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Greek and Latin Inscriptions,” Pp Littman, E., Magie, D. and Stuart, D. R. 1913b “Greek and Latin Inscriptions,” Pp. 131- 223 in Syria. Publications of the Princeton Archaeological Expedition to Syria (Div. III, Sect. A, Part 3 Umm Idj-Djimal, Leyden) 131-223. ! Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expeditions to Syria in 1904-1905 and 1909 DIVISION III GREEK AND LATIN INSCRIPTIONS IN SYRIA SECTION A SOUTHERN SYRIA PART 3 UMM IDJ-DJIMAL BY ENNO LITTMANN DAVID MAGIE Jr. and DUANE REED STUART LATE E. J. BRILL PUBLISHER S AND PRINTERS LEYDEN - 1913. Printed by E. J. BRILL? - LEYDEN (Holland). Abbreviations of Periodicals and Publications Frequently Mentioned. A. A. E. S. Publicatiom of an American Archaeological K. A. Strzygowski; IOein-Asien, ein Neuland del' f{unst­ Expedition to Syn'a in 1899-1900, I, II, III, IV. gescltichte. A. J. A. American Journal of Archaeology. M. N. D. P.-V. Mittheilu71-gen und Naclzriclzten des Deut­ Ann. Ep. L'Annie Epigrapltique. sc1zen Paliistina- Vereins. B. C. H. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellinique. M. S. M. Dussaud and MacIer; Mission dans les 1rigions C. 1. G. Corpus lmcriptiomtm Graeca1'um. disertiques de la Syrie moyenne. C. 1. L. Corpus hzscriptiomt11l Latinarum. P. A. Brunnow ; Provincia Arabia. C. 1. S. Corpus Imcriptio11ttm Semiticarum. P. E. F. Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration S. C. Marquis de Vogue; La Syrie Centrale, Architecture Fund. Civile et Religieuse. P. M. Guy Ie Strange; Palestine under tlze Moslems. G. G. A. Gottingisclze Gelehrte Anzeigen. P. R. G. S. Proceedings of the Royal Geographieal Society. H. Hennes. R. A. Revue ArcMologique. 1. G. R. lnscriptioms Graecae ad Res Romanas pertinentes. R. A. O. Clermont-Gann ea u; Recueil d'ArcMologie Orientale. 1. S. O. G. Ditt enberger: Orientis Graeci lnscriptiones Se_ R. B. Revue Biblique. lectae. S. E. P. Conder; Survey of Eastern Palestim. l. A. Journal Asiatique. V. A. S. Dussaud; Voyage ArcMologique au $afa. J. K. D. A. 1. Jahrbuch des f{aiserlich Deutschen Archiio­ Z. G. E. ZeitschriJt del' Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin. logischen lnstituts. Z. D. M. G. ZeitsclzriJt der Deutschen Morgenliindischen J. K. P. K. Jaltrbuch del' f{oniglich Preuszisclwz l('u1zst­ Gesellschaft. salllmlungen. Z. D. P.-V. ZeitschriJt des Deutschen Paliistina- Vereins. UMM IDJ-DJIMAL. 232. BLOCK. 177-180 A.D. Found lying on the ground in the gate in the northern portion of the west wall of the city, the so-called "Gate of Commodus" (see Div. II. A. 3, p. 156). The block was doubtless built into the wall above the arch over the gateway. Length 1.02 m. ; height at the left end 46 cm., at the right end 41 cm. Height of the letters in 1. I, 7-71/c}, cm. ; in the other lines, 51/c},-6 cm. (of a in 1. 5, 4 cm.). Cyril Graham, Trans. Roy. Soc. of Lit. VI, p. 30I = Waddington, 2057 a and b = C.I.L. III 6027, 6028 ; G. Robinson Lees, Geogr. Journ. V (r895), p. I9; Schumacher and Zangemeister, M.N.D.P.- V. r896, 2 p. 49 f. Westdeutsche Zeitschr. r 897, Korr.-BI. p. 25 C.I.L. I4I49 ; Dussaud and Mader, , = III M.S.M. p. 280, no. 120. Inscr. 232. Scale I : 20. Imp(eratore) Caes(are) M(arco) Aur(elio) Antonino Aug(usto) Arm(eniaco) Part(hico) Med(ico) Germ(anico) Sarm(atico) ret Imp(eratore) Caes(are) L(ucio) Aur(elio) Com modo Aug(usto) Germ(anico) Sarm(atico)] OpUS valli perfectum sub .... .. Severo leg(ato) Aug(ustorum) pr(o) pr(aetore) co(n)s(ule) des(ignato). This copy does not differ materially from that of MM. Dussaud and Mader, which is the most complete of the copies of this inscription heretofore made. In our reading T in 1. I is plain, and there are traces of letters after S V B in 1. 4, which do not appear in the copy published in M., S.M. The restoration of the titles of Commodus as proposed by Zangemeister (M.N.D.P.- V. 1896, p. 5 I ) - ARM· PAR T. M ED· G ER M· SA R M· - is impossible, for the space in 11. 3-4 is too short to have contained so many letters. Furthermore there is no evidence that the first three titles were ever conferred on Commodus. In one inscription where the titles ARM EN· PAR T H· occur (C.I.L III 14370 2), Zangemeister has himself noted the error ; see Lz'mesblatt, 1899, no. 32 (so also Hettner, Arch. Anz. 1899, p. 89). The titles of Ger1nanz'cus and Sa r1natz'cus were conferred on Con1modus in 172 and 175 respectively, that of Augustus in 177. Since A V G· is certainly to be restored in 1. 3 (cf. A V G G· in 1. 5), the date of this inscription is between 177 and March 17, 180, the day of Marcus' death, and more closely, perhaps, soon after 177, following the Emperor's visit to the Orient in 176. Publications of the Princeton university Archaeological Expeditions to Syria, Div. III, Sec. A, Pt. 3. 18 Division III Section A Part 3 The vallzon mentioned in 1. 4 was supposed by Zangemeister to have been the wall constructed along the frontier of the province as a means of protection against the Bedawin. In defence of this supposition he cited two inscriptions from Britain (C.I.L. VI I I 135 and I I 40), which refer to the wall of Antoninus Pius as a vqllum. However, as MM. Dussaud and Macler point out (M.S.M. pp. 77 and 28 I ), no traces of any such wall have ever been found in Arabia, and there is no reason to believe that there ever was a wall along the Lilnes Arabicus. Furthermore, the word valium is frequently used to designate the wall of a permanent castra or castellum, regularly provided with towers and gates, such as were built at intervals along the general ,line of the li11'us ; see C.I.L. III 13796 (Dacia, 140 A. D. , 11965 (Regensburg, I79 A. D. , 2 ) ) 14370 = Arch. Anz. 1899, p. 89 (Boehming in Raetia, I 8 I A. D.). The last two of these inscriptions are of the same period as the stone from Umm idj-Djim�l. It would seem, therefore, that the word vallu11z in this inscription refers to the wall of a Roman ca�tra, which was built at Umm id-DjimaJ (already in existence as a Nabataean settlement) in I 77-I 80 A. D. Mr. Butler informs us that the gate in which this stone was found, is clearly of second century workmanship. Accordingly, it must have been the west gate of the original castra, which became the gate of the city when the walls of the castra were demolished, and the fortifications extended so as to include the whole settlen1ent. Unfortunately, the faint traces of letters at the end of 1. 4 give no clue to the nonten of the legate. On the squeeze taken by MM. Dussaud and Macler there is no trace of the name Va lerio which Zangemeister read on Schumacher's squeeze, and the question as to the full name of this governor still remains unsettled ; the suggestion of Waddington (no. 2070 c) to read Erucio Severo must still be regarded as unfounded. 233. LINTEL. 371 A. D. On a lintel of the so-called "Cathedral" (see Div. II. A. 3, p. I82), a church situated a short distance northeast of the so-called "Praetorium". The stone serves as the inner lintel of the southernmost portal on the west side of the church. Length 1.54 m. ; height 47 cm. Height of letters 4-6 cm. The letters contain traces of red coloring-matter. Waddington, no. 2058 = C..I.L. III 88. Inscr. 233. Scale I:20. Salvis d(ominis) n(ostris) Valentiniano, Valente, et Gratiano, victoriosissimis, semper Aug(ustis), dispositione Iuli, v(iri) c(larissimi), com(itis),' magistri equitum et peditum, fabri­ c(a)tus est burgu[s] ex fu ndamento mano devo- tissi[m]orum equitum IX Dalm(atarum), s(ub) c(ura) Vahali trib(uni), in consula tum d( omini) n( ostri) Gratiani, perpetui A ug(us ti) iterum et Probi, v(iri) c(larissimi). Umm idj-Djimal. 133 Line 4: B V R G V S" Wad. ; Ll E V 0 TIS" S"1M 0 R V M Wad. The stone is evidently not in situ, and the determination of the building to which it once belonged presents an interesting problem. Waddington explained burgus as the German burg, and he has been followed by Seeck in P.- W. III, 1066 f. However, Much in Zeitsc!zr. f. deutsch. Alt. XLI (1897), p. I 13 f. has shown that the word is more plausibly to be regarded as a transcription of the Greek 1tVP10�; so also de Ruggiero, Diz. Ep ig . I, p. 1053 ; compare also C. G.L. II II 426, 26 1tVPIO�, haec turris, bzt<r )gus, _ 5 70, 34 burgus, turris. In Syriac the word is written burglt. \iVhatever the derivation of the word may be, in inscriptions of the second, third, and fourth centuries burgus is a term applied to a small watch-tower. Such structures were erected at strategic points for the protection of wayfarers in a province ; compare the bztrgus sp ec ulatorizts of a Numidian inscription, C.IL. VIII 2495, which was built in ter duas vias ad saluteln commeantz'uln ; see also C.IL. VIII 2494. An inscription of Com modus from Mauretania Caesariensis, C.IL. VIII 22629, records the fortification of that province with new burgi.
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