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Official Russian Holocaust Remembrance Versus a Local Case Study

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Official Russian Holocaust Remembrance Versus a Local Case Study The Holocaust in Rostov-on-Don: Official Russian Holocaust remembrance versus a local case study Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the University of Leicester by Christina Winkler School of History University of Leicester 2015 Abstract The Russian view on the Holocaust: Official remembrance versus a local case study on the Holocaust in Rostov and how it is remembered by Rostovians today This thesis provides a complex and in-depth analysis of Russian Holocaust remembrance on the level of memory politics and its manifestations that is contrasted with a local case study on Rostov-on-Don using oral history interviews and archive research. In a first step the thesis delivers an analysis of the Russian post-Soviet public treatment of the Holocaust and what share remembrance of the katastrofa has within remembrance of World War II in Russia. Drawing on approaches from Halbwachs, Assmann and Welzer on communicative and multigenerational memory research as well as historical studies it is furthermore demonstrated how the largest mass killing of Jews on Russian territory is remembered by different generations of Rostovians today and how this private representation of World War II and the Holocaust contrasts with public forms of remembrance. Above all, the thesis provides new facts about the Holocaust in Rostov-on-Don by introducing previously unexamined eyewitness accounts. In doing so, the thesis illustrates that a tradition of privileging perpetrator sources in previous western studies has worked to the detriment of research on the events in occupied Rostov, for which we have relatively more first-hand testimony. The thesis thereby adds an important contribution to the discourse surrounding the blank spots in the Russian memory of World War II. ii Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis was made possible with the guidance, support and assistance of a number of individuals and organisations. First and foremost, I would like to thank my main sponsor, Ernst-Ludwig-Ehrlich Studienwerk (ELES), for funding my research over three decisive years between 2011 and 2014 and enabling my research trips to Russia, the USA and within Germany. I would like to thank Andreas Nachama for serving as my ELES-tutor, and Eva Lezzi and Johannes Frank for always giving their support. My thanks also go to the University of Leicester and the Stanley Burton Centre who have awarded this project with a four-year fees-only scholarship between 2010 and 2014. Fellowships at the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies (VWI) and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in 2014 and 2015 have furthermore enabled me to focus entirely on my research for which I am deeply grateful. I would particularly like to thank VWI-staff members Éva Kovács, Greta Anderl and Béla Rásky! Susanne Brown-Fleming, Martin Dean, Steve Feldman, Michael Gelb, Megan Lewis, Dan Newman and Vincent Slatt from the USHMM also deserve my deep gratitude. Many people have supported me on my journey over the past few years and I would like to express my sincere gratitude to them. First and foremost I want to thank my former first supervisor Olaf Jensen, whose research on German family memory has inspired my work profoundly. Zoe Knox, my second supervisor, has equally encouraged me and provided her support in difficult times, thank you so much for that! My thanks also go to postgraduate tutor Sally Horrocks for her help and support in the final stage of my research. I also want to thank my former fellow research students at the University of Leicester, Thomas McKay, and especially Stefanie Rauch who has become a dear friend and whose advice and feedback I am very grateful for. Most of all, I am indebted to the 33 Rostovians who volunteered to be interviewed for this study, either individually or in a family setting. This project could not have been realised without them and I am forever grateful for their time and ideas. Finally, I want to express my immeasurable and heartfelt gratitude to the following people who have become very special to me: Sergey Shpagin, Il'ya Al'tman, Steven Sage, Kiril Feferman, Ingo Loose, and Yuriy Dombrovskiy. My deepest thanks go to my family and friends. iii The thesis is dedicated in memoriam to my beloved sister Petra (1965-2015). iv Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. iii Contents.................................................................................................................... v List of tables ............................................................................................................ vii List of abbreviations ................................................................................................ vii Transliteration of the Russian alphabet ..................................................................... 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2 A note on definitions and Soviet terminology ............................................................ 2 A Multidisciplinary Approach to Holocaust Remembrance in Contemporary Russia .......... 3 The Russian view on World War II.................................................................................. 10 The Soviet Treatment of the Holocaust .......................................................................... 13 PART I: Holocaust Commemoration in the Russian Federation ................................ 17 Memory Politics and Holocaust Remembrance .............................................................. 17 Holocaust remembrance and cultural policy .................................................................. 20 The Holocaust in Russian education policy ..................................................................... 25 Part II: A Local Case Study on Holocaust Remembrance in Rostov-on-Don ............... 30 Methodology........................................................................................................... 31 Oral History................................................................................................................... 31 Oral History and Historical Blank Spots .......................................................................... 35 Oral History and Qualitative Research............................................................................ 37 Why multi-generational? ............................................................................................... 39 Parallels to Russia? ........................................................................................................ 45 Study Design ................................................................................................................. 46 Grounded Theory Approach ................................................................................... 46 Study limitations ..................................................................................................... 49 Interviewee Recruitment ......................................................................................... 50 Interview Process .................................................................................................... 54 Interview Analysis .................................................................................................. 56 Archives and Sources ............................................................................................... 59 Soviet Extraordinary Commission Sources ...................................................................... 59 Post-War Trials' Documents........................................................................................... 62 v The Holocaust in Rostov-on-Don ............................................................................. 64 Jewish Pre-war Rostov .................................................................................................. 64 Operation Barbarossa and Soviet evacuation policy in Rostov ........................................ 67 Soviet Propaganda and Civilian Evacuation .................................................................... 69 The first occupation in eyewitness accounts ................................................................... 70 Holocaust ...................................................................................................................... 74 Further victim groups .................................................................................................... 88 The scale of the crime.................................................................................................... 89 Post-war Remembrance of the Holocaust in Rostov ....................................................... 96 Post-Soviet Remembrance of the Holocaust in Rostov .................................................... 99 Oral history study on Holocaust narratives and individual Holocaust remembrance .............................................................................................................................. 105 Introductory remarks .................................................................................................. 105 SUFFERING .................................................................................................................. 107
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