 Brown 0 0–7800 4 Movius 135 1 Hall (1989) Blanket bog Rutherford (1982) 0–6000 130 2000–6000 Section Jessen (1949) Brown Raised bog 0–6300 0 Prendergast and 1 4500–8000 4 0 Jessen (1949) 0 O’Connell (1990a) 0–4500 Mitchell (1988) Gortian Jessen (1949) 8 O’Sullivan (1991) 0 Molloy and O’Connell Jessen (1949) 10 0 Caseldine Coxon

12 A catalogue of Irish pollen diagrams (2007) (2012) (2000) (2006) (1979) (1993) et al. et al. References et al. et al. et al. et al. (1990) (1984) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) 51°54’24” 10°23’9” Kerry 30 Blanket bog 3000–6000 3 Coxon (1985) Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span Embayment, Kerry no. Site 374199 Dromsallagh234 Dromteewakeen 1349 Dromteewakeen 2205 Drummacaladerry206 Drumurcher 51°58’40”190 Dunshaughlin 1 51°57’57” 52°37’30”350 Dunshaughlin 2 9°44’40” 55°8’1”269 Edentobber 9°48’15” 8°21’14” Kerry Emlagh Bog Kerry Limerick166 53°30’57” 7°44’59” 54°6’37”95 Emlagh Bog, Meath 53°30’57” Donegal272 6°30’56” Emlaghlea Bog 7°12’36” 101451 60 Essexford Lough 6°30’56” 53°44’59” Meath 54°5’16”351 70 Fairy Water Blanket bog Monaghan Raised bog Meath 210154 Falcarragh 6°46’41” Valley peat99 6°19’15” Fallahogy 1 Blanket bog 90 51°51’26” Meath 53°58’5” Fallahogy 2 100 Louth 0–1500 Section 100 0–7500 10°13’6” Lake 6°38’44” 54°38’1” 290–3150 Former lake 0–5000 Kerry Louth 60 55°6’56” 335 54°54’13” 7°27’15” Raised bog 1 Blanket bog 54°54’30” 0 0–11000 8 Tyrone 6°33’32” 8°5’19” 7000–12500 40 0 Lynch (1981) 36 6°33’22” 3000–6500 Derry Mitchell (1956) Donegal McDonnell (1991) Blanket bog 1300–2300 0–5000 Lake Derry 1 Mitchell (1951) 70 0 0 Raised bog 45 Coope 46 1000–11500 0 Watts (1977) Blanket bog Mitchell (1951) 50 Raised bog 0 Newman Raised bog 0–5500 0 Mitchell (1951) 0–4500 0–11000 Jessen (1949) 850–1300 5 0 6 Weir (1995) 0 0 Mitchell (1951) Smith (1958) Morrison (1955) Hall 31301 Faunarooska449 Fiddaun156 Finglas River 112 Finglas River 2389 Galway’s Bridge47 Garrannon Wood 53°4’49” 51°48’26” Garry Bog 1418 51°48’29”458 53°0’55” Garry Bog 2 10°9’11” 9°17’0” 51°57’55” 52°41’39”274 Garry Bog 3 10°9’7”321 Kerry Garrynagran Clare 9°34’41” 8°44’46” 8°52’3”18 Garvaghullion Bog Kerry 55°6’32”255 Kerry Clare Galway Glaisín na Marbh242 Glannalappa East 55°6’32”174 Glantane East 6°31’44” 54°38’6” 255 55°05’0” Glashabaun 54°10’16” 65 6°31’44” Blanket bog Antrim 30436 110 52°0’32” 20 7°26’5” Section 52°30’41” 6°34’0”386 Glen of the Downs Section 9°22’34” Antrim Blanket bog Former lake422 Mor humus Glen West Tyrone 9°33’52” Antrim233 9°19’2” Mayo Glena 52°0’19” 1200–5500 4027 Glenballyemon 53°8’10” Kerry 53°18’28” Kerry180 40 Raised bog 45000–75000 7000–12000 Glendalough 53°0’30” 9°2’49” 100 0–650 13000–14200 Glens Bridge 30 9800–12000 6°59’14” Raised bog 6°7’5” 0 Raised bog 60 Cork 0 6°20’3” 54°24’45” Raised bog 140 5 Offaly 2 55°3’35” Blanket bog 130 Wicklow 0–9500 Rutherford (1982) 23 Forest hollow Wicklow Jessen (1949) 8°2’18” Blanket bog van Asch 0–1000 Bryant (1974) 52°1’14” 1 6°7’19” 0–1000 55°6’14” Turney 250 100 Fermanagh 2500–3600 75 4200–7400 130 0–11000 Antrim Blanket bog 9°33’40” Forest hollow Bohan (1997) 10 Raised bog 6°16’9” 4500–6500 Lake 90 Kerry 0 0 Pilcher and Baillie Antrim 0 6 Raised bog 0–400 300 2500–3700 5 0 Hall (1998) Blanket bog Plunkett (2009) Hall (1998) Jennings (1997) 50 225 O’Sullivan (1991) Jessen (1949) 2600–3300 3 0–14000 Mor humus Blanket bog 0 1000–8000 Hodd (1999) 3 Brett (1998) 0–4000 0–250 5 0 0 Plunkett (2009) Haslett Jessen (1949) McNally and Doyle 4 0 Goddard (1971) Jacob (1990)

13 Biology and Environment (2000) (2004a) (1993) (2000) (1993) (1959) (2007) et al. et al. et al. References et al. et al. et al. et al. (1994) Conway (1988) (1995) (2009) O’Connell (2011) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) 1100–12000 0 Mitchell (1951) GortianGortian 0 0 Jessen Watts (1959 ) 800–3600Gortian 4 Overland and 0 Watts (1967) terrace deposit deposit sections deposit Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span no. Site 183 Greaghans105352 Greyabbey353 Griffinrath322 Grillagh126 Gruig Top434 53°36’34” Hag’s Glen287 Hanging Rock Wood 54°31’57” Haughey’s Fort 9°4’24” 53°20’50”412 54°16’34” 5°33’47”60 High Island Mayo 53°39’52” 6°34’38” 7°49’47”53 55°6’22” Illauncronan Down 51°59’53”55 54°21’11” Imlagh Kildare Fermanagh 7°53’37”232 Imlagh Basin 6°7’20” 9°43’18”354 6°43’39” Island Magee 42 Longford 170355 Jenkinstown Antrim Kerry 53°32’50” Armagh 5 Turlough Johnstown Forest hollow 75 52°56’49” 10°15’37” 55 Marine sediments Section 51°53’54” 8°51’36” 310 Galway 54°50’47” Raised bog 80 0–500 8600–9300 350 51°54’35” 10°23’53” Blanket bog Clare 10000–15500 54°0’18” Soil profile Alluvial fan 5°46’15” 10°23’55” Kerry 53°5’47” 25 Antrim 6°15’40” 2 Kerry 0 0–6500 10000–12000 0–3500 Blanket bog 6°32’49” 0 Louth 47 0–4500 2000–3000 Simpson (2008) Coxon and 25 0 Wicklow Lake 5 McGorrian (2000) 25 Coastal peat basin 600–4250 0 Mitchell (1951) 1 Coastal 15 3 Coastal peat 175 5000–7000 4 Mitchell (1951) Basin, past lagoon Section/River Weir (1987), and Goddard (1971) 7500–9000 3 Anderson 0–5000 10000–14500 0 6000–8000 Molloy Mitchell (1989) 0 0 0 0 Mitchell (1951) Andrieu Coxon (1983) Jessen (1949) 300 Glenulra (Céide Fields)61 54°17’54”73 Goodland Gortaclare 9°26’23”194415 Gortagenerick Mayo33 Gortahurk46 Gortalecka426 Gortcorbies 55°12’15” Grangemore 90 53°4’56” 51°40’40” 6°6’55” Blanket bog 9°50’45” 54°18’59” 9°2’6” Antrim Cork 53°0’10” 55°4’18” 7°48’0” Clare 55°9’29” 4500–6100 9°0’58” Fermanagh 210 6°50’11” 6°44’19” 140 Blanket bog Derry Clare 225 Derry 285 Blanket bog Peaty basin Grykes Molloy and O’Connell 0–4500 250 30 1000–5000 3 Blanket bog 0–1000 Fen Palaeosol 0–1900 0 0 0–8000339429 Kelly’s Lough Mitchell (1951) Mitchell (1951) 0 Kilbeg 1460 3 0–11500 Hall (2003) Kilbeg 2 15 Feeser and O’Connell 52°57’17” Smith (1975) 6 6°25’45” 52°10’17” Wicklow 0 Watts (1963) 7°19’14” 52°10’17” Plunkett 585 Waterford 7°19’14” Lake Waterford 80 Interglacial peat 80 Interglacial peat 0–11000 9 Leira 286 Kilbegly44783 Kilcurley Kildromin 53°19’14” 53°23’26” 8°9’2” 52°31’14” 7°39’47” Roscommon 8°25’18” Offaly 35 Limerick Archaeological 100 70 Interglacial peat Small hollow 0–2000 2 O’Carrroll (2012) 218 Kilfenora 52°16’23” 9°48’41” Kerry 0 Interglacial deposit 0 Heijnis

14 A catalogue of Irish pollen diagrams (2004) (2001) (1989) et al. et al. References et al. (2003) (1993) (1992) (1991) (1991) (1994) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) 53°21’10” 9°51’14” Galway52°12’18” 10°9’15” 15 Kerry Infilled lake basin 110 Blanket bog 0–3400 0 McDonnell (1988) 2 Dodson (1990) 52°24’24” 6°22’42” Wexford 37 Kettle hole 9000–14000 0 Mitchell (1951) Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span Carna Bog Doo no. Site 21215 Lackan442 Ladies’ View292 Lecarrow Liffey Head Bog 1107 Liffey Head Bog 291 53°9’33” 51°58’5” 54°16’13” Lios Lairthín Mór250 53°48’28” 53°9’33” 6°17’46”358 9°35’59” Lisnolan 6°6’6”200 Lissue Wicklow 9°57’44” 6°17’46” Kerry276 Littleton Bog 53°4’56” Down Mayo Loch an Chorcail, Wicklow213 500 9°13’29”132 Long Lough Blanket bog 150 Clare133 520 Lough Adoon Hill Bog 75 53°48’17” 52°39’21” Lough Adoon Valley Blanket bog 50 Blanket bog 52°11’56”39 Raised bog 9°10’27” 54°30’9” Peat 7°38’40” 0–1250 Lough Aisling 10°9’2”88 270 54°25’47” Mayo Tipperary 0–11500 8000–9000 6°6’21” Blanket bog Lough Anaffrin Kerry475 2000–9600 5°52’30” Lough Anarry Antrim 140 1 Down 53°55’7” 75 1 Raised bog 0 0–3000 1000–3000 16 120 53°57’8” Cole and Mitchell Raised bog 9°35’17” 38 Mitchell and Conboy Blanket bog Vokes (1966) Holland (1975) 54°15’22” 90 Mayo 9°43’20” Archaeological site 0–11500 0 Lake 950–1200 8°16’31” Mayo 8 4500–13000 0–4000 Molloy (2007) Leitrim Jelicic and O’Connell 15 0 0 0 184 Lake 85 Mitchell (1965) Lake 4 Jessen (1949) 0–3200 Mitchell (1951) Lake Dodson (1990) 0–13500 5 0–13000 Hall (1990b) 0–14000 4 4 Coxon and Browne 4 Coxon and Browne Turbayne (1988) 184 Kilglassan469236 Kilkenny Courthouse129 Killough Bog400 Killymaddy Lough 52°39’15”357 Kilmacoe TD I Kilmacoe TD II, Lough 7°15’11” 53°37’31”225 54°30’1” Kilkenny356 Kilmore 53°6’52” 9°5’23”21 Kilmoyly 52°24’18” 6°47’32”48 6°30’30” Mayo Kippure Lodge Basin 501 Tyrone 6°22’50” Knockadoon South78 Wicklow Archaeological 53°10’21” Knockasarnet388 Wexford Knockaunnaglashy140 Knockiveagh 52°30’53” 41 6°22’48” 180 75220 52°7’60” Knocknacran 1 300–800 52°21’40” 20 Knocknacran 2 Turlough Blanket bog 8°31’26” Wicklow Lake 52°6’42” 10°9’60” 9°44’8” Kettle hole Limerick 52°5’1” Kerry 9°52’41” 54°16’30” 310 53°56’14” 0 Kerry 53°56’20” Blanket bog 9°31’40” Kerry 10000–15500(1957) 85 6°11’6” 6°45’57” Stefanini (2009) 6000–12000 Kerry 6°45’45” Lake deposits 0–10000 150 Monaghan Down 0 30 Monaghan 0–8250 Blanket bog 0 0 Blanket bog 60 Coxon and 2500–13000 60 80 10 230 Coastal Mitchell (1951) Gypsum quarry 0 450–3500 Interglacial deposit Wood peat Some Archaeological 0 Hirons (1983) 7 0–6500 Jessen (1949) 9000–13000 Glanville (1999) Smith Ahlberg 6 4500–7500 0–3600 0 0 Wolters (1996) Mitchell (1951) 0 Mitchell (1951) 0 7 Jessen (1949) Vaughan Carter

15 Biology and Environment (1987) (1973) (1985) (1996) (1996) (2005) (2012b) (2012b) et al. et al. (In et al. et al. et al. References et al. et al. et al. et al. Preparation) (1998) (2009) Ghráinne (1994) (1986) (1991) (1992) O’Connell (2008) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) 53°47’0” 7°24’48” Longford 62 Lake 0–9300 9 Brown Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span (Ballywillin Crannog) no. Site 149279 Lough Doo Lough Fark443248 Lough Gall Lough Gealáin8938 54°3’0” Lough Goller 53°45’46” Lough Gowlanagower394 52°59’57” 9°5’37” 54°24’11” 9°5’46”141 Lough Gur Red Bog 53°37’40”395 Lough Gur 1 Mayo Mayo 9°1’21” 6°36’4”158 10°11’41” Lough Gur 2 52°30’52” 53°0’30”423 Lough Henney Galway Galway Armagh186 Lough Inchiquin 8°31’58”410 9°18’1” Lough Ine 21 45 Limerick Lough Kinale 52°30’29” 100 Clare181 52°30’29” 28 25 Lake 54°27’20” Lake 51°48’34”474 Lough Lark 8°31’22” Lake Lake Lake376 82 Lough Lummen 8°31’22” 5°55’27” Limerick 9°41’19”110 Lough Maumeen Bog/former lake Limerick 100 Down Lough Mullaghlahan 51°30’5” Kerry Lake 9000–15000 82 54°13’13” 9°18’18” 54°46’30” 0–7600 54°46’32” 53°29’25” 0–11500 82 Lake 0–11500 8°25’48” 50 500–11000 0–2000 Cork Lake 6°59’48” 45 9°38’51” 8°28’1” 4 Lake Sligo Tyrone Mor humus Galway Donegal 0 Ahlberg 8 42 9000–13000 7 0 Fuller and O’Connell Feeser and O’Connell O’Connell 320 250 0–11500 40 172 0–4000 O’Connell and Ní Lake 0 9000–15000 Blanket bog Lake McCallen (1974) Lake Lake 0–5000 Watts (1963) 0 0 0–4000 0 Ahlberg Mitchell (1954) 0 0–11500 Mitchell (1993) 0–11500 0–14000 0–14500 Hall (1991) 2 0 7 Goddard (1971) 7 6 Buzer (1980) Huang (2002) Turbayne (1988) Fossitt (1994) 244131 Lough Boora127 Lough Camclaun Lough Catherine 87 Lough Clevala 52°11’28”440 53°13’16” 54°42’9”278 Lough Corrib 10°9’48”337 7°44’54” Lough Cuith Lough Dá Éan 7°26’6” Kerry Offaly453 54°2’25”338 Tyrone Lough Dargan 53°20’5” Lough Diheen 9°25’57” 230 53°20’0” 52 53°0’28” Mayo 60 9°4’4” Lake Raised bog 7°36’33” 54°12’7” 9°0’59” Lake Galway 52°22’9” Offaly 8°25’23” Clare 73 8°10’15” 8700–9300 Sligo Lake 2 Tipperary 0–11500 61 Lake 30 0–11500 2 Lake 554 Lake 55 Lake O’Connell (1980b) 5 Lake 0–16000 4 Dodson (1990) 5000–11500 Hirons and Edwards 4000–7000 5 0–700 8 3400–8000 2 Coxon and Browne Bingham (2011) Connolly (1999) 7 1 0 Ghilardi (2012) Leira Jelicic and O’Connell 27777 Lough Avullin Lough Beag113 Lough Beg 53°48’36” 9°58’8” 51°42’4” Mayo 54°47’38” 9°55’32” 6°28’32” Cork Antrim 30 Drained lake 103 10 Lake Lake 0–15000 2 500–11500 Corocan (2002) 17 Overland and 0 O’Sullivan 455 Lough Availe 54°03’18” 8°23’32” Sligo 192 Fen 5000–6000 Stolze 106162 Lough Anelteen Lough Arrow 54°16’28” 54°03’00” 8°21’37” Sligo 8°19’00” Sligo 30 Lake 53 Lake 7000–14000 5 Bradshaw Stolze

16 A catalogue of Irish pollen diagrams (1988) (1973) (2004) (1993) (1993) (2012a) (2012) et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. References et al. et al. (1982) (2005) (1991) (1977) (1980), Watts (1977) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) 55°0’40” 6°0’34” Antrim 300 Blanket bog 0–4000 4 Francis (1987) Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span sites no. Site 28258 Loughnashade202 Lurga137 Magheralagan Lake195 Magillicuddy’s Reeks134 Maughanasilly 54°21’1”41 Maum 54°19’7” 52°0’42” Meenadoan30 6°41’26” 5°46’58” 9°42’52”417 Meenskeha East 53°48’40” 51°46’15” Armagh193 Down Mhónáin 53°0’58” Kerry197 Milleens 9°23’14” 9°58’2”56 Milmorane 8°51’55” 54°35’34” 50 Cork Molly’s Lough Mayo 52°7’32” 7.9414 Galway 300 Lake359 7°37’19” Monaincha Lake Peat sections413 Moneystown 9°3’44” 52°12’35” Tyrone Moneyveagh 213 51°48’55” 30 30 51°51’41” 52°56’32” Cork 10°13’16” Blanket bog 1000–4000 Peaty basin Blanket bog Kerry 9°32’17” 9°10’33” 213 9°6’3” 52°56’29” 1000–12000 53°0’21” Kerry Cork Raised bog 0–11500 53°21’47” 150 Clare 2 0–4000 7°43’30” 0–11500 9600–15000 6°11’33” Pingo remnant 160 2 8°40’36” Tipperary Anderson Alluvium Wicklow 0–13500 80 215 Galway 0 Weir (1993a) 9200–11500 5 30 Blanket bog 50 Blanket bog 1 0 200 Singh and Smith (1973) Lake Andrieu Raised bog Raised bog 3 50 12 Lynch (1981) Coxon (1987, 2002) 1300–4500 0–5000 4000–6000 Raised bog Pilcher and Larmour Coxon (1986) 0–1000 7 200–10000 0 0–12000 0–1000 Allen (1999, 2004) 0 Mitchell (1951) 0 0 Mitchell (1951) 4 Mitchell (1951) 0 Hall (2003) Lamb and Thompson Hall (2003) 36 Lough Sheeauns259325 Loughanaphuca324 Loughaveema456 53°33’23” Loughmeenaghan 53°47’44” 10°4’32” 55°9’30” Galway 10°2’6” 54°05’39” 54°57’31” Mayo 6°6’30” 8°23’38” 7°5’22” 18 Sligo Antrim Derry Lake 70 170 Blanket bog 63 170 Blanket bog Lake Blanket bog 1400–10800 13000–90000 0–3200 2000–3500 13 0 Molloy and O’Connell 4600–6000 Coxon (1982) 2 4 14 Goddard (1971) Goddard (1971) Stolze 204 Lough Nadourcon207 Lough Nahanagan121 55°3’7”34 Lough Nalughoge444 53°1’48” Lough Namackanbeg1327 7°54’43” Lough Namackanbeg2114 Lough Nanallog 53°17’43” 54°9’48” Donegal 6°23’26” 53°17’43” 9°17’11” Wicklow 7°26’33” 9°17’11” Galway 77 54°39’21” Fermanagh Galway 410 Lake 54°42’43” 7°4’20” Lake 50 90 90 6°16’3” Tyrone Lake Lake/Schwingmoor Lake Antrim 0–13000 180 0–12000 Late glacial Lake 10 12 Lake 10000–15000 6 O’Connell 0 Telford (1977), Watts Colhoun and Synge 0 0–7500 Andrieu 0–5000 0 0 Ó Dunlaing (2000) Hirons (1988) 6 O’Sullivan 63393 Lough na Trosk Lough na Trosk Wall 111457 Lough Nabraddan Lough Nadourcan 55°0’38” 55°1’22” 6°0’41” 55°3’0” 8°20’52” Antrim 7°54’0” Donegal Donegal 300 20 Lake Lake 77 Lake 0–12500 0–13500 10000–16000 7 17 5 Francis (1987) Jeffers Fossitt (1994)

17 Biology and Environment (2005b) (1981) (2009) (2008) (1986) (1981) et al. et al. et al. References et al. et al. et al. (2000) (1985) (1988) (1971) Waateringe (1984) (1989) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) 5000Gortian Groenman-van 0 Watts (1959 ) Samples deposit 53°27’9” 9°54’24” Galway 20 Mor humus 0–1000 0 Hannon and Bradshaw Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span Anessaundoo no. Site 43 Raheelin 54°21’15” 8°1’52” Leitrim 150 Blanket bog 1000–5500 0 Jessen (1949) 219 Mongan Bog 1404143 Mongan Bog 2102 Mooghaun361 Mount Gabriel 53°19’35”362 Mount Shannon281 Moyarwood 7°56’55” 53°19’35”385 Moynagh Lough2 Offaly Moyreen Bog 51°33’12” 7°57’7” 52°47’28” 52°41’17”258 Muckross Bog466 Mullaboy 9°31’14” Offaly 8°52’12” 8°29’59” 53°49’0” Mullaghcleevaun 53°20’13”45 30 Cork Clare Limerick 52°31’55”249 6°45’21” 8°30’29” Mullangore Wood Raised bog118 Munhin Bridge 60 Meath 52°1’1” 53°5’30” 9°11’3” Galway Mweenish Bay 45459 Raised bog 300 54°58’1” 30 Limerick153 55°1’6” Newferry 1 6°22’53” Raised bog 9°31’6” Bog 0–10500 Newferry 2 Lake 54°9’45” 90 Wicklow 30 7°10’3”448 7°59’14” Kerry 53°18’25” 120 Newgrange 0–1600 Blanket bog Lake 9°46’51” Derry399 Donegal Blanket bog 4000–6000 560 9°50’0” 8467 Newlands Cross Mayo 54°49’12”430 Blanket bog Newrath Galway 54°49’12” 21 0–6000 Newtown 0–8000 Parkes and Mitchell 70 6°27’32” 0–11500 0 140 0 2400–3600 Raised bog 53°41’40” 6°27’32” Small hollow Antrim 53°18’24” Archaeological 10 0–200 0–9000 Mitchell (1951) Hall (2005) Antrim 0 6°28’31” Blanket bog 6°23’2” 0 0 6 2 Coastal 0–10500 Meath 0–650 15 52°16’4”377 52°12’54” Dublin Plunkett (2009) Mitchell (1951) 15384 Mighall Oldtown Kilcashel Molloy (2005) Diatomite deposit 4 0–11500 071 Owenduff 6°58’34” 7°7’57” Diatomite deposit333 3500–9000 35 Ownbegacashel 0 80 Stewart (2011) Waterford416 Bowler and Bradshaw Parkmore Kilkenny 5300–9000 53°22’3” 1 500–5000 Archaeological 230 Portmagee Tufa Vokes (1966) 208 Portrush Cliff 0 0 0 5 Telford (1977) 8°6’54”152 Poulroe 2 7 53°57’1” Pubble 54°57’32” 54°1’29” Jessen (1949) 0 Interglacial peat Williams Roscommon Jessen (1949) Peat section Smith and Collins 9°58’59” 7°5’22” 60 55°0’29” 9°40’54”bog0–4000 Molloy and O’Connell 51°52’52” 55°12’6” 5000–11200 Mayo Raised bog Derry Mayo 10°21’58” 1600–5600 6°8’24” 6°39’20” Kerry 53°4’0” 3 Derry Antrim 90 0–7000 180 100 6 Preece 8°58’0” Blanket Blanket bog Blanket bog 270 5 Timpany (2009) Clare 5 5 Raised bog Atlantic blanket bog 0 Coastal 0–1000 2600–3700 4000–8000 Smith Mitchell (1956) 30 0 1 Lake 0 6000–8500 Plunkett (2009) Caseldine Hall (2003) 0 0 Late glacial Jessen (1949) Morrison (1958) 0 Watts (1977) 363135 Newtownbabe Oak Island, Lough 167382 Old Head Wood Oldcroghan 53°58’14” 6°26’42” 53°46’46” Louth 9°46’25” 53°19’53” Mayo 7°18’6” 38 Offaly Peat filled hollow 80 7500–13000 Forest hollow 90 0 Raised bog 0–200 Mitchell (1951) 2000–3000 0 7 Ni Ghrainne (1988) Plunkett

18 A catalogue of Irish pollen diagrams (1965) et al. References (1938) (2004) (2009) (2004) (1971) 0 Morrison (1960) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) 0–2500 0 Mitchell (1951) Holocene hole Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span no. Site 238 Ralaghan122364 Rasharkin Bog296 Rathcoffey South365 Rathdooney437 Rathjordan366 Ratoath 53°57’39” 54°58’42” 53°18’56”401 Ravansdale Park Redbog (Kildare) 6°54’50” 6°26’29” 6°39’35” 54°6’48” Cavan Antrim Kildare 52°31’44” 54°4’37” 53°11’46” 8°31’10” 8°29’12” 53°30’4” 6°18’46” Sligo 6°32’4” 50 230 85 Limerick Louth Blanket bog 6°29’52” Raised bog Section Kildare Meath 75 128 455 9000–14500 Soil profile Crannog Fen 275 Blanket bog Peat filled kettle 11000–14000 90 0 4500–5500 Former lake 5000–5500 0 0–6500 Jessen and Farrington Mitchell (1951) 0 Late glacial 3 0 Mitchell (1951) 0 Mount (1999) Morrison (1958) 0 Mitchell (1951) Mitchell (1940) 403163 Redbog 1 (Louth)173 Redbog 2 (Louth)4 Redbog 3 (Louth)273 53°58’30” Reenadinna Wood328 Reenarea Rise 53°58’29” Ringnaill Quay 6°37’16” 53°58’29”93 6°37’38” Louth439 6°37’38” 52°1’1” Rinn na Móna Louth82 Rinnaraw 51°53’33” Louth52 54°30’46” Rockforest 9°31’14”380 10°21’13” Roddans Port 381 50 Roshin Point A Kerry 5°39’1” Kerry 52°59’40”5 30 Roshin Point B Raised bog 30 Down Raised bog Ross Island 55°10’42”103 9°2’54” Raised bog468 54°30’54” Rossbehy 54°50’29” 53°0’17” 20 7°56’22”6 Clare Rothe House 54°50’16” 5 200–7000108 5°28’14” Forest hollow 20 8°22’6” Donegal 0–7500 8°57’35” Rough Island428 Wood peat Roundstone I 8°22’28” 300–6500 Down Section75 Roundstone II Donegal Clare 52°2’16” Donegal 0–8000 33 0 RUA 52°39’15”68 2 52°4’55” Lake329 4200–6500 11 9°32’8” 6 Scragh Bog 10 0 Mitchell (1956) 53°24’42” 7°15’16” Soil samples472 52°1’53” Seaforde Bog 0 53°26’58” 16 9°58’15”3 Seefin Kerry Watts (1985) Early Coastal Coastal peat Kilkenny Weir (1995) 9°54’47” 2 Coastal peat 9°31’59” Lake Kerry 3 9°56’8” Sheheree Bog375 Galway 1300 Kerry209 Sheskinmore Mitchell (1990a) 50 Galway Mitchell (1989) 2500–5700 54°19’39” Shortalstown 53°34’48” 0–9000 25 53°0’53” 0–4000 Archaeological Late glacial 5 Forest hollow 5°50’21” 7°21’42” 2 8°59’40” 52°2’27” 10 33 1 0–1600 53°11’11” Coastal peat Down Westmeath Coastal Clare 54°48’54” 1 Mor humus Blanket bog 0 0–4500 6 9°28’49” 0 52°16’4” 6°23’39” Shaw and Carter (1994) 103 8°27’7” Molloy (2006) Kerry 0–3000 Watts (1984) Wicklow Raised bog Morrison 6°30’40” Shaw and Carter (1994) 61 6 170 Donegal 0–250 1000–12500 Wexford Former lake 4500–14500 Grykes 1 600 Roche (2010) 65 0–11500 0 Blanket bog 0 0 3 Mitchell and Cooney 30 0 Raised bog 4000–7000 Klimaschewski (2009) Coastal peat 0 Jessen (1949) Section Blythe (1996) Jessen (1949) Unknown 0–1000 0 Mitchell (1990b) 0 0–11500 2000–4000 O’Connell (1980a) McVicker (1993) 0 Interglacial 1 0 6 Doherty (1991) Feeser and O’Connell Shaw (1985) 0 Mitchell and Cooney Colhoun and Mitchell

19 Biology and Environment (1999) (2004b) (2012) (1935) (2012b) et al. (1977) (1994) (1993) et al. References et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. (1987) (1991) Engelbrechten (1999) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span no. Site 18959 Tooreen More West Tory Hill 51°40’26” 9°55’32” Cork 52°32’24” 8°41’0” 230 Blanket bog Limerick 30 4500–7500 Lake 0 Jessen (1949) 11400–16000 0 O’Connell 235392 Termonfeckin Cliff431 The King’s Stables10 The Long Range 2 53°45’46”65 The Long Range 1201 54°21’3” 1 6°14’46”256 Tievebulliagh 2 51°59’8”125 Togherbane Louth 51°59’8” 6°42’38”427 Toome Bay 9°33’44”90 Toome 1 Armagh 9°33’44” 55°4’34” Kerry 55°4’28” Toome 2 Kerry 5 6°7’49” 52°23’33” 50 6°7’54” Coastal peat 54°45’6” Antrim 30 Artificial pond 9°46’32” Antrim 54°49’6” 30 Blanket bog 6°28’44” Kerry 54°45’33” 6000–7000 0–2800 Blanket bog 6°27’41” Derry 390 225 6°27’26” Blanket bog Antrim 10000–15500 Blanket bog 10 Derry 0 300–10800 20 1 Blanket bog 0 1000–7000 Jessen (1949) 20 0–6000 Wood peat Lynn Watts (1963) 0 Diatomite deposit 20 500–7500 0 Unknown Diatomite deposit Jessen (1949) 8000–10000 4300–6000 2 Jessen (1949) 0 0 Weir (1993b) 0 0 Jessen (1949) Movius Jessen (1949) Plunkett 252334 Shower214 Slieve Binnian94 Slieve Croob49 Slieve Donard142 157 54°8’56”159 Slieve Meelbeg331 52°42’49” 54°20’24”332 Slieveanorra 54°10’51” 5°58’6” 8°25’59”330 54°44’13” Slievebane 5°58’23” 54°7’54”215 Slievenahanaghan 5°56’19” Down 54°11’3” Tipperary Down221 6°44’42” Slievenaslat Down Slish Lake 6°25’19” 54°9’25” Tyrone 6°0’42”120 45 55°5’18” Armagh 686 55°2’8” Sluggan Bog 1 462 Down 6°2’13” 54°57’34”51 Raised bog Blanket bog 763 6°13’23” Blanket bog117 430 6°15’56” Sluggan Bog 2 54°16’17” Down Blanket bog 350170 Sluggan Bog 3 6°6’36” Blanket bog Antrim313 Antrim Sluggan Bog 4 54°14’37” 54°45’52” Blanket bog 610 5°57’36”228 3500–4500 0–10000 Antrim Soarn’s Lough 500–5500227 Blanket bog Somerset 8°22’15” 6°17’37” Down 673 3500–4500 285283 54°45’58” Spring Bridge 0–11500 405 54°45’58” Sligo Blanket bog Antrim 0–6000 St John’s Wood Blanket bog 0 403 54°45’50” Blanket bog360 6°17’37” 10 0 6°17’37” 54°57’53” 3300–4500 Blanket bog391 Star Bog 0 300 6°17’36” McVicker (1993) Antrim378 Strandhill 12 Holland (1975) Antrim Blanket bog Jessen (1949) 0–500 50 6°6’45”445 55°2’44” Tattenamona 53°33’38” Antrim 20 McVicker (1993) 0–7000 55°7’15” 1 Templevanny Lough 0 Pilcher (1973) Raised bog 0–8000 Antrim Lake 6°34’42” 8°0’37” 50 6°38’50” 50 Hall (1990a) 1700–7000 Hall 54°2’5” 50 Derry Raised bog Roscommon Raised bog Derry 54°51’16” 0 54°20’44” 360 0–12500 1 54°16’16” Raised bog 50 8°24’22” 1 Small lake 5°57’20” 8 McVicker (1997) 7°27’19” 8°36’26” 0 Forest hollow Hanna (1993) Sligo 2200–3400 10 0–1900 Antrim 0–1500 Hanna (1993) Fermanagh Holland (1975) 4 Sligo 23 10000–14000 Goddard (1971) Coastal 0–7500 Coastal 4300–9000 75 Smith and Goddard 0 270 75 95 Raised bog 3 Peat hollow 0 28 Plunkett (2009) Walker Lake 0 4500–8000 Submerged peat Dodson and Bradshaw 4 Hall 4500–8000 0–6000 Doyle (2003) 4300–9000 6000–7000 Budd and von 0 0 2000–6000 0 Jessen (1949) 2 0 Jessen (1949) Doyle (2003) many Göransson (1984) Mitchell (1956) Stolze

20 A catalogue of Irish pollen diagrams

et al. (1996) References et al. (1987) (1999) (1986) (2004) C dates No. of No. 14 (calBP) Site name Latitude (N) Longitude (W) County (m) Alt. Site type Time span no. Site 302 Trawenagh Bay182146 Treanscrabbagh 1367 Treanscrabbagh 2 54°53’20”11 Treanybrogaun188 8°18’56” 54°3’30”222 Tumbeagh Bog 54°3’30” Union Wood Lake Donegal 8°23’27”150 53°56’9” 8°23’27”54 Uragh Wood Sligo 53°18’53” 54°13’1” Uragh Wood N3 Sligo 9°10’44” 0148452 Victoria Dock, Belfast 7°45’54” Mayo 8°28’30” 55°2’42” Coastal370 Washing Lough 51°48’31” 320 Offaly100 51°48’27” 54°36’35” Wattstown Sligo 320 6°9’18” Weir’s Lough Blanket bog 9°41’49”379 9°42’8” 5°55’7” Minerotrophic peat 30 Antrim237 Whiterath Bog 54°56’58” 5000–7000 Kerry Kerry 55424 0–4500 Wicklow I Antrim Blanket bog 50 0–11500368 Wicklow Mountains II 6°32’54” Raised bog 54°29’36”284 55°7’13” Willsborough Lake 53°2’9” 540 Derry 5 53°1’49”462 Wooddown Bog 53°55’37” Blanket bog 70 6°47’26” 1000–6000 5203 Woodfield 70 6°39’6” 2470 6°26’7” Woodgrange Göransson (1984) 0 6°26’8” 6°25’10” Forest hollow 700–2400 Tyrone Mor humus Coastal Woodstown Derry 53°32’7” Wicklow 33 Shaw and Carter (1994) Louth 55°3’13” Wicklow 0 0–7000 Mitchell (1951) 0–7500 Lake 0–3400 7°16’37” 75 7°12’47” 4 0–1000 Mitchell (1951) 490 670 53°22’31” 54°19’42” 18 Offaly Lake Derry Blanket bog 10 Blanket bog 52°14’46” Weir (2005) 7°37’24” 5°47’11” Peaty mud/clay 1 Raised bog 6 5 7°12’1” Offaly Down 2 Hanna (1993) 13000–14000 80 1000–8000 0–11500 3500–5500 5 Dodson and Bradshaw Waterford Little Raised bog Cunningham 1500–5000 0–14000 0 Estuarine deposit 50 4.6 0 7 Many 0 0 Fen/Estuarine Basin 6000–7000 Raised bog Hirons (1982) Browne (1989) 0–11500 Wetland 3 0–500 Jessen (1949) Morrison (1958) Jessen (1949) 14 Weir (1995) 0 Hirons and Edwards 0–250 0 Mitchell (1951) 2000–6000 0 Singh and Smith (1973) Connolly (1999) 0 2 van der Molen (1988) Farrell and Coxon

21 Biology and Environment

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