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4 La Consanguinidad En Las Provincias Centrales De Costa Rica

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4 La Consanguinidad En Las Provincias Centrales De Costa Rica ACTA ?VitDICA COSTARR10ENSE VOLLIMEN • 34; N9 3; 199 1 ARTICULO ORIGINAL CONSANGUINIDAD EN LAS PROVINCIAS CENTRALES DE COSTA RICA ANA LORENA ZUMBADO, M.SC.* DR. RAMIRO BARRANTES* RESUMEN SUMMARY Se efectuO un estudio de la consanguinidad en A study on consanguinity was conducted in las cuatro provincias centrales de Costa Rica (Ala- the four central provinces of Costa Rica (Alajuela, Juela, Cartago, Heredia y San Jose), mediante el Cartago, Heredia y San Jose), using the genealo- metodo genealOgico, que incluyO 7822 matrimo- gical method. The study included 7822 marriages nios, en seis periodos establecidos entre 1860 y in six ten years periods between 1860 and 1 1969. El coeficiente medio de endocruzamiento (a) The inbreeding coefficient (a) decreased in time muestra una tendencia general a la disminucian aithought in some regions it was mantained in temporal. aunque en algunas regions especificas high numbers. The highest values were found in se mantiene relativamente alto. Los valores alas Heredia and San Jose. There is a highfrequency altos se encuentran en Heredia y SanJose. Eiste- of consanguineous marriages between first and una mayor frecuencia de uniones consanguineas second cousins. Results indicate that the endo- de primos hermanos y segundos. El porcentaje de gamy frequency is high but in general it was not endogamia es alto pero en general no ester correla- correlated with a value. This fact suggest a mode- ciOnaclo positivamente con el valor de a, to que rate migration rate and many unions between sugiere emigraciones rnoderadas y mas uniones couples of the same origin with a lower inbreeding entre parejas con igual origen, pero dfferente tipo coefficient This population structure is probably de union consanguinea. Esta estructura poblacio- responsible for the high numbers of gene carriere nal puede favorecer un aumento de portadores de of common origin. The genetic implications of these genes con origen comitn. Se discutert las imp/31a- results are discussed under the light of the present clones genetic as de esters resultados pans explicar health situation in Costa Rica, which shows a high el perfil de salad actual de Costa Rica. que incluye frequency of hereditary diseases. It is suggested una olin frecuencia de enfermedades heredita- that genetic counseling be directed to families rfas, y se plantea La necesidad de efectuar et rather than to the population. consejo genetico en las farnilias y no en la pobla- clan. Maims claw: Consaisguinidlad: eadogasnia; estructure genetic* • Instituto de Inveatigaciones en Salud (INISA) tInIvrrsidad dr Costa Rica 75 ACTA rVIEDICA CORTARRICENSE VOLUMEN 34; Ns) 3; 1991 INTRODUCCION realmente los estudios hechos en el pais para establecer con exactitud la consanguinidad, son No todas las uniones maritales que se dan en escasos. Pueden mencionarse el estudio general una poblaciOn ocurren al azar ya que existe una de Frelre Maia (6) otro mas especifico efectuado gran proporciOn de otros tipos de enlaces: el en la region de Dota (7) y uno mas amplio de preferencial y el consanguineo. En este Ultimo Zumbado (8). caso su frecuencia dependera del numero de cOnyuges con igual parentesco; la distribution de La presente comunicacion tiene como objeti- estos en determinados grupos de edades; diver- vo primordial estirnar la consanguinidad en las sas formas de migration matrimonial y algunas provincias centrales de Costa Rica (Alajuela, Car- caracteristicas socioculturales particulares de la tago, Heredia y San Jose) y su evoluciOn en los poblacien (1). El efecto mas importante de la frItimos 100 alios. Se mostrard que en estas, consanguinidad es que promueve la homocigosis como en otras regiones investigadas en paises aumentando asi la probabilidad de que genes occidentales, la consanguinidad ha disminuido nocivos con capacidad de producir enfermedades sustancialmente; aunque se mantienen frecuen- hereditarias, generalmente de herencia recesiva. cias relativamente altas en algunas localidades se mantengan en la poblacion, constituyendose especificas. en un problema de salud publics. Esto se torna Inas importante cuando otras causas de morbili- dad y mortalidad han disminuido, como es el caso de Costa Rica: fenOmeno que pone en evidencia MATERIALES Y METODOS cierta cantidad de dolencias geneticas o congeni- La presente investigation abarca las cuatro tas que implican la utilizacian de nuevas metodo- provincias centrales de Costa Rica (Alajuela, Car- logias de prevention y tratamiento (2). tago, Heredia y San Jose) y cubre el period° que va de 1860 a 1969. Los datos se tomaron del La consanguinidad puede estimarse en las Archlvo de la Curia Metropolitana y de los archi- familias y por lo tanto en grupos o poblaciones vos parroquiales de la lglesia Catolica. Se utiliza- enteras, mediante el calculo del coeficiente de ron esencialmente tres fuentes de information, a endocruzamiento (F)., que es la probabilidad de saber: los expedientes matrimoniales, los libros que un individuo sea portador en un locus deter- de dispensas y los libros de matrimonios. minado de dos genes identicos por descendencia; es decir, que tengan un origen comun. Un metodo Para efectos de este estudio se determinaron efectivo para efectuar esta evaluaciOn en las cinco zonas, de acuerdo a un estudio piloto poblaciones es el genealOgico, que permite el preliminar que estimO el valor de la consanguini- analisis de al menos tres generations (3), gene- dad por parroquia y por y que incluyO la ralmente con datos obtenidos en diversos regis- totalidad de las parroquias de las provincias de tros civiles o religiosos que consignan el matrimo- San Jose, Heredia. Cartago y Alajuela. En la nio consanguineo con caracter obligatorio, ade- provincia de San Jose se crearon dos zonas: San mas de otras variables biodemograficas. Jose 1 con las parroquias de Aserri, Cunridabat, Desarnparados, Alajuielita; Dota, Acosta y San Se ha senalado a Costa Rica como constituida Juan de Tobosi y San Jost 2 con las restantes por poblaciones de alta endogamia (4. 5) princi- parroquias de la provincia. Las otras tres zonas palmente en las regiones centrales: sin embargo estan forniadas por las parroquias de la provincia 76 ACTA MED/CA COSTARRICENSE VOWMEN 34: NQ 3; 1991 correspondiente. En cada una se tomaron todos RESULTADOS los matrimonios consanguineos ocurridos en los Un resumen en cuanto a la frecuencia de los siguientes periodos: 1860-69, 1880-89, 1900-09, diferentes tipos de matrimonios consanguineos, 1920-29, 1940-49 y 1960-69, con una muestra el coeficiente medic) de endocruzamiento de la total de 7822 matrimonios. En vista de que al poblacion (a) y la frecuencia de endogamia se crearse nuevas parroquias se modifica el territo- presenta en el cuadro 1. Cabe destacar los rio de las existentes, el area de cada zona se tratO siguientes resultados: a) existe un descenso ge- de mantener constante en el tiempo, basandose neral de la consanguinidad en el tiempo, en las en los datos de fundacion de parroquias que cuatro provincias, que es mas acelerado a partir presenta Thiel (9). del quinto period° (1940-1949), hasta llegar a valores relativamente bajos en el ultimo. Este La informaciOn del expediente fue recogida en fenameno se ilustra aim alas en el grafico 1, fichas especificas y las variables que se tomaron donde se aprecia esta tendencia: b) las zonas de en cuenta para esta investigation fueron: San Jost I y Heredia presentan los valores de quta y fecha del enlace, nombre y lugar de origen consanguinidad mils altos; c) la mayor parte de y residencia de ambos cOnyuges, grado de con- las unions consanguineas se dan entre primos sanguinidad y la correspondiente genealogia de la hermanos y segundos, par lo que el valor total de pareja. Los datos fueron procesados mediante a se explica en su mayor parte par la frecuencia programas especificos de computador y se creo de estos tipos de union, repitiendo las tendencias una base ubicada en el Institute de Investigacio- observadas en otros paises (3): El porcentaje de nes en Salud (INISA) de la Universidad de Costa endogamia es alto y presenta poca variation Rica que mantiene la informaciOn sobre la con- temporal. No existe una relaciOn significante sanguinidad en Costa Rica en los filtimos 150 entre la endogamia y el valor de consanguinidad alms. (r= 0.21; p > 0.05), cuando se considera todos los datos obtenidos en las cuatro provincias; no ' La consanguinidad se estim6 en dos niveles: obstante en San Jose 1 y 2, la correlacion es a) por zona y b) por parroquia. El valor del moderada (r= 0.68; p < 0.01) e incluso negattva coeficiente de endocruzamiento para Ia poblacion en Alajuela (r= -0.84; p < 0.01). (a) se calculi!) de acuerdo con la formula a= E Nr Fr/N: donde Nr es el numero de matrimonios con Aunque la tendencla general esta dirigida un coeficiente Fr y N es el ninnero total de hacia la disminuciOn temporal de la consanguini- matrimonios estudiados. Ademas. en cada una dad en las cuatro provincias. al analizar detalla- de las zonas se calcularon las siguientes varia- damente cada regiOn, o parroquia, se encontra- bles: la frecuencia de los diferentes tipos de ron variaciones significantes entre ellas en rela- matrimonios consanguineos, en relacion al total tion con el valor del coeficiente de endocruza- de matrimonios, y la endogamia. Posteriormente miento, como se puede apreciar en el cuadro 2, se clasificaron las parroquias en consanguinidad donde se efectuo una division operativa indican- alta, media y Baja, en funciOn del valor medio de do lugares con alta (a> 500). media ( 300>a< 500) a para todo el periodo estudiado. y Baja (a< 300). Se nota que, ubicados por parroquia. los valores de la consanguinidad son mils altos en ciertas regions, coma es el caso de San Pedro de Pods, Belem San Isidro de Heredia AcTA MeD1CA COSTARRICENSE VOLUMEN 34; Ng 3; 1991 Cuadro 1 FRECUENCIA DE LOS DIFERENTES TIPOS DE MATRINIONIQS CONSANGUiNEOS COEFICIENTE MEDIO DE ENDOCRUZAMIENTO (a x105) Y ENDOGAMIA (%), POR ZONA Y PERIOD°, EN LAS PROVINCIAS CENTRALES DE COSTA RICA Zona.
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