BRAHMS Song of Destiny Works for Choir and Orchestra
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BRAHMS Song of Destiny Works for Choir and Orchestra Eric Ericson Chamber Choir Gävle Symphony Orchestra Jaime Martín 1 JOHANNES BRAHMS (1833–1897) 1 Schicksalslied (Song of Destiny), Op. 54 15:06 2 Gesang der Parzen (Song of the Fates), Op. 89 11:01 3 Nänie (Naenia), Op. 82 11:58 4 Begräbnisgesang (Funeral Song), Op. 13 6:15 Liebeslieder-Walzer 12:35 from Opp. 52 and 65, selected and orchestrated by Brahms 5 Rede Mädchen, allzu liebes (Tell me, maiden), Op. 52 No. 1 1:03 6 Am Gesteine rauscht die Flut (O’er the rocks the tide roars on), Op. 52 No. 2 0:45 7 Wie des Abends schöne Röte (As the evening’s radiant sunset), Op. 52 No. 4 0:45 8 Ein kleiner, hübscher Vogel nahm (A little, pretty bird), Op. 52 No. 6 2:27 9 Die grüne Hopfenranke (The green and trailing hopvine), Op. 52 No. 5 1:30 10 Nagen am Herzen (Gnawing feelings in the heart), Op. 65 No. 9 1:34 (Soprano solo: Elin Skorup) 11 Nein, es ist nicht auszukommen (No, there is no putting up), Op. 52 No. 11 0:57 12 Wenn so lindt dein Auge mir (When your eyes so softly gaze), Op. 52 No. 8 1:27 13 Am Donaustrande (By Danube’s waters), Op. 52 No. 9 2:07 ERIC ERICSON CHAMBER CHOIR GÄVLE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA JAIME MARTÍN, conductor 3 Schicksalslied for Choir and Orchestra op. 54 Brahms’s visit with the Oldenburg court music director Albert Dietrich in the summer of 1868 was the source of inspiration for his Schicksalslied op. 54 (Song of Destiny) published by Simrock in December 1871. In his Erinnerungen an Johannes Brahms Dietrich reports that Brahms had “found Hölderlin’s poems in the bookcase and was most deeply moved by the Schicksalslied.” During an excursion together to Wilhelmshaven, as Dietrich states, Brahms sat “alone on the beach” and wrote “the first sketches of the Schicksalslied.” However, it was not until September 1871 that Brahms announced the work to his publisher, after he had long worked on its conclusion and had discussed it with Hermann Levi, the author of the piano reduction. The work delves musically into the duality between the “fate-free,” ideal heavenly life and the existence of “suffering man” on earth articulated in Friedrich Hölderlin’s poem Hyperions Schicksalslied from the second volume of his epistolary novel Hyperion oder Der Eremit in Griechenland, a work published in 1799. The first part corresponds to the two stanzas and represents the heavenly realm in E flat major and 4/4 time – “Slowly and yearningly,” as the tempo marking reads. In the instrumental introduction the ascending melody of the muted violins is heard over the repeated timpani motif dominated by triplets. First the alto, which enters quietly, and then the whole choir together with various orchestral combinations praise the bright divine breezes gently moved by blissful geniuses, whose touch is like that of a female artist’s fingers on holy strings (“Glänzende Götterlüfte […] selige Genien [… leicht] rühren / wie die Finger der Künstlerin / heilige Saiten”). Arpeggiated chords in pizzicato in the violins and violas depict these last two verses in music. The second stanza of similar design is followed by the contrasting second part (Allegro in 3/4 time) in the fateful parallel key of C minor. It begins with an eighth figure played in forte by the strings and symbolizes human restlessness. The last stanza of the poem, earthly reality, is the subject of this second part, which, however, does not conclude the work. Brahms added an orchestral postlude in C major with the melody of the prelude, which, according to Eduard Hanslick, “transforms the confused toil of human existence into blissful peace.” 4 Gesang der Parzen for Six-Part Choir and Orchestra op. 89 During the summer of 1882 Brahms set the five stanzas of the Gesang der Parzen (Song of the Fates/ Parcae) from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Iphigenie auf Tauris as well as the following stanza, which concludes Act IV. Duke Georg von Sachsen-Meiningen, a music lover and admirer of Brahms’s music, was the dedicatee. The Brahms biographer Max Kalbeck mentions Charlotte Wolter’s representation of Iphigenia as the source of inspiration for the musical setting. Simrock published Brahms’s Opus 89 about two months after the premiere of the work conducted by the composer in Basel on 10 December 1882. The theme of destiny is an obvious parallel that can be drawn between this work and the Schicksalslied. The two works also have in common a title not referring directly to the source. Brahms wrote on this point, “That the song is from Iphigenie is something that I would not like to mention on the title page. I already hear Speidel [the music critic Ludwig Speidel] saying that it is not the Goethean Iphigenie, and in any case the Parzenlied is not Iphigenie.” The orchestra opens the work in its full ensemble size and strength. The first stanza then follows, sung by the six-part choir – with doubled alto and bass – in piano, and divided into female and male voices. The dactylic motif dominates in the work; the urgency thus stands as an expression of a “primordial, superhuman order” (thus Siegfried Kross). Numerous passages interpreting the text are found in the work, but after the return of the first stanza the mood changes: the next stanza (“Es wenden die Herrscher ihr segnendes Auge”) is to be sung “Slowly and smoothly” in piano, and Brahms selected D major as the key and a 3/4 time. Brahms stated as follows concerning the major key: “I think that at the simple entry of the major the unsuspecting hearer’s heart would have to melt and his eyes become moist since the whole misery of humankind first then grips him.” After this section the conclusion with the added stanza follows in the initial key of D minor, which among Brahms’s contemporaries – and not only among them – met with a lack of understanding as far as its meaning and function are concerned. 5 Nänie for Choir and Orchestra op. 82 During the summer of 1881 Brahms composed his Opus 82, a work published by C. F. Peters in December of the same year. In ancient Rome, where the name Naenia or Nenia originated, this dirge accompanied funeral processions. However, Friedrich von Schiller wrote the poem with a title identical to that of the musical text as a song of lament and mourning for the fleetingness of beauty, in all likelihood a year prior to its publication in 1800. Brahms dedicated his work to Henriette Feuerbach (“Frau Hofrath Henriette Feuerbach zugeeignet”). The dedication refers to the death of her son, Brahms’s highly admired friend, the painter Anselm Feuerbach, who died in Venice on 4 January 1880, as Brahms indicates in his letters. Brahms set the seven distichs of Schiller’s text, each consisting of a hexameter and a pentameter, in keeping with their content, both in musical and formal respects. The orchestral beginning of the composition is similar to that of the Schicksalslied. The oboe presents a long melody in D major in a 6/4 time no doubt inspired by the hexameter. After the proclamation of the theme of beauty’s death (“Auch das Schöne muß sterben”), which is sung by the soprano, three myths from antiquity are found in the poem: Orpheus and Eurydice, Aphrodite and Adonis, and Thetis and Achilles. Here Brahms initially employs polyphonic structures. A new section begins with ascent from the sea in the fifth verse (“Aber sie steigt aus dem Meer”) and represents the lament for the transitoriness of beauty and the death of perfection in F sharp major, in 4/4 time, Più sostenuto in tempo, and in a more homophonic texture. The final distich forms the concluding part, which returns to the initial key of D major and to the musical material from the beginning of the work. Brahms concludes his composition with the next-to-last verse, with repetitions of the word “herrlich” (glorious), surely – in a manner similar to his Schicksalslied – with a more consoling intention. Begräbnisgesang for Choir and Wind Instruments in C minor op. 13 During his Detmold period Brahms composed the Begräbnisgesang op. 13 (Funeral Song), a work that like many others was revised prior to its definitive printing in 1861. In November 1858 he enclosed a manuscript of the work in one of his letters to his close friend Julius Otto Grimm. Grimm, who was 6 then a Göttingen choir director, expressed his enthusiasm for this version of the work. However, a few months later, at the end of March 1859, Brahms reported to his friend Joseph Joachim, who was then the royal concertmaster in Hanover, “I have splendidly instrumented my funeral song! It looks very different, now that I have eliminated the unbecoming basses and cellos.” The first version, no longer extant today, contained low strings, but in view of the work’s declared function as a “Song for a Burial,” as the title of the autograph reads, Brahms no doubt opted to replace them with wind instruments. As a result, the work, as he himself intended, could actually be performed at graveside. The music is based on a text of seven stanzas by Michael Weiße from the Gesangbuch der böhmischen Brüder (Jungbunzlau, 1531). Brahms set them in a highly varied manner. The C minor melody of the first stanza returns in the third and last stanzas; it recalls a funeral march and proceeds in the spirit of the initial instruction, which is “Tempo di Marcia funebre.” The soprano, without whose participation the work begins in a mood suggesting depression in the low register, enters powerfully (in forte) in the second stanza, precisely in the passage referring to the sounding of God’s trumpet (“Wenn Gottes Posaun wird angehen”), after a section of recitative character.