Idle Retinal Peripheries Diminish Spatial Wrapping

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Idle Retinal Peripheries Diminish Spatial Wrapping Idle Retinal Peripheries Diminish Spatial Wrapping Ahmad Yousef1 1School of Computational Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract- This article provides evidence that spatial low contrast will greatly vegetate the retinal peripheries’ wrapping can be suppressed by inactive retinal peripheries; a outputs due to the suppressed signal produced by the center- process that can achieved by significant reduction against the surround antagonism processes. Our preliminary studies contrast between the background and the spatial wrapping show that when the contrast between the stimulus and its stimulus. Significant contrast reduction deactivates the retinal background color is extremely low, namely value of 0.1; peripheries due to the following reasons; first, the center- significant suppression against the spatial wrapping illusion surround antagonism in the retinal peripheries may not signal could be achieved, see reference 14. Important to mention, the brain in extremely low contrast conditions. Second, many scientists ignore the dynamics between the pupil and reduced contrast constricts the pupil which disallows the lens; dynamics that might greatly affect the spatiotemporal retinal peripheries from receiving sufficient light rays to signal characteristics of the visual awareness. We therefore had the brain effectively. critically studied these issues, see reference 15, and 16; and we Introduction tried to link them with the current study. Importantly, the Spatial wrapping, as shown in the central figure, is ‘perceive the present’ PTP hypothesis, which a geometrical illusion that curves the straight lines stated that temporal delays could be the main (the dark gray lines) when those lines approach reason of the spatial wrapping illusion might be scientifically inaccurate based on our midnight the intersecting node of the background’s black lines; an effect that eventually changes the gray stimulus, see reference 14. This is because the perception of the central flat rectangle to look retinal peripheries are assumed to signal the brain like a paunch. It has been hypothesized that much faster than the central retina; and because geometric illusions result from angle we observed greater spatial wrapping with high overestimation, see reference 1- 4, speculatively as contrast stimuli; stimuli that are considered to a result of lateral inhibition in visual cortex, see significantly dilate the pupil and allows greater reference 5. Other scientists hypothesized that the retinal peripheries activations but not for low wrapping is due to extrapolating 3D angle contrast (midnight gray), see reference 14. We information from 2D projections, see reference 6, therefore will offer another scientific and 7. Recent work, however, had suggested interpretation, namely, we think that spatial that many geometric illusions are caused by wrapping might be diminished if there is no temporal delays in the visual cortex, see reference asynchronicity between the central and the 8, 9 and 10. Creatively, Don Vaughn and David peripheral retina, the summation of the output Eagleman had tested the aforementioned signals from the aforementioned retinal areas is hypothesis by implementing random moving dots assumed to collectively generate perception of instead of lines to activate the temporal lobe, astonishingly, spatial wrapping. Namely, deactivations of the retinal human subjects had reported spatial wrapping while the dots peripheries through pupil constriction plus severely low are in motion, see reference 11. In this study, however, we contrast may cause significant reduction against the temporal may try to suppress the spatial wrapping illusion, through asynchronicity between the central and the peripheral retina possible deactivations of the retinal peripheries, and thus; we and its corresponding two integrative conscious brains, see reference 17, 18, and 19; and therefore, possible suppression can know whether “the two conscious brains” hypothesis against spatial wrapping illusion. Namely, we think that may offer better interpretation to the spatial wrapping phenomenon. It had been reported that low contrast visual spatial wrapping happen, if and only if, there is temporal stimulation can significantly constrict the pupil, see reference asynchronicity between the two aforementioned conscious brains; deactivating the peripheral conscious brain, however, 12; additionally, stimuli that are built with high spatial frequency and low contrast might be able to disallow the might diminish the spatial wrapping. In previous studies, we retinal ganglion cells in the pripheries to signal the brain noted that whether the pupil is naturally constricted pinpoint pupil , or constricted by the visual stimulus; the (Rosén, etal., 2014). We opportunistically utilized the “ ” aforementioned facts trying to deactivate the retinal ‘length dilation’ phenomenon, which resembles to spatial peripheries. Constricted pupils will disallow a lot of light rays wrapping, will be diminished. The magenta and green stimuli from reaching the retinal peripheries which will reduce the that were offered in [19], however, are created to test specific retinal peripheries activations, additionally, the extremely cones, namely, they had similar grayscale contrast, value of 0.5; however, the differences neurophysiological 120 in the perceived dilated rectifications in the present length was clear to be Background Versus Stimulus Contrast study. In short, we had noticed. Important to remind, 100 studied ‘an illusion’ though; we have choosing human the present findings may subjects with average size extend into several research 80 pupils for all of our points in spatial perception. experiments, and initially Essential Notification excluded the subjects with 60 Readers should have direct pinpoint pupils, that is access to the stimuli, see because we had been studying 40 reference 14. Advisably, the differences between the download the GIFs for the central and the peripheral best quality. For rapid 20 retina and their validation process, have the Spatial Wrapping Wrapping Strength Spatial Midnight Gray (ContrastMidnight Gray 0.1) of corresponding conscious Clearly WhiteContrast) (Highest test with average pupil, and brains! We theorized that, 0 watch the GIFs in moderate because of the anatomical and environment; namely, fifty its stretched zonular fibers, see reference 15; dilated pupils percent of the monitor’s max. brightness. Caffeine intake also might be the main reason of feeding the fovea but not the dilate the pupil, in case of pinpoint pupils. Scholars with brain retinal peripheries with huge number of light rays that triggers imaging facilitations are welcome to collaborate in the the awareness of length elongation. aforementioned challenging investigations, namely, to Materials & Methods localize the spatiotemporal properties of the two conscious Twelve human subjects were recruited to participate in this brains. Enquiries should be sent to the author. study. Each stimulus subtends 8.5 DVA in length, and 4.25 in Transactional References width. Each subject has to undergo two trials; the first trail [1] Hering, E. (1861). Beitrage zur Physiologie. I. Zur Lehre vom Ortssinne presents the central image, in page 1, as a frame of reference; der Netzhaut. Leipzig: Engelmann. followed by the same stimulus but with a different [2] Wundt (1862). Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung. Leipzig: background color, namely, very dark gray (midnight gray). Wintersche Verlag. [3] Holt-Hansen (1961). Hering's illusion. Br. J. Psychol. The aforementioned trail has been flipped for [4] Prinzmetal, W., and Beck, D. (2001). The tilt-constancy theory of visual counterbalancing purposes. The midnight gray stimulus now illusions. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. therefore have extremely low contrast. Human subjects has [5] Blakemore, Carpenter, and Georgeson, (1970). Lateral inhibition to quantify the reduction of spatial wrapping after seeing the between orientation detectors in the human visual system. Nature low contrast stimuli compared with the frame of reference. [6] Nundy, S., Lotto, B., and Coppola, D. (2000). Why are Angles To perfectly quantify all of the aspect of spatial wrapping Misperceived? . PNAS. [7] Howe, and Purves (2005). Natural-scene geometry predicts the against the central rectangle we had asked the subjects to perception of angles and line orientation. PNAS. estimate the wrapping and the ‘pop-up’ levels of the [8] Nijhawan, R. (1997). Visual decomposition of colour through motion aforementioned rectangle; to be compared with the frame of extrapolation. Nature. reference. The behavioral data were collected manually, and [9] Changizi, M. A. (2001). ‘Perceiving the present’ as a framework for then averaged among the subjects to estimate the simplest ecological explanations of the misperception of projected angle and angular size. Perception. statistical values, namely, the average and the standard error [10] Changizi, M. A., and Widders, D. M. (2002). Latency correction of the mean. explains the classical geometrical illusions. Perception. Results and Conclusion [11] Don Vaughn and David Eagleman. (2013). Spatial warping by oriented As shown in the up- central infographic, there is significant line detectors can counteract neural delays. Front. Psychol. degradation against spatial wrapping illusion due to the [12] Wang , and Munoz. (2014) Modulation of stimulus contrast on the human pupil orienting
Recommended publications
  • Optical Illusions and Effects on Clothing Design1
    International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS) June 2015 : 3(2) ISSN : 2148-1148 Doi : 10.14486/IJSCS272 Optical Illusions and Effects on Clothing Design1 Saliha AĞAÇ*, Menekşe SAKARYA** * Associate Prof., Gazi University, Ankara, TURKEY, Email: [email protected] ** Niğde University, Niğde, TURKEY, Email: [email protected] Abstract “Visual perception” is in the first ranking between the types of perception. Gestalt Theory of the major psychological theories are used in how visual perception realizes and making sense of what is effective in this process. In perception stage brain takes into account not only stimulus from eyes but also expectations arising from previous experience and interpreted the stimulus which are not exist in the real world as if they were there. Misperception interpretations that brain revealed are called as “Perception Illusion” or “Optical Illusion” in psychology. Optical illusion formats come into existence due to factors such as brightness, contrast, motion, geometry and perspective, interpretation of three-dimensional images, cognitive status and color. Optical illusions have impacts of different disciplines within the study area on people. Among the most important types of known optical illusion are Oppel-Kundt, Curvature-Hering, Helzholtz Sqaure, Hermann Grid, Muller-Lyler, Ebbinghaus and Ponzo illusion etc. In fact, all the optical illusions are known to be used in numerous area with various techniques and different product groups like architecture, fine arts, textiles and fashion design from of old. In recent years, optical illusion types are frequently used especially within the field of fashion design in the clothing model, in style, silhouette and fabrics. The aim of this study is to examine the clothing design applications where optical illusion is used and works done in this subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Sub-Riemannian Problems on 3D Lie Groups with Applications to Retinal
    Sub-Riemannian Geometry in Image Processing and Modelling of Human Visual System Alexey Mashtakov Program Systems Institute of RAS Based on joint works with R. Duits, Yu. Sachkov, G. Citti, A. Sarti, A. Popov E. Bekkers, G. Sanguinetti, A. Ardentov, B. Franceschiello I. Beschastnyi, A. Ghosh and T.C.J. Dela Haije Scientific Heritage of Sergei A. Chaplygin Nonholonomic Mechanics, Vortex Structures and Hydrodynamics Cheboksary, Russia, 06.06.2019 SR geodesics on Lie Groups in Image Processing Crossing structures are Reconstruction of corrupted contours disentangled based on model of human vision Applications in medical image analysis SE(2) SO(3) SE(3) 2 Left-invariant sub-Riemannian structures 3 Optimal Control Problem: ODE-based Approach Optimality of Extremal Trajectories 5 Sub-Riemannian Wave Front 6 Sub-Riemannian Wave Front 7 Sub-Riemannian Wave Front 8 Self intersection of Sub-Riemannian Wave Front General case: astroidal shape of conjugate locus Special case with rotational symmetry A.Agrachev, Exponential mappings for contact sub-Riemannian structures. JDCS, 1996. 9 H. Chakir, J.P. Gauthier and I. Kupka, Small Subriemannian Balls on R3. JDCS, 1996. Sub-Riemannian Sphere 10 Sub-Riemannian Length Minimizers 11 Brain Inspired Methods in Computer Vision 12 12 Perception of Visual Information by Human Brain LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) LGN V1 V1 13 Primary visual cortex A Model of the Primary Visual Cortex V1 Replicated from R. Duits, U. Boscain, F. Rossi, Y. Sachkov, 14 Association Fields via Cuspless Sub-Riemannian Geodesics in SE(2), JMIV, 2013. Cortical Based Model of Perceptual Completion 15 Detection of salient curves in images 16 16 Analysis of Images of the Retina Diabetic retinopathy --- one of the main causes of blindness.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Illusion - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Optical illusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Try Beta Log in / create account article discussion edit this page history [Hide] Wikipedia is there when you need it — now it needs you. $0.6M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now navigation Optical illusion Main page From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents Featured content This article is about visual perception. See Optical Illusion (album) for Current events information about the Time Requiem album. Random article An optical illusion (also called a visual illusion) is characterized by search visually perceived images that differ from objective reality. The information gathered by the eye is processed in the brain to give a percept that does not tally with a physical measurement of the stimulus source. There are three main types: literal optical illusions that create images that are interaction different from the objects that make them, physiological ones that are the An optical illusion. The square A About Wikipedia effects on the eyes and brain of excessive stimulation of a specific type is exactly the same shade of grey Community portal (brightness, tilt, color, movement), and cognitive illusions where the eye as square B. See Same color Recent changes and brain make unconscious inferences. illusion Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Contents [hide] Help 1 Physiological illusions toolbox 2 Cognitive illusions 3 Explanation of cognitive illusions What links here 3.1 Perceptual organization Related changes 3.2 Depth and motion perception Upload file Special pages 3.3 Color and brightness
    [Show full text]
  • Geometrical Illusions
    Oxford Reference The Oxford Companion to Consciousness Edited by Tim Bayne, Axel Cleeremans, and Patrick Wilken Publisher: Oxford University Press Print Publication Date: 2009 Print ISBN-13: 9780198569510 Published online: 2010 Current Online Version: 2010 eISBN: 9780191727924 illusions Illusions confuse and bias the machinery in the brain that constructs our representations of the world, because they reveal a discrepancy between what we perceive and what is objectively out there in the world. But both illusions and accurate perceptions are governed by the same lawful perceptual processes. Despite the deceptive simplicity of illusions, there are no fully agreed theories about their causes. Illusions include geometrical illusions, in which angles, lengths, or shapes are misperceived; illusions of lightness, in which the context distorts the perceived lightness of objects; and illusions of representation, including puzzle pictures, ambiguous pictures, and impossible figures. 1. Geometrical illusions 2. Illusions of lightness 3. Illusions of representation 1. Geometrical illusions Figure I1 shows some illusory distortions in perceived angles, named after their discoverers; the Zollner, Hering and Poggendorff illusions, and Fraser's LIFE figure. Length illusions include the Müller–Lyer, the vertical–horizontal, and the Ponzo illusion. Shape illusions include Roger Shepard's tables and Kitaoka's bulge illusion. In the Zollner illusion, the long oblique lines are parallel, but they appear to be tilted away from the small fins that cross them. In the Hering illusion the verticals are parallel but appear to be bowed outward, again in a direction away from the inducing lines. In the Poggendorff illusion, the right‐hand oblique line looks as though it would pass above the left‐hand oblique if extended, although both are really exactly aligned.
    [Show full text]
  • Grey Mono Family Overview
    Grey Mono Family Overview Styles About the Font LL Grey is a sans serif born of a screen-friendly appearance. As Grey Mono Light French grotesque, with all the with his previous efforts LL Purple rude, cabaret-like stroke endings and LL Brown, Aurèle used a his- of the genre. First called AS Gold, toric predecessor for formal cues, Grey Mono Light Italic the typeface made its debut as but brought his signature surgi- part of Aurèle Sack’s diploma pro- cal precision to its rendering. The Grey Mono Book ject at ECAL in 2004. result is a pleasant widening of the Now distilled and extended into idiosyncratic proportions of 19th Grey Mono Book Mono a playful yet highly readable text century grotesques. font, LL Grey has a contemporary, Scripts Cyrillic кириллица File Formats Opentype CFF, Truetype, WOFF, WOFF2 Greek Ελληνικά Design Aurèle Sack (2020 – 2021) Contact General inquiries: Lineto GmbH Paneuropean abc абв αβγ [email protected] Lutherstrasse 32 CH-8004 Zürich Technical inquiries: Switzerland Separate [email protected] PDF Grey Sales & licensing inquiries: www.lineto.com [email protected] LL Grey Mono – Specimen 2 Lineto Type Foundry Glyph Overview Latin A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q Cyrillic А а Б б В в Г г Ѓ ѓ Ґ ґ Д д Е е Ё R S T U V W X Y Z ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Ќ ќ Л л М м Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т У у Ў ў Ф Lowercase a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q ф Х х Ч ч Ц ц Ш ш Щ щ Џ џ Ъ ъ Ы ы r s ß t u v w x y z Ь ь Љ љ Њ њ Ѕ ѕ Є є Э э І і Ї ї Ј Proportional, ј Ћ ћ Ю ю Я я Ђ ђ Ѣ ѣ Ғ ғ Қ қ Ң ң Mono Figures 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ү ү Ұ ұ Ҳ ҳ Һ һ Ә ә Ө ө Ligatures fi fl Greek Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Extented Character set À à Á á Â â Ã ã Ä ä Å å Ā ā Ă ă Ą Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ Τ τ ą Ǻ ǻ Ǽ ǽ Æ æ Ç ç Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Ċ ċ Č č Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω Σ ς Α ά Ε έ Η ή Ι ί Ď ď Đ đ È è É é Ê ê Ë ë Ē ē Ĕ ĕ Ė Ο ό Υ ύ Ω ώ Ϊ ϊ Ϋ ϋ Ϊ ΰ ė Ę ę Ě ě Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ġ ġ Ģ ģ Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Punctuation ( .
    [Show full text]
  • Susceptibility to Ebbinghaus and Müller-Lyer
    Manning et al. Molecular Autism (2017) 8:16 DOI 10.1186/s13229-017-0127-y RESEARCH Open Access Susceptibility to Ebbinghaus and Müller- Lyer illusions in autistic children: a comparison of three different methods Catherine Manning1* , Michael J. Morgan2,3, Craig T. W. Allen4 and Elizabeth Pellicano4,5 Abstract Background: Studies reporting altered susceptibility to visual illusions in autistic individuals compared to that typically developing individuals have been taken to reflect differences in perception (e.g. reduced global processing), but could instead reflect differences in higher-level decision-making strategies. Methods: We measured susceptibility to two contextual illusions (Ebbinghaus, Müller-Lyer) in autistic children aged 6–14 years and typically developing children matched in age and non-verbal ability using three methods. In experiment 1, we used a new two-alternative-forced-choice method with a roving pedestal designed to minimise cognitive biases. Here, children judged which of two comparison stimuli was most similar in size to a reference stimulus. In experiments 2 and 3, we used methods previously used with autistic populations. In experiment 2, children judged whether stimuli were the ‘same’ or ‘different’, and in experiment 3, we used a method-of- adjustment task. Results: Across all tasks, autistic children were equally susceptible to the Ebbinghaus illusion as typically developing children. Autistic children showed a heightened susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion, but only in the method-of- adjustment task. This result may reflect differences in decisional criteria. Conclusions: Our results are inconsistent with theories proposing reduced contextual integration in autism and suggest that previous reports of altered susceptibility to illusions may arise from differences in decision-making, rather than differences in perception per se.
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Illusions: an Interesting Tool to Investigate Developmental Dyslexia and Autism Spectrum Disorder
    fnhum-10-00175 April 21, 2016 Time: 15:22 # 1 CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector REVIEW published: 25 April 2016 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00175 Visual Illusions: An Interesting Tool to Investigate Developmental Dyslexia and Autism Spectrum Disorder Simone Gori1,2*, Massimo Molteni2 and Andrea Facoetti2,3 1 Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy, 2 Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy, 3 Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy A visual illusion refers to a percept that is different in some aspect from the physical stimulus. Illusions are a powerful non-invasive tool for understanding the neurobiology of vision, telling us, indirectly, how the brain processes visual stimuli. There are some neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by visual deficits. Surprisingly, just a few studies investigated illusory perception in clinical populations. Our aim is to review the literature supporting a possible role for visual illusions in helping us understand the visual deficits in developmental dyslexia and autism spectrum disorder. Future studies could develop new tools – based on visual illusions – to identify an early risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Keywords: illusory effect, perception, attention, autistic traits, reading disorder VISUAL ILLUSION AS A TOOL TO INVESTIGATE BRAIN Edited by: PROCESSING Baingio Pinna, University of Sassari, Italy A visual illusion refers to a percept that is different from what would be typically predicted based Reviewed by: on the physical stimulus. Illusory perception is often experienced as a real percept.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 63 Low-Level Motion Illusions Introduction
    Chapter 63 Low-Level Motion Illusions Stuart Anstis Introduction Motion is simply the changes in an object’s position over time, so in theory we could perceive motion by sensing the different positions adopted by a moving object over time and dividing the shift by the time taken. But this is not what happens. Instead, motion is a fundamental perceptual dimension, with its own specialized neural mechanisms. Detecting rapidly moving prey or predators in real time is crucial to survival, which is presumably why we have evolved specialized motion detectors; in fact Walls (1942) described motion perception as the most ancient and primitive form of vision. Reichardt (1986) has described a possible “delay-and-multiply” structure for neural motion detectors. In apparent or stroboscopic motion, an object is flashed up successively in two (or more) different positions. A Reichardt detector will respond to such intermittent stimuli, which can also look convincingly like real movement to human observers. This is the basis of TV and movies. Watson and Ahumada (1985) have modeled human sensitivity to apparent motion. It makes sense in evolutionary terms that we should respond to intermittent, or otherwise poor-quality, stimuli and perceive them as motion, because a false positive, in which we believe we see motion although none is there, is far better than a false negative, in which we fail to notice that a predator is creeping or sprinting toward us. R. L. Gregory has compared motion perception to a lock, which must be designed to accept even ill-fitting keys such as apparent motion (otherwise it would lock out homeowners as well as burglars).
    [Show full text]
  • Vision Lecture Notes
    Perception: Color, Vision, How We See Visual System Light Sources Secondary Light Sources Eyes Brain Generators – Modifiers and Re-transmitters Receivers – Decoder – Transmitters Encoders Interpreter Sun, Discharge lamps, Atmosphere, Air, Water, Planets, Lenses, Cornea, Iris, Lens, Analysis, fluorescent lamps. Windows, Tress – All natural or Rods & Cones, Identification Incandescent lamps, manufactured objects which modify light Optic Nerves Association Open flames, etc. waves before they reach the eye. Perception 1 LIGHT is – To The Environmental Designer The Architect and Interior Designer are interested in the environmental impact of LIGHT. • creating an atmosphere • creating a sense of space, both physically and experientially/ psychologically • describing materials and surfaces • meeting the needs of use of the space 1 Perception: Color, Vision, How We See Vision and Perception 3 Designing with Light. .. Is Perception • An awareness of objects and other data through the medium of the senses: – visual perception = seeing • Insight or intuition as an abstract quality: – visual perception = projecting meaning on what we see 2 Perception: Color, Vision, How We See Structure of the Eye 5 Structure of the Eye 6 3 Perception: Color, Vision, How We See Structure of the Eye Cornea Iris Lens Retina Fovea 7 Laser Surgery 8 4 Perception: Color, Vision, How We See Light Entering the eye is projected upside down! 9 10 5 Perception: Color, Vision, How We See 11 Structure of the Eye 12 6 Perception: Color, Vision, How We See Cones and Rods The interior back wall of the eye wall is the Retina containing light sensitive cells a photoreceptors known as Rods and Cones Rods - 120 million principle for peripheral vision and low light levels (Scotopic Vision) Cones - 8 million responsible for normal (Photopic vision) and for focusing on fine detail..cones also contain pigment and allow to see colorbut they can differ or sensitive 13 Structure of the Eye 14 7 Perception: Color, Vision, How We See Find your Blind Spot 4 inches apart 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Illusion -- from Mathworld an Illusion Object Or Drawing Which Appears to Have Properties Which Are Physically Impossible, Deceptive, Or Counterintuitive
    Illusion -- From MathWorld An illusion object or drawing which appears to have properties which are physically impossible, deceptive, or counterintuitive. Kitaoka maintains a web page of beautiful optical illusions which appear to show rotation despite actually being http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Illusion.html - 21k - 2003-10-05 Young Girl-Old Woman Illusion -- From MathWorld A famous perceptual illusion in which the brain switches between seeing a young girl and an old woman (or "wife" and "mother in law"). An anonymous German postcard from 1888 (left figure) depicts the image in its earliest known form, and a rendition on an advertisement for the Anchor Buggy Company from 1 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/YoungGirl-OldWomanIllusion.html - 19k - 2002-08-18 Impossible Fork -- From MathWorld ImpossibleFork.gifThe impossible fork (Seckel 2002, p. 151), also known as the devil's pitchfork (Singmaster) or blivet, is a classic impossible figure originally due to Schuster (1964). While each prong of the fork (or, in the original work, "clevis") appears normal, attempting to determine their manner http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ImpossibleFork.html - 19k - 2004-10- 01 Penrose Stairway -- From MathWorld An impossible figure in which a stairway in the shape of a square appears to circulate indefinitely while still possessing normal steps (Penrose and Penrose 1958). The Dutch artist M. C. Escher included a Penrose stairway in his mind-bending illustration "Ascending and Descending" (Bool et al. 1982, p. 3 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PenroseStairway.html - 20k - 2004- 02-01 Hering Illusion -- From MathWorld An optical illusion due to the physiologist Ewald Hering (1861). The two horizontal lines are both straight, but they look as if they were bowed outwards.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Structural Analysis of Optical Illusion Art and Application in Graphic Design with Autism Spectrum Disorder
    SYSTEMATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL ILLUSION ART AND APPLICATION IN GRAPHIC DESIGN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER RELATORE :PROF. ARCH. PH.D ANNA MAROTTA CORRELATORE : ARCH. PH.D ROSSANA NETTI STUDENT:LI HAORAN SYSTEMATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL ILLUSION ARTAND APPLICATION IN GRAPHIC DESIGN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Abstract To explore the application of optical illusion in different fields, taking M.C. Escher's painting as an example, systematic analysis of optical illusion, Gestalt psychology, and Geometry are performed. Then, from the geometric point of view, to analyze the optical illusion formation model. Taking Fraser Spiral Illusion and Herring Illusion as examples, through the dismantling and combination of Fraser Spiral Illusion and the analysis of the spiral angle, and Herring Illusion tilt angle analysis, the structure of the graph is further explored. This results in a geometric drawing method that optimizes the optical illusion effect and applies this method to graphic design combined with the autism spectrum. Therefore, this project will remind the ordinary people and designers to pay attention to the universal design while also paying attention to extreme people through the combination of graphic design and optical illusion. That is, focus on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), provide more inclusive design and try their best to provide autism spectrum with the deserving autonomy and independence in public space. Meanwhile, making the autism spectrum “integrate” into the general public’s environment so that their abilities match the environment and improve self-care capabilities. Keywords Autism Spectrum Disorder, Inclusive Design, Graphic Design, Gestalt Psychology, Optical Illusion, Systemic Perspective Introduction 1. Systematic analysis of the content of the thesis 1.1 The purpose and the significance of study 1.1.1 Methodology with system diagram framework 2.
    [Show full text]
  • NATURE August 17, 1963 VOL. 199
    678 NATURE August 17, 1963 VOL. 199 The expected frequency-of-scores set for a (n,1') maze is we have defined as a tJ. alty maze-linked set of dots. therefore: A tJ. is designated by I)(v,y) where v is the number of dots in the tJ. and y is the number of gaps, or vacant sites, [VT(a)(r,n)/(~)} (J. = 0, 1,2 ___ n_ intersperscd between the dots. Now considering M' in the partitioned form RaP (a, 13 = 0, 1, 2 ... n, f) which is These and other statistics concerning the distribution of an upper triangular matrix with zero sub-matrices Raa scores may be used to define parameters for the maze in the main diagonal, then it will be seen that the I)(v,y)'s which may be related to subjective difficulty_ are given by the (v - 1 + y)th parallel of sub-matrices In this notation m/j equals the number of pathways of 2\11',,-1. If the partitioned matrix M',p) is defined so between dot i and dot j with zero score (i, j = 0, 1, 2 ... that 1vl',p) has the same first p parallels of sub-matrices as r, f) : and if m,j > 0, then we may say that dot j is directly M' but all other parallels consist of zero sub-matrices, accessible from dot i. Developing this concept we may then it will be seen that the I)(v,y)'s are given by the use a binary notation in the form of matrix M' = (m'if) (v - 1 + y)th parallel of sub-matrices of M'(y~\)' In (i, j = 0, 1, 2 , .
    [Show full text]