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A Brief History of the Westminster Assembly

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THEOLOGY EVANGEL Autumn 1993 73 ...'. Last, we must be students of the Word for ' ... Special Study Entitled: The Challenge of Evangelical the mysteries of God . cannot be discerned in Theology. themselves ... but we behold them only in his word 2. Sermon on Eph. 3:14-19. '.19 Are we beholding wondrous things out of 3. Sermon on Eph. 1:4-6 . God's law? 4. Comm. on Is. 6:1. We have seen from this brief and cursory glance at 5. Comm. on Is. 6:1. Calvin's thoughts on what it means to know God, 6. Comm. on Is. 6:5. that it means much more than to know about God. To 7. Comm. on Is. 6:2. be Reformed or to be a Calvinist it is not enough '. 8. Comm. on In. 14:21. if the knowledge of Christ dwell on the tongue or 9. Comm. on In. 14:23. flutter in the brain'. 20 It must be that knowledge 10. Comm. on Lk. 24:32ff. which consists principally in the sense of the heart. Is 11. Comm. on Lk. 24:32ff. this the Calvinism we hold to today? 12. Comm. on Lk. 24:32ff. 13. Comm. on Ex. 33: 18ff. 14. Comm. on Ex. 33:18ff. 15. Comm. on Acts 7:55ff. 16. Comm. on Acts 7:55ff. Footnotes 17. Sermon on Eph. 1:15-18. 18. Sermon on Eph. 1:15-18. 1. Wallace, R. S. 1987, 'Calvin's Approach to 19. List 3.2.14. Theology, Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology, 20. Sermon on Eph. 3:14-19. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY Wayne R. Spear July 1, 1993 marked the 350th anniversary of the The Background of the Assembly beginning of the Westminster Assembly, a gathering whose work has profoundly shaped the theology of The Westminster Assembly did not meet in a place those churches which bear the name Presbyterian, as of quiet for undisturbed theological reflection. Rather, well as others such as Congregationalists and some it met in the nation's capital, a stone's throw from the Baptists. Houses of Parliament, in a time of civil war in The Westminster Assembly was not a regular England. ecclesiastical assembly but an advisory commission James I of England, famous for his reluctant support called by the English Parliament to propose legislation of the 'King James' version of the Bible, was succeeded for the restructuring of the Church of England in a on the throne by his son Charles, who was more time of great social and political turmoil. The Assembly ruthless but less politically astute than his father. was composed of ministers ('divines') and laymen Charles I, with the eager assistance of William Laud, who were members of the Houses of Parliament. the Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to rule without They met in Westminster Abbey for more than five the assistance or interference of Parliament for 11 and a half years, and during that time they produced years. Along with economic policies which many documents which are well known and in use today: regarded as ruinous, he also followed a course of The Confession of Faith, Larger Catechism and Shorter revising the liturgy of the Church of England to make Catechism. it more like many practices of the Roman Catholic The commemoration of this anniversary of the Church. Those who resisted were punished by im­ beginning of the Westminster Assembly, it is hoped, prisonment, exile and mutilation. will stimulate new interest in the history of the The resisters were usually part of a group within Asembly, and new study of the remarkable docu­ the Church of England known to their enemies as ments which they produced. 'Puritans'. Deeply influenced by the principles of the 74 EV ANGEL Autumn 1993 THEOLOGY Calvinistic Reformation, they had struggled since the Baillie, Letters and Journals, p. 107). There they sat reign of Elizabeth I to bring their church more closely according to rank, the Lords nearest the fire. into harmony with biblical teaching. Through that time, many future members of Parliament had been Views Represented in the Assembly influenced by the Puritan preachers. In the 1640s, resistance to the policies of Charles I moved from the pulpits and the streets to Parliament, especially the Historians frequently write of the 'parties' of the House of Commons. John Pym, Speaker of the House, Assembly. These were not organized groups or cau­ was a convinced Puritan-and later a member of the cuses, but rather shifting alliances which represented Westminster Assembly. a number of differing points of view on certain issues, Charles' treasury was drained by his efforts to usually having to do with church government. suppress the revolution of the Covenanters in Scotland Some of those named as members of the Assembly which began with the National Covenant of 1638, so were committed to episcopal church government, in­ he reluctantly called the English Parliament into cluding three bishops. None of them participated in session in order to obtain more tax money. The the main work of the Assembly. Parliament refused to grant revenues unless Charles A number of the English ministers were 'pragmatic would agree to respond to their grievances. Among Presbyterians', open to presbyterial church govern­ their demands was a change in church government, ment as the only viable option in the circumstances, for the Puritans who led the House of Commons but favored limited rule by bishops. For example, were determined to removed from power the bishops Edward Reynolds, who helped draft the Westminster in whom Charles found some of his strongest allies. Confession, later served as Bishop of Norwich. In 1642, when negotiations failed, Charles attempted A small number of Assembly members were called to invade the House of Commons to arrest the Erastians. They defended the supremacy of the civil leaders. The armed guards turned his forces back, magistrate in the church. Their most eminent spokes­ and Charles withdrew from London. The great English man was a member of Parliament, John Selden. They Civil War had begun. had powerful allies in Parliament, where there was much distruct of a church which would operate with The Calling and Operation of the Assembly some independence from the state. There were many in the Assembly who were com­ mitted to presbyterian church government as a matter The Parliament (excluding those who supported the of conviction. They had been taught by the writings King) adopted an ordinance on June 12, 1643, calling of the Elizabethan Puritan leaders Thomas Cartwright together an assembly of 'learned and godly Divines, and WaIter Travers. On most matters they agreed and others', for assistance in establishing a govern­ with the Scottish commissioners. ment in the Church of England which would be 'most Another small but influential group was the agreeable to God's holy word, and most apt to English Independents (the name was given by their procure and preserve the peace of the Church' opponents; they held that theirs was a 'middle way' (Mitchell, The Westminster Assembly, p. ix). The ordin­ between independency and presbyterianism. Thomas ance named 10 members of the House of Lords, 20 Goodwin and Philip Nye were their most prominent members of the House of Commons and 121 ministers. spokesmen. Dissenters in Scotland, including Re­ Not all of those named actually attended; the King formed Presbyterians, later came to adopt views of forbade attendance, and some of those nominated church membership which resembled theirs. obeyed. Sixty-nine gathered for the opening session. As the time the Assembly met stretched out into years, some grew ill or weary. The usual attendance Scottish Participation in the Assembly was probably around 60. Parliament had named the moderator of the The members of the Westminster Assembly were Assembly and two scribes. Almost unlimited debate Englishmen; they met on English soil, to debate the was permitted; members often complained of the doctrine, worship and government of the Church of length of the debates. Thomas Goodwin told his England. The work of the Assembly, however, had brothers that if they studied more they would debate its most lasting effect in the Church of Scotland and less! Decisions were by majority vote. One notable her daughter churches. God's providence used mili­ vote which passed by that margin was in favor of tary and political developments to bring this surprising women deacons; the action was quietly dropped in outcome. the final editing. In 1643, the English Parliament seemed to be losing The rules provided that a member who disagreed the war against the King. They sent a delegation to with any action could have his dissent recorded, and Scotland, which had already successfully resisted give his reasons. In the time of civil war, that measure Charles, to obtain the help of the Scottish Army. The meant more than the relief of conscience. If the treaty under which Scotland agreed to send assistance Parliament lost the war, members of the Assembly was called the 'Solemn League and Covenant'. Its would face trials for treason, and a written record of terms included a commitment by the countries to dissent might prove helpful. seek to bring the churches of England, Ireland and At first the Assembly met in the ornate chapel of Scotland into 'the nearest conjunction and uniformity Henry VII, behind the main sanctuary of the Abbey. in religion, confession of faith, form of church gov­ When cold weather came, they moved to the smaller ernment, directory for worship and catechising'. Jerusalem Chamber, which had 'a good fire' (Robert To implement that pledge, commissioners were THEOLOGY EV ANGEL Autumn 1993 75 sent to participate in the Westminster Assembly.
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