Delivering Offshore Wind Power in Europe
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Delivering Offshore Wind Power in Europe POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE DEPLOYMENT OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN EUROPE BY 2020 By the European Wind Energy Association EWEAEEW was mandated by its Board of Directors to set up a working group on offshoreshore wwind ppopower.w This report is the result of the group’s work, undertaken in the second halfalf ooff 220070 aanandd chaired by Gordon Edge, British Wind Energy Association (BWEA). TThThee Offshore Wind Industry Group (OWIG) members are: GGoGordonr Edge, BWEA, Chair LLoLoïcï Blanchard, EWEA CCaCarlosr Gascó Travesedo, Iberdrola energias renovables CClClaudiaa Grotz, German Wind Power Association / Bundesverband WindEnergie MMaMartin Huss, A2Sea JJaJakobk Lau Holst, Danish Wind Industry Association / Vindmølleindustrien RRaRaulu Manzanas Ochagavia, Acciona Energia BBo Mørup, Vestas Offshore A/S MMaMatthias Rapp, Swedish Wind Energy Association / Svensk Vindkraft JJaJann van der Tempel, Delft University of Technology – Offshore engineering CChChrisr Veal, Airtricity Cover photo: Platform for offshore wind turbine at Horns Rev, Denmark (© Vestas Central Europe) Delivering Offshore Wind Power in Europe POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE DEPLOYMENT OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN EUROPE BY 2020 By the European Wind Energy Association Foreword Energy policy in Europe is entering increasingly intended to map out the potential development up stormy waters. The imperatives of combating climate to 2020, alongside an analysis of the issues and change and securing energy supply are becoming barriers surrounding the sector, and which must ever stronger, while globalisation demands cost be addressed if the potential for offshore wind is competitiveness. The sea, however, can provide a to be tapped fully. We intend this document to be key element of the strategy – offshore wind. As a the fi rst step towards the kind of policy framework continent with a proud maritime history, blessed that European countries implemented for offshore with a huge resource and the pioneer in onshore oil and gas. Policy makers at all levels of the EU wind power, Europe is well placed to lead the world must engage with this agenda in partnership with in this technology, so vital for our global future. Now the wind industry if the sector’s benefi ts are to be is the time for the EU to act in a coordinated manner captured for European citizens. in order to develop this technology to its full potential and consequently export it around the globe. Only Let us be clear: offshore wind energy is at heart then can it can contribute fully to the urgent battle a European matter. Whether you have a coastline against climate change. is not important. We are talking about exploiting one of the major domestic energy resources of the Offshore wind technology is progressing fast, but EU which to date has been largely untapped. The it needs to be driven faster by a policy framework diverse companies that make up the offshore wind as positive as that which promoted the offshore sector recognise the challenges that confront us oil and gas sector from the 1960s onwards. Thirty to make our vision a reality, but at the same time years ago, North Sea oil came to the rescue of a stand ready to invest the time and money required Europe facing an international oil crisis. We are now to forge a pan-European industry. We look forward to faced with a different crisis, and we need offshore charting a course with our partners that can lead us wind to help solve it. This report is the work of an to calmer energy policy waters. EWEA Working Group on Offshore Wind Power; it is Gordon Edge Loïc Blanchard Chairman – EWEA Offshore Senior Policy Advisor – EWEA Wind Industry Group DELIVERING OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN EUROPE Table of Contents Introduction . 2 Europe’s energy challenge . 4 Offshore wind power benefi ts . 8 Offshore wind market 2007-2020 . .10 Market status in 2007 Market outlook by 2010 Market forecast by 2015 Market scenario by 2020 Challenges and recommendations . .14 Policy Market Research and technological development Grid integration Environment and planning Policy recommendations summary . .24 Arklow Bank wind farm, Ireland (© Airtricity) DELIVERING OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN EUROPE 1 Introduction Offshore wind is an emerging industry and a new rope by 2015 and 2020, and suggests a series user of the sea with distinct industrial and political of policy recommendations to maximise offshore development requirements compared to onshore wind power by 2020. wind power. If the vast potential of Europe’s offshore wind energy resource is to be exploited, the EU insti- The report estimates that between 20 GW and tutions, EU Member States and regions must work 40 GW of offshore wind energy capacity will be together. They must develop regulatory framework operating in the European Union by 2020. A fully conditions that encourage industry, sub-suppliers, developed European offshore wind resource could researchers, developers, grid companies and plan- deliver a capacity of several hundred GW to supply ning authorities to take an active part in developing our future energy demands. Developing less than and deploying offshore wind technology. 5% of the North Sea surface area would enable offshore wind to supply roughly one-quarter of the Offshore wind power technology builds on onshore EU’s current electricity needs2. In the period up to wind technology, and its future development will 2020, however, the amount of this potential that require participation from other sectors such as can be developed is limited by a number of fac- offshore oil and gas engineering and technology, tors; the extent to which the barriers are resolved the logistical skills of offshore service providers, will determine the capacity that will result. Offshore transmission system operators and the infrastruc- wind power could meet more than 4% of EU power ture technology of the power industry. consumption in 2020 (depending on the effect of energy effi ciency measures3), or approximately 50% Although long-term prospects for offshore wind pow- of EU power production from large hydro power sta- er are promising, the technology faces a number of tions today. challenges in terms of technological performance, lack of skilled personnel, shortage of appropriate Industrial commitment and ambition, research and auxiliary services (e.g. crane vessels), impact on development efforts, political action at Member the local environment, competition for space with State and EU level and development of adequate other marine users, compatibility with the Europe- grid infrastructure are all factors that will deter- an grid infrastructure and secure integration into mine the level of offshore wind energy installations the energy system. by 2020. This report comes from the EWEA Working Group The rather wide range between the high (40 GW) on Offshore Wind Power1. It establishes scenarios and low (20 GW) scenarios refl ects the uncertain- for the development of offshore wind energy in Eu- ty over several factors that will infl uence delivery. 1 For information on the Offshore Wind Advisory Group please see the inside front cover. 2 Going for 25% of EU-25 2004 consumption requires 180 GW over a developed area totalling some 17,900 km2, which is approx. 3% of the total 575,000 km2 surface area of the North Sea. 3 Assuming power demand according to the European Commission’s 2020 baseline scenario, 40 GW of offshore wind power would meet 3.4% of demand. 2 DELIVERING OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN EUROPE Middelgrunden wind farm, Denmark (© Siemens AG) create the necessary onshore and offshore infrastructure should be considered for the purpose of increasing renewables, reduc- ing carbon emissions and improving the functioning of the In- ternal Energy Market through larger inter- connectors. On the industry side, However, what is certain is that if we are to maxim- the challenge is to create a sustainable offshore ise the delivery of offshore wind capacity by 2020, wind industry. While the onshore wind industry is industry and governments must join forces. It is starting to be integrated at European level, off- also clear that the political and industrial decisions shore wind is still primarily based around a limited taken over the coming fi ve years will determine off- number of European Member State markets. No shore wind power’s contribution to the EU’s 2020 series production in offshore wind manufacturing target of 20% renewable energy. and installation has yet been established, and the sector is still developing and utilising large special- The role of national authorities and the EU is to ised components rather than the standard com- provide a stable, predictable market framework ponents needed for reducing cost. The different which gives the industry the confi dence to innovate challenges of offshore wind require the industry to and invest in the required manufacturing capacity. move more swiftly to establish links across borders For this to happen, a European framework for off- and develop a European industry for a European shore wind power targeted at removing barriers, market. The creation of such partnerships, neces- reducing investment risks, planning interconnec- sary in order to deliver complex offshore projects, tors and grid infrastructure, guiding both the public will inspire greater confi dence in industry players and private sectors and strongly coordinating Mem- to develop the techniques and technologies that ber States’ policies is urgently needed. In addition, will enable the sector to expand rapidly, as onshore there is a need to boost research and develop- wind power has done. ment signifi cantly. A Joint Technology Initiative4 to 4 In accordance with Article 171 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, 'The Community may set up joint undertakings or any other structure necessary for the effi cient execution of Community research, technological development and demonstration programmes'. DELIVERING OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN EUROPE 3 Europe’s energy challenge Energy is essential for Europe to function.