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Tidsskrift for ISLAM FORSKNING Scandinavian Journal of Islamic Studies MEDIATED RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON COVID-19: MINORITY AND MAJORITY VIEWS VOL 15 · NO 2 · 2021 Tidsskrift for Islamforskning · Vol. 14 · No. 2 · 2021 Ansvarshavende redaktør: dr.phil., professor Garbi Schmidt Formål Ledende redaktør: ph.d., postdoc Jesper Petersen Tidsskrift for Islamforskning er et Gæsteredaktører: ph.d., lektor Ehab Galal netbaseret tidsskrift, hvis formål er at fremme videndeling blandt forskere Redaktion og samtidig viderebringe forsknings- Garbi Schmidt, Kultur- og sprogmødestudier, Roskilde Universitet; Jesper resultater til den bredere offentlig- Petersen, Institut for Tværkulturelle og Regionale Studier, Københavns Univer- hed. Tidsskriftet udgives af Forum for sitet; Ehab Galal, Institut for Tværkulturelle og Regionale Studier, Københavns Islamforskning (FIFO) og udkommer Universitet; Thomas Fibiger, Institut for Kultur og Samfund, Afdeling for Antro- to gange årligt. Artikler undergår pologi, Aarhus Universitet; Sara Jul Jacobsen, Kultur- og sprogmødestudier, peer-review. Første udgave af Tids- Roskilde Universitet; Saer El-Jaichi, Danisk Institut for Internationale Studier; skrift for Islamforskning udkom 17. Johanne Louise Christiansen, Institut for Historie og Religionsstudier, Syddansk oktober 2006. Universitet; Zenia Bredmose Henriksen Ab Yonus, Institut for Tværkulturelle og Regionale Studier, Københavns Universitet; Ragnhild Johnsrud Zorgati, Hjemmeside førsteamaneuensis, ph.d., Institutt for Kulturstudier og Orientalske Språk, Oslo www.tifoislam.dk Universitet; Amina Sijecic Selimovic – ph.d.-stipendiat, Det Teologiske Fakultet, Olso Universitet; Douglas Mattsson – ph.d.-stipendiat, Religionsventenskap, Medlemskab af FIFO Södertörn Universitet; Gustav Larsson – ph.d.-stipendiat, Institutionen för Kul- Hvis du ønsker at blive medlem af turvetenskaper, Linnéuniversitetet. foreningen, skal du sende en en anmodning om optagelse til info@ Design: Carl H.K.-Zakrisson islamforskning.dk. E-mailenskal Layout: Per Baasch Jørgensen, Graphorama.dk indeholde en beskrivelse af dit forsk- Tekstredaktion: Dorthe Bramsen (Dansk) ningsområde og relevante meritter. Kontingent til FIFO betales en gang Bestyrelse for Forum for Islamforskning årligt og udgør 150 kr. (dog 100 kr. for Garbi Schmidt (formand), Kultur- og Sprogmødestudier, Roskilde Universitet studerende). Universitet; Martin Riexinger (næstformand og kasserer), Institut for Kultur og Samfund, Aarhus Universitet; Safia Aoude (sekretær), cand. jur. og cand. mag., Kontakt Københavns Universitet; Mattias Gori Olesen (medlem), Institut for Kultur og Tidsskrift for Islamforskning kan kon- Samfund, Aarhus Universitet; Andreas Nabil Younan (medlem), cand. mag. i taktes via Forum for Islamforskning arabisk og mellemøststudier, Institut for Tværkulturelle og Regionale Studier, på [email protected] Københavns Universitet; Johanne Louise Christiansen (suppleant), Institut for Historie og Religionsstudier, Syddansk Universitet. Uopfordrede artikler sendes til redaktøren: [email protected] ISSN: 1901-9580 © Forfatterne og Tidsskrift for Islamforskning Contents Theme: Mediated religious and political perspec- tives on COVID-19: Minority and majority Views Ehab Galal Forord: Religion og sekularisme under covid-19 4 Lene Kühle Danish Muslims during COVID-19: Religion and pandemics in a postsecular society 13 Simon Sorgenfrei “Perhaps we see it in negative terms, but, ultimately, it is positive”: the responses of Swedish Salafis to COVID-19 40 Alessandro Gori Home prayer, unattended funerals and social responsi bility: Muslims in Italy and the coronavirus outbreak (March-May 2020) 63 Martin Riexinger Islamic Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in India and Pakistan 81 Ehab Galal Med bønnens kraft: Et islamisk og kristent arabisk perspektiv på covid-19 113 Katharina Nötzold “Deafening silence of theologians” vs. creative local parishes during the Corona pandemic? - A case study of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) 140 Mikhail Suslov The Russian Orthodox Church and the Pandemic: Problems, Challenges, Responses 169 Joshua Sabih GOD IS TELLING US SOMETHING: Rabbi Amnon Yitzhak’s Pesher and Socio-Poli tical Pantheism of Coronavirus 193 Maja Gildin Zuckerman Da krisen ramte: Genforhand lingerne af amerikansk- jødiske samfundsværdier 215 4 Ehab Galal Forord Religion og sekularisme under covid-19 I begyndelsen af ​​2020 var Kina epicenteret for covid-19, hvorfra virussen hurtigt spredte sig til resten af verden. Pandemien kom som et chok for de uforberedte stater og for deres befolkninger, der hurtigt måtte se deres hverdag underlagt restriktioner i vari erende grad. På den ene side blev sundhedsmyndighedernes ud- stukne retningslinjer mødt med velvilje og samarbejde, og på den anden side opstod der hurtigt uenigheder både internt i mellem og på tværs af borgere, interessegrupper og politiske partier. Man så også, jo længere krisen trak ud, i stigende grad voldelige sammenstød mellem grupper af borgere og myn- digheder. I første fase var nogle staters reaktion at afvise virus- sens tilstedeværelse i deres lande. Andre var langsomme med at få igangsat initiativer, der kunne reducere smitten, mens enkelte lande til gengæld hurtigt indførte forholdsregler i forsøget på at forhindre et større udbrud. Online- og offline-information og misinformation har været en del af forskellige grupperingers kamp mod pandemien. Pan- demien har ført til analyser, diskussioner og restriktioner både på makro- og mikroniveau, hvor ikke blot politikere, økonomer Ehab Galal, lektor, ph.d . i Medier og Moderne Samfund i Mellemøsten. Galal forsker i medier i Mellemøsten, aktuelt og historisk, med en særlig interesse i mediernes regionale og globale indflydelse. Han har således undersøgt, hvordan den muslimske og mellemøstlige befolknings brug af medier påvirker deres forståelse af religion og religiøs praksis. I bogen Arab TV-Audiences analyserer han publikums respons på islamisk TV i både Europa og Mel- lemøsten. Aktuelt arbejder han på et projekt om mellemøstlige oppositionsme- dier i og uden for Mellemøsten efter Det Arabiske Forår i 2011. Han er leder af forskningsprojektet Mediatized diaspora (MEDIASP) – Contentious politics among Arab media users in Europe, som er finansieret af Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond nr. 8018-00038B. Tidsskrift for islamforskning 14 (2) · 2021 · pp. 4-12 Ehab Galal · Forord 5 og eksperter, men også religiøse lærde og autoriteter fra verdens religioner har deltaget aktivt. Da restriktionerne ramte hele samfundet, ramte de også den religiøse praksis, blandt andet i form af periodevise nedlukninger af kirker, moskeer og syna goger. At religion således blev et aspekt og et redskab i håndte ringen af covid-19 har samtidig været med til at synliggøre de religiøse institutioner som en del af samfundet. For eksempel blev spørgsmålet som kirkernes tilgængelighed under religiøse højtider en hidtil uset del af den offentlige debat i Danmark. De offentlige debatter har inddraget mange aspekter såsom retten til religion eller religionsfrihed, det religiøse fællesskab som trøstende og støttende i krisetid, samarbejde versus kon flikt mellem stat og religiøse institutioner, sekulære versus re- ligiøse argumenter for håndtering af sygdom, religionens sær- lige, helbredende kraft osv. På den måde har religiøse autoriteter verden over spillet en rolle i håndteringen af pandemien enten ved at opfordre medlemmer til at overholde eller ignorere de af staterne udstukne rammer eller ved at forsøge af skabe eksisten- tiel og religiøs mening ud af den meningsløshed, som pande- mien ligesom andre kriser også bragte med sig. Spørgsmålet om religionens rolle under covid-19 er afsættet for dette nummers ni artikler. Artiklerne giver udvalgte eksem- pler på, hvordan religiøse lærde fra de tre abrahamitiske reli- gioner, jødedom, kristendom og islam, fortolker pandemien. Fem artikler omhandler islam og de muslimske religiøse lærdes håndtering af pandemien gennem brugen af medier, to artikler omhandler kristendom, og to artikler omhandler jødedom. Ek- semplerne stammer fra så forskellige steder som Danmark, Sverige, Tyskland, Italien, Rusland, Israel, Indien, Pakistan, USA og de arabiske lande. Artiklerne bidrager dermed med perspek- tiver på, hvordan stater og trossamfund verden over har forholdt sig til og prøvet at styre koblingen af religiøse og sundhedsvi- denskabelige problemstillinger. De ni artikler viser, hvordan staterne er fælles om deres forsøg på at kontrollere pandemien ved hjælp af videnskabelige og sekulære argumenter, ligesom de forsøger at kontrollere informationer for at modvirke sprednin- gen af misinformation. Staterne har skullet håndtere en situa- tion, hvor religiøse grupperinger, lærde og prædikanter de se neste årtier i kraft af ny teknologi har fået nye platforme for for- midling af deres budskaber. Det gælder både etablerede og selvbestaltede religiøse lærde og autoriteter. Resultatet er et nyt medie- og religionslandskab, der er langt vanskeligere at kon- Tidsskrift for islamforskning 14 (2) · 2021 · pp. 4-12 Ehab Galal · Forord 6 trollere, og dermed kommer medierne også til at spille en cen- tral rolle for håndteringen af covid-19. På tværs af de ni artikler finder man en række gennemgående temaer, der belyser trossamfunds og de religiøse autoriteters rolle i forskellige verdensdele i forbindelse med covid-19. Mens artiklernes fokus varierer, træder tre temaer frem som centrale. Det første tema er samspillet mellem stat og trossamfund; det andet er spørgsmålet om, hvordan
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