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Parasitic Zoonoses Parasitic Zoonoses B B. B. Singh Dhaliwal Prayag Dutt Juyal Parasitic Zoonoses Parasitic Zoonoses B. B. Singh Dhaliwal Prayag Dutt Juyal Parasitic Zoonoses 123 B. B. Singh Dhaliwal Prayag Dutt Juyal School of Public Health and Zoonoses Veterinary Parasitology Guru Angad Dev Veterinary Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University and Animal Sciences University Ludhiana, Punjab Ludhiana, Punjab India India ISBN 978-81-322-1550-9 ISBN 978-81-322-1551-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1551-6 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013942660 Ó Springer India 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The book ‘‘Parasitic Zoonoses’’ is intended for higher undergraduate and graduate students of zoonoses and public health, veterinary para- sitology, parasite epidemiology; public health workers; public health veterinarians; field veterinarians; medical professionals and all others interested in the subject. The main objective of writing this book is to provide source of information on zoonotic parasites. The book describes definition of zoonoses and parasitic zoonoses. Parasitic zoonoses are the combination of two subjects, i.e., parasitology and zoonoses where knowledge of both the fields comes into play for the study of zoonotic parasites. Parasitic zoonoses are the most diversified group of zoonotic diseases representing all the classes mentioned in zoonotic diseases classification. They have been classified and discussed based on etiological agents, transmission cycle, reservoir hosts and principal host involved along with examples. Important topics such as food borne, vector borne and occupation-related parasitic zoonoses have also been covered in the introduction. We have also discussed factors responsible for emergence of zoonotic parasites viz. climatic change associated with global warming, increased vector populations, world tourism, the demand for livestock food products, changing socio-eco- nomic conditions, poverty, lack of safe drinking water, the large number of stray animals, changed cooking practices, defecating outdoors, poor personal hygiene and the high population density in the tropics. More than 15 protozoa and 50 other parasitic diseases are zoonotic in nature and all these diseases have been discussed in detail. Each disease has been divided in different sections viz. synonyms/common names, etiology, epidemiology, life cycle, mode of transmission, clinical signs in man and animals, diagnosis and their prevention and control. Life cycle charts and coloured photographs of these parasites have been included wherever required. An alphabetical bibliography for every disease has also been included so that readers have access to further information. There are few diseases which are rare in occurrence or their zoonotic potential is still being questioned but they have also been given some space to update the knowledge of the readers. We hope this book will prove beneficial to the students and others interested in the subject. B. B. Singh Dhaliwal P. D. Juyal v Acknowledgments First of all with great humility, we dedicatedly accord our sincere gratitude to Almighty God for His benign blessing hand and bestowing a creative and healthy environment throughout this work. We feel humbled and acknowledge our indebtedness to the authors of the research articles whose work has been consulted and cited in this book. We also thank authors of several source books from where we took guidance and inspiration for this publication. We particularly value the mentorship provided by Dr. Alvin A. Gajadhar and are thankful to professional and technical staff with Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s Centre for Food Borne and Ani- mal Parasitology for incessant encouragement and invaluable advice which enabled us to accomplish the hard task of completing this text book and making it worth presenting. We are thankful to faculty members of the School of Public Health and Zoonoses and Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhi- ana (India) for their ever-willing help and scholastic guidance throughout the writing of this book. We also thank authorities of GADVASU, Ludhiana, for providing excellent academic atmosphere to pen this book. Mere words of acknowledgement will never express the sense of regards and indebtedness towards our families who are the source of our strength and inspiration. Their unconditional love, patience, compro- mises and sacrifice can never be forgotten. The cooperation and help of Springer India Pvt. Ltd. to bring out this book is highly appreciated. The authors welcome valuable suggestions from the readers so as to improve the contents of the book in revised editions if any published in the future. B. B. Singh Dhaliwal P. D. Juyal vii Contents 1 Introduction ................................... 1 1.1 Classification of Parasitic Zoonoses . 2 1.1.1 Based on Etiological Agents . 2 1.1.2 Based on Transmission Cycle . 2 1.1.3 Based on Reservoir Hosts . 3 1.1.4 Based on Principal Host Involved . 3 1.2 Animal-Related Parasitic Zoonoses . 4 1.2.1 Livestock-Related Parasitic Zoonoses . 4 1.2.2 Wildlife-Related Parasitic Zoonoses . 4 1.2.3 Domiciliated Animals . 5 1.2.4 Pet Animal-Related Parasitic Zoonoses . 5 1.2.5 Fish, Shellfish and Mollusc-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses . 6 1.3 Occupational Parasitic Zoonoses . 7 1.3.1 Prevention and Control . 7 1.4 Food Borne Parasitic Zoonoses . 7 1.4.1 Fish, Shellfish and Mollusc-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses . 10 1.4.2 Meat-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses . 10 1.4.3 Water-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses. 11 1.4.4 Milk-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses . 12 1.4.5 Raw Vegetables/Plant-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses. 13 1.4.6 Reptile, Amphibian-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses. 13 1.4.7 Poultry-Related Parasitic Zoonoses. 13 1.5 Soil-Transmitted Parasitic Zoonoses . 13 1.5.1 Prevention and Control . 13 1.6 Vector-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses . 13 1.6.1 Prevention and Control . 14 References . 14 2 Protozoonoses .................................. 15 2.1 African Trypanosomiasis. 15 2.1.1 Common Name/Synonyms . 15 2.1.2 History . 15 2.1.3 Epidemiology. 16 ix x Contents 2.1.4 Etiology . 16 2.1.5 Reservoir. 16 2.1.6 Transmission . 16 2.1.7 Clinical Signs in Man . 16 2.1.8 Clinical Signs in Animals . 16 2.1.9 Diagnosis . 16 2.1.10 Control . 17 2.2 Amoebiasis . 17 2.2.1 Common Name/Synonyms . 17 2.2.2 History . 17 2.2.3 Etiology . 17 2.2.4 Epidemiology. 17 2.2.5 Reservoir. 18 2.2.6 Transmission . 18 2.2.7 Life Cycle . 18 2.2.8 Clinical Signs in Man . 18 2.2.9 Clinical Signs in Animals . 18 2.2.10 Diagnosis . 18 2.2.11 Control . 18 2.3 Babesiosis . 18 2.3.1 Common Name/Synonyms . 18 2.3.2 History . 18 2.3.3 Etiology . 19 2.3.4 Epidemiology. 19 2.3.5 Reservoir. 19 2.3.6 Transmission . 19 2.3.7 Clinical Signs in Man . 19 2.3.8 Clinical Signs in Animals . 19 2.3.9 Diagnosis . 19 2.3.10 Control . 20 2.4 Balantidiosis . 20 2.4.1 Common Name/Synonyms . 20 2.4.2 Etiology . 20 2.4.3 History . 21 2.4.4 Epidemiology. 21 2.4.5 Transmission . 21 2.4.6 Life Cycle . 21 2.4.7 Clinical Signs in Man . 21 2.4.8 Clinical Signs in Animals . 21 2.4.9 Diagnosis . 21 2.4.10 Control . 21 2.5 Chagas Disease . 21 2.5.1 Common Name/Synonyms . 21 2.5.2 Etiology . 21 2.5.3 Epidemiology. 21 2.5.4 Transmission . 22 2.5.5 Reservoir. 22 2.5.6 Clinical Signs in Man . 22 2.5.7 Clinical Signs in Animals . 22 Contents xi 2.5.8 Diagnosis . 22 2.5.9 Control . 22 2.6 Cryptosporidiosis . 22 2.6.1 Common Name/Synonyms . 23 2.6.2 History . 23 2.6.3 Epidemiology. 23 2.6.4 Transmission . 24 2.6.5 Reservoir. 24 2.6.6 Clinical Signs in Animals . 24 2.6.7 Clinical Signs in Man . 24 2.6.8 Diagnosis . 24 2.6.9 Control . 24 2.7 Giardiosis .
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