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Review of Remote Sensing Methodologies for Pavement Management and Assessment Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. (2015) 7: 7 DOI 10.1007/s12544-015-0156-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Review of remote sensing methodologies for pavement management and assessment E. Schnebele · B. F. Tanyu · G. Cervone · N. Waters Received: 10 October 2013 / Accepted: 9 February 2015 / Published online: 7 March 2015 © The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at SpringerLink.com Abstract challenges associated with transportation assessment in the Introduction Evaluating the condition of transportation aftermath of major disasters. infrastructure is an expensive, labor intensive, and time Conclusion The use of remote sensing techniques offers consuming process. Many traditional road evaluation meth- new potential for pavement managers to assess large areas, ods utilize measurements taken in situ along with visual often in little time. Although remote sensing techniques can examinations and interpretations. The measurement of dam- never entirely replace traditional geotechnical methods, they age and deterioration is often qualitative and limited to do provide an opportunity to reduce the number or size of point observations. Remote sensing techniques offer non- areas requiring site visits or manual methods. destructive methods for road condition assessment with large spatial coverage. These tools provide an opportunity Keywords Road assessment · Remote sensing · Civil for frequent, comprehensive, and quantitative surveys of engineering transportation infrastructure. Methods The goal of this paper is to provide a bridge between traditional procedures for road evaluation and 1 Introduction remote sensing methodologies by creating a comprehensive reference for geotechnical engineers and remote sensing The importance of incorporating remote sensing into experts alike. geotechnical and geological engineering practices has long Results A comprehensive literature review and survey of been recognized by the United States (US) National current techniques and research methods is provided to Research Council [95]. Recently, many US departments of facilitate this bridge. A special emphasis is given to the transportation are integrating more remote sensing tech- niques into their standard methodologies for pavement man- agement and assessment. Futhermore, the integration of geospatial tools and techniques in transportation manage- E. Schnebele () · G. Cervone · N. Waters ment is a growing research agenda [99]. However, many GeoInformatics and Earth Observation Laboratory (GEO), geo-transportation engineers do not have an educational Department of Geography and Institute for CyberScience, The Pennsylvania State University, 302 Walker Building, or practical background in remote sensing and many in University Park, PA 16802, USA the remote sensing community are unaware of the spe- e-mail: [email protected] cific needs of geo-transportation engineers. Therefore, this paper is provided as a bridge between these two disci- B. F. Tanyu Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure plines by serving as a reference tool as well as a way Engineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, to initiate interdisciplinary research and practice collabo- Fairfax, VA 22030, USA rations. We discuss commonly used, traditional geotech- nical methods and present an overview of recent remote N. Waters Emeritus of Geography at The University of Calgary, sensing applications which may augment or be used as 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada alternatives. 7 Page 2 of 19 Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. (2015) 7: 7 We define “remote sensing” as any surveying method were implemented as a result of the Federal-Aid High- which does not require physical contact with the road sur- way Act of 1968.3 The development of a rating method face or subsurface. This paper does not intend to imply that for pavement resulted in the US Army Corps of Engineers remote sensing may be used to replace all traditional in situ Pavement Condition Index (PCI) which “measures pave- methods. However, if used appropriately, remote sensing ment structural integrity and surface operational conditions” may provide tools for rapidly surveying broad areas. Once which are “calculated based on measured pavement distress problem areas are identified, specific conditions may then types and severity levels” [113]. More recently, in 1987 require the use of traditional road assessment methods. the US Department of Transportation’s Strategic Highway Because remote sensing is capable of rapidly collect- Research Program sponsored the Long-Term Pavement Per- ing information over wide areas, it has become a valuable formance Program (LTPP) to identify, collect, and catalog method for assessing damage to infrastructure and build- pavement defects and signs of deterioration [87]. ings following major disasters. Using remote sensing for the A pavement’s condition is assessed from data which mea- analysis of road structure or accessibility following disasters sure information such as the rideability, surface distress, is a new research agenda. structure, and skid resistance of the road [57]. Many of the methods utilized for the NBIS, PCI, and LTPP require 1.1 History of roads and the need for assessment point data gathered in situ. For example, a measurement of pavement condition using the PCI requires a manual sur- Unlike the stone roads constructed in ancient times, roads vey and application of the American Society for Testing today are not designed or constructed to last forever, mainly and Materials (ASTM) standards (ASTM standards are used for economical reasons. In most US states, roads are typi- to promote health and safety as well as the reliability of cally designed to last 15 to 20 years. Though, with frequent products, materials, and systems4), while the Distress Iden- and proper maintenance, the design life may be extended tification Manual for the LTPP provides descriptions of all considerably [84]. Typically, the cost of reconstruction of a types of distresses such as cracks, potholes, rutting, and deteriorated road due to lack of maintenance may be more spalling in flexible and rigid pavements as well as methods than three times the cost of preserving a frequently main- for measuring these distresses [87]. tained road [1]. Road conditions are an important factor in Because road networks in Europe and the US are so the US economy and leading civil engineering institutions, extensive, it is not feasible to use traditional approaches such as the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), to survey all existing roadways for their rideability and continue to produce articles regarding the need to improve integrity of road structure. Remote sensing methods offer roads and other infrastructures. According to [1], currently tools to replace or complement existing traditional methods half of the major roads in the US are considered in poor con- and can serve many needs of transportation civil engineers. dition with almost 25 % of roads in urban areas (and in some In addition to the difficulties associated with creating a com- areas even up to 60 %) considered poor. Researchers such prehensive evaluation of the over 6,000,000 km of roads as [119] have been reviewing the conditions of America’s in the US from point data, other factors also restrict fre- highways since 1983 to provide awareness to the general quent, cost effective, and comprehensive road evaluations. public and legislators. Some of these limiting factors include time (roads need The cost of maintenance and rehabilitation is high. In to be closed off during inspections causing transportation 2008, an estimated $182 billion were spent in the US on cap- disruption), site work on highways can be hazardous for ital improvements and maintenance of federal highways.1 inspectors, manual collection methods which often require Although billions are spent annually, many consider this trained and experienced inspectors, and the use of destruc- insufficient. For example, the ASCE currently gives the tive techniques. Also, many inspections are descriptive in nation’s transportation infrastructure (which includes not nature making comparative measuring difficult. only roads and bridges, but dams, rail, levees, etc.) an Remote sensing techniques provide alternative meth- overall grade of D (on a traditional grading scale ranging ods for transportation assessment along with high spatial from A-F) and estimates $2.2 trillion in improvements are and temporal resolutions. These techniques can be imple- needed.2 mented from various platforms, including moving vehicles, The development of road and bridge inspection and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), airplanes, and satellites. maintenance standards were developed in the US fol- Along with multiple platform options, sensors use differ- lowing the collapse of the Silver Bridge in 1967. In ent parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and contribute to 1971, the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) the identification and the measurement of the surface and 1http://www.fhwa.dot.gov 3http://www.fhwa.dot.gov 2http://www.infrastructurereportcard 4http://www.astm.org Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. (2015) 7: 7 Page 3 of 19 7 subsurface defects. These techniques offer non-destructive are generally accepted unpaved road design methodologies evaluation methods as compared to traditional procedures [43]. It should be noted it is not uncommon to have gravel such as coring and field surveys. The use of remote sens- layers above subgrade in excess of 1m if the subgrade or the ing in transportation research
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