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Astronomy 2009 Challenges, Vision and Exploration Untitled-1 1 16/2/09 11:27:54 Pwmar09contents 23/2/09 16:40 Page 1 PWMar09cover 20/2/09 10:02 Page 1 physicsworld.com Volume 22 No 3 March 2009 Astronomy 2009 Challenges, vision and exploration Untitled-1 1 16/2/09 11:27:54 PWMar09contents 23/2/09 16:40 Page 1 physicsworld.com Contents: March 2009 ESO Quanta 3 Frontiers 4 News & Analysis 7 Massive new laser facility fires up ● Perimeter Institute announces new fellows ● Kepler mission targets exoplanets ● New reactor to clean up radioactive waste ● Sweden reverses nuclear ban ● Italy looks to geothermal power ● Astronomy observatories ranked ● New probe to measure the Earth’s gravity ● X-ray free- electron laser opens at SLAC ● Physics benefits in Obama’s stimulus bill ● Students affected by CERN switch-off Feedback 17 Seeking new worlds – exoplanets 26–30 A year in astronomy, Chinese success, the last word on fusion, plus comment from physicsworld.com Astronomy 2009 Thirty Meter Telescope Cosmic visions 22 Six leaders of astronomy outline their grand visions for the subject Brave new worlds 26 Over 330 planets orbiting stars beyond our solar system have so far been discovered. Alan Boss describes how that number is set to rise dramatically Up close and personal 33 From Galileo Galilei’s telescope to the Mars Exploration Rovers, planetary science Eyes on the sky – extra-large telescopes 46–50 has come a long way. Mark Williamson reveals how astronomy become a science of immersion and experimentation Another giant leap for mankind 40 NAOJ/JAXA The first trip to the Moon was largely motivated by the political and military context of the Cold War, so why should we go back now? Paul D Spudis explains the new enthusiasm for returning to the Moon Sites for new eyes 46 Plans for a new generation of extra-large telescopes could revolutionize astronomy. But as Robert P Crease outlines, locating these and other facilities needs to be delicately handled The Galileo affair 54 The birth of telescopic astronomy not only gave us a completely different perspective Lunar love affair – a return to the Moon 40–43 of the universe, but also sparked a fierce cultural clash between science and religion. Maurice A Finocchiaro revisits the trial of Galileo Galilei On the cover Astronomy 2009 (www.illustrationweb.com/ Reviews 58 dannyallison) 21–57 A close-up view of Titan ● Unlocking the mysteries of the Antikythera Mechanism ● Web life: Cosmic Diary Physics World is published monthly as 12 issues per annual volume by IOP Publishing Ltd, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK Careers 64 Living life on ‘Mars’ Elena Mason ● Once a physicist: David Florence United States Postal Identification Statement Physics World (ISSN 0953-8585) is published monthly by IOP Publishing Ltd, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK. Annual subscription price is US $520. Air freight and mailing Recruitment 69 in the USA by Publications Expediting, Inc., 200 Meacham Ave, Elmont NY 11003. Periodicals postage at Jamaica NY 11431. US Postmaster: send address changes to Physics World, Lateral Thoughts 80 American Institute of Physics, Suite 1NO1, 2 Huntington Quadrangle, Melville, NY 11747-4502 Clutching at dark straws Kate Oliver Physics World March 2009 1 You rely on technology innovation for new tools to advance the pace and scope of your scientific discovery. Now, ITT introduces the next innovation in software technology to revolutionise the way you work with data – IDL 7.0. Long a tool of choice for analysing and visualising complex data, IDL is now seamlessly integrated with Eclipse, combining all the power of IDL’s visualisation engine with a new, modern integrated development environment. From modern code editing and debugging tools to a cross-platform programming interface, IDL 7.0 delivers the innovation you need to power the next generation of scientific discovery. Learn more atittvis.com/IDL. Revolutionary software technology for today – To power the discoveries of tomorrow. ITT, the Engineered Blocks, and “Engineered for life” are registered trademarks of ITT Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc., and are used under license. ©2009, ITT Visual Information Solutions Communications • Sensing & Surveillance • Space • Advanced Engineering & Integrated Services PWMar09quanta 19/2/09 10:12 Page 3 physicsworld.com Quanta For the record Seen and heard I am hoping that the American people will wake up Calculators at the ready CERN Ever wondered how many “men with New US energy secretary Steven Chu quoted in calculators” it takes to match a day’s worth the Los Angeles Times of IBM supercomputing power? Well, In his first interview since taking office, Chu states according to The Times newspaper in the that he sees public education as a key part of the UK it is 120 billion of them all number- strategy to fight global warming. crunching for 50 years. The paper came up with the bizarre comparison to describe the This was at exactly the wrong place to capacity of IBM’s new supercomputer make debris called Sequoia, which will be 20 times more powerful than today’s best machines. When David Wright a space-weapons expert at the ready for action in 2012 at the Lawrence Union of Concerned Scientists quoted in the Livermore National Laboratory in the US, Financial Times the supercomputer, which will be used to Wright was commenting on the collision last month check the safety of the US nuclear arsenal, between a commercial US communications Hanks for the memory will run at 20 petaflops (1015) floating-point satellite and a defunct Russian satellite, which hit Hollywood came to CERN last month as operations per second. The question is, each other while in a low Earth orbit. This is the first Tom Hanks jetted into the Geneva lab, who are these men with calculators? What such collision and it is estimated to have created which was showing sneak previews of his are they calculating? And are they allowed about 600 pieces of debris, which he thinks will new film Angels and Demons based on the toilet breaks? take decades to burn up. novel by Dan Brown. Part of the book centres on CERN and the film features Spooky Einstein Writing really small has a long history footage of the lab’s 27 km tunnel, including Participants at the Technology, the cathedral-sized ATLAS detector. Entertainment and Design (TED) Physicist Hari Manoharan from Stanford CERN staff got to see the footage at a press conference last month at Long Beach in University quoted in the Guardian conference that featured Hanks, who plays California might have been surprised Researchers at Stanford University have broken an academic trying to prevent the Vatican when they stumbled upon Einstein. Not the record for the smallest writing by creating two from being blown up with antimatter stolen the real one, of course, but a robotic letters, “S” and “U”, each less than 0.3 nm in size from CERN, as well as co-star Ayelet version created by David Hanson, chief using a scanning tunnelling microscope to drag Zurer and the film’s director Ron Howard. executive of Hanson Robotics in Dallas. single carbon-monoxide molecules into the We mere mortals will just have to wait for He built a head-and-shoulders “Einstein desired pattern. Writing this small could enable all the film’s release on 15 May. robot” containing 32 motors mimicking 32 volumes of the Encyclopaedia Britannica to be 48 different facial muscles. The Einstein fitted 2000 times over on the head of a pin. Traveller’s tales robot smiled or frowned at TED A first port of call when planning a holiday conference-goers and followed them with The best hitters accelerate at the might be attractive travel brochures his eyes using in-built sensors – spooky last instant. That final jolt of speed showing sun-drenched beaches and clear- action at a distance, indeed. blue seas. But anyone who can’t bear to allows them to apply a bigger force to take their mind off physics while on Cheers to Galileo their victim vacation can now consult The Physical The Danish brewing Tourist: A Science Guide for the Traveller. company Carlsberg has a Physicist Timothy Gay from the University of The book, edited by physicists John Rigden slogan about its famous Nebraska-Lincoln quoted in the New York Times from Washington University and Roger tipple: Carlsberg is Gay was describing some of the tackles made by Stuewer from the University of Minnesota, “probably the best beer in legendary American football player Jack Tatum – contains a selection of historical physics- the world”. Now a US also known as “the assassin” – who was one of the based attractions in 11 cities in Europe and brewer has gone one better by making a hardest hitters in the game. Gay was describing the US. If you happen to be in Bern, you beer that is “theoretically the best beer in how Tatum always knew the right angle and timing might want to visit the patent office where the universe” (although it might have in order to pull off a big tackle. Einstein came up with his ideas on difficulty proving that claim). The Sierra Brownian motion, the photoelectric effect Nevada Brewing Company produced the Like most things Swiss, astronomy in and the special theory of relativity. Physics Galileo’s Astronomical Ale to mark the Switzerland is not very big but it is of a highlights in Edinburgh include Merchiston International Year of Astronomy Castle – the birthplace and home of (IYA2009). It was flowing freely at the US very high quality John Napier who invented logarithms – opening ceremony of IYA2009 last month Astronomer Simon Lilly from the Federal Institute while Paris boasts the Curie museum, which at Long Beach in California. Sadly, of Technology in Zurich quoted in swissinfo.ch contains the Nobel-prize winner’s office physicists hoping to put the slogan to the Lilly points out that although Switzerland does not and laboratory.
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