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Defeatingpeerdefeating Reviewed Ticksticks DEFEATINGPEERDEFEATING REVIEWED TICKSTICKS Practical Tips for Preventing Tick-Borne Disease in Pets Lindsay Starkey, DVM, and Susan Little, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM (Parasitology) eterinary practices nationwide have seen an mon source of blood for many species of ticks, with increase in tick infestations in recent years. A the notable exception of R sanguineus, which feeds V 16 number of environmental factors can conspire on dogs. However, most ticks will readily feed on a to result in a tick infestation surge, including higher pet or human. populations of wildlife hosts, better habitat, and more supportive climate.1-4 Veterinarians need to provide Signs of Infestation solutions that improve the welfare of infested pets and Attached ticks incite a local inflammatory response, secure peace of mind for their owners. causing pruritus, which can lead to irritation and, potentially, secondary bacterial infections. In addi- OVERVIEW tion, blood loss from ticks can become significant dur- Geographic Distribution ing heavy infestations. A few ticks feeding to capacity Practitioners in the upper Midwest and Northeast do not pose a threat to the host’s blood volume. How- United States have been battling Ixodes scapularis ever, in environments with intense tick populations, for decades,5-8 while those on the West Coast are well an individual animal may acquire hundreds or thou- acquainted with Ixodes pacificus.5,9 The south central sands of ticks, and severe blood loss may result.17 As and southeastern regions are ideal tick habitats for with other forms of arthropod-induced anemia, such Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabi- as flea anemia, smaller, younger animals are at a high- lis as well as Ixodes scapularis.5,10-14 No region is free er risk for mortality, but adult, immune-competent ani- from Rhipicephalus sanguineus; this tick, common- mals can also develop anemia if there are substantial ly known as the brown dog tick, is seen nationwide.5,15 numbers of ticks feeding simultaneously. Hosts TICK SPECIES & HABITATS Ticks require a blood meal from a host to contin- A number of different tick species infest and transmit ue their development. This, in turn, means they are disease to dogs and cats in North America (Figure 1). vectors of a variety of viral, bacterial, and protozoal Most of the tick species common in U.S. pets are ticks of organisms that can cause morbidity and mortality in wildlife that pets acquire when they enter habitats fre- both pets and people. Wildlife hosts are the most com- quented by the hosts of the immature or adult stages. 40 Today’s Veterinary Practice September/October 2012 DEFEATING TICKS: PRACTICAL TIPS FOR PREVENTING TICK-BORNE DISEASE IN PETS | Amblyomma americanum Amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick, is com- monly found on deer throughout the eastern two- thirds of the U.S. Larval, nymphal, and adult ticks that are actively seeking hosts, or questing, are present in wooded habitats frequented by deer and other wild- life hosts; pets or humans that enter these habitats during times of peak activity will encounter a virtual- ly inexhaustible supply of these ticks.18 Ixodes scapularis The black-legged tick or deer tick, Ixodes scapular- is, has a similarly immense population in wooded regions; in areas where this tick dominates, nymphs and adults can sometimes be found on virtually every piece of vegetation. Rodents serve as the primary host for immature Ixodes species in many areas, but deer Figure 1. Adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus (A), Ambly- are a cornerstone species for the reproductively active omma americanum (B), and Ixodes scapularis (C) adult ticks and support the overall population.17 ticks commonly attach to and feed on dogs not pro- tected with an acaricide. Dermacentor variabilis The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, is very commonly encountered in natural outdoor envi- Adult A maculatum prefer larger mammals, such as ronments, but prefers grassy, overgrown meadows cattle, horses, or deer, but will feed on a dog or per- or taller vegetation along trails. Because immature D son if the opportunity arises.19 variabilis feed on rodents while adults feed on medi- um-sized mammals, brush piles, agricultural struc- Rhipicephalus sanguineus tures, or other habitats that attract nesting rodents One notable exception to the rule of ticks being sup- and hosts for the adults, such as raccoons, coyotes, or ported by wildlife hosts and acquired from natural foxes, will see increased tick populations.17 habitats is the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus san- guineus. This tick, also commonly known as the ken- Amblyomma maculatum nel tick, has the unique ability to thrive in the relative- The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, tends ly low humidity found in most indoor environments.15 to feed on ground dwelling birds and rodents when All life stages of R sanguineus have a strong pref- immature; these ticks are often found in more open erence for dogs, which means that infestations are habitats than the wooded habitats of A americanum. invariably associated with the presence of dogs and TICK SPECIES: LOCATION, HABITAT, & INFECTIOUS DISEASE U.S. Location Habitat Major Infectious Diseases American Dog Tick South central & Grassy, overgrown Ehrlichiosis Dermacentor southeastern regions meadows, taller vegetation, Spotted fever variabilis & brush piles/agricultural structures Black-Legged/ Midwest, Northeast, Wooded habitats with deer Anaplasmosis Deer Tick south central, & & rodents Lyme Disease Ixodes scapularis southeastern regions Brown Dog Tick Nationwide Indoor environments & Babesiosis Rhipicephalus areas frequented by dogs Ehrlichiosis sanguineus Hepatozoonosis Spotted fever Gulf Coast Tick Southeastern region Open habitats with ground Hepatozoonosis Amblyomma maculatum dwelling birds & rodents Spotted fever Lone Star Tick South central & Wooded habitats with deer Cytauxzoonosis Amblyomma southeastern regions & other wildlife hosts Ehrlichiosis americanum Spotted fever September/October 2012 Today’s Veterinary Practice 41 | DEFEATING TICKS: PRACTICAL TIPS FOR PREVENTING TICK-BORNE DISEASE IN PETS • Lethargy, fever, myalgia, and decreased appetite are CLINICAL SIGNS common. Discharge from the nares or eyes, lameness, and hematologic abnormalities may also be seen. Tick Infestation • Thrombocytopenia is common with rickettsial • Pruritus infections, including those caused by Rickettsia, • Anemia Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma species; profound neu- trophilia is present in dogs with American canine Tick-Borne Disease hepatozoonosis.23,24,27 • Lethargy • The majority of tick-borne disease agents cause • Fever mild to moderate illness in infected hosts, but • Myalgia several, including R rickettsii, C felis, E canis, A • Decreased appetite phagocytophilum, and B burgdorferi can be fatal in • Discharge from nares or eyes pets, while R rickettsii, A phagocytophilum, and E • Lameness chaffeensis are potentially fatal in humans.23,26,28,29 • Hematologic abnormalities • Because ticks transmit multiple pathogens and dogs • Thrombocytopenia (rickettsial infections) are often infested with numerous ticks, co-infection • Neutrophilia (canine hepatozoonosis) with multiple tick-borne disease agents is common- ly seen and can result in more severe disease.30,31 • Vaccines are only available for B burgdorferi in absence of an effective, consistent tick control pro- dogs; preventing infection with other pathogens gram. Because these ticks are found inside the home depends on strict attention to tick control. as well as outside in areas where dogs frequent, there is constant exposure risk and overwhelming infesta- PREVENTING TICKS & TICK-BORNE DISEASE tions often ensue.20 Ticks are a constant threat to pets and humans; how- Although R sanguineus prefers dogs, when home ever, effective strategies to combat ticks exist. infestations exist, people are often bitten as well, resulting in potential disease transmission.21 1. Acaricide Use The first tier of tick control is routine acaricide use. INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISKS • To be effective, acaricides must be applied to the Infectious Disease by Species pets well before exposure to ticks. Ticks serve as vectors of potentially fatal pathogens. • At present, all persistent acaricides available in the • Anaplasmosis & Lyme disease: Both Borrelia U.S. are topical formulations consisting of either burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, solutions or collars formulated to allow slow release and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the cause of after application; efficacy may last for 30 days (topi- granulocytic anaplasmosis, are spread by Ixodes cal liquids) or several months (collars). species ticks.22 • A number of approved acaricide or acaricide/repel- • Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Spotted-fever lent products for pets exist with proven efficacy group Rickettsia species, including R rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), are vectored by numerous tick species, including those with- HOW TO PREVENT TICKS & TICK- in the genera Dermacentor, Amblyomma, and BORNE DISEASE 23 Rhipicephalus. 1. Acaricide use in pets well before tick • Babesiosis & hepatozoonosis: Canine hepatozo- exposure. onosis is spread by A maculatum and R sanguineus, • Topical solutions the latter of which can also transmit the organisms • Collars 15,24 responsible for babesiosis. 2. Follow protocols for tick habitats. • Ehrlichiosis: Several Ehrlichia species are trans- • Apply repellents to humans. mitted by A americanum, D variabilis, and R • Wear protective clothing. sanguineus; novel Ehrlichia
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