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Environmental Crime and Social Conflict Green Criminology Series Editors ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME AND SOCIAL CONFLICT GREEN CRIMINOLOGY Series Editors: Michael J. Lynch, University of South Florida, USA Paul B. Stretesky, University of Colorado, Denver, USA Now two decades old, green criminology – the study of environmental harm, crime, law, regulation, victimization, and justice – has increasing relevance to contemporary problems at local, national, and international levels. This series comes at a time when societies and governments worldwide seek new ways to alleviate and deal with the consequences of various environmental harms as they relate to humans, non-human animals, plant species, and the ecosystem and its components. Green criminology offers a unique theoretical perspective on how human behavior causes and exacerbates environmental conditions that threaten the planet’s viability. Volumes in the series will consider such topics and controversies as corporate environmental crime, the complicity of international financial institutions, state-sponsored environmental destruction, and the role of non-governmental organizations in addressing environmental harms. Titles will also examine the intersections between green criminology and other branches of criminology and other areas of law, such as human rights and national security. The series will be international in scope, investigating environmental crime in specific countries as well as comparatively and globally. In sum, by bringing together a diverse body of research on all aspects of this subject, the series will make a significant contribution to our understanding of the dynamics between the natural world and the quite imperfect human world, and will set the stage for the future study in this growing area of concern. Other titles in this series: Environmental Crime and its Victims Perspectives within Green Criminology Edited by Toine Spapens, Rob White and Marieke Kluin Exploring Green Criminology Toward a Green Criminological Revolution Michael J. Lynch and Paul B. Stretesky Animal Harm Perspectives on Why People Harm and Kill Animals Angus Nurse Environmental Crime and Social Conflict Contemporary and Emerging Issues Edited by AVI BRISMAN Eastern Kentucky University, USA NIGEL SOUTH University of Essex, UK ROB WHITE University of Tasmania, Australia © Avi Brisman, Nigel South and Rob White 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Avi Brisman, Nigel South and Rob White have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Environmental crime and social conflict : contemporary and emerging issues / [edited] by Avi Brisman, Nigel South, Rob White. pages cm. -- (Green criminology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4724-2220-0 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4724-2221-7 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1- 4724-2222-4 (epub) 1. Offenses against the environment. 2. Criminology--Environmental aspects. 3. Social conflict. I. Brisman, Avi. HV6401.E585 2015 364.1'45--dc23 2014037304 ISBN 9781472422200 (hbk) ISBN 9781472422217 (ebk – PDF) ISBN 9781472422224 (ebk – ePUB) References to internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the authors nor the editors nor Ashgate is responsible for URLs that may have changed or expired since the manuscript was prepared. V Printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Notes on Contributors xi 1 Toward a Criminology of Environment-Conflict Relationships 1 Avi Brisman, Nigel South and Rob White PART I: CONFLICT OVER NATURAL RESOURCES POSSESSION 2 Mapping the Links between Conflict and Illegal Logging 41 Tanya Wyatt 3 Gorillas and Guerrillas: Environment and Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo 57 Richard Milburn 4 Land Uses and Conflict in Colombia 75 David Rodríguez Goyes 5 With or Without a Licence to Kill: Human-Predator Conflicts and Theriocide in Norway 95 Ragnhild Sollund PART II: CONFLICT OVER DECLINING RESOURCES 6 The State-Corporate Tandem Cycling Towards Collision: State-Corporate Harm and the Resource Frontiers of Brazil and Colombia 125 Bram Ebus and Karlijn Kuijpers 7 Somalis Fight Back: Environmental Degradation and the Somali Pirate 153 Victoria E. Collins vi Environmental Crime and Social Conflict PART III: CONFLICT THAT DESTROYS ENVIRONMENTS 8 Resource Wars, Environmental Crime, and the Laws of War: Updating War Crimes in a Resource Scarce World 177 Aaron Fichtelberg 9 The Poaching Paradox: Why South Africa’s ‘Rhino Wars’ Shine a Harsh Spotlight on Security and Conservation 197 M.L.R. Smith and Jasper Humphreys 10 Weaponising Conservation in the ‘Heart of Darkness’: The War on Poachers and the Neocolonial Hunt 221 Tyler Wall and Bill McClanahan PART IV: CONFLICT OVER NATURAL RESOURCES EXTRACTION PROCESSES 11 The Hidden Injuries of Mining: Frontier Cultural Conflict 241 Kerry Carrington, Russell Hogg and Alison McIntosh 12 On Harm and Mediated Space: The BP Oil Spill in the Age of Globalisation 265 Nels Paulson, Kim Zagorski and D. Chris Ferguson 13 Environment and Conflict: A Typology of Representations 285 Avi Brisman Index 313 List of Figures 2.1 Conflict and illegal logging 48 6.1 A small-scale miners’ community in Sur de Bolívar 126 6.2 A small-scale miner leaves the bocamina, the ‘mouth of a mining shaft’, with a cart full of minerals 130 6.3 Home of a riverine family on the Xingu River 132 6.4 Small houses in Altamira in an area that will be flooded by the Belo Monte dam 139 6.5 A miner working the oxygen poor mining shafts in Sur de Bolívar 142 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Tables 2.1 Locations of conflicts where resources are an item in the conflict 44 2.2 Global illegal logging incidents 47 11.1 Estimation of Australia’s resources sector workforce, 2012 258 11.2 Proportions of non-resident workers to the Moranbah resident population 259 12.1 Correlations among papers for reporting on a given day, controlling for the occurrence of a ‘major event’ in the first 100 days after the Deepwater Horizon explosion 274 12.2 Correlations among papers for damages, origins, solutions, and risk, controlling for total number of articles on a given day and the occurrence of a ‘major event’ in the first 100 days after the Deepwater Horizon explosion 275 12.3 Risk reporting between the Guardian and Financial Times by per cent of stories 276 This page has been left blank intentionally Notes on Contributors Avi Brisman (MFA, JD, PhD) is an Assistant Professor in the School of Justice Studies at Eastern Kentucky University, USA. His writing has appeared in Contemporary Justice Review, Crime, Law and Social Change, Crime Media Culture, Critical Criminology, International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice and Criminology, Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology, Race and Justice, Social Justice, Theoretical Criminology, and Western Criminology Review, among other journals. He is co-editor, with Nigel South, of the Routledge International Handbook of Green Criminology (2013), and co-author, with Nigel South, of Green Cultural Criminology: Constructions of Environmental Harm, Consumerism, and Resistance to Ecocide (Routledge, 2014). Kerry Carrington is a Professor and the Head School of Justice, Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Australia. She is currently, Vice Chair of the Division of Critical Criminology (DCC), American Society of Criminology; Member of the Division of Women and Crime, American Society of Criminology; Co-Chief Editor of the International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy; Pacific Rim Editor of Critical Criminology; and an International Editorial Board member of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Described as ‘one of Australia’s most influential critical criminologists’ (Walters 2003: 103), Professor Carrington’s contributions to this field span 25 years and include Feminism and Global Justice (Routledge, 2014); Who Killed Leigh Leigh? (Random House, 1998); Offending Girls: Sex, Youth and Justice (Allen & Unwin, 1993); Offending Youth: Crime, Sex and Justice with Margaret Pereira (Federation Press, 2009); and Policing the Rural Crisis with Russell Hogg (Federation Press, 2006). Victoria E. Collins is an Assistant Professor in the School of Justice Studies at Eastern Kentucky University, USA. Dr Collins’ research and teaching interests include state crime, transnational crime, victimology, violence against women, and white collar crime. Dr Collins is currently working on a forthcoming book for Routledge, State Crime, Women and Gender. Some of her recent publications have appeared in journals such as International Criminal Law Review, Critical Criminology, Contemporary Justice Review, and The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. xii Environmental Crime and Social Conflict Bram Ebus holds an
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