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Home , Folklore studies

Reading in Early Modern (HIST 71100, GEMS 82100, MALS 74700)

Dr. Sarah Covington Spring 2020, Tuesdays, 4:15-6:15 Room 6421

Course Description

This class invites students into a doubly unfamiliar world: that of folklore and that of early modern Europe (1400-1700). Both raise distinct challenges, resisting our modern and ingrained assumptions and understandings; at the same time, their unfamiliarity also calls us to stretch ourselves as scholars and to see them (as much as we can) on their own terms. Folklore itself is widely misunderstood, often dismissed by historians as un-factual, its terminology confused (“” being freely confused with “,” for example), or folklore itself perceived as belonging to the realm of the rustic peasantry alone. Even literary scholars (as well as historians) who are interested in matters of orality do not consult with the incredibly rich theoretical contributions of folklorists, failing to identify motifs or the ways in which oral and textual cultures intersect or are transmitted. And this does not even touch on how folklore—also known as —is so much more than narrative alone.

The early modern world is also challenging for those who wish to enter its very different mental universe. Neither medieval nor modern, the period both looked back and harkened forward while remaining uniquely its own entity. And while folklore prevailed as it has throughout history— though it was known as “popular antiquities” then, “folklore” not coming into existence as a word until 1846—we have to dig harder to find it. Only in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries (not uncoincidentally, with the rise of the ) did figures such as the seek it out and publish it in textual form, and even then, committing a folk tale to text involved all kinds of authorial and editorial mediation on the transcriber’s part, not to mention a reduction if not extinguishment of the performative elements involved in everywhere. Instead, we must read into early modern texts for evidence of oral culture and folklore, which this class seeks to do. By exploring only some of the folkloric elements in that culture, after plunging first into the discipline of folkloristics, can we understand how functioned, and in the process, extend our own work in new and surprising ways.

Learning Goals:

1. Understand key concepts in folkloristics and the study of folklore across different social groups. 2. Identify, and analyze the forms of folklore: motifs, genres, folk groups, function. 3. Apply that knowledge to early modern understandings in religious belief, the supernatural, demons and witches, and fairy tales. 4. Apply this knowledge to one’s own projects and work, enriching it in the process.

Assignments (See below for more detail)

1. Fieldwork Assignment (5%) 2. One research paper (60%) 3. Discussion participation (35%)

TENTATIVE SCHEDLE AND READINGS ** (Note: all the primary source readings in the second column are on Blackboard).

Part I: What is Folklore?

Date Topic Primary Source Reading Secondary Source Reading Required * = Required

1/28 Introduction Herodotus: Father of *”Michael Owen Jones, “Applying and Folklore : An Introduction,” pp. Basic concepts and 1-11, in Putting Folklore to Use definitions Screening excerpts: (Lexington, KY, 1994), pp. 1-11 (note: please don’t read beyond page 11 unless “Folklore” terminology: https://www.youtube.com/ you want to!). Full text available on GC verbal arts, the watch?v=dHDZ0Fg5q-s Library website. vernacular, folk life Screening: Appalachian *Robert A. Georges and Michael Owen Elite vs. popular cultures Journey: Jones, “Introduction: Folklore and its https://www.youtube.com/ Study,” in Folkloristics: An Introduction From popular antiquities watch?v=MXh8SDp0H-E (Bloomington, IN, 1995), pp. 1-19. to folklore Available on Blackboard.

“Text, Context, Texture” Simon J. Bronner, “Toward a Definition of Folklore in Practice,” Cultural and other Analysis 15 (2016), pp. 6-27. Available disciplines at https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~culturalan alysis/volume15/pdf/bronner.pdf

2/4 Who are “the Folk”?: Biblical and other *,“Who Are the Folk?” in Defining the Group Dundes, Interpreting Folklore By Alan Dundes (Bloomington, IN, Ballads of drinking and 1980), pp. 1-19. Text available at the early modern alehouse https://lizmontague.files.wordpress.com/ social group (“Roaring 2011/10/fl-whoarethefolk.pdf Dick of Dover”, etc) *Dan Ben-Amos “Toward a Definition of Folklore in Context,” in Américo Paredes and Richard Bauman, eds., Toward New Perspectives in Folklore (Bloomington, IN, 2000), pp. 3-15. Available at https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcont ent.cgi?article=1078&context=nelc_pape rs

*Dorothy Noyes, "The Social Base of Folklore," in Bendix et al (eds), A Companion to Folklore (Oxford, 2012), pp. 13-39. Full text available on the GC library website.

Rosan A. Jordan, “Folklore And Ethnicity: Some Theoretical Considerations,” available at http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Virt ual_Books/Guide_to_State/Jordan.html

*Wolfgang Mieder, “’The Wit of One, and the Wisdom of Many’: Proverbs as Cultural Signs of Folklore,” in Behold the Proverbs of a People: Proverbial Wisdom in Culture, Literature, and Politics. (Jackson, 2017). Full text available on the GC library website.

2/11 What are the Functions Aesop’s *Eric Hobsbawm, “Introduction: of Folklore?: Tradition Inventing ” in E. Hobsbawm & and Culture T. Ranger, The Invention of Tradition,1- 14. Available at http://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files /Hobsbawm_and_Ranger_eds_The_Inve ntion_of_Tradition.pdf

*William Bascom: Four Functions of Folklore Journal of American Folklore 67 (1954), pp. 333-349. Available on Jstor.

*Dorothy Noyes, “Tradition: Three Traditions.” Journal of Folklore Research 46 (2009), 233- 268. Available on GC Library website.

*Raymond Williams, “Introduction” and “Tradition,” in Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), pp. 11-26; 224-225/.

T. Hofer “The Perception of Tradition in European .” Journal of Folklore Research 21 (1984):133-148. Available on Jstor.

2/ 18 Theorizing Folklore, Suetonius, Lives of the Introduction: ATU Index Folktale Types, and the Emperors Question of Transmission *Elliot Oring, “Folk Narratives” from The (ATU Folk Groups and Folklore Genres: An E501) Introduction, pp. 121-146. Full text available on the GC Library website. ATU Index *Alan Dundes, “The Study of Folklore in Literature and Culture: Identification and Interpretation,” pp. 67-76. Available on https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewc ontent.cgi?article=1077&context=usupre ss_pubs

Hasan El-Shamy and Jane Garry. Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature: A Handbook (Armonk, NY, 2005). Available at GC Library website.

Amy Shuman and Galit Hasan-Rokem, "The Poetics of Folklore,"in A Companion to Folklore, pp. 55-74. Available on GC library site.

Ben-Amos, “Introduction,” in Folklore Genres (Austin, 1981), pp. xii-xvl. Available on Blackboard.

Vladimir Propp. Morphology of the Folktale, 2d. ed., excerpts (Austin, 1968), pp. 1-46 (go to http://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/propp.p df)

II. Taking Folklore to the Early Modern World

2/25 Oral and Textural The Fabliaux: *Peter Burke, in Early Cultures; Methods in “Brunain, the Priest’s Modern Europe 3rd ed. (Routledge, Accessing Early Modern Cow,” “The Peasant 2016), chapters 3, 4 and 5. Old edition Folklore Doctor,” “The Woman available on GC Library website. Who Hanged her Husband’s Body,” “The *“Introduction,” in The Spoken Word: Man Who Had A Oral Culture in Britain, 1500- Quarrelsome Wife” 1850 edited collection, by Adam Fox and Daniel Woolf (Manchester, Manchester Geraldus Cambrensis, University Press, 2002) pp. 1-51. Full Topographia Hibernica text available on GC Library website. (1188) Guy Beiner, Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory (Madison, WI, 2007), pp. 17-33. Full text available on the GC library website.

3/ 3 Popular Religion: St. George legend, Hilary Powell, “Once Upon a Time Miracles, Saints, and Jacobus de There Was a Saint…”: Re-evaluating Godly Wonders Voragine, Golden Legend Folklore in Anglo-Latin Hagiography,” Folklore 121 (2010), pp. 171-189. Catherine of Siena: Available at various excerpts/writings https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC3672990/ Matteo Bandello, “An Avaricious Priest,” in Patrick Geary, “Humiliation of Saints,” Twelve Stories. in Stephen Wilson, (ed.), Saints and their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Increase Mather, Essay for Folklore and History (Cambridge, 1983), the Recording of pp. 123-140. Full text available on GC Illustrious Providences Library website. (1684) (excerpt) *Robert W. Scribner, “Elements of Popular Belief,” in The Handbook of European History 1400-1600, ed. Thomas A. Brady, Jr.; Heiko A. Oberman, and James D. Tracy Grand Rapids, MI, 1994).

*Don Yoder, Toward a Definition of , Western Folklore Vol. 33, No. 1, Symposium on Folk Religion (Jan., 1974), pp. 2-15 Available of Jstor.org.

*Carl Watkins, “Folklore” and “Popular Religion” in Britain during the Middle Ages,” Folklore 115 (2004), pp. 140- 150. Available on Jstor.

*J-C Schmitt, “Religion, Folklore, and Society in the Medieval West,” in Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 376–87. Full book available at GC Library website.

*Alexandra Walsham, “Tongues of Heaven,” in Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2011). Full book available on Jstor.

3/10 , , Lavater, L. Of Ghostes *Michael Bailey, “Introduction: The , the Dead and and Spirites Walking by Meanings of Medieval Superstition,” in Cunning Folk Nyght (1572) Fearful Spirits, Reasoned Follies: The Boundaries of Superstition in Late Carolus de Baucius on Medieval Europe (Ithaca, 2013), pp. 7- types of Superstition 34. Available on GC Library website.

Cardano, Experience of a Katherine Knight, “A Precious Medicine: (1573) Tradition and Magic in Some Seventeenth-Century Household Excerpts from works on Remedies,” Folklore 113 (2002), pp. supsersitions 237-247. Available on Jstor.

Clodagh Tait, ‘Wandering Graveyards, Jumping Churches and Rogue Corpses: Tolerance and Intolerance in Irish Folklore’, in J. Kelly and M.A. Lyons (eds), Death and Dying in Ireland, Britain and Europe: Historical Perspectives, Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 2013. Available on Blackboard.

“Cunning Folklore: The Meaning of "Superstition" in Early Modern Europe (file:///Users/sarahcovington/Downloads/ Cunning_Folklore_The_Meaning_of_Su perstition_in_Ea.pdf

Alexandra Walsham, “Recording Superstition in Early Modern Britain: The Origins of Folklore,” Past & Present, 199 ( 2008), pp. 178–206. Available on Jstor.

3/17 The Devil and Evil Towneley Mystery Plays, Darren Oldridge, “Fairies and the Devil Spirits “Harrowing of Hell” in Early Modern England,” Seventeenth (excerpt) Century 31 (2016), https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10. Matteo Bandello, “Of the 1080/0268117X.2016.1147977 Trick Played upon the Prior” John D. Cox, “The Devil and Society in the English Mystery Plays,” Comparative Martin Luther on the Drama 28 (1994-95), pp. 407-438. Devil (1566) Available on Jstor.

Christopher Marlowe, J.B. Russell, Lucifer: The Devil in the Faust Middle Ages (Ithaca, 1984), chapter 4. Available on Blackboard. Martino Del Rio, “An Incident of Possession” Moshe Sluhovsky, “A Divine Apparition or Demonic Possession? Female Agency Francois Perreaud, and Church Authority in Demonic Demonologie (1653) Possession,” Sixteenth Century Journal Vol. 27, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp. 1039- 1055. Available on Jstor.org.

Christopher Bailey, “The Nature of the Beast: The Portrayal of Satan in the Ballads of Seventeenth Century England.” Available at https://www.eiu.edu/historia/bailey.pdf

Nathan Johnstone, The Devil and Demonism in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2006), Chapter 5. Available on Blackboard.

3/24 Witches Malleus Maleficarum (The *Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline Hammer of the Witches) of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in (1487) (excerpt) Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1971), chapters 16. William Perkins, “Good Available on Blackboard. and Bad Witches, 1608,” in The Witchcraft *William Monter, “Toads and Sourcebook. Eucharists: The Male Witches of Normandy, 1564-1660,” in Superstition Cotton Mather, “The and Magic in Early Modern Europe, ed. Possession of the Helen Parish (London, 2015), pp. 190- Goodwin Children” 214. (1688) Emma Wilby, “The Witch's Familiar and “The Confession of the Fairy in Early Modern England and Walpuga Hausmannuin, Scotland,” Folklore 111, No. 2 (Oct., 1587” 2000), pp. 283-305. Available on Jstor.org.

* Elaine G. Breslaw, “Tituba's Confession: The Multicultural Dimensions of the 1692 Salem Witch- Hunt,” Ethnohistory 44, No. 3 (Summer, 1997), pp. 535-556. Available on Jstor.org.

Sigrid Brauner, “Fearless Wives and Frightened Shrews: The Construction of the Witch in Early Modern Germany, Amherst: University of Massachussetts, 1995. Chapt. 1, 4. Available on Blackboard.

*Montague Summers, The Werewolf in 3/31 Monsters, Vampires, William Newburgh (12th Lore and Legend (skim) Werewolves century), Historia Rerum (available on archive.org: Anglicarum https://archive.org/details/TheWerewolfI nLoreAndLegend Stubbe Peeter, A most true Discourse, declaring the *Rolf Schulte, “The Werewolf in the life and death of one Popular Culture of Early Modern Stubbe Peeter, being a Germany,” in Willem de Blécourt (ed.), most wicked Sorcerer Werewolf Histories (London, 2015), pp. (1590) (excerpts) 185-205. Book available on GC library website.

Pierre Boaistuau, *Paul Barber, Vampires, Burial and A Monster from Poland Death: Folklore and Reality (New (1560) Haven: 1988), chaps. 1 and 2. Full text available on GC Library website. Ambroise Paré, On Monsters book 25: Stephen T. Asma, On Monsters: An Treating of Monsters and Unnatural History of Our Worst Fears Prodigies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), skim. Full text available on GC Library Woodcuts website.

Elena Daniele, “Columbus’s Monsters: One-Eyed Men, Dog-Headed Men, Cannibals, and Amazons in the Accounts of the First Two Columbian Voyages,” in Jana Byars and Hans Peter Broedel (eds.), Monsters and Borders in the Early Modern Imagination (London, 2018). Available on Blackboard.

Felix Oinas, “East European Vampires,” in Dundes, Alan, ed.. The Vampire: A Casebook. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1998. Available online at the GC library website.

4/7 , Rites of Passage Note: this week we shall *Mikhail Bakhtin, “Introduction,” and Carnival be focusing on the Rabelais and his World, trans. Hélène meaning and debates Iswolsky (Bloomington, 1984), pp. 1-58. around Carnival and Available on Blackboard. rituals, so please focus on the secondary literature to the right).

*Peter Burke, “Carnival” (Chapter 7), in Popular Culture, pp.255-288. Available through GC Library website.

*Natalie Zemon Davis, “Rites of Violence: Religious Riot in Sixteenth- Century France,” Past & Present 59 (1975), pp. 51-91. Available on Jstor.

*Bob Scribner, “Reformation, Carnival, and the World Turned Upside Down,” Social History (1978). Available on Jstor.

*David Rosenthal, “Owning the Corner: The “Powers” of Florence and the Question of Agency,” and Stephen J. Milner, “Fanno bandire, notificare, et expressamente comandare”: Town Criers and the Information Economy of Renaissance Florence, in I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance (Special Issue: The Experience of the Street in Renaissance Italy), Vol. 16, No. 1/2 (September 2013). Search on GC Library website by article/essay title.

Edward Muir, in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)

4/14 No class, spring break

4/21 Folklore Resistance William Tell, (see Marc *Éva Guillorel and David Hopkin, Ballads and the Figure of Lerner, “Competing “Introduction: Oral Cultures and the Trickster Memories of a Swiss Traditions of Social Conflict: An Revolt”), pp. 112-120 Introduction to Sources and Approaches,” pp. 1-42, in Éva Guillorel, Broadside Ballads Online David Hopkin and William Pooley (eds.), (from the Bodleian Rhythms of Revolt: European Traditions Library): and Memories of Social Conflict in Oral http://ballads.bodleian.ox. Culture (London, 2018), pp. 1-42. ac.uk/ Available on Blackboard. English Broadside Ballad Archive: *Marc A. Lerner, “Competing Memories https://ebba.english.ucsb.e of a Swiss Revolt: The Prism of the du/ William Tell Legend,” in Rhythms of Revolt: European Traditions and Memories of Social Conflict in Oral Culture, pp. 90-112. Available on Blackboard.

*Antonio Gramsci, “Observations on Folklore.” In Alan Dundes, ed., International Folkloristics. Lanham, MD, 1999), pp. 131- 136. Available through the GC Library website.

*Raymond Williams, “Dominant, Residual, and Emergent.” Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), pp. 121-127. Available at http://theoria.art- zoo.com/dominant-residual-and- emergent-raymond-williams/

*Luigi Lombardi-Satriani, "Folklore as Culture of Contestation." Journal of the Folklore Institute 11 (1974), 99-121. Available through Jstor on GC Library website.

4/ 28 Landscape, Nature Medieval bestiaries Spirits, Fairies, and Alexandra Walsham, “Invented Animals Thomas Churchyard, Traditions: Religion, Custom and Churchyards Challenge Memory,” in Reformation of the Landscape (Oxford, 2011), pp. 471-554. Robin Goodfellow his Available in full at the GC Library Mad Merry Pranks, 1628 website. (available at archive.org); go to Ronald Hutton, “The Making of the https://archive.org/details/ Early Modern British Fairy Tradition.” madpranksmerryje00collu The Historical Journal 57, no. 4 (2014), oft/page/n5 pp. 1135-1156. Available at https://research- information.bris.ac.uk/files/38162235/Fai ries4_1_.pdf

Peter Dendle, “ in the Medieval and Modern Worlds,” Folklore 117, No. 2 (Aug., 2006), pp. 190-206. Available on Jstor.

Sabrina Magliocco, “Reconnecting to Everything: Fairies in Contemporary ,” in Michael Ostling (ed.), Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom (London, 2017). Available on Blackboard.

5/5 Fairy Tales and Märchen Giovanni Straparola, The Jan M. Ziolkowski, Fairy Tales from Pleasant Nights (excerpts) Before Fairy Tales: The Medieval Latin Past of Wonderful Lies (Ann Arbor: Charles Perrault (Sleeping University of Michigan Press, 2007). Beauty, , Intro and skim. Available online through Cinderella) GC Library website.

Giambattista Basile, *Ruth B. Bottigheimer, Fairy Godfather: “” Straparola, Venice, and the (1636) Tradition (Philadelphia: University of Pennsyvania Press, 2013), pp. 5-27; 120- 132 Available online through GC Library website.

Jo Eldridge Carney, “Early Modern Queens and the Intersection of Fairy Tales and Fact,” in In Fairy Tale Queens: Representations of Early Modern Queenship (New York: Palgrave, 2010), pp. 1-10 (and skim throughout). Available online through GC library website.

*Maria Tatar, Chapter One, “Sex and Violence: The Hard Core of Fairy Tales,”in The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales (Princeton, 2003), pp. 3-38. Available online through GC Library website.

Jeana Jorgensen, “Sorting Out Donkey Skin: Toward an Integrative Literal- Symbolic Analysis of Fairy Tales,” available at https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~culturalan alysis/volume11/pdf/Jorgensen.pdf

5/ 12 Folklore in Literature “Griselda,” Boccaccio Alan Dundes, “The Study of Folklore in Boccaccio, Chaucer, Literature and Culture: Identification and Rabelais, Spenser, “The Wife of Bath’s Tale,” Chaucer Interpretation,” in Elliot Oring (ed.), Shakespeare Folk Groups and Folklore Genres: A Spenser, Fairie Queene Reader (1989). Available through GC (excerpt) Library website. Shakespeare, Cymbeline (excerpt) Carl Lindahl, Earnest Games: Folkloric Patterns in the Canterbury Tales (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), pp. 1-18, 73-86. Available on Blackboard.

Kenneth Muir, “Folklore and Shakespeare,”Folklore 92 (1981), pp. 231-240. Available Jstor.

Briggs, K. The Anatomy of Puck: An Examination of Fairy Beliefs among Shakespeare’s Contemporaries and Successors. 1st ed. Routledge, 2003), chapter 4. Available on Blackboard.

Francis Lee Utley, “Oral Genres as a Bridge to Written Literature,” in Folklore Genres, pp. 3-15. Available on Blackboard.

Assignment One:

This will take you out of your disciplinary (and comfort) zone, but after the first class I would like you to act as a fieldworker and collect one tale from a community of which you are a member (this can come from family, fellow students, members of your religious community, gym, book club, etc etc—one group of which you are a member). In the second class, I would like you to share it, and to identify its motifs and meanings, its contexts and social group(s).

Assignment Two:

One 20-page research paper, either examining in depth one of the topics we’ve discussed in class, or applying what we’ve learned in class to a project that you are pursuing (you may also include folk life, performance or material culture; you can also push ahead chronologically, but I would like for you to try to keep it pre-nineteenth century). You can also include topics not covered in this class, including children, food, folk life and (more/other) material culture, costume, age, gender, sexuality. Please see me about your topic for approval.

Selected Supplementary Readings:

Bendix, Regina F., Galit Hasan-Rokem, et al (eds.). A Companion to Folklore. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

Bonner, Simon J. Folklore: The Basics. New York: Routledge, 2017.

Cameron, Euan. Enchanted Europe: Superstition, Reason, and Religion 1250-1750. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. [note: this book focuses primarily on elite texts, but may be useful for context).

De Caro, Frank. Stories of Our Lives: Memory, History, Narrative. Logan: Utah State Univ. Press, 2013.

Dorson, Richard M. America in legend: Folklore from the Colonial Period to the Present. New York: Pantheon, 1973.

Dundes, Alan, ed. International Folkloristics: Classic Contributions by the Founders of Folklore. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., 1999.

Georges, Robert and Michael Owen Jones. Folkloristics: An Introduction. (Bloomington, IN, 1995.

Hasan-Rokem, Galit, and David Shulman, eds. Untying the Knot: On and other Enigmatic Modes. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1996.

Heda, Jason and Dimitri Segal, eds. Patterns in . The Hague: Mouton, 1977.

McCormick, Charlie T., and Kim Kennedy White. Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, , and Art. 3 vols. 2d. ed. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO., 2011.

Mieder, Wolfgang. Proverbs: A Handbook. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004.

Oring, Elliott. Just Folklore: Analysis, Interpretation, Critique. Long Beach, CA: Cantilever, 2012.

Paredes, Américo, and Richard Bauman, eds. Toward New Perspectives in Folklore. Bloomington, IN: Trickster, 2000.

Online Resources:

Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts (University of Pittsburgh): https://www.pitt.edu/~dash/folktexts.html

Open Folklore (Indiana University): https://openfolklore.org/

Irish Folklore: www.duchás.ie

American Folklore Center: http://www.loc.gov/folklife/

Tale types: http://oaks.nvg.org/folktale-types.html#atu

Folklore Thursday: https://folklorethursday.com/ Sometimes hokey with the pictures but often quite good.

** If you are unfamiliar with the early modern period, a good textbook is Merry Weisner- Hanks, Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789 (Cambridge History of Europe) (Cambridge, 2006).

How to Access these Sources at the GC Library Website:

1. Go to gc.cuny.edu 2. Click on “library” at the top of the screen 3. Often you can just type in a title (even of a journal article) and you’ll get a hit. 4. Jstor is available off-campus, though you’ll have to type in your username and password.