THE INSPIRATION OF ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA VI
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Volume 441
THE INSPIRATION OF ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA VI
Proceedings of a conference celebrating the 400 th anniversary of Galileo’s first use of the telescope organized by Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova Specola Vaticana held at Palazzo Cavalli Franchetti, Venice, Italy 18–23 October 2009
Edited by
Enrico Maria Corsini Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit`adi Padova, Padova, Italy
SAN FRANCISCO ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC 390 Ashton Avenue San Francisco, California, 94112-1722, USA Phone: 415-337-1100 Fax: 415-337-5205 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.astrosociety.org E-books: www.aspbooks.org
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Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Ann Arbor, Michigan. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents
Foreword ...... xi F. Bertola and E. M Corsini Welcome Address ...... xv G. A. Danieli Welcome Address ...... xvii H. Em. Card. A. Scola Welcome Address ...... xix R. M. Sinclair Participants ...... xxiii
Session I. Galileo and His Age
Galileo and Bellarmine ...... 3 G. V. Coyne, S.J. A Telescope Inventor’s Spyglass Possibly Reproduced in a Brueghel’s Painting . 13 P. Molaro and P. Selvelli Elsheimer, Galileo, and The Flight into Egypt ...... 23 D. Howard and M. S. Longair The Enigmatic Face of the Moon ...... 31 C. D. Galles and C. J. Gallagher The Telescope: Outline of a Poetic History ...... 37 M. Pastore Stocchi Galileo Reader and Annotator ...... 43 O. Besomi Music in Galileo’s Time ...... 55 P. Petrobelli Galileo and Music: A Family A ffair ...... 57 D. Fabris Galileo as a Patient ...... 73 G. Thiene and C. Basso Galileo Through a Lens: Views of His Life and Work on Stage and Screen . . . . 85 S. Perkowitz v vi Contents
The Long View: Light, Vision, and Visual Culture After Galileo ...... 89 G. N. Wells A Never Ending Story: The Pontifical Commission on the Galileo Case: A Critical Review ...... 99 M. S anchez´ de Toca
Session II. Astronomy and Art
Padua and the Stars: Medieval Painting and Illuminated Manuscripts ...... 111 G. Mariani Canova The Palazzo della Ragione in Padua: Representation and Communication of Art, Architecture, and Astrology of a Civic Monument ...... 131 M. Borgherini and E. Garbin Transient Astronomical Events as Inspiration Sources of Medieval and Renaissence Art ...... 139 M. Incerti, F. B onoli,` and V. F. Polcaro The Church of San Miniato al Monte, Florence: Astronomical and Astrological Connections ...... 151 V. Shrimplin Piero della Francesca’s Sky in The Dream of Constantine ...... 161 V. Valerio Giorgio Vasari and the Image of the Hour ...... 169 M. Wellington Gahtan Scripture in the Sky: Jeremias Drexel, Julius Schiller, and the Christianizing of the Constellations ...... 181 M. Mendillo and A. Shapiro Celestial Phenomena and Royal Glory: The Painted Ceiling in Ehrenstrahlsalongen by David Kl ocker¨ Ehrenstrahl at Drottningholm Palace in Sweden ...... 197 I. Elmqvist S oderlund¨ Blinded by the Light: Solar Eclipses in Art–Science, Symbolism, and Spectacle . 205 R. J. M. Olson and J. M. Pasacho ff Man, Controller of the Universe ...... 217 R. P. Olowin Cosmic Thing: Astrology, Space Science, and Personal Cartography in Robert Rauschenberg’s Autobiography ...... 221 C. L. Carey Modern Earthworks and Their Cosmic Embrace ...... 225 J. G. Hatch Contents vii
Silence ...... 235 J. Cogswell From Earth to Sky: (Observations of) a Transformation ...... 245 E. A. Feinberg The Cosmic Labyrinth ...... 253 M. Atkinson The Astronomical Paintings of Fred Bendheim ...... 259 F. Bendheim Two Dimensions ...... 261 G. Nadler Art and Astronomy ...... 263 L. Crighton-Lyon
Session III. Astronomy and Music
Big Bang Circus ...... 269 C. Ambrosini uniVERSE: A Thought Symphony ...... 279 G. Schwartz
Session IV. Astronomy and Literature
Poetry of the Stars ...... 289 P. Boitani The Hands of the Pleiades: The Celestial Clock in the Classical Arabic Poetry of Dh ual-Rumma...... 311¯ W. B. Adams The Alphabet and the Sky ...... 317 A. Lebeuf Astronomy as an Episodic but Critical Element in Literature ...... 327 R. M. Sinclair From the Satellites of Jupiter to Lost Time : Galileo, Proust, and the Demise of the Paris Meridian ...... 333 D. Garwood Sacred Sky and Cyberspace ...... 343 F. Clynes viii Contents
Session V. Astronomy and Religion
The Discovery of the Regular Movements of Celestial Bodies and the Development of Monotheism in the Ancient Near East ...... 353 G. B. Lanfranchi Mas. s. artu : The Observation of Astronomical Phenomena in Assyria (7 th CenturyBC)...... 361 F. M. Fales Tot Graeci Tot Sententiae : Astronomical Perspective Multiplicity in Ancient Greece ...... 371 O. Longo Cicero’s Cosmos: Somnium Scipionis (“The Dream of Scipio”) ...... 375 N. Miller The Milky Way: Path to the Empyrean? ...... 387 L. Harris Israel’s Quadrant : Weeping, Laughing, and the Measures of the Stars ...... 393 A. A. Locci Astronomical Phenomena that Influenced the Compilation of Anno Domini . . . 399 S. Rothwangl
Session VI. Astronomy and Inspiration
Substances of the Ancient Cosmology ...... 409 I. Simonia and T. Simonia Enchantment and the Awe of the Heavens ...... 415 N. Campion Seeing is Believing–Astronomy and Contemporary Art Forms ...... 423 J. D. Mooney Galileo: A Reverie ...... 435 C. Impey From Failure to Symbol of Astronomical Discovery: The Inspiring Story of the Hubble Space Telescope ...... 443 A. Nota Finding Inspiration in the Face of Endangered Starry Skies ...... 451 C. A. Moore, A. M. Richman, and V. D. Chamberlain Going Public ...... 461 E. C. Krupp The Haus der Astronomie in Heidelberg–A New Center for Education and Outreach ...... 471 J. Staude Contents ix
Communicating Astronomy to School Children Through Art ...... 479 A. Ortiz-Gil and M. Gomez Collado Annotations of a Public Astronomer ...... 483 A. Adamo
Session VII. Astronomy and History
Astronomical Significance of Ancient Monuments ...... 487 I. Simonia Three Worlds of the Megalithic Observatory Kokino ...... 495 G. Cenev Lunar Observations and Their Usefulness for Chronology ...... 503 R. Gautschy Sirius Rising 139 AD: Hadrian, Tivoli, and the Tazza Farnese ...... 509 P. Aakhus Saving the Phenomena in Medieval Astronomy ...... 519 K. Seeskin Suns of Gold and Other Precious Items: Heavenly Phenomena Presented in 15 th Century Manuscripts of the Heidelberg University Library ...... 525 R. Bien and K. Zimmermann Stars, Manuscripts, and Astrolabes–The Stellar Constellations in a Group of Medieval Manuscripts between Latin Literature and a New Science of the Stars ...... 533 W. Metzger Doctor and Hobby Astronomer in Stormy Times: The Book Legacy of Dr. Johannes H aringshauser¨ (1603-1642) ...... 543 G. Davison Athanasius Kircher: The 17 th Century Science at the Crossroads ...... 547 R. Buonanno
Author Index ...... 557 Foreword
At the beginning of the summer of 1609, Galileo Galilei learned of the invention in Flanders of a combination of lenses, which enabled to see remote things as if they were close up. At that time he was Professor at the University of Padua and immediately started making a similar instrument himself. His technical ability was such that he made a telescope with exceptional optical qualities. In a letter dated 24 August 1609, he illustrated his instrument to the Venetian Doge, Leonardo Dona’, showing its capability to discover faraway sails and vessels. The Venetian Senate’s gratitude for this discovery was shown by the immediate doubling of his salary and a life-time appointment as professor in Padua. Galileo’s success would not have lasted long had he not understood that the telescope should be used to observe the sky. The Moon, Jupiter, Pleiades and Praesepe star clusters, and Milky Way were the first heavenly bodies towards which Galileo pointed his telescope. He was able to describe celestial structures that had never been seen before and to deal a severe blow to Aristotelian theories, so fashionable and deep-rooted at that time. He turned upside down not just the notions of his time, but the entire humankind’s perception of the world outside the Earth. To celebrate this epoch-making event marking the birth of modern telescopic as- tronomy, the United Nations following the resolutions of the International Astronom- ical Union (IAU) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza- tion (UNESCO) declared the year 2009–the four hundredth anniversary of Galileo’s accomplishments–as the International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009). The aim of the Year of the Astronomy was to stimulate worldwide interest in astronomy and science under the central theme The Universe, Yours to Discover and to help the citizens of the world to rediscover their place in the Universe through the sky, and thereby engage a personal sense of wonder and discovery. In this framework, the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, the Astronomy Department of the University of Padua, the INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Padua, and the Vatican Observatory jointly organized the Sixth International Conference on the Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena (INSAP VI) to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of Galileo’s first astronomical use of the telescope. The Conference was held in Venice on 18-23 October 2009. It was primarily meant to explore humanity’s fascination with the sky, which has been a strong and often dominant element in the human life and culture. It provided a meeting place for scholars from a variety of disciplines and artists to present and discuss their studies on the cultural impact and inspirations of astronomical phenomena. The welcome addresses were introduced by Francesco Bertola. They were given by Gian Antonio Danieli, President of the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Cardinal Angelo Scola, Patriarch of Venice–who brought a message from the Pope Benedict XVI prompted by the long-standing interest of the Vatican Observatory for Galileo and the relationships between astronomy and culture–, Piero Rafanelli, Director of the Astronomy Department of the University of Padua, Enrico Cappellaro, Director of the INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Padua, and Rolf M. Sinclair, Chairman of the INSAP International Executive Committee. The Conference hosted about 130 participants from 20 countries. The program consisted of 61 talks and the presentation of 3 movies, 3 music performances, 6 art exhibitions, and 15 poster papers. The first day was devoted to Galilean contributions, xi xii Foreword then the Conference focussed on relationships between astronomy and art, architecture, literature, religion, history, music, and movies. During the week, many participants visited the bell tower of St. Mark’s Basilica to see the place where Galileo first showed his telescope to a number of Venetian patricians on 21 August 1609. This event is remembered by a marble plaque reading:
GALILEO GALILEI CON IL SUO CANNOCCHIALE DA QUI IL 21 AGOSTO 1609 ALLARGAVA GLI ORIZZONTI DELL’UOMO NEL QUARTO CENTENARIO (Galileo Galilei With His Telescope From Here on 21 August 1609 Enlarged the Horizons Of Mankind On the Occasion of the Four Hundredth Anniversary).
Thanks to the benevolence of Cardinal Angelo Scola, the plaque was placed on the top of the bell tower before the beginning of the Conference on the iniative of some of the members of the INSAP6 Scientific Organizing Committee. The presentation of the plaque to the President of the Italian Republic Giorgio Napolitano was actually one of the most significative events of IYA2009 in Italy. As a matter of fact, the aim of the INSAP series of conferences matches the spirit of the above inscription. The previous INSAP conferences took place in 1994 in a re- treat at Rocca di Papa in Italy, near the Vatican Observatory, in 1999 at the International Office of the University of Malta, in 2001 at the Palermo Observatory in Italy, in 2003 at the University of Oxford, and in 2005 at the Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Mu- seum in Chicago. The venue of sixth INSAP conference was Palazzo Cavalli Franchetti in Venice, which is one of the premises of the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. The latter is one of the most active Italian academies whose aim is the advancement, dissemination, and promotion of science, literature, and art. Since 1810 it has played an important r oleˆ in the cultural, social, and economic life of Italy. Finally, the interplay between astronomy and art was made concrete in the pieces of art generously donated to all the participants by the American artists John David Mooney and Greg Mort. John David Mooney–as he had already done for some of the other INSAP conferences–designed a striking Conference t-shirt with Jupiter and the Galileo’s Medicean Moons. Greg Mort made available to everybody a limited edition four-color litograph of some of his most renowned and astronomically-inspired water- color paintings.
Francesco Bertola and Enrico Maria Corsini (Co-Chairmen of INSAP VI Scientific Organizing Committee) Foreword xiii
International Executive Committee
Francesco Bertola, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venezia, Italy Marvin Bolt, Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum, Chicago, IL, USA Nicholas Campion, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Ceredigion, Wales, UK George V. Coyne, S.J., Vatican Observatory, Vatican City State Chris Impey, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Ronald P. Olowin, St. Mary’s College, Moraga, CA, USA David W. Pankenier, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA Richard L. Poss, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Valerie Shrimplin, Independent Art Historian, London, England, UK Rolf M. Sinclair (Chairman), Centro de Estudios Cient ´ıficos, Valdivia, Chile Gary N. Wells, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA
Scientific Organizing Committee
Cesare Barbieri, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venezia, Italy Piero Benvenuti, Universit a` di Padova, Padova, Italy Francesco Bertola (Co-Chairman), Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venezia, Italy Giovanni F. Bignami, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venezia, Italy Cesare Chiosi, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venezia, Italy Enrico Maria Corsini (Co-Chairman), Universit a` di Padova, Padova, Italy Elena Dalla Bont a,` Universit a` di Padova, Padova, Italy Jos e´ G. Funes, S.J., Vatican Observatory, Vatican City State Ra ffaele Gratton, INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy Malcolm S. Longair, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venezia, Italy Piero Rafanelli, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venezia, Italy Alvio Renzini, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venezia, Italy xiv Foreword
Acknowledgements
The Sixth International Conference on the Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena (IN- SAP VI) was sponsored by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) within the Inter- national Year of Astronomy (IYA2009), the Italian Astronomical Society (SAIt), and the University of Padua.
We express our gratitude to the Conference sponsors: the Italian Space Agency (ASI), the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), and the National Committee for the Cel- ebration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of Galileo’s First Telescopic Observations.
Finally, we thank the e fficient members of the Local Organizing Committee: Alessan- dra Beifiori, Valentina Calvi, Andrea Cardullo, Mary Cesetti, Sabrina Masiero, Lorenzo Morelli, and Elena Tundo. We are also grateful to Antonio Metrangolo and his collab- orators at the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti for their kind help in running the Conference. We acknowledge Stefano Zarattini for the photographs and Antonello Satta for the Conference poster. Welcome Address by the President of the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti
His Eminence, Distinguished Guests and Colleagues,
The Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti welcomes you in Palazzo Cavalli Fran- chetti at the Sixth International Conference on the Inspiration of Astronomical Phe- nomena celebrating the astronomical use of telescope by Galileo Galilei. Indeed, the four hundredth anniversary of the presentation of the telescope to the Doge deserves such a great celebration. Galileo was the founder of the modern science, and he was also the first who used an handcrafted tool to expand limits of scientific investigation. Not only did the telescope changed astronomy, but Galileo’s idea of extending our sight by the help of optical lenses triggered also the interest for the very small, leading to biological observations by the microscope. Since then, science made incredible progresses powered by telescopes and microscopes, and it is very hard to imagine what science could have been without such fundamental tools. As I can see from the program, the number of scientific communications, the very high quality of the speakers, and the strong inter-disciplinary approach makes this con- ference an event to be remembered for years. For this reason, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti is very grateful to the organizers–in particular to Prof. Francesco Bertola–for having selected this place for the conference. I will end my address by displaying the picture of a painting by Canaletto which shows on the left Palazzo Cavalli Franchetti–where we are–seen from the campo in front of the church of Santa Maria della Carit a` which now hosts the Gallerie dell’Ac- cademia. I figure that this was also the view of the Grand Canal that Galileo had when he came to Venice. Except for the dome of the Church of Madonna della Salute on the right, all the other buildings remained almost unchanged since the times of Galileo. I wish you fruitful discussions during the conference–an incredibly beautiful mix- ing of science, art, and literature–and a pleasant staying in Venice.
Gian Antonio Danieli (President of the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti)
xv Welcome Address by the Patriarch of Venice
Mr. President of the Venetian Institute of Sciences, Arts, and Letters
Directors of the Department of Astronomy of the University of Padua INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Padua INSAP International Executive Committee Vatican Observatory
Honoured Conference Participants,
It is an honour for me to address you on the occasion of the Sixth International Confer- ence on the Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena , at which you intend to celebrate the four-hundredth anniversary of the first astronomical use of Galileo’s telescope. Your important gathering has prompted the Holy Father to send you a message through the Patriarch of Venice, which I have now the pleasure of reading to you.
From the Vatican, 12 October 2009
His Eminence Cardinal Angelo Scola Patriarch of Venice
Your Eminence, On the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy , the Holy Father was gratified to learn of the events to be held at the Sixth International Conference on the Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena . Through Your Eminence, he sends to all the participants his greetings. His Holiness trust that the Conference, which also celebrates the four hundredth anniversary of Galileo Galilei’s first use of the telescope to study the heavens, may advance an appreciation of the interplay between faith and reason, science and religion. For this reason, he is pleased that the Conference will treat the relationship of astronomy to art, culture, history, literature, music, religion and inspiration. As the power of modern technology brings the knowledge of the stars even closer to man, we are led to consider our humble place in the universe and are inspired to ask the most fundamental questions about who we are and why we are here. Indeed, the stars themselves bear witness to the fact that there exists a recognizable rationality which is expressed in Christian cosmology as a personal will, the Spirit of God himself (cf. Spe Salvi , 5). With sentiments encouragement on this important occasion, His Holiness cor- dially invokes upon all the participants abundant divine blessings. Yours sincerely in Christ, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone (Secretary of State)
I take the liberty to add my personal best wishes to those of the Holy Father. xvii xviii Welcome Address
The presence of so many scientists at this Conference, many of whom explicitly refer the Catholic faith, represents an unmistakable sign that the dialogue between faith and reason and science and religion–to which the Holy Father’s Message refers–is in existence. To me this seems a decisive step towards turning the current anthropological tor- ment created by rapid transition on our planet in the direction of that good life to which human family aspires. An interesting confirmation of the fruitfulness of your e fforts is your intent within this Conference to seek dialogue with other important disciplines such as art, music, and literature. Tending towards the unity of knowledge, which is too fragmented in our moder age, is a necessity which requires going beyond pure inter-disciplinarity. Your choice of Venice as the seat of your Conference is more than an act of homage to Galileo, who presented his telescope to the Doge, because Venice, the city of hu- manity, is a place where the multiple manifestations of the human spirit in artistic, lit- erary, musical, and scientific works are called to exchange and thus enrich their views. Venice’s heritage and traditions bear witness to this, as does her present vocation as the crossroad of cultures. I thank you all, I am certain that your time here will be spent in good work.
Cardinal Angelo Scola (Patriarch of Venice) Welcome Address by the Chairman of the International Executive Committee of the Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena
I will start by repeating my welcome to the attendees at the Conference from the In- ternational Executive Committee (IEC) of the Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena (INSAP). This group provides continuity between meetings, and helps select the venues and Local Organizers of successive meetings. The Organizers then form Local Organiz- ing Committees, and those groups do the real work necessary for a successful meeting. In that vein, all of us on the IEC thank Francesco Bertola and Enrico Maria Corsini, the co-chairs and their colleagues on the Local Committee for INSAP VI. They did a re- markable job of organization, as well as locating the meeting in such a splendid setting as we enjoyed in the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. The INSAP Meetings had a modest and almost accidental start when the late Ray White and I were having co ffee in his living room in Tucson one Sunday in 1993. As we discussed an upcoming specialized conference in Archaeoastronomy, the idea for a more general conference on the broad cultural impact of astronomical phenomena suddenly appeared to us. Fr. George Coyne, S.J., then the Director of the Specola Vaticana, joined us and made the idea become reality by arranging for the first INSAP Conference at Castel Gandolfo. My own interest in this subject had started long before. In the early 1940s I had read an early science-fiction story by Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) called Nightfall , which was published in Astounding Science-Fiction (Asimov 1941). Although this was called derogatorily a “pulp magazine” of little literary value, it was read by a devoted cult of followers, many of whom (like me) were introduced to ideas in science through it. The late Sir Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008) was perhaps the most distinguished alumnus of Astounding Science-Fiction , crediting that magazine with firing his early interest in science (Clarke 1989). Nightfall dealt with an imaginary world elsewhere in our galaxy, in a multiple star system so arranged that night fell on this world only once every few thousand years. This sudden and unexpected appearance of a dark sky full of distant stars had a catastrophic e ffect on the human-like culture of this world. Following this idea, INSAP was designed to challenge people in all disciplines and professions to measure the importance of astronomical phenomena in their studies. We tend to take these phenomena for granted since we see them routinely, and don’t always appreciate the e ffect they have had on human culture. But we could imagine, for example, that our planet had been forever cloudy since humanity developed, without clear views of the Sun by day or the Moon and stars by night, and all human culture had developed under those conditions. How would this culture respond if the clouds suddenly parted and the sun blazed forth, followed by night’s dark sky lit by stars? This idea is not new, and the first mention of it I have found is in Lucretius’s On the Nature of the Universe (c. 99-55 BC) (Lucretius 1994, p. 63, ll. 1026-1037). For a more complete description of the nature of the INSAP conferences, see Sinclair (1995). After a successful first meeting at the Villa Mondo Migliore overlooking Lago Al- bano in 1994, the INSAP meetings continued (Malta, 1999; Palermo, 2001; Oxford, 2003; Chicago, 2005; and now Venice, 2009) and have become a self-sustaining tradi- tion. The next ones will be held in Bath (UK) in 2010, and the following ones will be held in Beijing in 2012 and (tentatively) in Stockholm in 2014. xix xx Welcome Address
There were a number of reasons to choose Venice as the site of the present meeting. Called “Man’s most beautiful artifact” by Bernard Berenson, Venice is an amazing city with a rich history to greet us at every turn. And unlike the previous sites for INSAP meetings, the very existence and grandeur of Venice have been due to an often- overlooked astronomical phenomenon: the solar and lunar tides in the Adriatic that bathe Venice. These tides are unusual in an almost land-locked sea. An enclosed body of water whose length is at least several times its width will have a natural period in which the water will oscillate from one end to the other. The water in a bathtub, for example, can be sent sloshing back and forth with a period of a few seconds. In a long narrow lake this period can be some tens of minutes or an hour. There is an excellent popular treatment of this phenomenon in Lac L eman,´ where they were first measured accurately (Darwin 1962). The local Swiss name for such oscillations is seiches , and this has become universally the standard term for them. These seiches can be set into motion by strong winds or a sudden storm, or even the passage of a ship, and the entire lake can oscillate a number of times. Venice sits at one end of the Adriatic Sea, and the other end opens into the Aegean Sea at the Strait of Otranto. Since water can flow freely into and out of the Adriatic at Otranto, the Adriatic acts as half of a freely oscillating body of water in the above sense, and has a natural period given by twice its length. The Adriatic is 770 km long and (on the average) about 240 meters deep. A simple calculation (using the Merian approximation) gives about 17 hours for the fundamental resonant frequency of longitudinal oscillations. In reality, because of the e ffects of the coastline and the varied sea depth, these oscillations are observed to have a period of about 22 hours (Franco et al. 1982). This is clearly seen in the oscillations induced by sudden storms that can set the Adriatic sloshing back and forth for a number of periods (see Figure 2 in Franco et al. 1982). This natural period of oscillation is close to the solar (24 hours) and lunar period (about 25 hours), so it can also be excited on a regular basis by the passage of the sun and moon overhead. Although astronomical tides are scarcely observed elsewhere in the Mediterranean basin, and are essentially absent in the Aegean, the Adriatic can thus respond to them with a certain vigor. One of the earliest systematic recordings of the tides of Venice was made in 1766-67 by the Abbe Joseph Toaldo (1719-1797), who was then the Professor of Astronomy at the University of Padua (these records appear in Strange 1777). These recordings were cited by Sir George Biddell Airy (1801-1892), who gave the first explanation of this resonant excitation of the Adriatic while he was the Astronomer Royal for England (Airy 1845, par. 521, p. 375). Figure 1 shows a contemporary record of the observed and calculated tides at Venice for October 1, 2009, a time close to that of the INSAP VI meeting, with a tidal range of about one meter. These tides serve to flush and clean the canals and marshes and through the centuries made a city “built on water” possible on the original network of islands in the Lagoon at the head of the Adriatic. It was recognized by 1550 that these tides were essential to Venice’s very existence, and that the tides should be allowed “the widest possible expansion in the area of the Lagoon and the deepest possible penetration into the Mainland” (Munk & Munk 1972, p. 428). There is a dark side to this natural janitorial service, however. As noted above, strong winds can also excite the natural oscillation of the Adriatic, leading to en- hanced tides (the acqua alta ) that flood Venice. The recent acceleration of the sinking of Venice, coupled with the rise in sea level, have increased the damage from these Welcome Address xxi
Figure 1. Predicted (thick blue line) and observed astronomical (thin red line) tides at Venice for 28 September-1 October 2009. storm surges (Munk & Munk 1972, pp. 432-437). The highest recent flooding was in November 1966, when abnormally high winds drove the tides to two meters over the usual level, flooding buildings throughout the city and threatening its very existence. So the accident of geography that made the Adriatic a natural resonator with a period close to that of the sun and moon first made Venice and its glory possible, and now threatens to destroy it. As you enjoy your strolls through Venice, observe the periodic rising and falling water level in the canals and think of the tides that made Venice what it is and now can undo it.
Rolf M. Sinclair (Chairman of the INSAP International Executive Committee)
Acknowledgments. I am grateful to Dr. Mirko Orlic (University of Zagreb) for confirming the astronomical nature and range of the Adriatic tides, and for pointing me to the work of Sir G. B. Airy. My thanks to Ms. Anna Murphy of VeniceXplorer for permission to use Figure 1.
References
Airy, G. B. 1845, Tides and Waves (London: B. Fellowes) Asimov, I. 1941, Astounding Science-Fiction, September, 9 Clarke, A. C. 1989, Astounding Days: A Science Fictional Autobiography (London: Gollancz). Darwin, G. H. 1962, The Tides and Kindred Phenomena in the Solar System (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman) Franco, P., Jeftic, L., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Michelato, A., & Orlic, M. 1982, Oceanologica Acta, 5, 3, 379 xxii Welcome Address
Lucretius 1994, On the Nature of the Universe, Book II, trans. R. E. Latham (London: Penguin Books) Munk, J., & Munk, W. 1972, Proc. American Philosophical Society, 116, 5, 415 Sinclair, R. M. 1995, Vistas in Astronomy, 39, 4, 381 Strange, J. 1777, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, 67, 144 Participants
P. L. A , English Department, University of Southern Indiana, 8600 University Blvd., Evansville, IN 47713, USA [email protected] ! K. A , Ministry of Education, Choman Directorate Education, 00964 Erbil, Iraq [email protected] ! A. A , INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, Via Ranzani 1, I-40127 Bologna, Italy [email protected] ! W. B. A , Department of Near East Studies, University of Arizona, 6565 S. Lantana Vista Dr., Tucson, AZ 85756, USA [email protected] ! C. A , Composer, Cannaregio 3099, I-30121 Venezia, Italy [email protected] ! S. A , Physics Department, Astrophysics Sub-Department, University of Oxford, Keble Rd., Oxford, OX1 3RH, England, UK [email protected] ! M. A , School of Art, Architecture and Design, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia [email protected] ! C. B , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! A. B , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy alessandra.beifi[email protected] ! A. B , Mathematics Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel [email protected] ! F. B , Artist, 160 Underhill Ave., Brooklin, NY 11238, USA [email protected] ! P. B , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! F. B , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! O. B , Departement Geistes-, Sozial- und Staatswissenschaften, Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule Z urich,¨ R amistrasse¨ 101, CH-8092 Z urich,¨ Switzerland [email protected] ! R. B , Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Universit at¨ Heidelberg, Moenchhofstrasse 12-14, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] ! P. B , Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Moderne, “Sapienza” Universit a` di Roma, Via Carlo Fea 2, I-00161 Roma, Italy [email protected] ! M. B , Adler Planetarium, 1300 South Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA [email protected] ! M. B , MeLa Laboratorio Multimediale, Universit a` IUAV di Venezia, Dorsoduro 2196, I-30123 Venezia, Italy [email protected] ! R. B , Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit a` di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy [email protected] ! xxiii xxiv Participants
L. M. B , INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! V. C , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! N. C , Sophia Centre for the Study of Cosmology in Culture, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter Campus, Ceredigion, SA48 7ED, Wales, UK [email protected] ! E. C , INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! E. C , Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Universit a` di Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! A. C , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! C. L. C , Art History, Theory and Criticism, University of California at San Diego, One Miramar St. 929666, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA [email protected] ! S. C , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! G. C , Mladinski Kulturen Centar Planetarium, Kej Dimitar Vlahov bb, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia [email protected] ! M. C , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! C. C , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! F. C , Sophia Centre for the Study of Cosmology in Culture, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter Campus, Ceredigion, SA48 7ED, Wales, UK [email protected] ! J. C , School of Art and Design, University of Michigan, 2000 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2069, USA [email protected] ! E. M. C , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! G. V. C , S.J., Vatican Observatory, 2017 East Lee St., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA [email protected] ! L. C -L , Independent Scholar, 132 Rue de la mare, F-78630 Orgeval, France [email protected] ! E. D B `, Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! G. D , Independent Scholar, 3 Queenswood Park, London, N3 1UN, England, UK [email protected] ! X. D , National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, 100012 Beijing, China [email protected] ! M. D’O , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! Participants xxv
I. E S¨ , Observatoriemuseet, Drottninggatan 120, S-11360 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] ! A. E , Artist, 1617 8th Ave. North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA [email protected] ! D. F , Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche, Linguistiche e Antropologiche, Universit a` della Basilicata, Via Nazario Sauro 85, I-85100 Potenza, Italy [email protected] ! F. M. F , Dipartimento di Storia e Tutela dei Beni Culturali, Universit a` di Udine, Vicolo Florio 2 /b, I-33100 Udine, Italy [email protected] ! E. A. F , Department of Art and Art History, University of New Mexico, New Art Bldg. MSC04 2560, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA [email protected] ! A. F , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! J. G. F , S.J., Specola Vaticana, VA-00120 Citt a` del Vaticano, Vatican City State [email protected] ! C. D. G , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingenier ´ıa y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional Rosario, Pellegrini 250, 2000 Rosario, Argentina [email protected] ! P. G , Museo Galileo–Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, Piazza dei Giudici 1, I-50122 Firenze, Italy galluzzi@imss.fi.it ! E. G , MeLa Laboratorio Multimediale, Universit a` IUAV di Venezia, Dorsoduro 2196, I-30123 Venezia, Italy [email protected] ! D. G , Pratt Institute, 432 East 11th St., New York, NY 10009, USA [email protected] ! R. G , Agypologisches¨ Seminar, Universit at¨ Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland [email protected] ! M. C. G , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! E. G , INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! A. G , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA [email protected] ! R. G , INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy ra ff[email protected] ! L. G , INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! L. H , Independent Scholar, 33 Glentham Rd., London, SW13 9JD, England, UK [email protected] ! J. G. H , Department of Visual Arts, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, Suite 2, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada [email protected] ! C. I , Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721 [email protected] ! xxvi Participants
M. I , Dipartimento di Architettura, Universit a` di Ferrara, Via Quartieri 8, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy [email protected] ! D. K , National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, 100012 Beijing, China [email protected] ! E. C. K , Gri ffith Observatory, 2800 East Observatory Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA [email protected] ! G. B. L , Dipartimento di Scienze del Mondo Antico, Universit a` di Padova, Piazza Capitaniato 7, I-35139 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! M. L , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! A. L , Instytut Religioznawstwa, Uniwersytet Jagiello nski,´ Grodzka 52, PL-31044 Krak ow,´ Poland [email protected] ! J. L , National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, 100012 Beijing, China [email protected] ! M. L , Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA [email protected] ! A. A. L , Comunit a` Ebraica di Padova, Via S. Martino e Solferino 9, I-35122 Padova [email protected] ! M. S. L , Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England, UK [email protected] ! O. L , Dipartimento di Scienze del Mondo Antico, Universit a` di Padova, Piazza Capitaniato 7, I-35139 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! T. L , Thomas Lucas Productions Inc., 23-25 Spring St. #302, Ossining, NY 10562, USA [email protected] ! J. H. L , Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195-1580, USA [email protected] ! D. M , Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 53 Roseleah Dr., Mystic, CT 06355, USA [email protected] ! S. M , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! G. M C , Dipartimento di Storia delle Arti Visive e della Musica, Universit a` di Padova, Piazza Capitaniato 7, I-35139 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! S. M , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! M. M , Department of Astronomy, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA [email protected] ! W. M , Handschriften Abteilung, W urttembergische¨ Landesbibliothek, Postfach 10 54 41, D-70047 Stuttgart, Germany [email protected] ! N. M , Department of Art History, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA [email protected] ! Participants xxvii
P. M , INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy [email protected] ! J. D. M , John David Mooney Foundation, 114 West Kinzie St., Chicago, IL 60654, USA [email protected] ! C. A. M , Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, 1375 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1375, USA [email protected] ! L. M , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! G. M , Artist, 320 Ashton Rd., Ashton, MD 20861, USA [email protected] ! X. M , Department of Physics, Astrophysics Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographos, GR-15783 Athens, Greece [email protected] ! L. M , National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, 100012 Beijing, China [email protected] ! G. N , Artist, Batsman Lustigs Gata 78, S-42257 G oteborg,¨ Sweden [email protected] ! A. N , Space Telescope Science Institute /European Space Agency, 3700 San Martine Dr., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA [email protected] ! A. O -M , Jagerstrasse 23, D-71032 Boblingen, Germany [email protected] ! R. P. O , Saint Mary’s College, 1928 St. Mary’s Rd., Moraga, CA 94575, USA [email protected] ! R. J. M. O , The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, USA [email protected] ! A. O -G , Observatorio Astron omico,´ Universidad de Valencia, Ed. Institutos de Investigacion, Pol. La Coma, s /n, E-46980 Valencia, Spain [email protected] ! Z. O , National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, 100012 Beijing, China [email protected] ! D. W. P , Department of Modern Languages and Literature, Lehigh University, 9W Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA [email protected] ! J. M. P , Hopkins Observatory, Williams College, 33 Lab Campus Dr., Williamstown, MA 01267-2565, USA jay.m.pasacho ff@williams.edu ! M. P S , Dipartimento di Italianistica, Universit a` di Padova, Via Beato Pellegrino 1, I-35137 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! S. P , Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA [email protected] ! P. P , Dipartimento delle Scienze dei Segni, degli Spazi e delle Culture, “Sapienza” Universit a` di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy [email protected] ! xxviii Participants
T. P , National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, 100012 Beijing, China [email protected] ! A. P , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! E. P , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! R. L. P , Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA [email protected] ! P. R , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! X. R , National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, 100012 Beijing, China [email protected] ! A. R , INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! S. R , Independent Scholar, 7508 Tarrytown Rd., Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA [email protected] ! A. M. R , Climate Change Response Program, US National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA angie [email protected] ! S. R , Calendersign, Akaziengasse 59 /29, A-1230 Wien, Austria [email protected] ! J. F. S , Adler Planetarium, 1300 S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA [email protected] ! M. S ` T , Pontificium Consilium de Cultura, VA-00120 Citt a` del Vaticano, Vatican City State [email protected] ! G. S , Sonic Consortium, 41 Thornton Rd., Rochester, NY 14617, USA [email protected] ! K. S , Department of Philosophy, Northwestern University, 1880 Campus Dr., Evanston, IL 60657, USA [email protected] ! P. S , INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy [email protected] ! V. S , Independent Scholar, 1 Monks Horton Way, St. Albans, AL1 4HA, England, UK [email protected] ! I. S , School of Graduate Students, Ilia State University, Kazbegi 2a, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia simon [email protected] ! T. S , Central Library, Vazha-Pshavela 14-4, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia [email protected] ! R. M. S , Centro de Estudios Cient ´ıficos, Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, Chile [email protected] ! J. S , Max-Planck-Institut f ur¨ Astronomie, K onigstuhl¨ 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] ! Participants xxix
T. S , Lutenist, Via Ippolito Nievo 2, I-35020 Ponte San Nicol o,` Italy [email protected] ! G. T -N , Facolt a` di Teologia, Pontificia Universit a` della Santa Croce, P.zza Sant’Apollinare 49, I-00186 Roma, Italy [email protected] ! G. T , Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Diagnostiche e Terapie Speciali, Universit a` di Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! E. T , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! V. V , Facolt a` di Architettura, Universit a` IUAV di Venezia, San Polo 2468, I-30125 Venezia, Italy [email protected] ! M. W G , Lorenzo de’ Medici Institute, Marist College, Via Faenza 43, I-50123 Firenze, Italy [email protected] ! G. N. W , Department of Art History, Ithaca College, 953 Danby Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA [email protected] ! W. W , National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, 100012 Beijing, China [email protected] ! S. Z , Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universit a` di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy [email protected] ! P. Z , National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, 100012 Beijing, China [email protected] ! X. Z , National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, 100012 Beijing, China [email protected] ! K. Z , Universit atbibliothek¨ Heidelberg, Pl ock¨ 107-109, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] !