Environmental Assessment Report

Initial Environmental Examination – National Roads Component: Navathkuli–Karaitivu Jetty (A032) Project Number: 42254 May 2010

Sri Lanka: Northern Road Connectivity Project

Prepared by [Author(s)] [Firm] [City, Country] Prepared by the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Prepared for [Executing Agency] [Implementing Agency]

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s in nature. members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway

Table of Contents

LIST OF ANNEXURES...... 2 LIST OF FIGURES ...... 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...... 2 Chapter 1: Introduction and Background ...... 4 1.1 Objectives of the Project ...... 5 1.2 Objectives of the Initial Environmental Examination...... 6 1.3 Scope, extent of study and personnel...... 6 1.4 Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements Covering the Proposed project ...... 7 Chapter 2: Description of the Project...... 8 2.2 Alternative Analysis ...... 8 2.3 Location of the Project...... 9 2.4 Magnitude of Operations ...... 10 2.5 Sources and Quantities of Material Required...... 11 2.6 Proposed Schedule of Implementation...... 11 Chapter 3: Description of the Existing Environment...... 12 3.1 Existing Land Use along the Selected Highway Sections...... 12 3.2. Physical Environment...... 14 3.3. Ecological Resources...... 16 3.4. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 18 Chapter 4: Identification of Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 20 4.1: Screening of potential environmental impacts during design and construction stages ...... 20 4.2. Screening of potential environmental impacts during operational stage...... 26 4.3. Positive impacts...... 26 Chapter 5: Institutional responsibilities and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ...... 28 5.1 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan...... 28 Chapter 6: Public Consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 29 6.1. Public consultation process ...... 29 6.2. Disclosure of information...... 29 6.3. Grievance redress mechanisms...... 29 Chapter 7: Findings, Recommendations and Conclusions ...... 31 Chapter 8: References...... 32

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway

LIST OF ANNEXURES Annexure 1.1 Clearance letter from Central Environmental Authority Annexure 2.1 Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist Annexure 2.2 Typical Cross Sections Annexure 2.3 Inventory of culverts within 0.00km to 17km Annexure 2.4 Map showing locations of sources of material Annexure 3.1 Drainage map Annexure 3.2 List of flora and fauna Annexure 5.1 Environmental Management Action Plan Annexure 5.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan Annexure 6.1 Summary of Public Consultation Map 1~2 Maps showing general land use pattern along each highway

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 General location of A032 Highway Figure 3.1 A009/A032 junction at Navatkuli Figure 3.2 Karativu Jetty Figure 3.3 B357/A032 junction at Poonarin Figure 3.4 Forest and the cashew plantation Figure 3.5 Road passes an open area

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: DS divisions crossed by A032 Highway Table 2.2: Bridges observed along roads/highways Table 3.1: Agro ecological zones of the project area Table 3.2: Geology of the project area Table 3.3: National ambient air quality standards Table 3.4: Population Distribution among DS divisions crossed by road

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AC Asphalt Concrete ADB Asian Development Bank CEA Central Environmental Authority CEB Ceylon Electricity Board DoF Department of Forestry DS Divisional Secretary EMP Environmental Management Plan EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan ESC Environmental Safeguards Compliance ESD Environmental & Social Division GoSL Government of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka GPS Global Positioning System GSMB Geological Survey and Mines Bureau ICTAD Institute for Construction Training and Development IEER Initial Environmental Examination Report ILO International labor organization

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway LHS Left Hand Side MOH & RD Ministry of Highways and Road Development MOH Ministry of Health NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NBRO National Building Research Organization NEA National Environmental Act NGO Non Government Organizations NIRP National Involuntary Resettlement Policy PIU Project Implementation Unit RDA Road Development Authority RHS Right Hand Side ROW Right of Way SPC State Pharmaceutical Corporation WB World Bank

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway Initial Environmental Examination Report and Environmental Management Action Plan

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background

1. For the past three decades Sri Lanka was badly affected by the ethnic conflict. This conflict situation negatively affected the socio-economic development of Sri Lanka by means of poor/ inefficient resources allocation, productivity losses, destruction of property and infrastructure, under utilization of production capacity and weak investor confidence. Northern Province (NP) which is comprised of Jaffna, Killinochchi, Mullaitivu, Mannar and Vavuniya districts was severely affected during this conflict period. With the conflict being over the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) has decided addressing the issues of Northern community is an important and urgent need. A rapid need assessment has been conducted by the Government in this regard and the priority areas such as re-settlement, rehabilitation and development are now identified.

2. In line with the said objectives, the Government is now ready to implement the development agenda which is titled as “Wadakkil Wasantham” – ‘Uthuru Wasanthaya’ (Northern Development Project) for the Northern Province. This development agenda is a step wise programme which will address the urgent issues in the first 180 days while the rest of the programme will be implemented in the medium term. A need assessment for the north and its people reveals that immediate rehabilitation of roads is crucial to facilitate humanitarian, social and economic activities and to help bring back the normalcy in the area. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has decided to assist GOSL in rehabilitating selected road sections in the Northern Province. The project will be implemented as the “Northern Roads Connectivity Project”. The road section from Navatkuli (0.0km) to Karativu Jetty (17.4km) of Navathkuli – Karaitivu – Mannar (A032) Highway will also be rehabilitated and improved under this project.

3. Sri Lanka has a national highway network that is comprised of class A and B roads which spans to a total length of about 12,000 km. The Road Development Authority (RDA) of Ministry of Highways and Road Development (MOH & RD) is the institute that is responsible for developing and maintaining this highway network in the country. There are also provincial roads, rural roads, and other roads that count to 16,520 km, 64,500 km and 4,000 km respectively. Of this network 1258 km of highways, 1960 km of provincial roads and 5740 km of rural roads (Local Authority Roads) are located within the Northern Province. The majority of these roads are in a dilapidated condition as there was no proper maintenance or rehabilitation carried out during the last three decades due to the conflict which prevailed in the area.

4. This report focuses on Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) related to rehabilitation and improving of entire Navathkuli – Karaitivu – Mannar (A032) Highway which is located in Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Mannar districts. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was prepared to be incorporated in to the bid documents for contractors.

5. RDA has obtained the environmental clearance from Central Environmental Authority for rehabilitation and improvement of entire A032 highway through letter No. 08/EIA/Trans/03/04/Vol II dated 03.09.2009 (letter is attached in annexure 1.1)

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway 1.1 Objectives of the Project

6. The road section from Navatkuli (0.0km) to Karativu Jetty (17.4km)1 of Navathkuli – Karaitivu – Mannar (A032) Highway will be rehabilitated under this project. The Broad Objective of the project is to improve the land based connectivity between Jaffna and Karativu Jetty. With completion of the bridge across the lagoon (under the UK steel bridge project) an efficient land based connectivity will be established between Jaffna and Mannar districts via Kataivu, Poonarin and Vellankulam areas. There by assisting the economic and social development of adjoining community centers which were isolated due to the ethnic conflict and finally the Northern Province by providing efficient and safe highways while preserving the nature.

7. Objectives of this project are;

 To facilitate by way of providing access for an expeditious re-settlement programme,  To facilitate by way of providing access for establishing most essential social, humanitarian and economic centres in identified locations and providing access to main towns within the districts,  To facilitate by way of providing improved roads in which motor cars and other vehicles can travel to facilitate transfer of passengers and goods and to restore services as normal,  Improve connectivity between production centres and market places and improve linkage with the other districts and provinces,  Facilitate to increase mobility by improving highways (trunk roads) which link up with other provinces,  Open up backward areas for development,  Facilitate to generate efficiency gains by lowering the unit cost of individual producers through transport efficiency which will lead to increase their margins and profits thus making them generating another round of investments,  To reduce the structural poverty through (a) creating opportunities for the poor to participate in the development programme, (b) strengthen the social protection system and (c) empower the poor and strengthen the good governance.

8. In order to achieve these objectives the A032 highway will be improved with the following guidelines:

 Improve the existing road with proper two lane facility,  Surfacing the existing pavement with Asphalt Concrete (AC),  Improve the horizontal alignment at selected locations to reduce acute curves in order to provide safe driving conditions,  Widen, repair or reconstruct damaged culverts, causeways and bridges and construct new culverts at locations where road will be placed on new embankments,  Remove any irregularities that are on the existing vertical profile,  Provide cycle lanes, pedestrian footpaths, bus bays, rest bays where necessary,  There by improve the vehicle operating speeds while ensuring safety of road users.

1 Chainages included in the report are based on readings obtained from Global Positioning System (GPS)

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway

1.2 Objectives of the Initial Environmental Examination

9. The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to gather and provide:

(i) Information about the following existing environmental settings of the project influential area;  Physical Environment (including climate, air quality, topography, soil, surface and ground water hydrology and quality),  Biological Environment (fauna and flora and presence of endemic, endangered species),  Social Environment (socio economic profile of the communities living in the project influence area, infrastructure facilities and land use etc.)

(ii) Identify beneficial and potential adverse impacts on the existing environment during preconstruction, construction and operational phases of the project; (iii) Propose effective mitigation measures to avoid/ minimize the project induced adverse impacts while enhancing the beneficial impacts, and; (iv) Formulate an effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be incorporated in the Bid documents, so as to sensitize and guide respective divisions of RDA in environmental and social safeguards compliance and sensitize and guide respective contractors in environmental and social safeguards compliance during construction stage.

1.3 Scope, extent of study and personnel

10. This initial environmental assessment for 103km was carried out in compliance with the RDA manuals on environmental and social safeguards compliance in road development projects which is in line with national environmental and social safeguards acts/ policies and of leading funding organizations such as Asian Development Bank. The field assessments were carried out during the month of August 2009.

11. During the field reconnaissance, a corridor extending up to 50 m to the both sides of the road from the existing center line was examined where possible to assess direct environmental and social impacts and the scope was extended at sensitive locations such as streams, lagoons and forest areas as necessary. A desk study was carried out prior to the field reconnaissance to identify land use pattern up to 200m / or impact influential area on both sides of the existing center line of the existing road using 1:50,000 topographic map sheets of the Survey Department and satellite imagery available on-line from Google maps and these information was verified in the field.

12. The field assessment was carried out by a multidisciplinary team including Social Dimension Consultant, Environmental Officer, Resettlement officer, Hydrologist, Biologist/Ecologist, Database Management Officer, Communication Assistants and support staff of Environmental and Social Division (ESD), RDA. The support and guidance given by Director General, RDA, Additional Director General (CD)/RDA, Director Land/ ESD, Deputy Director ESD, Director - Planning Division and Director - Highway Design of RDA, Provincial Director- Northern Province, Chief Engineer- Killinochchi and Mullaitivu, are also acknowledged. A special word of gratitude goes to officers of Army commandment of the project area for their assistance given for completion of this study.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway 1.4 Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements Covering the Proposed project

13. Other than the National Environmental Act No 47 of 1980, and its amendments, Act No. 56 of 1988 and further amendments that stipulated on emissions, noise and vibration levels, the following enactments will also have a bearing on this road development project:

 Agrarian Services Act No 58 of 1979  Antiquities Act No. 2 of 1955  Control of pesticide Act No 33 of 1980  Crown Land Ordinance (chapter 454)  Explosive Act No. 36 of 1976  Felling of Trees Control Act No. 9 of 1951 as amended through Act No. 30 of 1953  Forest Act No. 34 of 1951  Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) Act No 33 of 1992  Irrigation Act No. 1 of 1951  Land Acquisition Act No 9 of 1950  National Water Supply and Drainage Board Act No 2 of 1974  Pradeshiya Saba Act No 15 of 1987  State Land (Recovery of Possession) Act No 7 of 1979

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway Chapter 2: Description of the Project

14. This project is a road rehabilitation and improvement project which involves developing about 17km of the existing A032 Highway (from Navatkuli (0.0km) to Karativu Jetty (17.4km)) located within Jaffna district in Northern Province. This section of A032 highway will be widened and improved to standard two-lane status with cycle lanes, foot walks and parking areas where necessary. Constructions of road side drains, repair, widen or reconstruct existing culverts and bridges would also be considered.

15. According to the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist (Annexure 2.1) of ESC manual of RDA, this project could be categorised into the environmental category B which requires an Initial Environmental Examination.

2.1 Need of the Project

16. With regaining normalcy in the Northern Province there will be a renewed demand for goods and services within the province and inter provinces. Economic activities such as Agriculture, Fisheries and Tourism etc; will commence in the future and foreign direct investment is likely to be flown in to the country to support the entire development process endorsed by the government. The road network has to be in-tact at that time to cater to the increased demand.

17. A032 highway is one of the major trunk highways of the road network in NP which facilitates a direct link between Jaffna and Mannar Districts. However, the inadequate maintenance or improvements in the past three (3) decades due the conflict resulted the highway to be in a dilapidated condition and only gravel surface remains. This has been further deteriorated by air, artillery attacks during the conflict resolution period and the highway is not in a motorable condition. The situation get worsen during the rainy period when some sections of the highway goes under the water.

18. The present status of the highway doest not smooth the progress of the normalcy program of the NP as it obstructs the incoming economic activities to the isolated areas located along A032 highway. And this will delay the resettlement program as well. Therefore A032 highway will need a comprehensive rehabilitation in order to contribute to the transport efficiency in the Jaffna and Mannar districts and the province thus improve the returns and sustainability of existing and future investments in the province contributing to growth of wider range of other economic activities that make use of road transport services and will help contribute to poverty reduction of the people living in Northern Province. Such approach will be inline with “Wadakkil Wasantham” or “Uthuru Wasanthaya” for the Northern Province.

2.2 Alternative Analysis

Without Project Scenario

19. The ethnic conflict that raged for the past three decades in Northern Province has badly affected almost all highways, roads and structures. Inadequate or no maintenance due to non accessibility has damaged many roads beyond safe passable conditions. This scenario is common for A032 highway as well. Thus if the highway is left at the existing condition with unimproved surfaces it will badly affect the social and infrastructure

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway development plan formulated by GoSL, thus adversely affecting the communities living within affected areas of the A032 highway and finally the Northern Province.

With Project Scenario

20. The proposed project is expected to develop the entire A032 highway with proper two lanes carriageway, space for parking at town sections, cycle lane for movement of cycles, improved cross and side drainage, walkways, alignment changes reduce the curves at sharp bends to cater to the designed speed and other road furniture at required locations.

2.3 Location of the Project

21. Starting at the junction with Kandy – Jaffna (A009) highway in Jaffna district A032 highway crosses Killinochchi district and ends up at the junction with Medawachchiya – Mannar – Thalaimannar (A014) in Mannar District. Table 2.1 summarizes the respective Divisional Secretariat (DS) Divisions crossed by the road. Figure 2.1 presents the general location of the highway while maps 1 ~ 2 show general land use pattern along each highway using 1: 50,000 topographic sheets prepared by the Survey Department. A vector distance of 4km to either side of the highway has been reproduced.

Table 2.1: DS divisions crossed by A032 Highway Province District DS Division Northern Jaffna Thanmarachchi Killinochchi Poonakari Mannar Mannar, Mauthai West

Jaffna Navatkuli (A009/A032 junction)

A009 Highway Sangupiddy Ferry Crossing

A032 Highway

Mannar

Thallady (A014/A032 junction)

A014 Highway

Figure 2.1. General location of A032 Highway

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway 2.4 Magnitude of Operations

22. The project is mainly to rehabilitate and improve about 17km of the existing A032 Highway (from Navatkuli (0.0km) to Karativu Jetty (17.4km)) of A032 highway. The existing Right of Way (ROW) varies around 6m ~ 20m at locations where measurements were taken. However a clear Right of Way (ROW) and tar carriageway were not observed in most of the locations along the highway except for the section located in Jaffna Peninsula. Therefore the distance between road side fences if any or the width of the unpaved/gravel surface was considered as the reservation where necessary.

23. Under this project it is proposed to rehabilitate the A032 highway to two lane status including hard shoulders/cycle lanes, soft shoulders, drains and parking and rest bays where necessary. Highway Design Division of RDA has developed typical cross sections in order to meet above requirements (refer to annexure 2.2). Specific cross sections and strip chart are available for road sections from 0.0km to 17.4km (ADB funded section) as given in annexure 2.2. Here special attention will be made to minimize land acquisition within town sections. The improved pavement will be of Asphalt Concrete (AC) which is comparatively a long lasting treatment. Proposed project activities are as follows;

 Widen the selected highway sections in to proper two (2) lane status.  Depending on the availability of land each traffic lane will have a width of either 3.1 m or 3.5 m.  Highway sections will have cycle lanes and pedestrian foot walks where necessary.  Highway sections passing through lagoon and estuary areas will be placed on causeways (Type 9 of annexure 2.2) and for 16.4km to 17.4km Jetty approach will be established (Type 10 of annexure 2.2).

24. Bridges, causeways and culverts located along the highway are badly damaged therefore they will be widened, repaired or reconstructed depending on their present structural condition. Also new structures will be constructed to improve the drainage network along the highway sections especially within flood prone areas (34 – 37km, 38 – 39km, 45.6 – 52km, 67.6 – 72.6 and 91.6 – 98.6km). Road may need to be raised depending on the hydrological studies within these locations to prevent any flood conditions. Road side drains will also be lined to facilitate smooth flow of water. Annexure 2.3 presents the inventory of culverts located within 0.00km to 17km road section and proposed works while table 2.2 summarises bridges and causeways observed along concerned highway.

Table 2.2: Bridges observed along roads/highways Location bridge/causeway (km) 2.4 Bridge 7.7 Bridge 35.5 Bridge 51.6 Causeway 67.7 Bridge 69.5 Bridge 70.2 Bridge 72.5 Bridge 75 Causeway 83.1 Bridge 84.4 Bridge 84.6 Causeway

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway Location bridge/causeway (km) 87.8 Bridge 87.3 Causeway

25. A causeway cum bridge will be constructed under a UK steel bridge project funded by the British Government across the Jaffna lagoon (17.4km) where a ferry service facilitates the connectivity along the lagoon which is not operated currently. Therefore this is excluded in this study.

26. Based on field investigation generally no permanent structure was available within the existing ROW therefore there will not be any structure need to be removed due to widening of carriageway. However structures that are located near to the road edge along the town sections such as 0.00km to 5.00km and abandoned structures at Mulankavil (54km) and Illuppukadavei (74km) will have to be removed for any construction work within the exiting reservation.

27. In addition to above operations following are the general activities will be under taken during the road construction.

 Clearing and grubbing  Removal of trees (8 trees along the ADB funded section)  Removal of structures located within existing road reservation  Relocation of utilities found within the existing road reservation  Roadway and channel excavation  Embankment construction especially along low lying areas  Construction of labour camps

2.5 Sources and Quantities of Material Required

28. Practically aggregate or construction material sources are not found in Jaffna Peninsula for the road section which will be funded by ADB. Therefore all aggregates should be transported from Medawachchiya area and borrow pits which are located at south of Elephant Pass will be utilised for the ADB funded road section (Map showing these locations is attached in annexure 2.4, Source: Draft Engineering Designs and Estimates for Navatkuli to Karativu Jetty section of A032 highway by Egis bceom, 2010). And for the rest of the road same sources will be utilised depending on the availability. Offshore sand could be used for construction subjected to confirmation of quality. However, bitumen will have to be transported from Colombo.

2.6 Proposed Schedule of Implementation

29. Once detailed designs and bid documents completed, tenders will be awarded to the successful contractor to commence construction work from year 2010. All rehabilitation and improvement works are scheduled to be completed in two years.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway Chapter 3: Description of the Existing Environment

30. This section of the report summarizes the existing natural and socio-economic environmental of the highway.

3.1 Existing Land Use along the Selected Highway Sections2

31. The first 17.4km section of A032 highway is located in the Jaffna Peninsula. This section starts from the Kandy – Jaffna (A009) highway at Navatkuli (figure 3.1) and traverses southern ward direction till it meets the Jaffna Lagoon at Karativu Jetty as shown in figure 3.2. Penetrating Macadam (PM) pavement has been deteriorated along this section. Settlements could be observed within the first 5km section and the rest is mainly abandoned home gardens with paddy fields and lagoon area. At the 17.5km road is disconnected by the Jaffna Lagoon and transportation is continued by a ferry service between Karativu Jetty and Sangupiddy Jetty however it is not operated currently. The road section along the lagoon includes 5.62km long causeway from 11.5km to 17.12km and 0.3km long proposed Sangupiddy Bridge from 17.12km to 17.42km.

A032 highway

A009 highway

Figure 3.1: A009/A032 Junction at Figure 3.2: Karativu Jetty Navatkuli

32. After crossing the Sagupiddy Ferry, the road traverses along about 3km long causeway across the lagoon which has been badly damaged and enters the Killinochchi District. This point onward the Macadam surface of the road is highly deteriorated and only a gravel surface remains. Passing a bare land consists of shrubs with Palmira trees, road enters to the Poonarin Junction (26.3km) where Paranthan – Poonakary (B357) Road ends at A032 as shown in figure 3.3. Abandoned Hindu Kovil and ruins of Poonarin Fort were observed at a distance of 15 – 20m away on Left Hand Side (LHS) of the road at the junction. The Poonarin Fort is declared as an archeologically important site by Department of Archeology of Sri Lanka. The land use from Poonarin junction to around 31km is comprised of abandoned home gardens. After the home garden stretch road enters a scrub forest area and it gradually changes to thick forest (35.5km) which is common to low country dry zone. The forest located on LHS has been declared as Chunnavil Forest Reserve (35.5km to 48.7km) and forest located on RHS is declared as Mandakalar Forest Reserve (35.5km to 48.7km). However any boundary mark or sign board was not observed to demarcate forest reserves. A bridge is located at 35.5km and the forest continues 39.6km on the both side of the road. A cashew plantation is located form 39.6km to 45km on the

2 This section describes the entire length of A032 highway from Navathkuli to Mannar (103km). However the road section to be funded by ADB starts at Navatkuli to Karativu jetty (17 km)

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway Right Hand Side (RHS) of the road while the Chunnavil forest is observed on LHS (figure 3.4).

33. After passing the cashew plantation an abandoned paddy land comes to the LHS and road again traverses through the forest till 48.7km. An open and low lying area is crossed by the road from 48.7km to 52.4km. Within this section eight culverts and a causeway (51.6km) are observed and road gradually enters to a Mulankavil town section (54km) in which abandoned settlements and commercial structures could be observed. Two Hindu Temples (Kovils) are located at 55.3km and 56.7km respectively on LHS while a banana plantation is observed on RHS.

Ruins of the fort

B357 Road Forest Cashew plantation

Figure 3.3: B357/A032 Junction at Poonarin Figure 3.4: Forest and the cashew plantation

34. The road passes Nagapaduwan forest from 57.7km to 60km which is again declared as a forest reserve. Boundary markers or sign board is not observed distinguishing the forest reserve here as well. At Vellankulam (61.7km) Mankulam – Vellankulam (B269) road joins to the A032 highway and few structures are clustered around the junction. As shown in figure 3.5, open lands are commonly observed along the road with scrub forest patches in the vicinity during this section with few low lying areas such as 62km – 64km and 67.5km – 70.2km. 13 culverts and three bridges (at 67.7, 69.5 and 70.2km respectively) are located to cross Chippi Aru and Purikadi Aru (streams) along the low lying area. After passing a bridge at 72.5km, road enters the Illuppukadavei village where again abandoned home gardens are found. A causeway is located at 75km while an abandoned school and a church (77.3km) are observed in the vicinity. An open low lying area with land use specific to lagoons (marsh) is crossed by the road from 78km onwards till 98km. Scrub forests are observed at the vicinity while water stagnations could be found near to the road. Around 20 culverts, three bridges and three causeways are located along the section from 78km to 98km where water stagnations may possible during the high tide and high rainfall periods. At the 98th km a sub road crosses the road and road enters to Thallady area where a settlements had been existed. However lagoon could be observed at the RHS of the road and A032 highway ends meeting Madawachchiya – Mannar – Thalaimannar (A014) highway at 103.3km.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway

Figure 3.5: Road passes an open area

3.2. Physical Environment

Climate and Soil

35. A032 highway falls in to low country, dry zone of Sri Lanka whereas the climatic environment of the section is put in to two agro – ecological zones i.e. DL3 and DL4 which are categorized based on climate, soil, natural vegetation and land use pattern of an area. The specific rainfall and soil groups which could be observed within these agro – ecological zones are given in table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Agro ecological zones of the project area Agro- 75% Major soil groups ecological expectancy Zone value of rainfall (mm) DL4 >750 Solodized –solonetz,solonchaks& grumusul soils

DL3 >800 Red Yellow Latosol & Regosol soils (Source: Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka)

36. As shown in the table 3.1 the project area receives comparatively low annual rainfall and it is constricted to period from around November to February. Main rainfall governing season for the project area is north – east monsoon which exists from November to February. This period is locally known as Maha (Major) season. Other than this, the area receives a considerable amount of rainfall during months of September and October with the effect of Second Inter Monsoon. During this period there is a possibility of experiencing minor cyclones to this area of the country. The period from May to September is generally dry and there is a dry wind flow over the project area. However localized sporadic rainfall events are possible during this period due to the effect of local convections.

37. Low rainfall together with high temperature characterizes a dry and semi arid conditions along the road. Annual temperature varies from 26.50C to 300C while high monthly temperature is observed during May to September. (Source: Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka)

Geology and Topography

38. Geological formation and its prominent rock types are summarized in table 3.2.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway

Table 3.2: Geology of the project area Geological formation Prominent rocks Miocene -Jaffna limestone Pleistocene Gravel, partly ferruginized, -Red, red brown earth, red and brown sand, -beach and dunes sand, brown, grey sand - Alluvial and lagoonal deposits, clay, silt, sand Intrusives -Carbonatite

39. Topography of the project influential area is generally flat. And as described in chapter 3.1, several low lying areas are located along the road section.

Air Quality and Noise

40. Since the project area is free of any human induced activities during the study period, no emissions could be observed which deteriorate air quality. However there is a chance of deteriorating temporarily the air quality due to dust emanation from gravel roads as well as from the deteriorated roads during the dry season. Once the project area will be resettled, emissions could be possible from activities such as operation of vehicles, domestic activities, burning of forest patches for Chena cultivation, wood and kerosene burning stoves etc… As the project area is rich in vegetation, all such emissions will be very well dissipated.

41. An extract from the National Environmental (Ambient Air Quality) Regulations, declared in 1994 is presented in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3: National ambient air quality standards Parameter Averaging time (hrs) NAAQS (mg m-3) NAAQS (ppm) Carbon Monoxide 8 10 9 Nitrogen Dioxide 24 0.10 0.05 8 0.15 0.08 Sulphur Dioxide 24 0.08 0.03 Lead 24 0.002 - TSP 24 0.03 - PM10 8 0.35 - Source: Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, 850/4 (20 December, 1994) PM 10 – particulate matter < 10 μm NAAQS – National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

42. Vehicle Emission Test (VET) became mandatory with effect from 15th July 2008 in order to conform to the environmental standards on vehicle emission as per the Motor Traffic Act (Emission control) Regulation of 1994, 817/6, Part I, Section I. This move is a part of the efforts to improve the air quality in the island and this will be applied to the project area in the near future.

43. According to Schedules I and II of National environmental (Noise Control) regulations No.1 1996 (924/12), the study area belongs to “Low noise area”. Therefore the noise levels at boundaries of land from which construction noise is emitted should not be exceeded 55 dB (A) during day time (06.00 hrs-18.00 hrs) and 45 dB (A) night time (18.00 hrs - 06.00 hrs). Rich vegetation in the project area acts as an efficient noise absorbent.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway

Surface Water, Ground Water and Drainage

Water Resources

44. Streams and inland tanks are major fresh water resources observed in the project area. Mandekal Aru (35.5km), stream at 49km, Chippi Aru and Puikadi Aru (67 – 68km) and Menankaddai Aru (75km) are the major streams in the project area. There are minor tanks located in the vicinity of the road trace however they have been badly damaged during the past 30 years due to the lack of maintenance. These water sources are seasonal which get dried during the dry season. A032 highway crosses the Jaffna Lagoon from 11.5km to 20.42km and another lagoon area from 78km to 98km where brackish water could be found.

Ground Water

45. Based on field investigations, ground water table could be observed at 5-6m depth from the ground surface. Water table goes deeper during the dry season however it rises up during the rainy season. Groundwater is used for drinking purposes through dug wells however the “hard water” is found in the project area. Agricultural wells (abandoned) are also a common sight in the area which is used to extract ground water for agricultural purposes. Near to lagoons and the shore line there is a possibility of contaminating ground water by salts.

Drainage

46. During November to February and Second Inter Monsoon, most of the road sections get inundated due to poor drainage. 11.5 – 20.4km, 34 – 37km, 38 – 39km, 45.6 – 52km, 67.6 – 72.6 and 91.6 – 98.6km are such locations which have high vulnerability of inundating. Drainage map is given in annexure 3.1.

3.3. Ecological Resources

Existing Habitats with Respect to Flora and Fauna and protected areas

47. With respect to floral and faunal distribution five different types of habitats namely natural forest, home gardens, paddy fields and plantation crops, and water bodies (including lagoon) were observed within the study corridor. Annexure 3.2 presents the floral and faunal species observed along the study corridor. Most of these habitats had been modified for about 30 years mainly due to the civil war prevailed in the project areas.

48. Chunnavil forest is located between 35.5km to 48.7km and Nagapaduwan forest reserve from 57.7km to 60km on Left Hand Side (LHS) and Mandakalar forest reserve from 35.5km to 48.7km on Right Hand Side (RHS). The natural vegetation adjacent to the road corridor has already been modified due to human activities. It could be observed that a land strip of approximately 30m – 50m towards the forest of the road trace within this forest has already been cleared due to security measures.

49. In addition to abandoned paddy cultivations, coconut cultivations, palmyra (Borassus flabellifer) cultivations, cashew plantations and banana could be observed in the project area.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway 50. There are several freshwater inland tanks and streams as described under section 3.2 could be observed within the project area and these water bodies are housed for important habitat for aquatic flora and fauna species. Several marshy lands dried up during dry season could be observed in the project area. It is noted that Tikiya grasses commonly inhabiting in these marshy areas.

51. Road traverses Jaffna lagoon area it is famous for several commercially important fish species. Also this area is located in a bird migratory pathway (the western migratory pathway). The winter migrants arrive during end of August and summer migrants arrive from March to April. 1.

52. Mannar lagoon area which is located at the end point of the A032 highway is well known for coral patches and sandstone reefs. Several commercially important fish species and several globally threatened fish species; including Chlorurus rhakura and Plectorhinchus ceylonensis are associated with these corals. Also it is reported that several species of turtles reach Mannar lagoon area.

53. The gulf of Mannar is the first marine biosphere reserve in South East Asia and Mannar sea area consists of high biodiversity and it is housed for several species of whales, Dolphins and other fish species, several marine Alga species such as Halimeda spp, Caulerpa spp and Sargassum spp and marine grass species including Thalassia and Halodule. Silawathurai area located adjacent to the project area famous for pearls. There is a potential of eco tourism in this areas since there are several places which attract nature lovers.

54. Large road side tree species such as Sooriya (Thespesia populnea), Palu (Manilkara hexandra), Weera (Drypetes sepiaria), Siyambala (Tamarindus indica), Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer) and Kohomba (Azardiracta indica) could be commonly observed on either side of most of the roads.

Agriculture development

55. The entire project area has a potential of producing paddy with higher productivity therefore the area left to the highway was well known as “Sahal Banduna” (rice ball) prior to the abundance. Conflict prevailed was severely affecting the agriculture development for more than three decades in the Northern Province of the country. Therefore most of major and minor irrigation systems and distribution canals which provide irrigation facilities for thousands of hectares of paddy lands have been abandoned during the war period. However under the umbrella of “Uthuru Wasanthaya” 180 day program these systems are under repair in the project area.

56. In addition to paddy, crops such as chilli, onion, black gram, green gram, cowpea, groundnut and fruits, mango, banana, guava were extensively grown in the project area before to the conflict.

57. Also fishery was one of the main income generating activities of the people lived along the coastal belt of the Northern Province and it has been abandoned due to the political instability. At present marine fishing and brackish water fishing (mainly pawn fishing) could be commonly observed in Jaffna.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway Industrial development

58. It could be observed that as agriculture sector the civil war has hindered the industrial development of the project area. No major industries could be observed in the project area.

59. However area located along the A032 highway has a high potential to be developed as an eco tourism area with the use of coastal belt, forest reserves, lagoons etc...

Infrastructure Facilities such as Electricity, Pipe water and Telecommunication

60. Though there are few tube wells and dug wells noticed along the road water is a scarce resource in the project area. All infrastructure facilities has been badly affected during the war period and at present repairing and/ or laying of Electricity power supply systems and Water supply systems are also being conducted as a part of the “Uthuru Wasanthaya” project. There are approximately 80 high tension posts, 36 electrical posts and 12 telephone posts are existing along the ADB funded section of the A032 highway.

Transport Facilities

61. Various modes of transportation are available in the residential areas of the project area. Road transport is the dominant mode of transportation for the area. Busses, three wheelers, vans, motor cycles; bicycles are used by road users. Lorries, trucks, tractors and other heavy vehicles were used in transportation of goods when the area was civilized. In addition to that people mostly use bicycles as their convenient mode of transportation.

3.4. Social and Cultural Resources

Population

62. At present no resident could be observed in the project area except along the road section in Jaffna peninsula of A032 highway. Most of the people have been affected due to the war and there are now temperately settled in Internally Displaced People (IDP) camps located in Cheddikulam and Manikfarm areas adjacent to A014 project area. Population data is available only in Thnmarachchi division of Jaffna district and Mannar division of Mannar district as given in table 3.10.

Table 3.4: Population Distribution among DS divisions crossed by road District DS Division Population Jaffna Thanmarachchi 55,478 (in year 2007) Killinochchi Poonakari - Mannar Mannar 42,000 (in year 2001) Mauthai West - Source: www.statistics.gov.lk

Cultural, religious and archaeological places/structures along the trace

63. Poonarin Fort located at Poonarin Junction (26.3km) which has been declared as an archeologically protected monument. This is found at around 15 – 20m away from the road trace.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway 64. Other than that no archeologically protected site is found along the A032 highway. However ruins of damaged Hindu Kovils (temples) and churches are observed along the highway.

Education Facilities

65. Most of the schools are destroyed due to the 30 year civil war. Reaming structures of several schools were noticed at 31.3km, 55.3km and 77.3km. However students are educated within the IDP camps until they are resettled and education system will be restored in the project area.

Health Care Services

66. The Health Services delivery suffered badly due to destruction of infrastructure, displacement of Health staff and reluctance of health personnel to serve in the conflict affected areas etc. The health status of the people affected has also deteriorated due to frequent displacements, physical and psychological disabilities, loss of family members, food insecurity and spread of communicable diseases. The health service delivery was carried out with great difficulties and challenges. The health services were completely disrupted in the project area, in which the entire population was displaced and the entire health infrastructure was destroyed.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway Chapter 4: Identification of Impacts and Mitigation Measures

67. As almost all the project area has been affected by continuous war for thirty years it was clearly observed that the natural environmental conditions have been significantly deteriorated. Except for first 5km section in Jaffna Peninsula, no human settlements could be observed in the project area and therefore it is unlikely that the project will create negative impacts on human. Rather this road development project is expected to create immense positive impacts on socio economic status conditions in the project area at present as well as in future once the area is resettled by the local people. However anticipated impacts on the environment during preconstruction, construction and operational stages of the project have been identified during the Environmental Assessment. Feasible mitigation measures were suggested based on environment best practices to minimize the adverse impacts (or manage to acceptable limits) while enhancing the beneficial impacts of the project.

68. Since the road rehabilitation for the section from 0.0km to 17.4km will be under taken by the Northern Roads Connectivity Project funded by ADB, possible project induced impacts and proposed mitigation measures on the physical, biological and social environment specific for the road section from 17.4km to 103km will not be relevant for the ADB funded section.

4.1: Screening of potential environmental impacts during design and construction stages

Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff, emissions and spoil from worker camps

69. Construction activities could cause temporary erosion and siltation, if uncompacted earth surfaces or soil dumps are left exposed, if they are placed near water bodies such as streams, inland tanks and lagoons and if the construction activities are carried out especially during the rainy season. Sediments could drift away and get silted up in adjoining streams, inland tanks, lagoons (Jaffna lagoon and other lagoon areas) and irrigation canals causing deterioration of water quality.

70. Emissions from construction vehicles (such as oil, grease), equipment and material stores, spoil from worker camp sites will contain pollutant materials. Such materials have the potential to cause deterioration of surface water sources if they are released to adjacent water bodies.

71. All necessary measures specified in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff, emissions and spoils from construction and worker camps should be followed. Special attention should be paid near to streams, inland tanks and lagoons.

Impacts on available water resources

72. If water sources used by local residents (within ADB funded section) will be utilized for construction activities it may negatively impact to regular water users especially during dry period. And if water is extracted from inland tanks/streams which are used by wildlife in the project area, it will adversely affect the wildlife during dry season. This impact could be avoided by using sources of water that are distinct from such sensitive areas and obtaining agreements with the local community for the sources that are used.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway

73. The contractor will minimize wastage of water in the construction process/operations by reusing water as much as possible, utilizing only the required amount of water for the construction works etc… The contractor shall educate and made employees aware on water conservation, waste minimization and safe disposal of waste to avoid/minimize wastage of water.

74. The contractor is responsible for arranging adequate supply of water for the project purpose throughout the construction period. Contractor shall not obtain water for his purposes including for labour camps from public or community water supplies if any without approval from the relevant authority. Such extraction (if approved) should be under direct supervision of the engineer. Extraction of water by the contractor for the project purposes shall comply with the guidelines and instructions issued by relevant authority.

75. Construction over and close to the seasonal streams shall be undertaken in the dry season. Construction over the irrigation canals, if disruption to the flow, quality of water and impact on the irrigation structure is expected (or probable in the view of the Engineer), will be undertaken under necessary permission from the Department of Irrigation. The Contractor may use the natural sources of water subject to the provision that any claim arising out of conflicts with other users of the said natural sources of water shall be made good entirely by the contractor.

Increase of local air pollution, noise and vibration

76. Construction activities and machineries will contribute the local air pollution and create noise and vibration which will cause nuisance to residents in existing settlements of the highway. The impacts of construction noise, vibration and emissions can be mitigated by; ensuring that construction plant and equipment is maintained to a high operable standards and that exhaust baffles are fitted and maintained in a high serviceable condition; limiting operations to times when they have least impact. Also effective mitigation measures as specified in the EMP to prevent/minimize the air pollution, noise and vibration and they should be adopted in all material extraction locations and sub roads used for material transportation, paying special attention to sensitive locations such as schools and hospitals if any.

77. Blasting (if any) shall be carried out only with permission of the Engineer and approval from Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) for road side blasting all the statutory laws, regulators, rules, etc., pertaining to acquisition, transport, storage, handling and use of explosives shall be strictly followed.

78. Blasting shall be carried out during fixed hours (preferably during mid-day), as permitted by the Engineer. The timing should be made known to all the people within 500 m (200 m for pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all directions along the road sections where settlements are available. People, except those who actually light the fuse shall be excluded from the area of 200 m (50 m for pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all directions at least 10m minutes before the blasting.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway Alteration of surface water hydrology of water ways

79. During reconstruction of the culverts, bridges and causeways along the trace, it will be required to alter the water flow from construction area. Following measures are proposed in order to avoid the impacts on existing surface water hydrology;

80. Contractor shall not close or block existing canals and streams permanently. If diversion or closure or blocking of canals and streams is required for the execution of work, contractor must first obtain the Engineer’s approval in writing. Contractor shall carry out an investigation and report to the Engineer, if an investigation is requested by the Engineer. Contractor shall also obtain the approval from the relevant agency such as Department of Irrigation (DI)/Agrarian Services Department (ASD)/Divisional Secretary (DS) if existing prior to such action is taken. Contractors shall restore the drainage path back to its original status once the need for such diversion or closure or blockage is no longer required. The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways and drainage paths are not blocked. Avoid/ minimize construction works near/ at such drainage locations during heavy rain seasons from November to December.

81. Existing natural drainage will be disturbed by the embankments placed along the flood prone areas near to 34 – 37km, 38 – 39km, 45.6 – 52km, 67.6 – 72.6km and 91.6 – 98.6km of A032 highway. This will be mitigated by providing adequate cross openings after a comprehensive drainage study to restore the natural flow paths.

82. The road section to be rehabilitated under this project end at the Jetty approach of Karativu jetty, hence there will not be any construction in to the lagoon. Also the lagoon section of this highway (between Karativu jetty and Poonarin jetty) will be connected through a steel bridge which will be constructed under the UK steel bridge project. However highways sections between 11.5 – 12.6 km, 13.6 – 13.9 km and 16.4 – 17.4 km passes adjacent to the Jaffna lagoon area. The main impact during construction will be the disturbance to the surface flow that will occur during tidal events and storm events. To mitigate this impact causeways for 11.5 – 12.6 km and 13.6 – 13.9 km sections and a jetty approach for the 16.4 – 17.4 km section will be introduced (please refer to the cross sections attached in annexure 2.2) to facilitate cross drainage especially during high tide periods. Also existing culverts will be repaired, replaced or cleaned and new culverts will be placed as given in annexure 2.3 to ensure the sheath flow along lagoon sections.

Occurrence of flood condition

83. Contractor’s activities shall not lead to flooding conditions as a result of blocked drainage paths and drains. The contractor shall take all measures necessary or as directed by the Engineer to keep all drainage paths and drains clear of blockage at all times.

84. If flooding or stagnation of water is caused by contractor’s activities, contractors shall provide suitable means to (a) prevent loss of access to any land or property and (b) prevent damage to land and property. Contractor’s activities shall not lead to aggravate floods when working in flood prone areas.

Impacts on fauna and flora

85. Already significant damage to fauna and flora has been caused due to civil war prevailed about three decades in the project area. Several trees (8 trees along the ADB funded section) located very close to the road edge on either side of the road may need to

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway be felled for road widening. No impact to the lagoon flora and fauna is expected, as there will be no construction work in the lagoon area (under this project).

86. However, all works should be carried out in a manner that the destruction to the flora and their habitats is minimal. Contractor should make every effort to avoid removal of trees of religious, cultural and aesthetic significance. Removal of road side trees should be in consultation with the relevant authorities and removed trees must be handed over to the Timber Corporation (if such trees are listed as valuable trees).

87. It is proposed to plant appropriate tree species (eg. Borassus flabellifer (Thal), Azadiracta indica (Kohomba) at suitable locations as a component of this rehabilitation work. All works shall be carried out in such a manner that the destruction or disruption to the both terrestrial and aquatic fauna and their habitats is minimal. In chance of any rare, threatened or endangered species of flora/fauna is found, it should be immediately informed to the PMU by the contractor, for necessary action. Also other measures as per the EMP should be followed.

Impacts on settlement areas

88. Pavement design for the road section between Navatkuli (0.0km) to Karativu Jetty (17.4km) has been based on the available ROW hence no permanent structure will be affected due to road widening3. Therefore no land acquisition will be involved during the rehabilitation works of this road section (shift back for safety reasons). However fences and front end walls amounting to about 200 m of liner length will have to be removed. In addition people who have constructed temporary structures within the ROW (mainly for selling their produce) in settlement areas along the highway will have to be removed and will temporarily affect their business activities.

89. Following mitigation measures could be used to minimize the impacts due to land acquisition4;

 Acquisition of private land to the minimum requirement  Compensation for acquired lands based on Land Acquisition Act (LAA) for title holders and National Involuntary Resettlement Policy (NIRP) for non-title holders  All possible livelihood restoration measures should be considered to support persons whose livelihood activities are affected due to the subproject.  Any public property (Hindu shrines and bus stops) that will be affected should be restored in consultation with religious leaders and the community of the area.

Impacts to Utilities and Roadside Amenities

90. Around 80 high tension posts, 100 electrical posts and 12 telephone posts will be removed which are found within ADB funded section (source: Engineering Designs and Estimates of A032 road section from Navatkuli to Karativu Jetty, 2010) and utility lines located very close to the road edge within the rest of the road will also be removed.

91. Prior consultation and consent should be taken from relevant service provider. Contractor shall replace all amenities such as bus shelters that were removed/ relocated

3 Please refer annexure 2.2 for the road strip chart 4 These mitigation measures are listed taking in to account the entire road length of 103km where land acquisition may be required.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway during the construction unless the Engineer directed the contractor not to do so. Contractor shall take care not to damage/destroy or affect the functional purposes of utilities such as water, electricity, telephone posts. The arrangements the contractor made with those service providers shall be informed to the Engineer in writing (advance work). Contractor shall assist the service providers in whatever possible manner to minimize disruption to such services. In case of an inadvertent damage cause to a utility, the contractor shall immediately inform the service provider and help to restore the service without delay.

Extraction and Transportation of Construction Materials

92. There are no quarries and soil borrow pits existing in the project area however such sites are available in Vavuniya and Anuradhapura District and some borrow pits have been identified in Elephant Pass area as discussed in section 2.5 and annexure 2.4 which will be used as sources of aggregates and soil for construction works. However potential impacts may include noise and vibration from quarrying, induced slope failure, damage to private property and negative visual impacts. This could be mitigated by using quarries registered by the GSMB, or where necessary opening new quarries in compliance with requirements of the GSMB.

93. If borrow sites are to be established, it will be with the consultation with concerned authorities and local community to avoid/ minimize any damage to cultivable land, ponding of borrow pits and negative visual impacts. Restoration of the site could be done by replacement of topsoil with landscaping and replanting.

94. The transportation of materials from extraction sites to the construction sites can potentially cause disturbances to local traffic (within populated areas), damage minor roads, and increase dust and noise nuisance. These impacts could be minimized through; advising the contractor to select material extraction sites that have roads that have capacity to be used by heavy trucks, and keeping provisions for repairing and restoration of such roads by the contractor in the contract document, use of covers over transported materials to guard against dust blow and water spraying to dampen dust along road sections where settlements are existing as directed by the engineer.

Poor sanitation at worker camps, work sites and disposal of spoil

95. Construction labor camps shall not be located within 200m from waterways, within an area coming under Department of Forest (DoF), near to a site or premises of religious, cultural or archeological importance.

96. Contractor shall report any outbreak of infectious disease of importance in a labor camp to the engineer and the Medical Officer of Health (MOH) or to the Public Health Inspector (PHI) of the area immediately. Contractor shall carry out all instructions issued by the authorities, if any.

97. Labor camps shall be provided with adequate supply of water and appropriate facilities for disposal of sewerage and solid waste. The sewage systems shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no pollution to ground or adjacent water bodies/watercourses takes place. Garbage bins shall be provided the camps and regularly emptied. Garbage should be disposed off in a hygienic manner, to the satisfaction of the relevant norms.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway 98. Contractor shall ensure that all camps are kept clean and hygienic. Necessary measures shall be taken to prevent breeding of vectors. Contractor shall adhere to the CEA recommendations on disposal of wastewater. Wastewater shall not be discharged to ground or waterways in a manner that will cause unacceptable surface or ground water pollution. Contractor should remove all labor camps fully after its need is over, empty septic tanks, remove all garbage, debris and clean and restore the area back to its former condition.

Disruption to traffic

99. This will be an impact within the existing populated areas. Following measures should be considered to minimize the impacts on existing traffic; Detailed Traffic Control Plans shall be prepared and submitted to the Engineer for approval 5 days prior to commencement of works on any section of road. Informing the public through newspapers/ announcements/ radio/ TV etc., about the construction activities to avoid any inconvenience due to the construction activities. The traffic control plans shall contain details of temporary diversions, details of arrangements for construction under traffic and details of traffic arrangements after cession of work each day. If directed by the Engineer the contractor shall obtain the consent for the traffic arrangement from the Local Police; Temporary diversion of traffic to facilitate construction work shall have the approval of the Engineer. If directed by the Engineer the contractor shall obtain the consent for the traffic arrangement from the Local Police; Providing advance information to the public about the planned construction works; Use of flagmen and/or temporary traffic lights to control traffic flows at constricted sites, including safe crossing for pedestrians especially near town areas and schools; The provision of traffic safety measures shall be considered incidental to work and follow the Institute for Construction Training and Development (ICTAD) guidelines and instructions given by the Police, if any. On completion of the works, all temporary obstructions to access shall be cleared away, all rubbish and piles of debris that obstruct access be cleared to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Traffic Control and Site Safety

100. If construction work is carried without proper safety measures it could lead to potential safety hazards to the workers and public. Even if safety measures are in place life threatening accidents could occur during construction.

101. All reasonable precautions will be taken to prevent danger of the workers and the public from accidents such as fire, explosions, blasts, falling rocks, falling to excavated pits, chemical sprays, unsafe power supply lines etc. Arranging for the provision of first aid facilities and readily available trained paramedical personnel and construction sites and emergency transport to the nearest hospitals will ensure safety of workers and public in any case of an accident.

102. The concerned road section passes through a settlement area (first few kilometers) and the jetty approach section was under military control and is a cleared area. However special training for workers to be safe from mines and other explosive material should be given prior to commencement of work and unclear areas outside the working corridor should be demarcated with relevant signs and barricade tapes to avoid any worker or machine moving to such areas.

103. The Contractor shall comply with requirements for the safety of the workmen as per the International labor organization (ILO) convention No. 62 and Safety and Health regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka to the extent that those are applicable to

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway this contract. The contractor shall supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, boots, etc., to the workers and staff. The contractor has to comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress.

Impacts on physical cultural resources

104. Theft and destruction of monuments from the archaeological site may occur during construction. Moreover if construction vehicles are operated beyond the road reservation, they could destroy many archaeological monuments. Construction equipment that produces high levels of vibration could damage monuments close to construction area. As there are no cultural sites and archaeological monuments identified within the road section that will be improved under ADB assistance this impact will not be relevant.

105. However, following mitigation measures are suggested to minimize impacts if any to the physical and cultural resources. Before commencement of construction works near archaeological areas consultation and consent from Department of Archaeology (DoA) is necessary. Care should be taken in carrying out construction activities not to damage archaeological monuments. Vibration in particular is major area that needs consideration. The contractor must carry out investigation on what measures required to safeguard these monuments in consultation with the DoA and the Engineer.

4.2. Screening of potential environmental impacts during operational stage

Stagnation of water at culverts during heavy rains due to siltation and blocking of openings with debris

106. Regular clearing and maintenance of all culverts should be done to reduce the chances of failures and blocking due to debris. Maintenance manual of RDA should also be followed to maintain the road drainage.

4.3. Positive impacts

107. The major positive impact of this project will be the improvement of the land based connectivity between Mannar and Jaffna districts and also with rest of the parts of the country. There by it will open up backward areas along the highway for development and will assist the economic and social development of Northern Province and the country.

Road safety

108. Improvements to the road surface and road geometry will be conducive to safe vehicle driving at higher speeds. But such speeds may increase the incidences of accidents. Incorporating the mitigation measures as per the EMP could offset this negative impacts caused by vehicles operating at higher speeds.

Impacts on air quality and noise

109. Higher speed limits will reduce the travel time through the area and better road alignment will reduce the number of accelerations and decelerations in travelling thereby reduce the emissions to the air.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway 110. Also with the laying of AC surface for gravel roads and repairing of road surface will reduce the emissions of dust in the operational phase. Also replanting of road side trees will act as an absorbent of CO2 and act as a surface for dust deposition. However, national level policy implementation is required to monitor the levels of vehicle emissions along the road section. Establishment and maintenance of a row of shade trees will play an absorbing role of most of the vehicle emissions.

Impacts on tourism

111. Since the project area consists of scenic areas such as Mannar Sea, lagoons, tanks, natural forests reserves & wildlife areas and several archeological sites. Once the roads are developed it will cause a positive impact on tourism and will facilitate economic development of the area.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway Chapter 5: Institutional responsibilities and Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

5.1 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

112. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was developed to avoid/ minimize the adverse impacts to the physical, biological and social environments during preconstruction, construction and operational stages of the project. EMP attached in annexure 5.1 is specific for Navatkuli – Karativu Jetty road section therefore it will be a part of the bid documents of Northern Roads Connectivity Project.

113. Implementation of the EMP will be the responsibility of the contractor/s and the PIU with the assistance of Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will oversee the effectiveness of the implementation of the EMP. On behalf of the RDA the ESD will act as an independent monitor directly reporting to the Directly General, RDA.

114. The Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMOP) as required in Environmental Safeguards Manual of RDA is developed based on the project cycle. During the pre- construction phase it is important to measure air, water quality and noise levels. This data will provide baseline information on the existing conditions which could be used to compare the changes in quality levels during construction and operational phases. Such a comparison will reflect how effective the EMP is and help to revise it to rectify any shortcomings that will cause any adverse impacts. It is expected that RDA will provide adequate budgetary support to ESD to ensure timely and adequate monitoring of environmental mitigation and other environmental management activities. EMOP is specifically prepared for the Navatkuli to Karativu Jetty section which is funded by ADB and presented in annexure 5.2.

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway

Chapter 6: Public Consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism

6.1. Public consultation process

115. CEA follows its own procedures in conducting public consultation and information disclosure. CEA undertakes public consultation and information disclosure through a public notice prior to approval of the project, if the project requires only IEER. However, under many donor guidelines including ADB on Environmental assessment, public consultation and information disclosure of environmental assessment documents is a key activity and must be undertaken by the borrower or its representative executing agency.

116. However project area of A032 highway is non-civilised due to the ethnic conflict. Therefore study team was unable to conduct public consultation along the highway except for road section within Jaffna district. A summary of public consultation is given in annexure 6.1.

117. Objective of this activity was to understand the viewpoints of the stakeholders and to respond to their concerns and suggestions during the early stages of the project there by reduce any objections towards the project, develop a satisfactory compensation mechanism for the Affected Persons (APs), incorporate any valuable suggestions by the public in to the design so as to reduce any adverse impacts to the environment.

6.2. Disclosure of information

118. Disclosure of information at an early stage of the project has many benefits such as to negate any objections by the public towards the project, avoid misinformation getting in to the APs through agitating groups and some NGOs. While disclosure of information can be done through the Divisional Secretariat and the Grama Niladari (village administrative officer) of the area, Farmer Based Organizations (FBOs), Community Based Organizations (CBO) and village societies are also possible sources of disseminating project related information. Village leaders such as the head priest of the temple can be resource persons for such an activity. The use of mass media to advertise the availability of the report could help information disclosure to other interested groups outside the project area.

6.3. Grievance redress mechanisms

119. When construction work commences with in the first few kilometres of this road section which passes through settlement areas, public may face the following difficulties;

 Dust generated due to clearing and grubbing work  Noise nuisance  Vibration and cracking of walls and structures  Loss of access to by roads

120. Although there will be an EMP to mitigate above impacts and other impacts that arise during construction, a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) should be in place to assist the public to cover come these issues. A Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) could be formulated comprising of the following members; i.e. Divisional Secretariat or a representative, member form an NGO, member from the affected community. Also a team comprising a member from the employer, engineer and contractor should be formulated to

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Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway look in to grievances of the public and to resolve them. Any such public complaint should be addressed to a nominated personal of the employer, engineer or contractor. A complaint register should be maintained at offices of the employer, engineer or contractor and the action taken should be clearly recorded.

30

Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway

Chapter 7: Findings, Recommendations and Conclusions

121. This report focuses on environmental assessment related to rehabilitation and improving of Navatculi to Mannar (Thallady) of Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) highway located in Jaffna and Mannar districts. The highway will be rehabilitated with two lane facilities including cycle lanes, soft shoulders, side drains and utility reservations. An EMP was prepared to be incorporated in to the bid documents for contractors.

122. The adverse environmental and social impacts from the improvements will mostly take place during the construction and are related to such work. However, the beneficial impacts clearly out lies the adverse impacts.

123. This initial environmental impact assessment has discussed various aspects of the proposed rehabilitation and upgrading of A032 highway. This assessment concludes that the project will not cause significant environmental and social problems and the potential adverse impacts are manageable through the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures stated in the EMP.

124. The Broad Objective of this project is to improve the land based connectivity between Mannar and Jaffna districts through Killinochchi District and also with rest of the parts of the country. There by assisting the economic and social development of Northern province and the country by providing efficient and safe highways while preserving the nature.

31

Initial Environmental Examination Report for Rehabilitation and improving Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway Chapter 8: References

 Annual Report 2006, Central Bank of Sri Lanka  Arc View Themes; scale 1:25000, Roads, Sri Lanka Outline- Survey Department of Sri Lanka  Engineering Designs and Estimates prepared for Navatkuli to Karativu Jetty section by Egis bceom, 2010  Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka-Central Environmental Authority 2005  http://www.archaeology.gov.lk  http://www.statistics.gov.lk  National Environmental Act; Subsidiary Legislation, 2003 (Unofficial Copy)  Road Development Authority, Ministry of Highways and Road Development, Ex Gratia Package for the People Affected by Road Projects  Road Development Authority; Standard Specifications for Construction & Maintenance of Roads & Bridges, 1989  Senarathna, L.K. (2001). A checklist of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka  The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka  Topographic map sheets (1:50000 scale); Department of Survey  World Road Statistics, International Road Federation,(2001)

32

Annex 01: 1:60,000 Location Diagram

Annexure 1.1

Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

Annexure 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL DIVISION (ESD), ROADS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist and Project Classification 1/ Instructions:

‰ This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project

‰ This checklist is to be completed by the Environment Officer of the ESD of RDA.

‰ This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklists and guidelines on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii) indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation, and (v) gender and development.

‰ Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Project Name: Rehabilitation and Improvement of Navatkuli (0.0km) to Mannar (103.3km) of Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway

Project Location: The project area is located in following administrative units;

Province District DS Division Northern Jaffna Thanmarachchi Killinochchi Poonakari Mannar Mannar, Mauthai West

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A. Project Siting

Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? ƒ Cultural heritage site R Poonarin Fort located at Poonarin Junction (26.3km) which has been declared as an archeologically protected monument. This is found at around 15 – 20m away from the road trace. R Chunnavil forest is located between 35.5km to 48.7km and Nagapaduwan forest reserve from 57.7km to 60km on Left ƒ Protected Area Hand Side (LHS) and Mandakalar forest reserve from 35.5km to 48.7km on Right Hand Side (RHS). However around 30m – 50m land strip on the both sides of the road has been cleared due to security purposes R ƒ Wetland R The highway crosses the Jaffna Lagoon (11.5km) in which mangrove land use is ƒ Mangrove observed. However this has not been

declared as an environmentally sensitive area. ƒ Estuarine R

ƒ Buffer zone of protected area R

ƒ Special area for protecting biodiversity R

i Environmental and Social Division, RDA Annexure 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL DIVISION (ESD), ROADS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist and Project Classification 1/ SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…

ƒ Encroachment on historical/cultural areas; R disfiguration of landscape by road embankments, cuts, fills, and quarries?

ƒ Encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. R sensitive or protected areas)?

ƒ Alteration of surface water hydrology of R No permanent alteration of surface water waterways crossed by roads, resulting in hydrology is expected if designs and increased sediment in streams affected by construction are undertaken considering increased soil erosion at construction site? the existing drainage paths which are crossed by the road. However, adequate opening sizes should be adopted with specific flood return periods to overcome water stagnations in upstream.

Carrying out construction works during lean flow periods, storing soil and other spoil materials away from water bodies, covering all soil dumps, carried out construction activities during dry periods will reduce the amount of erosion. ƒ Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt R This will be a temporary impact during the runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based construction phase. Storing all materials camps and chemicals used in construction? required for construction in well secured and managed sites, installing silt traps near all water bodies prior to construction activities, providing proper sanitary facilities and solid waste management practices to worker camps and creating awareness on sanitation for workers will mitigate these impacts. ƒ Increased local air pollution due to rock crushing, R A temporary impact during the construction cutting and filling works, and chemicals from phase. Sprinkling water at crushing plant batching plants? and filling sites, using exact amount of chemicals for bitumen processing, siting hot mix plants and crushing plants away from sensitive sites such as settlement areas will mitigate this impact. ƒ Noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil R During the construction phase. Standard works? mitigation measures are anticipated to minimize the impacts to acceptable levels which are specified in National Environmental (Noise Control) Regulations 1996 stipulated by NEA amendments act 924/12. ƒ Other social concerns relating to inconveniences R in living conditions in the project areas that may trigger cases of upper respiratory problems and stress?

ƒ Hazardous driving conditions where construction R These impacts are restricted to the interferes with pre-existing roads? construction phase. Using trained flagmen, temporary traffic lights to control traffic flow and providing prior notices to the public will mitigate this impact.

ii Environmental and Social Division, RDA Annexure 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL DIVISION (ESD), ROADS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist and Project Classification 1/ SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS ƒ Poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in R During the construction phase. Using local construction camps and work sites, and possible labour to the extent possible, briefing the transmission of communicable diseases from workers on sanitation, communicable workers to local populations? diseases, providing proper sanitary facilities and providing proper waste disposal system at worker camps are measures to mitigate this impact. ƒ Creation of temporary breeding habitats for R This is a temporary impact during mosquito vectors of disease? construction period. Restoration of burrow sites using top soil or denuded materials and restricting construction works to dry season will mitigate this impact. ƒ Dislocation and compulsory resettlement of R people living in right-of-way?

ƒ Accident risks associated with increased R Introduction of warning signs on speed vehicular traffic, leading to accidental spills of limits, chevron marks at bends, pedestrian toxic materials and loss of life? crossings near schools, hospitals, places of worship and settlement areas are mitigation measures to avoid this impact. ƒ Increased noise and air pollution resulting from R traffic volume?

ƒ Increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease R and fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the road?

Proposed Environmental Classification: B

The proposed project will not cause significant environmental problems and the potential adverse impacts are manageable through the implementation of a comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP). Therefore the project can be classified as Category B.

REA Checklist Prepared By: H.M.N.M. Wijayasinghe (Hydrologist)

REA Checklist Checked and Reviewed By: G.M.S.W.B. Gajasinghe (Environmental Officer, ESD)

Date Prepared: 08 December 2008

1/ Modified for ESD/RDA based on the Environmental Safeguard Compliance (ESC) Manual of RDA

iii Environmental and Social Division, RDA

Annexure 2.1

Typical Cross Sections

Annexure 2.1

Proposed Cross Section for Rehabilitation of Navatkuli (0.00km) to Karativu (17km) section of A032 Highway

vi

Annexure 2.2

Inventory of culverts within 0.00km to 17km

Annexure 2.2

Inventory of culverts located within 0.00km to 17km and proposed works

Annexure 3.1

Drainage map

Annexure 3.1

Drainage Map Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway MAP 1

Jaffna

A032/A009 Junction Sagupiddy Ferry Crossing

Jaffna Lagoon

Floode pron areas

Annexure 3.1

MAP 2

Flood prone areas

A032/A014 Junction

Mannar

Drainage path Drainage direction

Annexure 3.2

List of Flora and Fauna

Annexure 3.2

List of terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna i. List of terrestrial and aquatic floral species found in the proposed road section: HA: Habit TS: Taxonomic status HG: Home Garden T: Tree N: Native PF: Paddy Field S: Shrub I: Introduced RS: Roadside Vegetations H: Herb WA: Water and associated vegetation C: Creeper NF: Natural Forest and forest plantations HC: Horticultural crop cultivations

Family Scientific Name Common name HA Stat1 Habitat us H P R W N H G F S A F C Aliaceae Allium cepa Red Onion H I + Amaranthaceae Aerva javanica Polpala H N + Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale Caju T I + Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Amba T I + Apocynaceae Catharanthus rosea Minimal H I + Apocynaceae Pagiantha dichotoma Divi kaduru T N + Apocynaceae Nerium oleander Kaneru S I + Apocynaceae Plumaria obtusa Araliya T I + Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana Watusudda S I + divaricata Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea Wara S N + Asteraceae Eupatorium odoratum Podisinghomaran S I + + Basellaceae Basella alba Nivithi H N + Bombacaceae Adansonia digitata Biobab T I + Caricaceae Carica papaya Gaslabu T I + Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna Kumbuk T N + Combretaceae Terminalia cattappa Kottan T I + Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Gira-Pala H N + Compositae Vernonia cinerea Monera H N + + + kudumbiya Convolvulaceae Ipomea aquatica Kankun C I + Euphorbiaceae Drypetes sepiaria Weera T N + Fabaceae Bauhinia racemosa Maila T N + Fabaceae Caesalpinia pulcherrima Moneramal T I + Fabaceae Cassia didymobotrya At thora S I + Fabaceae Cassia fistula Ehela T N + Fabaceae Cassia occidentalis Penithora S I + Fabaceae Clitoria ternatea Katarodu wel C I + Fabaceae Desmodium Etundupiyaliya H N + heterocarpon Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum Heen undupiyaliya H N + +

1 Senarathna, L.K. (2001). A checklist of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka

i

Environmental and Social Division, RDA Annexure 3.2

Family Scientific Name Common name HA Stat Habitat us1 H P R W N H G F S A F C Fabaceae Erythrina indica Erabadu T I + + Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium Gliricideia T N + Fabaceae Mimosa pudica Nidikumba S I + + Fabaceae Pterocarpus marsupium Gammalu T N + Fabaceae Samanea saman Mara T I + Fabaceae Tamarindus indica Siyambala T I + Fabaceae Vigna radiata Muneta H I + Flacourtiacaeae Flacourtia inermis Lovi T I + Lauraceae Persea americana Aligatapera T I + Malvaceae Hibiscus furcatus Napiritta S N + Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Wada S I + Malvaceae Thespesia populnea Sooriya T I + Melastomataceae Melastoma Bowitiya S N + + malabathricum Meliaceae Azardiracta indica Kohomba T I + Moraceae Ficus benghalensis Nuga T I + Moraceae Ficus heterophylla Wal ahatu T N + Moraceae Ficus racemosa Attikka T N + Moraceae Ficus religiosa Bo T I + Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca Kesel H I + Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Pera S I + Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea stellata Manel H I + Palmae Cocos nucifera var Pol T N + typica Plamae Borassus flabellifer Thal T I + + Poaceae Zea mays Badairungu S I + Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris Una T I + Poaceae Imperata cylindrica Iluk S N + + Poaceae Oryza sativa Goyam S N + Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis Diyahabarala H N + + Punicaceae Punica granatum Delum T I + Rhamnaceae Zizipus spp Eraminiya S N + Rutacea Chloroxylon swietenia Burutha T N + Rutacea Limonia acidissima Divul T N + + Sapindaceae Schleichera oleosa Kon T N + Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia Mi T N + Sapotaceae Manilkara hexandra Palu T N + Tiliaceae Muntingia calaburu Jam T I + Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Hambupan H N + Verbinaceae Gmelina arborea Ethdemata T N + Verbinaceae Lantana camera Gandapna S I + Verbinaceae Stachytarpheta Balunakuta H I + + urticaefolia Verbinaceae Tectona grandis Tekka T I +

ii. List of terrestrial and aquatic faunal species found in the proposed road section:

ii

Environmental and Social Division, RDA Annexure 3.2

Family Scientific Name Common name Habitat

H P R W N H G F S A F C

Class: Aves Accipitridae Accipiter badius shikra + Accipitridae Haliastur indus Brahminy kite + Accipitridae Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable hawk + eagle Aegithinidae Aegithina tiphia Common iora + Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Common + kingfisher Alcedinidae Halcyon smyrnensis White throated + kingfisher Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Purple heron + Ardeidae Ardeola grayii Indian pond + heron Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret + Ardeidae Casmerodius albus Great egret + Ardeidae Egretta garzetta Little egret + Ardeidae Mesophoyx intermedia Intermediate + egret Ciconiidae Anastomus oscitans Asian openbill + Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Emerald dove + + Columbidae Stigmatopelia chinensis Spotted dove + + Corvidae Coruvus macrorhynchos Large billed crow + + + Cuculidae Centropus sinensis Common coucal + Cuculidae Eudynamys scolopaceus Asian koel + Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne coronata Crested treeswift + Muscicapidae Saxicoloides fulicata Indian robin + + Nectariniidae Nectarinia asiatica Purple sunbird + Nectariniidae Nectarinia lotenia Long billed + + + + sunbird Nectariniidae Nectarinia zeylonica Purple rumped + + sunbird Oriolidae Oriolus xanthornus Black hooded + oriole Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax niger Little cormorant + Phasianidae Pavo cristatus Indian peafowl + +

iii

Environmental and Social Division, RDA Annexure 3.2

Passer domesticus House sparrow + + + Ploceidae indicus Red vented + + Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer bulbul Rallidae Amaurornis phoenicurus White breasted + waterhen Rallidae Porphyrio porphyrio Purple swamphen + + Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common myna + + + Sylviidae Orthotomus sutorius Common + tailorbird Threskiornithidae Threskiornis Black headed ibis + + melanocephalus Timaliidae Turdoided affinis Yellow billed + + + taprobanus babbler Turdidae Copsychus saularis Magpie robin + + + Class: Insecta Pieridae Delias eucharis Common jezebal + +

Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common Grass + Yellow Papilionidae Papilio polytes Common Mormon + Class: Mammalia Bovidae Bos indicus Domestic cattle + +

Bovidae Bubalus bubalis Water buffalo + Bovidae Capra hircus goat + Canidae Canis familiaris Domestic dog + Equidae Equus africanus Donkey + Felidae Felis catus Domestic cat + Sciuridae Funambulus palmarum Squirrel + +

Class: Reptilia Varanidae Varanus salvator Land monitor +

iv

Environmental and Social Division, RDA

Annexure 6.1

Environmental Management Action Plan

Annexure 6.1

Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) Package 2 - Rehabilitation and Developing of Navatkuli - Karathivu- Thallady (Mannar) (A032) Highway (from 0.0km to 103.3km)

The EMAP should form part of the Bid Documents and shall be considered alongside the specifications. Thereby the prescriptions detailed in the EMAP are mandatory in nature and also contractually binding. The EMAP will also equally applicable to sub-contractors including nominated sub- contractors if any. The Contractor will be responsible for the compliance with the requirements of the EMAP. With the assistance of the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) the “Engineer” on behalf of the Employer the Road Development Authority (RDA) will monitor the compliance of EMAP by the Contractor.

The bidders are advised to carefully consider the EMAP requirements stated under item 2.0 “Construction phase” when preparing the bid and pricing the items of work. The prescriptions and clauses detailed in the EMAP are integral component of the specifications for relevant item of work unless separate items are included in the Bill of Quantities. Thus separate payments will not be made in respect of compliance with the EMAP. In case the Contractor or his sub-contractor/s fails to implement the EMAP recommendations after informing in writing, the Engineer will take whatever actions it is deemed necessary to ensure that the EMAP is properly implemented. If the contractor or his sub-contractor/s still fails to comply with EMAP requirement, the “Engineer” may levy a penalty based on the level of non-compliance, cost incurred to rectify the damages caused by such negligence and/ or recover the cost from contractor’s payments.

The Contractor through an appointed Environmental Officer shall assist the Engineer to discharge his duties as required in the EMAP implementation by (a) maintaining up to date records on actions taken by the Contractor with regard to implementation of EMAP recommendations (b) timely submission of reports, information and data to the Project Management Unit (PMU) through Supervision Consultant (SC), (c) participating in the meetings conveyed by the Engineer and (d) any other assistance requested by the Engineer.

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision 1.0 Advance Works 1.1 Land Acquisition 1.1.1 Removal of structures built within the existing road reservation (a) Providing labour to shift and restore the structures outside the new road The road section RDA/ RDA/ reservation. which passes through PIU PIU (b) Possible livelihood restoration measures for affected persons should be settlement areas (within the -do- -do- considered in line with National Involuntary Resettlement Policy (NIRP) road section located in and RDA’s Ex-gratia package for compensating project affected persons. Jaffna peninsula) 1.1.2 Acquisition of private/ state land for adjustments to road alignment (a) Compensation based on the Land Acquisition Act (LAA), National Through out the road DS, RDA/ RDA/ Involuntary Resettlement Policy (NIRP) and RDA’s Ex-gratia package if PIU PIU i

Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision private lands are to be acquired for road construction. (b) RDA should obtain prior consent from DoF for the construction works near Chunnavil forest reserve -do- RDA/ lands belonging to these institutes. between 35.5km to 48.7km DoF and Nagapaduwan forest reserve from 57.7km to 60km (LHS) and Mandakalar forest reserve from 57.7km to 60km (RHS) 1.2 Road sections near archaeological sites (a) Prior consultation and consent should be taken from Department of For the construction works -do- Department Archaeology for proposed construction works close to archaeological sites. close to Department of of Archaeology where ruins of Archaeology Poonarin fort at 26.3km 1.3 Identification of utility supply lines that may need to be shifted (a) Prior consultation and consent should be taken from relevant service Throughout the road RDA Service provider if sections of utility lines need to be shifted due to design provider requirements or shift in alignment. 1.4 Design for culverts and bridges (a) RDA should obtain prior consent from relevant authorities such as All water bodies including RDA Department of Irrigation, Department of Agrarian services, etc., for any located in the project proposed construction works on streams, inland tanks, irrigation canals influential area etc. (b) Designs for bridges should confirm to the requirements of the “Bridge All bridges, causeways and -do- Design Manual” of RDA considering a flood return period of 100 years. at locations where culverts For culverts appropriate designs should be considered to allow sheath flow are rehabilitated and/or or cross drainage without any blocking. reconstructed 2.0 Construction Phase 2.1 Earthwork and Soil Conservation 2.1.1 Disposal of Debris and Spoil (a) All debris and residual spoil material including any left earth shall be Disposal sites throughout contractor RDA/ disposed only at locations approved by the engineer for such purpose and the trace identified by the PIU, LA subjected to the clauses 2.1.1.b and 2.1.1.c. contractor (b) If directed by the engineer the contractor shall obtain the approval from the -Do- -do-

ii

Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision relevant Local Authority (LA) if any such as Pradeshiya sabha, Municipal Council and other government agencies (as required) for disposal and spoil at the specified location. (c) The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that; All water bodies including -do- RDA/ (i) waterways and drainage paths are not blocked located in the project PIU, LA (ii) the disposed material should not be washed away by runoff and influential area with special (iii) should not be a nuisance to the public attention to flood prone areas; 34 – 37km, 38 – 39km, 45.6 – 52km, 67.6 – 72.6 and 91.6 – 98.6km (d) If directed by the Engineer the debris and residual spoil material including At all borrow sites identified -do- -do- any left earth shall be used, to refill the borrow areas as directed by the by contractor and approved engineer, subjected to laying of topsoil as per EMAP clause 2.1.2. by engineer (e) If consented by the engineer, contractor can dispose the debris and spoil Throughout the entire road -do- -do- as a filling material provided that the contractor can ensure that such material is used for legally acceptable purposes with disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner. 2.1.2 Conservation and reuse of top soil (a) Top soil of the agricultural areas and any other productive areas where it Along the road trace where Contractor RDA/PIU has to be removed for the purpose of this project shall be stripped to a topsoil from productive land specified depth of 150mm and stored in stockpiles of height not exceeding to be removed 2m, if directed by the engineer. If the contractor is in any doubt on whether to conserve the topsoil or not for any given area he shall obtain the direction from the engineer in writing (b) Removed top soil could be used as a productive soil when Along the road trace -do- -do- replanting/establishing road side vegetation (c) Such stockpiled topsoil must be returned to cover the areas including cut -Do- -do- -do- slopes where the topsoil has been removed due to project activities. Residual topsoil must be distributed on adjoining/proximate barren areas as identified by the engineer in a layer of thickness of 75mm – 150mm. (d) Topsoil thus stockpiled for reuse shall not be surcharged or over Locations where topsoil is -do- -do- burdened. As far as possible multiple handling of topsoil stockpiles should stockpiled for reuse be kept to a minimum. 2.1.3 Protection of Ground Cover and Vegetation (a) Construction vehicle, machinery and equipment shall be used and Through the road Contractor RDA/PIU/LA/

iii

Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision stationed only in the areas of work and in any other area designated/ CEA approved by the engineer. Entry and exit of construction vehicles and machinery should be restricted to particular points as directed by the engineer (b) Contractor should provide necessary instructions to drivers, operators and -Do- -do- -do- other construction workers not to destroy ground vegetation cover unnecessarily 2.1.4 Borrowing of Earth (a) Earth available from excavation for roadside drains as per design, may be All excavation areas and -do- -do- used as embankment materials, subject to approval of the engineer embankments (b) Contractor shall comply with the environmental requirements/guidelines Selected borrow sites -do- -do- issued by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and the respective local authority with respect of locating borrow areas and with regard to all operations related to excavation and transportation of earth from such sites. (c) All borrow pits/areas should be rehabilitated at the end of their use by the All borrow sites -do- -do- contractor in accordance with the requirements/guidelines issued by the CEA and the respective local authority. (d) Borrow areas shall not be opened without the permission of the engineer. All burrow sites identified by -do- -do- The location, depth of excavation and the extent of the pit or open cut area the contractor shall be as approved by the engineer. (e) Establishment of borrow pits/areas and its operational activities shall not All excavation areas, slopes -do- -do- cause any adverse impact to the properties. Also shall not be a danger of and burrow sites health hazard to the people. (f) Contractor shall take all steps necessary to ensure the stability of slopes All excavation areas, slopes -do- -do- including those related to temporary works and borrow pits. and burrow sites 2.1.5 Prevention of soil erosion (a) Embankment slopes, slopes of cuts, etc shall not be unduly exposed to Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/ erosive forces. These exposed slopes shall be graded and covered by road. PIU grass as per the specifications. All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted immediately to reach the specified degree of compaction and establishment of proper mulch. (b) Work that lead to heavy erosion shall be avoided during the raining -Do- -do- -do- season. If such activities need to be continued during rainy season prior approval must be obtained from the Engineer by submitting a proposal on

iv

Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision actions that will be undertaken by the contractor to prevent erosion. (c) The work, permanent or temporary shall consist of measures as per -Do- -do- -do- design or as directed by the engineer to control soil erosion, sedimentation and water pollution to the satisfaction of the engineer. Typical measures include the use of berms, dikes sediment basins, fiber mats, mulches, grasses, slope drains and other devices. All sedimentation and pollution control works and maintenance thereof are deemed, as incidental to the earthwork or other items of work and no separate payment will be made for their implementation. 2.1.6 Contamination of soil by fuel and lubrications (a) Vehicle/machinery and equipment servicing and maintenance work shall Servicing yards to be used Contractor RDA/ be carried out only in designated locations/ service stations approved by for vehicle servicing PIU, LA, CEA the engineer (b) Approval from CEA in the form of an Environmental Protection Licenses -Do- -do- RDA/ (EPL) should be secured by the contractor if he intends to prepare his PIU own vehicle servicing yard (b) Waste oil, other petroleum products and untreated wastewater shall not be Servicing yards to be used -do- RDA/ discharged on ground so that to avoid soil pollution. Adequate measures for vehicle servicing and PIU, LA, CEA shall be taken against pollution of soil by spillage of petroleum/oil products locations along the road from storage tanks and containers. All waste petroleum products shall be section where vehicles will disposed of in accordance with the guidelines issued by the CEA or the be temporarily stationed engineer. (c) Sites used for vehicle and plant service and maintenance shall be restored New servicing yards -do- -do- back to its initial status. Site restoration will be considered as incidental to developed by the contractor work. for the project 2.1.7 Disposal of harmful construction wastes (a) Contractor prior to the commencement of work shall provide list of harmful, Locations identified to store Contractor RDA/PIU, LA, hazardous and risky chemicals/ material that will be used in the project chemicals and waste CEA work to the Engineer. Contractor shall also provide the list of places where disposal such chemicals/materials or their containers or other harmful materials have been dumped as waste at the end of the project. (a) All disposal sites should be approved by the engineer and approved by -Do- -do- RDA/PIU CEA and relevant local authority. (b) The contractor shall clean up any area including water-bodies All affected water bodies -do- -do- affected/contaminated (if any) as directed by the engineer at his own cost. close to material storage

v

Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision and waste disposal sites 2.1.8. Quarry operations (a) Utilizing the existing quarry sites if available in the project influential area All, quarry sites which will Contractor RDA/PIU, as much as possible which are approved by GSMB or local authorities, be used during construction GSMB, CEA, operating with EPL and Industrial Mining Licences (IML); phase LA If new quarries are to be opened, prior approval should be obtained from GSMB, CEA and local authorities such as Pradeshiya Sabha if any; Selected quarry sites should have proper safety measures such as warnings, safety nets etc., and third party insurance cover to protect external parties that may be affected due to blasting. (b) It is recommended not to seek material from quarries that have ongoing -Do- -do- -do- disputes with community. (c) The maintenance and rehabilitation of the access roads in the event of -Do- -do- -do- damage by the contractors operations shall be a responsibility of the contractor.

2.2 Storage and handling of construction material 2.2.1 Emission of dust (a) Storage locations of sand, metal, soil should be located away from At all material storage Contractor RDA/PIU settlements and other sensitive receptors and covered (with artificial locations (stock piles of barriers or natural vegetation). sand, metal) Measures given under clauses 2.5.1 should be considered within material storage site to minimize dust during handling of material. All access roads within the storage site should be sprinkled with water for dust suspension. 2.2.2 Storage of fuel, oil and chemicals (avoid fumes and offensive odour) (a) All cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should be stored At all material storage -do- -do- and handled on an impervious surface (concrete slab) above ground level. locations (cement, bitumen, Storage facility of cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals fuel, oil and other chemicals should be an enclosed structure ensuring that no storm water flows in to used for construction the structure. activities) A ridge should be placed around the storage facility to avoid runoff getting in to the material storage structure. Adequate ventilation should be kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and offensive odour that could be harmful to material handlers.

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision Measures given under clause 2.10 should be considered to avoid any accidents and risks to worker population and public. 2.2.3 Transportation of material (a) The contractor should avoid over loaded trucks to transport material to Throughout the road Contractor RDA/PIU construction sites. 2.3. Water – Protection of Water Sources and Quality 2.3.1. Loss of minor water sources and disruption to water users (a) Contractor should make employees aware on water conservation and Throughout the road trace Contractor RDA/PIU waste minimization in the construction process. and at worker camps (b) Contractor shall protect sources of water (potable or otherwise) such as Wells and other public -do- RDA/PIU, LA water sources used by the community so that continued use these water water sources locations sources will not be disrupted by the work. In case the closer of such throughout the road trace sources is required on temporary basis contractor shall provide alternative arrangement for supply. Alternative sources such as wells thus provided should be within acceptable distance to the original sources and accessible to the affected community. (c) Contractor shall not divert, close or block existing canals and streams in a Near to all streams -do- RDA/PIU, LA/ manner that adversely affect down – stream intakes. If diversion or closure throughout the road NWS&DB/DS or blocking of canals and streams is required for the execution of work, contractor must obtain the engineers approval in writing. Contractor shall also obtain the approval from the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWS&DB) or local authority of Divisional Secretary depending on the operating agency of the intake/water supply. Contractor shall restore the drainage path back to its original status once the need for such diversion or closure or blockage ceased to exist. During the affected period contractor shall supply water to the affected community. (d) In case the contractors activities going to adversely affect the quantity or Throughout the road trace -do- -do- quality of water, the contractor shall serve notice to the relevant authorities and downstream users of water sufficiently in advance. 2.3.2 Siltation into water bodies (a) Contractor shall take measures to prevent siltation of water bodies as a Streams located Contractor RDA/PIU, LA, result of his work including construction of temporary/ permanent devices throughout the road trace; Irrigation to prevent water pollution due to siltation and increase of turbidity. These 35.5km, 48.7 – 52.1km, Dept, shall include the measures against erosion as per EMAP 2.1.5. 67.5 – 70.2km, 75km, Agrarian 88km, 91.5 – 97.6km Services

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision Dept (b) Construction materials containing small/ fine particles shall be stored in -do- -do- places not subjected to flooding and in such a manner that these materials will not be washed away by runoff. (C) Temporary soil dumps should be placed at least 200m away from all water -do- -do- bodies

(d) If temporary soil piles are left at the site for a long time those piles should -do- -do- be covered with thick polythene sheets

(f) All fills, back fills and slopes should be compacted immediately to reach -do- -do- the specified degree of compaction and establishment of proper mulch 2.3.3 Alteration of drainage paths (a) Contractor shall not close or block existing canals and streams All streams and irrigation Contractor RDA/PIU, DI/ permanently. If diversion or closure or blocking of canals and streams is canals located crossed by DS/ASD required for the execution of work (e.g. for construction of bypass), the road/adjacent to the contractor must first obtain the Engineers approval in writing. Contractor road. shall carry out an investigation and report to the Engineer, if an investigation is requested by the Engineer. Contractor shall also obtain And all bridges and culverts the approval from the relevant agency such as Department of Irrigation that will be widened, (DI)/Agrarian Services Department (ASD)/Divisional Secretary (DS) prior repaired or reconstructed to such action is taken. Contractors shall restore the drainage path back to With special attention to its original status once the need for such diversion or closure or blockage locations mentioned in is no longer required. 2.3.2.

(b) The debris and spoil shall be disposed in such a manner that waterways -do- -do- and drainage paths are not blocked. (c) Avoid/ minimize construction works near/ at such drainage locations during -do- -do- heavy rain seasons such as Mara rains from November to December. 2.3.4. Contamination of water from construction wastes (a) The work shall be carried out in such a manner that pollution of natural At all watercourses located Contractor RDA/ watercourses, inland tanks and irrigation canals is avoided. Measures as adjacent to the road trace PIU, LA, CEA given in 2.1.6., 2.1.7, 2.1.8, 2.3.2 and 2.3.6. clauses shall be taken to prevent the wastewater produced in construction from entering directly into

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision streams, water bodies or the irrigation systems. (b) Avoid/ minimize construction works near/ at such drainage locations during -do- -do- -do- heavy rain seasons such as Mara rains from November to December. (b) The discharge standards promulgated under the National Environmental -do- -do- -do- Act shall be strictly adhered to. All waste arising from the project is to be disposed in a manner that is acceptable to the engineer and as per the guidelines/instructions issued by the CEA. 2.3.5. Contamination from fuel and lubricants (a) All vehicle and plant maintenance and servicing stations shall be located Vehicle and plant Contractor RDA/ and operated as per the conditions and /or guidelines stipulated under the maintenance and servicing PIU, LA, CEA EPL issued by CEA. In general these should be located at least 200m centers away from water bodies and wastewater shall not be disposed without meeting the disposal standards of the CEA. Wastewater from vehicle and plant maintenance and servicing stations shall be cleared of oil and grease and other contaminants to meet the relevant standards before discharging to the environment. (b) Vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and re-filling shall be Yards, servicing centers -do- -do- done as required in EMAP clause 2.1.6. to prevent water pollution as well 2.3.6. Locating, sanitation and waste disposal in construction camps (a) Locations selected for labour camps should be approved by engineer and Throughout the road Contractor RDA/ comply with guidelines/ recommendations issued by the CEA/Local Sensitive locations; PIU, LA, Authority (LA). Construction labourer’s camps shall not be located within CEA, DWLC, 200m from waterways, within an area coming under DoF, near to a site or E.g. Chunnavil forest DoF premises of religious, cultural or archeological importance and school. reserve; 35.5km to 48.7km and Nagapaduwan forest reserve from 57.7km to 60km on LHS and Mandakalar forest reserve from 35.5km to 48.7km on RHS and low lying areas and all streams as in 2.3.2. (b) Labour camps shall be provided with adequate and appropriate facilities At all labour camps -do- -do- for disposal of sewerage and solid waste. The sewage systems shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no pollution to ground or adjacent water bodies/watercourses takes place. Garbage bins shall be

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision provided the camps and regularly emptied. Garbage should be disposed off in a hygienic manner, to the satisfaction of the relevant norms. Compliance with the relevant regulations and guidelines issued by the CEA/LA shall be strictly adhered to. (c) Contractor shall ensure that all camps are kept clean and hygienic. -Do- -do- -do- Necessary measures shall be taken to prevent breeding of vectors (d) Contractor shall report any outbreak of infectious disease of importance in Throughout the project -do- -do- a labour camp to the engineer and the Medical Officer of Health (MOH) or influential area with special to the Public Health Inspector (PHI) of the area immediately. Contractor attention near to labour shall carry out all instructions issued by the authorities, if any. camps (e) Contractor shall adhere to the CEA recommendations on disposal of At all labour camps -do- -do- wastewater. Wastewater shall not be discharged to ground or waterways in a manner that will cause unacceptable surface or ground water pollution. (f) All relevant provisions of the Factories Act and any other relevant regulations -Do- -do- -do- aimed at safety and health of workers shall be adhered to. (g) Contractor should remove all labour camps fully after its need is over, -Do- -do- -do- empty septic tanks, remove all garbage, debris and clean and restore the area back to its former condition. 2.3.7. Wastage of water and waste minimization (a) The contractor will minimize wastage of water in the construction Throughout the road trace Contractor RDA/PIU, LA, process/operations by reusing water as much as possible, utilizing only the and labour camps CEA required amount of water for the construction works etc… (b) The contractor shall educate and made employees aware on water -Do- -do- -do- conservation, waste minimization and safe disposal of waste following guidelines given by CEA and LA. 2.3.8. Extraction of water (a) The contractor is responsible for arranging adequate supply of water for Throughout the road trace Contractor RDA/PIU, LA the project purpose throughout the construction period. Contractor shall and at labour camps not obtain water for his purposes including for labour camps from public or community water supplies without approval from the relevant authority. Such extraction (if approved) should be under direct supervision of the engineer (b) Extraction of water by the contractor for the project purposes shall comply -do- -do- -do- x

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision with the guidelines and instructions issued by relevant authority. . The Contractor shall not extract water from groundwater or from surface water-bodies without permission from the Engineer. (c) Construction over and close to the non-perennial streams shall be At all streams canals -do- RDA/PIU undertaken in the dry season. Construction over the irrigation canals, if crossed by the road. disruption to the flow, quality of water and impact on the irrigation structure is expected (or probable in the view of the Engineer), will be undertaken under necessary permission from the Department of Irrigation. (d) The Contractor may use the natural sources of water subject to the At all natural water sources -do- RDA/PIU, LA provision that any claim arising out of conflicts with other users of the said used for construction works natural sources of water shall be made good entirely by the contractor 2.4. Flood Prevention 2.4.1. Blockage of drainage paths and drains (a) Contractor’s activities shall not lead to flooding conditions as a result of Along the road where road Contractor RDA/PIU blocked drainage paths and drains. The contractor shall take all measures will be placed on necessary or as directed by the Engineer to keep all drainage paths and embankment, at locations drains clear of blockage at all times. where bridges and culverts are to be widened, repaired or reconstructed. (locations given in 2.3.2. and flood prone areas; Sangupiddy jetty, 34 – 37km, 38 – 39km, 45.6 – 52km, 67.6 – 72.6 and 91.6 – 98.6km (b) If flooding or stagnation of water is caused by contractor’s activities, -Do- -do- -do- contractors shall provide suitable means to (a) prevent loss of access to any land or property and (b) prevent damage to land and property. Contractor shall compensate for any loss of income or damage as a result. 2.4.2 Work in Flood Prone Areas (a) Contractor’s activities shall not lead to aggravate floods in flood prone Special attention to Flood Contractor RDA/PIU, areas when working in flood prone areas. prone areas such as: DI/SLLRDC Saugudupiddy jetty area and locations 2.4.1 (a) (b) When working in flood prone areas during rainy season the contractor -Do- -do- -do- xi

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision shall avoid storing materials, chemicals and other items of work in areas where those can be washed away by the floods. 2.5 Air Pollution 2.5.1. Generation of Dust (a) The contractor shall effectively manage the dust generating activities such Throughout the road where Contractor RDA/PIU as topsoil removal, handling and transporting sand, rubble, bitumen, and earth work will take place, cement during periods of high winds or during more stable conditions with storage locations of sand, winds directed towards adjacent residences and other facilities. rubble, bitumen, cement (b) All stockpiles shall be located sufficiently away from sensitive receptors. and all sub roads used for -do- -do- material transportation, -do- -do- (c) All vehicles delivering materials shall be covered to avoid spillage and dust paying special attention to emission. existing settlement areas (d) The Contractor should avoid, where possible and take suitable action to -do- -do- prevent dirt and mud being carried to the roads (particularly following wet weather). (e) The contractor should enforce vehicle speed limits to minimize dust -do- -do- generation. (f) The Contractor shall employ a water truck to sprinkle water for dust -do- -do- suppression on all exposed areas as required (note: the use of waste water / waste oil for dust suppression is prohibited) (g) All cleared areas shall be rehabilitated progressively. -do- -do- (h) All earthwork shall be protected in a manner acceptable to the minimize -do- -do- generation of dust. (i) All existing highways and roads used by vehicles of the contractor, or any -do- -do- of his sub-contractor or supplies of materials or plant and similarly roads which are part of the works shall be kept clean and clear of all dust/mud or other extraneous materials dropped by such vehicles or their tyres. (j) Clearance shall be affected immediately by manual sweeping and removal -do- -do- of debris, or, if so directed by the Engineer, by mechanical sweeping and clearing equipment. Additionally, if so directed by the Engineer, the road surface will be hosed or sprinkled water using appropriate equipments. (k) Plants, machinery and equipment shall be handled (including dismantling) -do- -do- so as to minimize generation of dust. (l) The contractor shall take every precaution to reduce the level of dust -do- -do- emission from the hot mix plants and the batching plants up to the xii

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision satisfaction of the Engineer in accordance with the relevant emission norms. (m) The hot mix plant be sited in accordance with CEA guidelines and -do- -do- operated with an EPL. The hot mix plants shall be fitted with the requirements of the relevant current emission control legislation. 2.5.2 Emission from Hot-Mix Plants and Batching Plants (a) The hot mix plants and batching plants shall be sited in accordance with Locations at which hot mix Contractor RDA/PIU, CEA guidelines. It is recommended that hot mix plants and batching plants plant/s and concrete CEA to be located sufficiently away from sensitive receptors such as vulnerable batching plant/s to be habitats, religious, cultural and archaeological sites, residential areas, located schools and industrial areas (locations given in item 2.4.1). (b) The exhaust gases shall comply with the requirements of the relevant -Do- -do- -do- current emission control legislation. All operations at plants shall be undertaken in accordance with all current rules and regulations protecting the environment as well as the conditions given in the EPL. 2.5.3. Odour and offensive smells (a) Contractor shall take all precautions such as storing all chemicals used for Throughout the road Contractor RDA/PIU, construction works in properly closed containers with good ventilations to including all sites used for CEA, LA prevent odour and offensive smell emanating from chemicals and store all chemicals and processes applied in construction works or from labour camps. In a places where chemical situation when/where odour or offensive smell does occur contractor shall reactions take place. take immediate action to rectify the situation. Contractor is responsible for any compensation involved with any health issue arisen out of bad odour and offensive smells. (b) The waste disposal and sewerage treatment system for the labour camps At all labour camps -do- -do- shall be properly designed, built and operated so that no odour is generated. Compliance with the regulations on health and safety as well as CEA and LA guidelines shall be strictly adhered to. 2.5.4. Emission from construction Vehicles, Equipment and Machinery (a) The emission standards promulgated under the National Environment Act All plants, machinery and Contractor RDA/PIU, shall be strictly adhered to. vehicles used for CEA, LA construction (b) All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction shall be -Do- -do- -do- regularly serviced and well maintained to ensure that emission levels comply with the relevant standards. xiii

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision (c) Contractor should obtain the certificate issued by the Vehicular Emission -Do- -do- -do- Test (VET) for all construction vehicles, plants and other machineries and it should be renewed annually 2.5.5. Air Pollution from Crusher (a) Crusher plants should operate under an EPL and shall confirm to relevant Quarry sites operated for Contractor RDA/PIU, dust emission levels as stated in the EPL. Only the quarries approved by material extraction for the CEA, LA GSMB and holding current EPL shall be used for material extraction. project (b) Crushing plants shall be sited sufficiently away from sensitive receptors Locations where quarry -do- -do- such as houses, schools, hospitals, temples, shrines and outdoor sites will be operated recreation areas (existing settlement areas) or as required by the Engineer. (c) Sprinkling of water (through a sprinkler system) for dust suppression. Locations where quarry -do- -do- sites will be operated 2.6. Noise Pollution and Vibration 2.6.1 Noise from Vehicles, Plants and Equipment. (a) All machinery and equipment should be well maintained and fitted with All machinery and vehicles Contractor RDA/PIU, LA noise reduction devices in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. used for road construction works and near to

(b) In construction sites within 150 m of the nearest habitation, noisy Existing settlement areas -do- -do- construction work such as crushing, concrete mixing and batching, mechanical compaction, etc., will be stopped between 20.00 hours to 06.00 hours. In silence zone (areas up to 100 m around such premises as schools and religious places) no hot-mix, batching or aggregate crushing plant will be allowed. No construction shall take place within 100m around hospitals between 20.00 hours to 06.00 hours. Near noise sensitive sites, such as educational institutional religious places, noisy equipment shall not be used during noise sensitive times of the day. (c) All vehicles and equipment used in construction shall be fitted with exhaust Throughout the road -do- -do- silences. During routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers shall be checked and if found to be defective shall be replaced. Notwithstanding any other conditions of contract, noise level from any item of plant(s) must comply with the relevant legislation for levels of sound emission. Non-compliant plant shall be removed from site.

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision (d) Noise limits for construction equipment used in this project (measured at All equipment, machinery -do- -do- one meter from the edge of the equipment in free field) such as and vehicles used for road compactors, rollers, front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes (moveable), construction works vibrators and saws shall not exceed 75 dB(A). (e) Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular and -Do- -do- -do- proper, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, to keep noise from these at a minimum. (f) Workers in vicinity of strong noise, and workers working with or in Throughout the road, -do- -do- crushing, compaction, batching or concrete mixing operations shall be quarry, crusher plants provided with protective gear. 2.6.2 Vibration (a) Contractor shall take appropriate action to ensure that construction works Throughout the road with Contractor RDA/PIU do not result in damage to adjacent properties due to vibration. special consideration to the area belongs to Department of Archaeology where ruins of Pooneryn fort located at 26.3km. (c) Contractor shall carry out monitoring at the nearest vibration sensitive Throughout the road where -do- -do- receptor during blasting or when other equipments causing vibration are construction works will used. commence (d) The contractor shall modify the method of construction until compliance Throughout the road where -do- -do- with the criteria, if vibration levels exceed the relevant vibration criteria. construction works will commence and at quarry and burrow sites (e) Contractor shall pay due consideration on vibration impacts of blasting on Throughout the road where -do- -do- adjoining structures. Explosive loads shall be determined so that construction works will excessive vibration can be avoided and blasts shall be controlled blasting commence and at quarry in nature. Notwithstanding to these provisions contractor is liable for any sites damage caused by blasting work. 2.7. Impacts to Flora 2.7.1 Loss or Damage to Trees and Vegetation (a) All works shall be carried out in a manner that the destruction to the flora Throughout the road where Contractor RDA/PIU, and their habitats is minimised. Trees and vegetation shall be felled / trees near/ within the DS, DoF removed only if that impinges directly on the permanent works or existing road reservation xv

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision necessary temporary works. In all such cases contractor shall take prior have to be removed and at approval from the Engineer. locations where minor adjustments to the alignment is made as per design requirements (b) Contractor shall make every effort to avoid removal and/or destruction of -Do- -do- -do- trees of religious, cultural and aesthetic significance. If such action is unavoidable the Engineer shall be informed in advance and carry out public consultation and report on the same should be submitted to the Engineer. (c) Contractor shall adhere to the guidelines and recommendations made by -Do- -do- -do- the Central Environmental Authority, if any with regard to felling of trees and removal of vegetation. (d) If the trees and vegetations that require removal is in a forest plantation or Chunnavil forest reserve -do- -do- natural forest under the jurisdiction of the DoF the contractor shall take between 35.5km to 48.7km prior approval from the DoF for such removal and adhere to conditions and Nagapaduwan forest /guidelines imposed by the DoF if any. reserve from 57.7km to 60km (LHS) and Mandakalar forest reserve from 57.7km to 60km (RHS) (e) Removed trees must be handed over to the Timber Corporation. Throughout the road -do- -do- (f) A compensatory tree planting program should be developed in Throughout the road -do- -do- consultation with DoF, local authorities and communities in order to replenish the loss of trees. At least 3 good specimens of same tree species (having > 4 cm DBH) should be planted for each tree removed. Compensatory tree planting should be attended for about two years to promote survival of the replanted specimens

Replanting should be as near as possible to the removal location Planting of selected fast growing trees which are of native species

Replanting in the private lands could be encouraged to compensate impact due to loss of vegetation in private lands

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision 2.7.2 Chance found important Flora (a) During construction, if a rare/threatened/endangered flora species is Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU, found, it shall be immediately informed to the PMU by the contractor. All road DoF activities that could destroy such flora and/or its habitat shall be stopped with immediate effect. Such activities shall be started only after obtaining the Engineer’s approval. Contractor shall carry out all activities and plans that the Engineer instructed him to undertake to conserve such flora and/or its habitat. 2.8. Impact on Fauna 2.8.1. Loss, Damage or Disruption to Fauna (a) All works shall be carried out in such a manner that the destruction or Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU, disruption to the fauna and their habitats is minimum. road DWLC

(b) Construction workers shall be instructed to protect fauna including wild Applicable throughout the -do- -do- animals and aquatic life as well as their habitats. Hunting, pouching and road unauthorized fishing by project workers is not allowed. (c) Siting of all hot mix plants, crushing plants, workshops, depots and Locations selected for -do- -do- temporary worker camps and storing of toxic and hazardous materials at erecting the asphalt, approved locations, and recycling and dumping of solid waste matter at crusher and concrete locations approved by local authorities, maintenance of vehicles and batching plants and equipment in good operable condition, ensuring no leakage of oil or fuel workshops and the fitting of proper exhaust baffles. Any solid waste should not be dumped into water bodies. (d) Regular and adequate fuel supplies of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) or At all worker camps -do- -do- kerosene to worker camps in order to avoid workers scavenging for fuel wood from the forest areas. 2.8.2 Chance found important Fauna (a) During construction, if a rare/threatened/endangered fauna species is Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU, found, it shall be immediately informed to the PMU by the contractor. All road DWLC activities that could destroy such fauna and/or its habitat shall be stopped with immediate effect. Such activities shall be started only after obtaining the Engineer’s approval. Contractor shall carry out all activities and plans that the Engineer instructed him to undertake to conserve such fauna and/or its habitat. xvii

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision 2.9. Disruption to Users 2.9.1 Loss of Access (a) At all times, the Contractor shall provide safe and convenient passage for Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU vehicles, pedestrians and livestock to and from side roads and property road accesses connecting the project road. Work that affects the use of side roads and existing accesses shall not be undertaken without providing adequate provisions to the prior satisfaction of the Engineer. (b) The works shall not interfere unnecessarily or improperly with the -Do- -do- -do- convenience of public or the access to, use and occupation of public or private roads, railways and any other access footpaths to or of properties whether public or private. (c) On completion of the works, all temporary obstructions to access shall be -Do- -do- -do- cleared away, all rubbish and piles of debris that obstruct access be cleared to the satisfaction of the Engineer. (d) Providing advance information to the public about the planned construction -Do- -do- -do- works and activities causing disruption to access roads, and the temporary arrangements made to give relief to public in order to avoid any inconveniences due to the construction activities. (e) Use of flagmen and/or temporary traffic lights to control traffic flows at -Do- -do- -do- constricted sites, including safe crossing for pedestrians especially at town areas and near schools. 2.10. Accidents and Risks 2.10.1 Public and Worker safety (a) All reasonable precautions will be taken to prevent danger of the workers Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU and the public from accidents such as fire, explosions, blasts, falling rocks, road , material storage and falling to excavated pits, chemical sprays, unsafe power supply lines etc. worker camps with especial attention to existing settlements

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision (b) The Contractor shall comply with requirements for the safety of the -Do- -do- -do- workmen as per the international labour organisation (ILO) convention No. 62 and Safety and Health regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka to the extent that those are applicable to this contract. The contractor shall supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, boots, etc., to the workers and staff. The contractor has to comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress. 2.10.2 Prevention of Risks of Electrocution (a) All electrical wiring and supply related work should confirm to British Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU Standards (BS) or relevant Sri Lankan Standards. Adequate precautions road , material storage and will be taken to prevent danger of electrocuting from electrical equipment worker camps and power supply lines including distribution boards, transformers, etc. Measures such as danger signboards, danger/red lights, fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public and workers. All electric power driven machines to be used in the construction shall be free from defect, be properly maintained and kept in good working order, be regularly inspected and as per BS provisions and to the satisfaction of the Engineer 2.10.3 Risk at Hazardous Activity (a) All workers employed in hazardous activities shall be provided with Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU necessary protective gear. These activities include mixing asphalt road , quarry site and material, cement, lime mortars, concrete etc., welding work, work at burrow pits crushing plants, blasting work, operators of machinery and equipment such as power saws, etc. (b) The use of any toxic chemical shall be strictly in accordance with the Applicable throughout the -do- -do- manufacturer’s instructions. The Engineer shall be notified of toxic road chemicals that are planned to be used in all contract related activities. A register of all toxic chemicals delivered to the site shall be kept and maintained up to date by the Contractor. The register shall include the trade name, physical properties and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health and safety hazard information, safe handling and storage procedures, and emergency and first aid procedures for the product. 2.10.4 Lead Pollution

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Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision (a) No paint containing lead or lead products will be used except in the form of Workshops, yards where Contractor RDA/PIU paste or readymade paint. Facemasks shall be supplied to workers who spray painting is done are working in spray painting or scraping lead paints. 2.10.5 Handling of Explosives (a) Except as provided in the contract or ordered or authorized by the All locations where blasting Contractor RDA/PIU, Engineer, the Contractor shall not use explosives. Where the use of activities will commence LA/CEA explosives is so provided or ordered or authorized, the Contractor shall comply with the requirements of the following Sub-Clauses of this Clause besides the law of the land as applicable. (b) The Contractor shall at all times take every possible precaution and shall -Do- -do- RDA/PIU, comply with relevant laws and regulations relating to the importation, MoD handling, transportation, storage and use of explosives. Contractor shall obtain Ministry of Defence (MoD) approval for importing and handling explosives and keep the Local Police informed of the same. (c) Contractor shall take precaution to prevent injury to people and damage -Do- -do- RDA/PIU the structures/houses and vehicles in the vicinity at the locations of blasting work. Blasting should be controlled to prevent vibration damage to structures and injury to people. The vehicles and road users should be stopped at a reasonable distance from the site and people in the vicinity should be informed when the blasting is carried out. Any debris on the road should be removed promptly before clearing the road for users. Blasting work should be carried out in off peak hours but not during the hours of darkness or at other times, which may cause unacceptable disturbance to religious or other ceremonies. (d) Sufficient and adequate warning shall be given prior to blasting. Use of -Do- -do- -do- flagmen, siren, etc. should be arranged to the full satisfaction of the Engineer. The public in the area should be informed well in advance about the blasting operation and timing. 2.11. Health and Safety 2.11.1 Prevention of Vector based Diseases (a) Contractor shall take necessary actions to prevent breeding of mosquitoes At worker camps, stores, Contractor RDA/PIU, LA at places of work, labour camps, plus office and store buildings. yards Stagnation of water in all areas including gutters, used and empty cans, containers, tyres, etc shall be prevented. Approved chemicals to destroy

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Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision mosquitoes and larvae should be regularly applied.

All burrow sites should be rehabilitated at the end of their use by the contractor in accordance with the requirements/guidelines issued by the Central Environmental authority and relevant local authorities (b) Contractor shall keep all places of work, labour camps, plus office and -Do- -do- -do- store buildings clean devoid of garbage to prevent breeding of rats and other vectors such as flies. 2.11.2 Workers Health and Safety (a) Contractor shall comply with the provisions in Health and Safety Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU regulations under the Factory Ordinance with regard to provision of health road, workshops and and safety measures and amenities at work place(s). worker camps (b) A special training for workers to be safe from land mines in un cleared Applicable throughout the areas and demarcating the un cleared areas with relevant signs. road

2.11.3 First Aid (a) At every workplace, first aid kit shall be provided as per the regulations. At Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU, LA every workplace an ambulance room containing the prescribed equipment road, quarry, crusher, and nursing staff shall be provided. concrete batching plants, workshops and worker camps 2.11.4 Potable Water (a) In every workplace and labour camps portable water shall be available Applicable throughout the -do- -do- throughout the day in sufficient quantities. road (work sites), quarry, crusher, concrete batching plants, workshops and worker camps 2.11.5 Hygiene (a) The contractor shall provide and maintain necessary (temporary) living Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU, LA accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour to standards and scale road, workshops, worker (MC), CEA xxi

Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision approved by the resident engineer. camps (b) At every workplace and labour camps sufficient number of bathing Worker camps and -do- -do- facilities, latrines and urinals shall be provided in accordance with the temporary sheds at work Health and Safety regulations and/or as directed by the Engineer. These sites bathroom and toilet facilities shall be suitably located within the workplace/buildings. Latrines shall be cleaned at least three times daily in the morning, midday and evening and kept in a strict sanitary condition. If women are employed, separate latrines and urinals, screened from those for men and marked in the vernacular shall be provided. There shall be adequate supply of water, within and close to latrines and urinals. (c) The sewage system for the camp must be properly designed, built and Worker camps and -do- -do- operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air, temporary sheds at work ground or adjacent watercourses takes place. sites

(d) Garbage bins must be provided in the camp, work sites and regularly -Do- -do- -do- emptied and the garbage disposed off in a hygienic manner. Construction camps shall have a clean hygienic environment and adequate health care shall be provided for the work force. (e) Unless otherwise arranged for by the Local Authority, the contractor shall -Do- -do- -do- arrange proper disposal of sludge from septic tanks. The contractor shall obtain approval for such disposal from the Public Health Inspector of the area. 2.12 Protection of Archaeological, Cultural and Religious Places and Properties 2.12.1 Prevention of damage to Archaeological, Cultural and Religious Places and Properties (a) During construction activities the contractor should take all necessary and Throughout the road with Contractor RDA/PIU, adequate care to minimize impacts on archaeological and cultural special attention at DoA, LA, properties which includes cultural sites and remains, places of worship Poonarine Fort (26.3km) Religious including temples, mosques, churches and shrines. and other cultural leaders properties found along the Workers should not be allowed to trespass in to such areas. road

(b) Conservation and protection measures shall be taken up as per design -Do- -do- -do- and as per the instructions issued by the Department of Archaeology xxii

Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision (DoA) or Department of Cultural Affairs when working close to such sites. Contractor shall seek advice from the Engineer if such instructions are not available. Access to such properties from the road shall be maintained clear and clean. (c) Blasting work shall not be allowed near or within archaeological and -Do- -do- -do- historical sites without prior approval of the Department of Archaeology and the Engineer. 2.12.2 Chance found Archaeological property (a) All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity and structures and other Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU, remains or things of geological or archaeological interest etc. discovered road DoA on the site and/or during construction work shall be the property of the Government of Sri Lanka, and shall be dealt with as per provisions of For the construction works Antiquities Ordinance of 1940 (Revised in 1956 & 1998) close to ruins of Pooneryn fort at 26.3km (b) The contractor shall take reasonable precaution to prevent his workmen or -Do- -do- -do- any other persons from removing and damaging any such article or thing and shall, immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer of such discovery and carry out the Engineer’s instructions for dealing with the same, awaiting which all work shall be stopped within 100m in all directions from the site of discovery. (c) If directed by the Engineers the Contractor shall obtain advice and assistance -Do- -do- -do- from the Department of Archaeological of Sri Lanka on conservation measures to be taken with regard to the artefacts prior to recommencement of work in the area. 2.13 Environmental Enhancement 2.13.1 Roadside Landscape (a) Road landscape plantation, re-vegetation of road embankments and other Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU slopes, edge treatment of water bodies shall be taken up as per either road, and all locations used detailed design or typical design guidelines given as part of the Bid for quarry sites, burrow pits, Documents. The contactor also shall remove all debris, piles of unwanted asphalt plant, concrete earth, spoil material, away from the roadsides and from other work places batching plants, workshops and disposed at locations designated or acceptable to the Engineer or as and labour camps per Clause 2.1.1.

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Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision (b) On completion of the works, the temporary structures shall be cleared -Do- -do- -do- away in full, all rubbish burnt, waste dumps and septic tank shall be filled and closed and roadsides, workplaces and labour camps, cleared and cleaned. 2.13.2 Utilities and Roadside Amenities (a) Contractor shall replace all amenities such as bus shelters that were Places where bus shelters Contractor RDA/PIU removed/ relocated during the construction unless the Engineer directed are located along the road. the contractor not to do so. (b) Contractor shall take care not to damage/destroy or affect the functional At all locations where -do- -do- purposes of utilities such as water, electricity, telephone posts. The electricity and arrangements the contractor made with those service providers shall be telecommunication supply informed to the Engineer in writing (advance work). Contractor shall lines are crossing the road assist the service providers in whatever possible manner to minimize and located close to the disruption to such services. road edge. (c) In case of an inadvertent damage cause to a utility, the contractor shall Applicable throughout the -do- -do- immediately inform the service provider and help to restore the service road without delay. 2.13.3 Road Furniture (a) Road furniture including footpaths, railings, storm water drains, crash Applicable throughout the Contractor RDA/PIU barrier, traffic signs, speed zone signs, pavement markers and any other road such items will be provided as per design given in the Bid Documents. (b) Intersections, rotaries, traffic islands, roadside protection and other -Do- -do- -do- structures or furniture shall be constructed, complete with the landscape elements as per design in the above manner. 2.14 Handling Environmental Issues during Construction (a) The Contractor will appoint a suitably qualified Environmental Officer Throughout the project Contractor RDA/PIU following the award of the contract. The Environmental Officer will be the construction period primary point of contact for assistance with all environmental issues during the pre-construction and construction phases. He/ She shall be responsible for ensuring the implementation of EMAP. (b) The Contractor shall appoint a person responsible for community liaison -Do- -do- -do- and to handle public complaints regarding environmental/ social related matters. All public complaints will be entered into the Complaints Register. The Environmental Officer will promptly investigate and review xxiv

Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision environmental complaints and implement the appropriate corrective actions to arrest or mitigate the cause of the complaints. A register of all complaints is to be passed to the Engineer within 24 hrs they are received, with the action taken by the Environmental Officer on complains thereof. (c) Contractor shall develop suitable method to receive complaints. The Throughout the project -do- -do- complain register shall be placed at a convenient place, easily accessible construction period by the public. At local authority and divisional secretary offices (d) Contractor shall prepare detailed Environmental Method Statement (EMS) Throughout the project -do- -do- clearly stating the approach, actions and manner in which the EMAP is construction period implemented. It is required from the contractor to prepare the EMS for each work site, if work will be carried out at more than one site at once and time plan for implementation. The EMS shall be updated regularly and submit for Engineers review. 3.0 Operational stage 3.1 Stagnation of water at culverts during heavy rains due to siltation and blocking of openings with debris. Regular clearing/ cleaning and maintenance of all culverts to reduce the At all hydraulic structures RDA chances of failures and blocking due to debris. Maintenance manual of throughout the trace RDA should be followed to maintain the road drainage system

3.2 Loss, damage or disruption to fauna Placing warning signs at locations where wild animal movement corridors Chunnavil forest reserve RDA RDA, DWLC cross the road. between 35.5km to 48.7km and Nagapaduwan forest Such sign posts should be placed at least 1 km before approaching the reserve from 57.7km to area in order for the drivers to be more vigilant and reduce speed. 60km (LHS) and Mandakalar forest reserve from 57.7km to 60km (RHS) 3.3. Road safety (a) All road furniture described under item 2.12.3 should be maintained by Throughout the road RDA RDA RDA

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Annexure 6.1

Environmental Protection and preventive measures Locations/ Project phase Institutional Issues Responsibility Implement Supervision (b) A management plan should be formulated with the local police to avoid Throughout the road RDA RDA, LA any vehicle to carry loads that exceed the carrying capacity (load) of the (local police) rehabilitated road. Weigh stations could be introduced at selected locations to measure the load of vehicle. 3.4 Encochement of new ROW Continuous monitoring and strict regulations should be followed to avoid Throughout the road RDA RDA the encroachment. Executive Engineers under direct supervision of Chief Engineer and Provincial Director should conduct regular checking along the road and remove any unauthorized activities within the ROW.

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Annexure 6.2

Environmental Monitoring Plan

Annexure 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMOP) FOR THE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Navatkuli (0.00km) to Mannar (103.3km) road section of Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) highway

Environmental Project Parameters Location1 Frequency Standards Rate Approximate Implementation Supervision Component Stage Cost (SLRs) Air Quality Design and TSPM, PM10, 1. Navatkuli (1km) Design: 2 NAAQS of Sri Rs 600,000 Contractor RDA/ESD Construction NOx , CO, 2. Poonarin (26.3km) times Lanka 12,000 through stage SOx , Pb 3. Mulankavil (54km) Construction: per approved 4. Illupukadavei 4/Yr for 2 Yrs sample monitoring (75km) agency 5. Thallady (100km) Operation TSPM, PM10, 1. Navatkuli (1km) 2 times NAAQS of Sri Rs 120,000 RDA through RDA/ESD stage NOx, CO, HC, 2. Poonarin (26.3km) Lanka 12,000 approved Pb, SOx 3. Mulankavil (54km) per monitoring 4. Illupukadavei sample agency (75km) 5. Thallady (100km) Water Quality Design and EC, pH, DO, 1. Lagoon at Design: 2 CEA advisory Rs 300,000 Contractor RDA/ESD Construction TSS, BOD, Sagupiddy (17.4km) times guidelines 6,000 through stage Oil and 2. Mandekal Aru Construction: per approved grease, Lead, (35.5km) 4/Yr for 2 Yrs sample monitoring E. Coli 3. Chippi Aru (67.5km) agency 4. Menankaddai Aru (75km) 5. Stream (87.8km) Operation EC, pH, DO, 1. Lagoon at 2 times CEA advisory Rs 60,000 RDA through RDA/ESD stage TSS, BOD, Sagupiddy (17.4km) guidelines 6,000 approved Oil and 2. Mandekal Aru per monitoring grease, Lead, (35.5km) sample agency E. Coli 3. Chippi Aru (67.5km) 4. Menankaddai Aru (75km) 5. Stream (87.8km) Noise Levels Design and dB levels 1. Navatkuli (1km) Design: 2 National Rs 675,000 Contractor RDA/ESD Construction 2. Poonarin (26.3km) Construction: Environmental 13,500 through stage 3. Mulankavil (54km) 4/Yr for 2 Yrs (Noise per approved 4. Illupukadavei Control) sample monitoring (75km) Regulations day agency 5. Thallady (100km) 1996(no. 924/12) Operation dB levels 1. Navatkuli (1km) 2 times National Rs 27,000 RDA through RDA/ESD stage 2. Poonarin (26.3km) Environmental 13,500 approved 3. Mulankavil (54km) (Noise per monitoring 4. Illupukadavei Control) sample agency (75km) Regulations day 5. Thallady (100km) 1996(no. 924/12)

i Environmental and Social Division, RDA Annexure 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMOP) FOR THE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Navatkuli (0.00km) to Mannar (103.3km) road section of Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) highway

Environmental Project Parameters Location1 Frequency Standards Rate Approximate Implementation Supervision Component Stage Cost (SLRs) Flora Design and Replanting of On either side of the 1 visit Diversity of Rs 20,000 RDA, through RDA/ESD Construction trees road within the Right of species 20,000 recognized stage Way replanted per visit community based organization Operation Survival of On either side of the 1 visit Percentage of Rs 20,000 RDA RDA/ESD stage trees road within the Right of survival 20,000 Way per visit Fauna Design stage Diversity of Project influencing area 2 visits Rs 40,000 RDA RDA/ESD species with special attention to 20,000 Mahakanadarawawewa per visit sanctuary (93km to 95.3km) and Pankulam Proposed Forest Reserve (140km to 179km)

Construction Diversity of Project influencing area 2 visits/yr for Rs 80,000 RDA RDA/ESD stage species with special attention to 2yrs 20,000 Mahakanadarawawewa per visit sanctuary (93km to 95.3km) and Pankulam Proposed Forest Reserve (140km to 179km) Operation Diversity of Project influencing area 2 visits Rs 40,000 RDA RDA/ESD stage species with special attention to 20,000 Mahakanadarawawewa per visit sanctuary (93km to 95.3km) and Pankulam Proposed Forest Reserve (140km to 179km) Total SLR.1,982,000 US$.17,310.04 Note:

TSPM = Total Suspended Particulate Matter, PM10 = Respirable Particulate Matter < 10μm diameter, NOx = Oxides of Nitrogen, CO = Carbon Monoxide, SOx = Oxides of Sulphur, Pb = Lead, HC = Hydro Carbons, EC = Electrical Conductivity, DO = Dissolved Oxygen, TSS = Total Suspended Solids, BOD = Biological Oxygen demand, ESD = Environmental and Social Division, RDA = Road Development Authority. 1$ = SLRs. 114.50 (November, 2009)

1 Note: Number of replicates and sampling locations could be varied according to the requirement once the EMOP is implemented ii Environmental and Social Division, RDA Location Map Navatkuli – Karativu – Mannar (A032) Highway MAP 1

Jaffna

A032/A009 Junction

Sagupiddy Ferry Crossing

Poonarin (26km)

MAP 2

Mulankavil (54km)

Vellankulam (62km)

Illuppukadavei (75km)

A032/A014 Junction

Mannar

Annexure 7

Environmental Clearance from the Central Environmental Authority