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Notas Para Un Glosario De Términos Referentes a Los Sistemas Defensivos De La Antigüedad

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Notas Para Un Glosario De Términos Referentes a Los Sistemas Defensivos De La Antigüedad SALDVIE n.º 5 2005 pp. 191-213 NOTAS PARA UN GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS REFERENTES A LOS SISTEMAS DEFENSIVOS DE LA ANTIGÜEDAD FRANCISCO ROMEO MARUGÁN RESUMEN: En la investigación científica sobre los antiguos sistemas defensivos se emplean habi- tualmente términos especializados que a veces, en lugar de definir y de especificar aspectos o elemen- tos de las fortificaciones, crean alguna confusión. Con este trabajo queremos hacer frente a esos problemas y clarificar esos términos, avanzando en la investigación de las estructuras defensivas cons- truidas antes de la caída del imperio romano. PALABRAS CLAVE: Glosario. Sistemas defensivos. Antigüedad. SUMARY: In the scientific research in the ancient defensive systems are usually employed speciali- zed terms that, sometimes,instead of definig and specifying aspects or elements about fortifications, they create some confusion. With this paper we try to face these problems and clarify those terms, advancing in the investigation of defensive structures built before the fall of Roman Empire. KEYWORDS: Glossary, Defensive Systems, Antiquity. Cualquier investigación histórica requiere un ñando con sinonimias y polisemias el estudio de cuerpo de términos precisos para poder definir y las fortificaciones anteriores a la caída del impe- distinguir matices que de otro modo podrían rio romano. pasar inadvertidos. Esta necesidad fue ya perci- Este artículo pretende aproximarse a esta bida el siglo XIX, momento en el que comenza- problemática, definiendo algunos términos y ron a aparecer, impulsados por cierta fiebre precisando el alcance de otros, los más frecuen- enciclopedista, diccionarios y glosarios especia- tes o conflictivos. lizados cuya utilidad se prolonga, en algunos casos, hasta la actualidad. Se han incluido igualmente términos en len- guas vivas como pueden ser el alemán, inglés o No obstante, y pese a este importante legado, francés, debido a sus numerosas apariciones en ciertas sombras siguen cubriendo disciplinas estudios especializados, ya que en ocasiones históricas cuyo grado de complejidad, resultado definen por sí solos conceptos que no poseen un de la lógica y progresiva especialización, ha ido equivalente en castellano. aumentando. En una de estas umbrías se encuentra el estudio de los sistemas defensivos Para la definición de los términos hemos uti- de la antigüedad, en cuya descripción concurren lizado dos fuentes básicas, además de la biblio- desde términos griegos hasta conceptos desarro- grafía específica; en primer lugar la edición de llados por la castellología medieval y moderna. 1892 del famoso Dicctionaire des Antiquités Esta cohabitación terminológica ha desembo- Grecques et Romaines, cuyo largo título, muy al cado en la utilización de términos que, lejos de gusto del momento, continúa d'aprés les textes precisar, provocan una total confusión, enmara- et les monuments contenent l'explication des 191 F. ROMEO MARUGÁN termes qui se rapportent aux moeurs, aux insti- bibliografía moderna. En los casos en los que tutions, a la religion, aux arts, aux sciences, au existan demasiadas citas de referencia, aludire- costume, au mobilier, a la guerre, aux métiers, mos tan sólo a las más representativas y esclare- aux monnaies, poids et mesures, etc, etc, et en cedoras. général a la vie publique et privée des anciens. Concluimos esta introducción volviendo al Esta monumental obra impulsada por Ch. mismo titulo del presente trabajo; hay que con- Daremberg y dirigida por M. E. Saglio, hoy en siderarlo como una herramienta de aproxima- día, más de un siglo después de su redacción, ción al estudio de una disciplina que ha dejado sigue siendo de la máxima utilidad, sobre todo de ser un divertimento de gabinete para erigirse, en lo que a crítica textual se refiere. La otra gran por sí sola, en una vía de acceso al conoci- fuente ha sido la décima quinta edición del miento de la historia de la antigüedad. Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la Real Academia Española, editado en el Madrid de 1925. La razón de la elección de esta edición en ADARVE particular reside en el hecho de que incluye tér- Espacio y obras situadas en lo alto de la minos de corte netamente clásico que posterio- muralla, donde se emplazan los defensores. Los res reediciones desterrarían de la lengua adarves se distinguen de los caminos de ronda española. en que, a diferencia de éstos últimos, discurren Así, en primer lugar y en negrita figura el directamente sobre las murallas, aprovechando término a definir; en cursiva si es simplemente la anchura de las mismas, comunicando las una transliteración o un término latino, seguido torres entre sí y articulando totalmente la por el término empleado con el mismo sentido defensa. En ocasiones se ha utilizado incorrec- en griego, y en latín si lo hubiera. En los casos tamente para definir el mismo lienzo defensivo. en que existan términos en griego clásico o latín En castellología este término define todo el con- de sentido semejante o formas verbales con la junto de dispositivos de la parte superior de la misma raíz, los especificaremos a continuación. muralla (MORA, F., 1996, 27). Dado que no se pretende realizar un estudio BONET, H. y MATA, C., 1991, 15. filológico de los términos, solo se han reprodu- cido, en el caso del latín y del griego, las for- mulas de más frecuente aparición1. Las AGGER llamadas a otros términos en el texto que apare- Estructura defensiva consistente en una cen en el glosario se indican señalándolas con barrera de tierra y piedras sin trabajar ni cohe- negrita. sionar, precedida de un foso del cual se ha extra- En el caso de las pocas entradas pertenecien- ído el material de construcción, formando tes a la castellología moderna, que aparecerán normalmente un talud y estando rematada por señaladas con un asterisco (CASAMATA*), no un vallum. La antigüedad de este sistema defen- mencionaremos la bibliografía relacionada con sivo está más que contrastada y así lo encontra- los términos ni las fuentes que pudiesen hacer mos en relación de la primera defensa de Roma referencia a los mismos, remitiéndonos para que Livio describe: "aggere et fossis et muro ello al trabajo de Mora (MORA, F., 1996) circundat urbem..." Tras la definición de los términos se señalan Biblia (vulgata), Deuteronomio XX, 19; Str., V, 3; Liu., I, 44; Plin., N.H., III, 5, 9; XXXVI, 15. algunas de las apariciones más importantes de DAREMBERG, C. y SAGLIO, M.E., 1892, T.I.1, 140; los mismos en las fuentes clásicas2 y en la QUERCIOLI, M., 1982, 53-54. MORET, P., 1996, 248. 1 Quiero agradecer a Raquel Martín Hernández, del Departamento 2 Los autores aparecen abreviados siguiendo las abreviaturas del de Filología Griega y Lingüística Indoeuropea de la Universidad Diccionario Griego Español del Consejo Superior de Complutense de Madrid, su insustituible ayuda en la revisión de Investigaciones Científicas. los términos griegos recogidos en el presente trabajo. 192 NOTAS PARA UN GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS REFERENTES A LOS SISTEMAS DEFENSIVOS DE LA ANTIGÜEDAD Este mismo término se utiliza con un sentido ANTIMAQUINAS completamente distinto, dando nombre a estruc- ¡Antimhxa/nhma, -aatoj turas consistentes en una rampa construida con En su sentido más genérico, todas las máqui- tierra y rocas sin tallar poco o nada cohesiona- nas utilizadas por los asediados para defenderse das y sustentada por un entramado de vigas de de los ingenios de los atacantes. La complejidad madera, las más de las veces, o por muros. La de estos aparatos centró el interés de buena finalidad de esta rampa es aproximar ingenios parte de los tratados sobre poliorcética. de guerra a las murallas, ganando además altura. Eran de construcción rápida; podemos I, Antigüedades Judías, X, 132, 5; Polyaen., IV, 2, 20, 8. GARLAN, Y., 1974, 173; 1992, 33-34. citar el caso de un agger construido por César frente a Avaricum en 25 días, y el más próximo existente en las inmediaciones del Cabezo de APLEKTA Alcalá de Azaila, realizado en opus caementi- Campos fortificados que jalonaban los itine- cium. rarios y rutas más importantes de la antigüedad. Th., II, 75-76; Arr., Anab. II,26-27; Caes., De B.C., II, Se conocen con amplitud los de la frontera 1; I, Bell.Iud. VII, 28. oriental de Bizancio en el siglo VIII d.C., loca- DAREMBERG, C. y SAGLIO, M.E., 1892, T.I.1, 141; lizándose sobre todo en los nudos de comunica- ECK, W., 1969, BELTRÁN, M., 1986; CORDENTE, F., ción. 1992;.ROMEO, F., (en prensa) HUXLEY, G., 1975, 87-93; DRAGON, G., 1991, 44. ALMENA ¡Apotei/xisma Este término define a cada uno de los pris- Obra de extensión limitada y de trazado rec- mas que coronan los muros de las defensas, tilíneo realizado para cortar o defender un paso. utilizados para que se resguarden tras los mis- Jenofonte utiliza igualmente este término para mos los defensores. Separados unos de otros, referirse al bloqueo de una villa marítima o un servían de parapeto a las personas, y éstas istmo. podían descubrir el campo y tirar contra los enemigos por los vanos intermedios. Las alme- Th.,II, 7, 79; III, 51, 3; VI, 99, 2; X., Hell., I, 3, 7; III, 2, 8; Plu. Nic. 18, 2 y 9. nas griegas e itálicas suelen ser rectangulares DAVISON, J.A., 1965, 15; GARLAN, Y., 1974, 108. mientras que las púnicas poseen un remate semicircular. En su glosario de arquitectura ARIETE defensiva medieval, Mora utiliza el término de ARIES almena para referirse a los vanos entre merlo- Krio¿j nes (MORA, F., 1996, 40). Máquina de asedio consistente en una cabeza MOSCATI, S., 1980, 228; TREZINY, H., 1987, 148. de metal, adosada al extremo de una viga, utili- zada para provocar el derrumbe de muros y ¡Ana/basij puertas. Se pueden hacer una clasificación de los arietes dividiéndolos en tres tipos: un primero Término utilizado para referirse tanto a las formado por los arietes capaces de ser maneja- rampas como a las escaleras que posibilitan el dos por pocos hombres, que Tucídides denomina acceso a la parte superior de las murallas de ¡embolh/ término utilizado igualmente para una ciudad.
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