FLORA and FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT Prepared By: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

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Appendix B

EPBC Act Protected Matters Report

This report provides general guidance on matters of national environmental significance and other matters protected by the EPBC Act in the area you have selected.

Information on the coverage of this report and qualifications on data supporting this report are contained in the caveat at the end of the report.

Information is available about Environment Assessments and the EPBC Act including significance guidelines, forms and application process details.

Report created: 19/09/16 09:44:50

Summary Details Matters of NES Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act Extra Information Caveat Acknowledgements

This map may contain data which are ©Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia), ©PSMA 2010

Coordinates Buffer: 30.0Km

Summary

Matters of National Environmental Significance

This part of the report summarises the matters of national environmental significance that may occur in, or may relate to, the area you nominated. Further information is available in the detail part of the report, which can be accessed by scrolling or following the links below. If you are proposing to undertake an activity that may have a significant impact on one or more matters of national environmental significance then you should consider the Administrative Guidelines on Significance.

World Heritage Properties: None National Heritage Places: None Wetlands of International Importance: 1 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: None Commonwealth Marine Area: None Listed Threatened Ecological Communities: None Listed Threatened Species: 21 Listed Migratory Species: 15

Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act

This part of the report summarises other matters protected under the Act that may relate to the area you nominated. Approval may be required for a proposed activity that significantly affects the environment on Commonwealth land, when the action is outside the Commonwealth land, or the environment anywhere when the action is taken on Commonwealth land. Approval may also be required for the Commonwealth or Commonwealth agencies proposing to take an action that is likely to have a significant impact on the environment anywhere.

The EPBC Act protects the environment on Commonwealth land, the environment from the actions taken on Commonwealth land, and the environment from actions taken by Commonwealth agencies. As heritage values of a place are part of the 'environment', these aspects of the EPBC Act protect the Commonwealth Heritage values of a Commonwealth Heritage place. Information on the new heritage laws can be found at http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage

A permit may be required for activities in or on a Commonwealth area that may affect a member of a listed threatened species or ecological community, a member of a listed migratory species, whales and other cetaceans, or a member of a listed marine species.

Commonwealth Land: 1 Commonwealth Heritage Places: None Listed Marine Species: 21 Whales and Other Cetaceans: None Critical Habitats: None Commonwealth Reserves Terrestrial: None Commonwealth Reserves Marine: None

Extra Information

This part of the report provides information that may also be relevant to the area you have nominated.

State and Territory Reserves: 1 Regional Forest Agreements: None Invasive Species: 22 Nationally Important Wetlands: None Key Ecological Features (Marine) None

Details

Matters of National Environmental Significance

Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar) [ Resource Information ] Name Proximity Kakadu national park Within 10km of Ramsar

Listed Threatened Species [ Resource Information ] Name Status Type of Presence Birds Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper [856] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Erythrotriorchis radiatus Red Goshawk [942] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Erythrura gouldiae Gouldian Finch [413] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Falcunculus frontatus whitei Crested Shrike-tit (northern), Northern Shrike-tit Vulnerable Species or species habitat [26013] known to occur within area

Geophaps smithii smithii Partridge Pigeon (eastern) [64441] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew, Far Eastern Curlew [847] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Rostratula australis Australian Painted Snipe [77037] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Tyto novaehollandiae kimberli Masked Owl (northern) [26048] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Mammals Antechinus bellus Fawn Antechinus [344] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Conilurus penicillatus Brush-tailed Rabbit-rat, Brush-tailed Tree-rat, Vulnerable Species or species habitat Pakooma [132] may occur within area

Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Quoll, Digul [331] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Hipposideros inornatus Arnhem Leaf-nosed Bat [86675] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur

Name Status Type of Presence within area Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat [174] Vulnerable Breeding known to occur within area Mesembriomys gouldii gouldii Black-footed Tree-rat (Kimberley and mainland Endangered Species or species habitat Northern Territory), Djintamoonga, Manbul [87618] known to occur within area

Petrogale concinna canescens Nabarlek (Top End) [87606] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Phascogale pirata Northern Brush-tailed Phascogale [82954] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Saccolaimus saccolaimus nudicluniatus Bare-rumped Sheath-tailed Bat, Bare-rumped Critically Endangered Species or species habitat Sheathtail Bat [66889] may occur within area

Plants Acacia praetermissa a shrub [14840] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Stylidium ensatum a triggerplant [86366] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Reptiles Acanthophis hawkei Plains Death Adder [83821] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Sharks Pristis pristis Largetooth Sawfish, Freshwater Sawfish, River Vulnerable Species or species habitat Sawfish, Leichhardt's Sawfish, Northern Sawfish likely to occur within area [60756]

Listed Migratory Species [ Resource Information ] * Species is listed under a different scientific name on the EPBC Act - Threatened Species list. Name Threatened Type of Presence Migratory Marine Birds Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift [678] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Migratory Marine Species Crocodylus porosus Salt-water Crocodile, Estuarine Crocodile [1774] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Pristis pristis Largetooth Sawfish, Freshwater Sawfish, River Vulnerable Species or species habitat Sawfish, Leichhardt's Sawfish, Northern Sawfish likely to occur within area [60756] Migratory Terrestrial Species Cecropis daurica Red-rumped Swallow [80610] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Cuculus optatus Oriental Cuckoo, Horsfield's Cuckoo [86651] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow [662] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail [642] Species or species

Name Threatened Type of Presence habitat may occur within area Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail [644] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail [592] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Migratory Wetlands Species Acrocephalus orientalis Oriental Reed-Warbler [59570] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper [856] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover, Oriental Dotterel [882] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole [840] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew, Far Eastern Curlew [847] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pandion haliaetus Osprey [952] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act

Commonwealth Land [ Resource Information ] The Commonwealth area listed below may indicate the presence of Commonwealth land in this vicinity. Due to the unreliability of the data source, all proposals should be checked as to whether it impacts on a Commonwealth area, before making a definitive decision. Contact the State or Territory government land department for further information. Name Defence - JINDARE STATION RADAR SITE

Listed Marine Species [ Resource Information ] * Species is listed under a different scientific name on the EPBC Act - Threatened Species list. Name Threatened Type of Presence Birds Acrocephalus orientalis Oriental Reed-Warbler [59570] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Anseranas semipalmata Magpie Goose [978] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift [678] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Ardea alba Great Egret, White Egret [59541] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Ardea ibis Cattle Egret [59542] Species or species habitat may occur within

Name Threatened Type of Presence area Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper [856] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover, Oriental Dotterel [882] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Cuculus saturatus Oriental Cuckoo, Himalayan Cuckoo [710] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole [840] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle [943] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Hirundo daurica Red-rumped Swallow [59480] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow [662] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater [670] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail [642] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail [644] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew, Far Eastern Curlew [847] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pandion haliaetus Osprey [952] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail [592] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato) Painted Snipe [889] Endangered* Species or species habitat may occur within area

Reptiles Crocodylus johnstoni Freshwater Crocodile, Johnston's Crocodile, Species or species habitat Johnston's River Crocodile [1773] may occur within area

Crocodylus porosus Salt-water Crocodile, Estuarine Crocodile [1774] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Extra Information

State and Territory Reserves [ ResourceInformation ] Name State Butterfly Gorge NT

Invasive Species [ Resource Information ] Weeds reported here are the 20 species of national significance (WoNS), along with other introduced plants that are considered by the States and Territories to pose a particularly significant threat to biodiversity. The following feral animals are reported: Goat, Red Fox, Cat, Rabbit, Pig, Water Buffalo and Cane Toad. Maps from Landscape Health Project, National Land and Water Resouces Audit, 2001.

Name Status Type of Presence Birds Columba livia Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon [803] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Frogs Rhinella marina Cane Toad [83218] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Mammals Bos taurus Domestic Cattle [16] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Bubalus bubalis Water Buffalo, Swamp Buffalo [1] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Canis lupus familiaris Domestic Dog [82654] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Equus asinus Donkey, Ass [4] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Equus caballus Horse [5] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Felis catus Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat [19] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Mus musculus House Mouse [120] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Name Status Type of Presence Rattus rattus Black Rat, Ship Rat [84] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Sus scrofa Pig [6] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Plants Andropogon gayanus Gamba Grass [66895] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Brachiaria mutica Para Grass [5879] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Cabomba caroliniana Cabomba, Fanwort, Carolina Watershield, Fish Grass, Species or species habitat Washington Grass, Watershield, Carolina Fanwort, may occur within area Common Cabomba [5171] Hymenachne amplexicaulis Hymenachne, Olive Hymenachne, Water Stargrass, Species or species habitat West Indian Grass, West Indian Marsh Grass [31754] likely to occur within area

Jatropha gossypifolia Cotton-leaved Physic-Nut, Bellyache Bush, Cotton-leaf Species or species habitat Physic Nut, Cotton-leaf Jatropha, Black Physic Nut likely to occur within area [7507] Lantana camara Lantana, Common Lantana, Kamara Lantana, Large- Species or species habitat leaf Lantana, Pink Flowered Lantana, Red Flowered likely to occur within area Lantana, Red-Flowered Sage, White Sage, Wild Sage [10892] Mimosa pigra Mimosa, Giant Mimosa, Giant Sensitive Plant, Species or species habitat ThornySensitive Plant, Black Mimosa, Catclaw likely to occur within area Mimosa, Bashful Plant [11223] Pennisetum polystachyon Mission Grass, Perennial Mission Grass, Species or species habitat Missiongrass, Feathery Pennisetum, Feather likely to occur within area Pennisetum, Thin Napier Grass, West Indian Pennisetum, Blue Buffel Grass [21194] Salvinia molesta Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Aquarium Watermoss, Kariba Species or species habitat Weed [13665] likely to occur within area

Vachellia nilotica Prickly Acacia, Blackthorn, Prickly Mimosa, Black Species or species habitat Piquant, Babul [84351] may occur within area

Reptiles Hemidactylus frenatus Asian House Gecko [1708] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Caveat The information presented in this report has been provided by a range of data sources as acknowledged at the end of the report. This report is designed to assist in identifying the locations of places which may be relevant in determining obligations under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It holds mapped locations of World and National Heritage properties, Wetlands of International and National Importance, Commonwealth and State/Territory reserves, listed threatened, migratory and marine species and listed threatened ecological communities. Mapping of Commonwealth land is not complete at this stage. Maps have been collated from a range of sources at various resolutions.

Not all species listed under the EPBC Act have been mapped (see below) and therefore a report is a general guide only. Where available data supports mapping, the type of presence that can be determined from the data is indicated in general terms. People using this information in making a referral may need to consider the qualifications below and may need to seek and consider other information sources.

For threatened ecological communities where the distribution is well known, maps are derived from recovery plans, State vegetation maps, remote sensing imagery and other sources. Where threatened ecological community distributions are less well known, existing vegetation maps and point location data are used to produce indicative distribution maps.

For species where the distributions are well known, maps are digitised from sources such as recovery plans and detailed habitat studies. Where appropriate, core breeding, foraging and roosting areas are indicated under 'type of presence'. For species whose distributions are less well known, point locations are collated from government wildlife authorities, museums, and non-government organisations; bioclimatic distribution models are generated and these validated by experts. In some cases, the distribution maps are based solely on expert knowledge.

Only selected species covered by the following provisions of the EPBC Act have been mapped: - migratory and - marine The following species and ecological communities have not been mapped and do not appear in reports produced from this database: - threatened species listed as extinct or considered as vagrants - some species and ecological communities that have only recently been listed - some terrestrial species that overfly the Commonwealth marine area - migratory species that are very widespread, vagrant, or only occur in small numbers The following groups have been mapped, but may not cover the complete distribution of the species: - non-threatened seabirds which have only been mapped for recorded breeding sites - seals which have only been mapped for breeding sites near the Australian continent Such breeding sites may be important for the protection of the Commonwealth Marine environment.

Coordinates

-13.6059 131.7178

Acknowledgements This database has been compiled from a range of data sources. The department acknowledges the following custodians who have contributed valuable data and advice: -Office of Environment and Heritage, New South Wales -Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Victoria -Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania -Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, South Australia -Parks and Wildlife Commission NT, Northern Territory Government -Department of Environmental and Heritage Protection, Queensland -Department of Parks and Wildlife, Western Australia -Environment and Planning Directorate, ACT -Birdlife Australia -Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme -Australian National Wildlife Collection -Natural history museums of Australia -Museum Victoria -Australian Museum -South Australian Museum -Queensland Museum -Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums -Queensland Herbarium -National Herbarium of NSW -Royal Botanic Gardens and National Herbarium of Victoria -Tasmanian Herbarium -State Herbarium of South Australia -Northern Territory Herbarium -Western Australian Herbarium -Australian National Herbarium, Atherton and Canberra -University of New England -Ocean Biogeographic Information System -Australian Government, Department of Defence Forestry Corporation, NSW -Geoscience Australia -CSIRO -Other groups and individuals

The Department is extremely grateful to the many organisations and individuals who provided expert advice and information on numerous draft distributions.

Please feel free to provide feedback via the Contact Us page.

Appendix C

NT NRM Report Extract

a= CHARLES 1 - Territory ••• Northern Territory Natural Resource W DARWIN t Management • G o ve rn m e n t UNIVERSI TY

NTN R.At R.eport

Spring HIll Spring HIll encompasses an area of 2822.26 sq km extending from 13 deg 19.0 min to 13 deg 52.0 min S and 131 deg 26.0 min to 131 deg 59.0 min E. Spring HIll is located in the Pine Creek, Daly Basin, bioregion(s)

Location of Spring HIll

Spring HIll Climate

The closest long-term weather station is DOUGLAS RIVER (13 deg 50.0 min S, 131.1872E) 62 km SW of the center of selected area

Statistics Annual Values Years of record Mean max temp (deg C) 34.2 24 Mean min temp (deg C) 19.7 25 Average rainfall (mm) 1191.5 42 Average days of rain 66.4 42

Climate summaries from Bureau of Meteorology (www.bom.gov.au)

Spring HIll Soils

Soil Types Area of soil types (Northcote Factual Key)

Category Area sq km Area% Tenosols, loams 1343.82 47.61 Kandosols, calcareous earths 1013.31 35.90 Hydrosols, no data 446.93 15.84 Vertosols, cracking clay 18.20 .65

Soil Types

Soils 1:2M Layer is a copy of the NT portion (1:2,000,000 scale dataset) of the CSIRO Atlas of Australian Soils - K.H. Northcote et al. Data scale: 1:2,000,000 ANZLIC Identifier: 2DBCB771205D06B6E040CD9B0F274EFE More details: Go to www.lrm.nt.gov.au/nrmapsnt/ and enter the ANZLIC identifier in the Spatial Data Search

Spring HIll Vegetation

Vegetation Communities Area of vegetation communities Category Area sq km Area% Woodland 2346.61 83.15 Open forest 399.31 14.15 Pastoral/Horticulture/roads 38.00 1.35 Open woodland 37.70 1.34 Mid closed forest .63 .02

Vegetation Communities

The NVIS 2005 Layer is compiled from a number of vegetation and land unit survey maps that were recoded and re-attributed for the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) Data scale variable depending on location. ANZLIC Identifier:2DBCB771207006B6E040CD9B0F274EFE More details:Go to www.lrm.nt.gov.au/nrmapsnt/ and enter the ANZLIC identifier in the Spatial Data Search

Spring HIll Threatened Species

Threatened species recorded in Spring HIll (Records Updated: Sept 2013) Group Common Name Scientific Name NT National ID #Observations (Latest) #Specimens (Latest) #Surveys (Latest) Status Status Cycads Armstrong`s Cycad Cycas armstrongii VU . 351085 0 (Unknown) 1 (1946) 0 (Unknown) Flowering Plants Wattle Acacia praetermissa VU VU 350945 0 (Unknown) 28 (2011) 0 (Unknown) Flowering Plants Helicteres Helicteres macrothrix EN EN 256854 0 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) Reptiles Yellow-snouted Gecko Lucasium occultum VU EN 177347 1 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) Reptiles Mertens` Water Monitor Varanus mertensi VU . 347295 0 (Unknown) 2 (1979) 1 (1990) Reptiles Mitchell`s Water Monitor Varanus mitchelli VU . . 0 (Unknown) 1 (2005) 0 (Unknown) Reptiles Yellow-spotted Monitor Varanus panoptes VU . 347307 1 (1987) 0 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) Birds Partridge Pigeon Geophaps smithii VU VU 176384 19 (2011) 15 (2003) 3 (2010) Birds Grey Falcon Falco hypoleucos VU . . 1 (2006) 0 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) Birds Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii VU VU . 0 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) 1 (1983) Birds Gouldian Finch Erythrura gouldiae VU EN 176370 18 (2005) 9 (1991) 3 (2002) Mammals Northern Quoll Dasyurus hallucatus CR EN 176443 9 (1995) 3 (1982) 2 (1990) Mammals Fawn Antechinus Antechinus bellus EN VU . 1 (2005) 0 (Unknown) 1 (2009) Mammals Northern Brush-tailed Phascogale pirata EN VU 177965 1 (2001) 4 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) Phascogale Mammals Ghost Bat Macroderma gigas . VU . 5 (2008) 50 (2008) 12 (2009) Mammals Arnhem Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros inornata VU EN 177085 0 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) 1 (1983) Mammals Northern Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros stenotis VU . . 0 (Unknown) 1 (1972) 2 (1988) Mammals Black-footed Tree-rat Mesembriomys gouldii VU EN . 0 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) 2 (2007) gouldii Mammals Golden-backed Tree-rat Mesembriomys macrurus CR VU 176951 1 (Unknown) 1 (Unknown) 0 (Unknown) (PE) Mammals Pale Field-rat Rattus tunneyi VU . . 2 (2005) 0 (Unknown) 5 (2009)

EX = Extinct EW = Extinct in the Wild ER = Extinct in the NT EN = Endangered EN/VU = One Endangered subspecies/One Vulnerable subspecies VU=Vulnerable VU/- = One or more subspecies vulnerable EN/- = One or more subspecies endangered

Survey = this category refers to data collected using systematic survey methodology Specimen = this category refers to museum or other records where a specimen has been collected and lodged Observation = this category refers to all other incidental recordings where systematic methodology may not have been used consistently.

More species info: Go to www.landmanager.org.au/view/index.aspx?id=#### where #### is the ID number from the tables above for the species of interest.

Spring HIll Threatened Species Grid

Threatened species recorded in the grid cell(s) in which Spring HIll occurs (Records Updated: Sept 2013) Group Family Name Scientific Name Common Name NT National #Observations Latest #Specimens Latest #Surveys Latest Status Status Observation Specimen Survey Date Date Record Cycads Cycadaceae Cycas armstrongii Armstrong`s Cycad VU 0 Unknown 28 1996 0 Unknown Cycads Cycadaceae Cycas armstrongii x conferta Armstrong`s Cycad VU 0 Unknown 5 1991 0 Unknown Flowering Plants Orchidaceae Zeuxine oblonga Ground Orchid VU 0 Unknown 1 1989 0 Unknown Flowering Plants Fabaceae Acacia praetermissa Wattle VU VU 0 Unknown 29 2011 0 Unknown Flowering Plants Malvaceae Helicteres macrothrix Helicteres EN EN 0 Unknown 4 1991 0 Unknown Flowering Plants Stylidiaceae Stylidium ensatum Trigger Plant EN EN 0 Unknown 1 1946 0 Unknown Fish Pristidae Pristis pristis Freshwater Sawfish VU VU 0 Unknown 0 Unknown 0 Unknown Reptiles Gekkonidae Lucasium occultum Yellow-snouted Gecko VU EN 1 Unknown 0 Unknown 0 Unknown Reptiles Varanidae Varanus mertensi Mertens` Water Monitor VU 12 2007 6 2006 4 2007 Reptiles Varanidae Varanus mitchelli Mitchell`s Water Monitor VU 6 1986 8 2005 1 2001 Reptiles Varanidae Varanus panoptes Yellow-spotted Monitor VU 3 1998 4 1978 2 2001 Birds Columbidae Geophaps smithii Partridge Pigeon VU VU 96 2011 16 2005 4 2010 Birds Accipitridae Erythrotriorchis radiatus Red Goshawk VU VU 2 1986 2 1962 0 Unknown Birds Falconidae Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon VU 1 2006 0 Unknown 0 Unknown Birds Charadriidae Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover VU VU 0 Unknown 0 Unknown 1 1983 Birds Tytonidae Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl (northern VU VU 1 1977 0 Unknown 0 Unknown kimberli mainland) Birds Estrildidae Erythrura gouldiae Gouldian Finch VU EN 35 2005 30 1991 3 2002 Mammals Dasyuridae Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Quoll CR EN 67 2011 15 2004 29 2001 Mammals Dasyuridae Antechinus bellus Fawn Antechinus EN VU 1 2005 1 1972 4 2009 Mammals Dasyuridae Phascogale pirata Northern Brush-tailed EN VU 2 2001 4 Unknown 0 Unknown Phascogale Mammals Macropodidae Petrogale concinna Nabarlek VU EN 0 Unknown 0 Unknown 2 1996 Mammals Megadermatidae Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat VU 16 2010 52 2008 15 2009 Mammals Hipposideridae Hipposideros inornata Arnhem Leaf-nosed Bat VU EN 0 Unknown 0 Unknown 1 1983 Mammals Hipposideridae Hipposideros stenotis Northern Leaf-nosed Bat VU 2 2010 1 1972 2 1988 Mammals Muridae Conilurus penicillatus Brush-tailed Rabbit-rat EN VU 2 Unknown 0 Unknown 0 Unknown Mammals Muridae Mesembriomys gouldii Black-footed Tree-rat VU EN 5 2007 1 1986 23 2008 gouldii Mammals Muridae Mesembriomys macrurus Golden-backed Tree-rat CR VU 1 Unknown 1 Unknown 0 Unknown (PE) Mammals Muridae Rattus tunneyi Pale Field-rat VU 24 2007 11 1999 45 2009

EX = Extinct EW = Extinct in the Wild ER = Extinct in the NT EN = Endangered EN/VU = One Endangered subspecies/One Vulnerable subspecies

VU=Vulnerable VU/- = One or more subspecies vulnerable EN/- = One or more subspecies endangered

More species info: Go to www.landmanager.org.au/view/index.aspx?id=#### where #### is the ID number from the tables above for the species of interest.

Species listed in the table above were recorded from all the grid cells shown below (red/blue line) that overlap Spring HIll

Generated from NT Infonet (http://www.infonet.org.au) Mon Sep 19 10:25:24 CST 2016 Soils and vegetation graphs and tables refer to area of soils and vegetation only. Fire graphs and tables refer to entire selected area including sea if present. Calculations are derived from map images or vector data, and should be taken as a guide only. Accuracy cannot be guaranteed. For small areas, figures should be rounded to the nearest whole number.

Appendix D

Potential Occurrence of EVNT Species

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

Table D1: Potential of Near Threatened and Threatened Flora identified in PMST and NT NRM Report searches to occur within the study area

STATUS1 FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SOURCE2 NRM POTENTIAL TO OCCUR IN THE STUDY AREA RECORDS TPWC EPBC

V - Cycadaceae Cycas armstrongii Armstrongs's NRM - Low - Endemic to the Northern Territory, this species is known Cycad from Gunn Point to Hayes Creek and on offshore islands. It occurs in open grassy woodlands with yellow or red dirt. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area as its known range is north of the study area.

V V Fabaceae Acacia praetermissa Wattle PM/NRM - Low - Endemic to the Northern Territory, this species is found on the Stuart Highway south of Darwin and near Emerald Springs and Hayes Creek. It grows on hillsides in rocky, skeletal, lateritic soil in eucalypt woodlands (DEE, 2016b). This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area as it is considered restricted to the localities described above.

E E Stylidiaceae Stylidium ensatum Triggerplant PM - Low - This species occurs in the area around Darwin and another locality near Hayes Creek. Preferred habitat is wet margins of drainage flats in damp heavy clay or peaty soils. Poorly drained areas that retain water well into the dry season are suitable for this species. This species has a low likelihood.

E E Malvaceae Helicteres macrothrix Helicteres NRM - Low - Endemic to the Northern Territory, this species is only found near Mt Bundey, Batchelor/Glenlucki Creek and Lake Bennett. It occurs in woodland dominated by Darwin Box (Eucalyptus tectifica), Darwin Stringybark (E. tetrodonta), and Darwin Woolybutt (E. miniata). This species occurs on rocky siltstone slopes or granitic rocks (DEE, 2016b). It is considered a low likelihood that this species occurs within the study area, as it is not known to occur within the project locality. 1. Status: LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, V = Vulnerable, E = Endangered.

2. NRM = NT Natural Resource Management Report, PM = EPBC Act Protected Matters Report.

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

Table D2: Potential of Near Threatened and Threatened Fauna identified in PMST and NT NRM Report searches to occur within the study area

STATUS1 FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SOURCE2 NRM POTENTIAL TO OCCUR IN THE STUDY AREA RECORDS TPWC EPBC

BIRDS

E V Accipitridae Erythrotriorchis radiatus Red Goshawk PM - Moderate - There are no close records on the Atlas of Living Australia and The Atlas of Australian Birds to the study area. This species prefers forest and woodland with a mosaic of vegetation types, particularly near riverine systems and permanent water, where there is an abundance of prey species (DEE, 2016b). The home range in northern Australia has been reported as up to 200km2; with indications it may be even larger (Aumann & Baker-Gabb, 1991). Given the large home range of this species it is considered a moderate likelihood of occurring within the site.

V V, M Charadriidae Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover NRM - Low - Occurs in coastal areas of all states. This species prefers sheltered sandy, shelly or muddy beaches with large intertidal mudflats or sandbanks. They seldom occur at shallow freshwater wetlands (DEE, 2016b). There are no records of this species occurring within 35km of the study area. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

V V Columbidae Geophaps smithii Partridge Pigeon PM/NRM 19 Present – This species was recorded in the habitat surrounding the project area during both the 1995 and 2016 baseline survey events.

V - Falconidae Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon NRM 1 High - Sparse distribution in arid and semi-arid regions of Australia. This species favours inland drainage systems within woodland and grassland habitats (NSW Scientific Committee, 2009). There is one record of this species occurring within 30km of the study area. Due to the presence of potentially suitable foraging habitat and a record within 30km of the study area, this species has a high likelihood of occurring within the study area.

- V Pachycephalidae Falcunculus frontatus whitei Crested Shrike-tit PM - Low - Sparsely found in northwestern Australia from the Kimberley Division in Western Australia to the north of the Northern Territory. This species inhabits open eucalypt woodlands with a grass or shrub understorey (DEE, 2016b). The study area is within the known range of this species but no records according to the Atlas of Living Australia database are within 30km of the study area. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

V E Passeridae Erythrura gouldiae Gouldian Finch PM/NRM 18 High - Sparsely distributed across northern Australia from the Kimberley region to central north Queensland. This species inhabits open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus trees with ground cover of Sorghum grasses. Gouldian Finch also occur in thickets of vegetation along streams and gorges and the margins of mangroves. This species prefers areas in association with freshwater. There are multiple sightings of this species with 30km of the study area and suitable habitat occurs on site. This species has a high likelihood of occurring within or flying through the study area.

V E, M Rostratulidae Rostratula australis Australian Painted Snipe PM - Low - This species has been recorded at wetland sites throughout much of Australia, but is most common in the eastern States. The Australian Painted Snipe is a distinct species, but its cryptic and crepuscular behaviour can make it difficult to detect. This species typically occurs in shallow freshwater wetlands and other permanently or temporarily inundated areas, particularly where rank tussocks of grasses, sedges, rushes or reeds are present (DEE, 2016b; Morcombe, 2003). The study area is located within the known distribution for this species, but there is no suitable foraging habitat for this species within the study area and there are no records of this species within 30km. This species is considered to have a low likelihood of occurring.

V CE, M Scolopacidae Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper PM - Low - This species has a coastal range around Australia but can be found in low numbers inland. In the Northern Territory Curlew Sandpiper occurs mainly around Darwin and north to Melville Island (DEE, 2016b). It prefers intertidal mudflats in sheltered coastal areas but can also be found around non-tidal swamps, ephemeral and permanent lakes and lagoons. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area as preferred habitat is not present.

V CE, M Scolopacidae Numenius Eastern Curlew PM - Low - Found along the coast in all Australian states. Habitats include intertidal sandflats, banks, mudflats, estuaries, inlets, madagascariensis harbours, coastal lagoons and bays with sea grass beds (DEE, 2016b). Suitable habitat is not present within the study area. This species has a low likelihood of occurrence within the study area.

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

STATUS1 FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SOURCE2 NRM POTENTIAL TO OCCUR IN THE STUDY AREA RECORDS TPWC EPBC

V V Tytonidae Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl PM - Moderate – In the Northern Territory, this subspecies occurs from the Cobourg Peninsula down to Katherine and Jasper kimberli Gorge, and to the east at McArthur River (DEE, 2016b). It has been recorded in a variety of habitats including riverside forests, rainforest, open forest and paperbark swamps (Garnett et al. 2011). This subspecies is known to occupy home-ranges of over 1000ha in the non-breeding season (Higgins, 1999; Kavanagh & Murray, 1996). There is no record of this species within 30km of the study area. Given the large home range that would encompass a variety of habitats and being within the known distribution range, this species has a moderate likelihood of occurring within the study area.

MAMMALS

CE E Dasyuridae Dasyurus hallucatus Northern Quoll PM/NRM 9 High - Spring Hill is within the modelled distribution of the Northern Quoll and the NT NRM Report identified multiple records of this species within a 30km buffer of the study area. In the Northern Territory, it is believed that the species is more likely to be present in woodlands with shallower soils, greater boulder cover, sandstone escarpments, low fire frequency, and close to permanent water (DEE, 2016b). There is a high likelihood of this species occurring within the study area.

E V Dasyuridae Phascogale pirata Northern Brush-tailed PM/NRM 1 High - Restricted to eucalypt forests in the Northern Territory. This species is recorded from tall open forests dominated by Phascogale Darwin Woollybutt (Eucalyptus miniata) and Darwin Stringybark (E. tetrodonta) (DEE, 2016b). This species occurs in an area bounded by Kakadu, Katherine Gorge, and Litchfield National Park. The study area is within the known range of this species and there is one record within 30km of the study area. This species has a high likelihood of occurring within the study area.

E V Dasyuridae Antechinus bellus Fawn Antechinus PM/NRM 1 High - Endemic to the Northern Territory, this species occurs in forests and woodlands with a dense shrub layer in the monsoonal tropics. Active at dusk and dawn this species shelters in tree hollows and fallen logs where frequent fires have been excluded (DEE, 2016b). There is one record of this species within 30km of the study area. This species has a high likelihood of occurring within the study area.

- CE Emballonuridae Saccolaimus saccolaimus Bare-rumped Sheathtail Bat PM - Low - In the Northern Territory this species has only been found in the floodplain area of Kakadu National Park. There have nudicluniatus been no recent records of this species in the Northern Territory. This species occurs in lowland areas, typically in a range of woodland, forests and open environments. Roosts have been recorded in hollows of trees in Australia (DEE, 2016b). As no records are located near the study area and no recent records in the Northern Territory it is considered a low likelihood that this species occurs within the study area.

V E Hipposideridae Hipposideros inornata Arnhem Leaf-nosed Bat PM/NRM - Low - This species is only known from Kakadu and Litchfield National Parks. Known to inhabit rugged sandstone formations close to water but may forage in a variety of habitats including monsoon rainforests, riparian vegetation and eucalypt woodlands (DEE, 2016b). There are no records of this species within the local area and preferred habitat is not present within the study area. This species has a low likelihood of occurrence.

V - Hipposideridae Hipposideros stenotis Northern Leaf-nosed Bat NRM - Present – this species was confirmed from echolocation data collected within the project area during the October 2016 baseline ecological surveys.

V E Macropodidae Petrogale concinna Nabarlek PM - Low - In the Northern Territory it is known from Kakadu National Park and between the Mary and Victoria Rivers. This species canescens in habits sandstone or granite rocky hills, cliffs and gorges. Suitable habitat for this species is not present within the study area. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

NT V Megadermatidae Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat PM/NRM 5 Present – this species was confirmed from echolocation data collected within the project area during the October 2016 baseline ecological surveys.

E V Muridae Conilurus penicillatus Brush-tailed Rabbit-rat PM - Low - This species has been recorded in near-coastal areas in mixed eucalypt open forest and woodland, and on dunes with Casuarina. Preferred habitats are areas that are not burnt annually and have an understorey of perennial grasses and a sparse to moderate middle storey. There are no records of this species within 30km of the study area and preferred habitat is not present. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

V E Muridae Mesembriomys gouldii Black-footed Tree-rat PM/NRM - Low - Restricted to forests and woodlands of the north Kimberley and mainland Northern Territory. Preferred habitat for this gouldii species is lowland open forests and woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus miniata and/or E. tetrodonta with dense shrubby understorey (DEE, 2016b). There are no records of this species within 30km of the study area and suitable habitat is not present within the study area. This species has a low likelihood.

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

STATUS1 FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SOURCE2 NRM POTENTIAL TO OCCUR IN THE STUDY AREA RECORDS TPWC EPBC

CE V Muridae Mesembriomys macrurus Golden-backed Tree-rat NRM 1 Low - There has been one confirmed record of this species in the Northern Territory from Kakadu National Park. This species inhabits woodlands over tussock or hummock grasslands, black soil plains, and rugged sandstone country (DEE, 2016b). This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area, as there is a lack of recent sightings and suitable habitat.

V - Muridae Rattus tunneyi Pale Field-rat NRM 2 High - In the Northern Territory the Pale Field-rat is found in areas of higher rainfall in denser vegetation along creeks. This species has been recorded from Kakadu and Litchfield National Parks. (DLRM, 2012a). There are two records within 30km. This species has a high likelihood.

REPTILES

V V Elapidae Acanthophis hawkei Plains Death Adder PM - Low - This species is associated with treeless cracking black soil plains. In the Northern Territory is known from the floodplains of the Adelaide, Mary, and Alligator Rivers (DLRM, 2012b). There are no records of this species within the local area. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

V E Gekkonidae Lucasium occultum Yellow-snouted Gecko NRM 1 Low - Known only from northwest Kakadu National Park and Wildman Reserve in the Northern Territory. Recorded in open forests dominated by Eucalyptus miniata and E. tetrodonta with well-developed leaf litter and grasses (DEE, 2016b). There is one suspected record of this species within 30km of the study area and suitable habitat is available, however, the known distribution range of this species occurs over 40km north of the study area. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

V - Varanidae Varanus mertensi Mertens Water Monitor NRM - Low - In the Northern Territory this species occupies coastal and inland waters across most of the Top End and the Gulf Region. This species inhabits freshwater creeks, swamps, and pools and has not been recorded far from water (DLRM, 2006). This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area as permanent aquatic habitat does not occur within the study area.

V - Varanidae Varanus mitchelli Mitchell's Water Monitor NRM - Low - This species is found across the Top End of the Northern Territory in all catchments of rivers flowing to the Timor Sea, Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Preferred habitat includes margins of watercourses, swamps and lagoons (DLRM, 2012f). As no permanent water occur within the study area, this species has a low likelihood of occurring with the study area.

V - Varanidae Varanus panoptes Yellow-spotted Monitor NRM 1 High - In the Northern Territory this species as been recorded across most of the Top End and the Gulf Region. The Yellow- spotted Monitor is found in coastal beaches, floodplains, grasslands, and woodlands. Suitable habitat is present as well as one record within 30km of the study area. This species has a high likelihood of occurring within the study area.

1. Status: LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, V = Vulnerable, E = Endangered, CE = Critically Endangered, M = Migratory. 2. NRM = NT Natural Resource Management Report, PM = EPBC Act Protected Matters Report.

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

Table D3: Potential of Migratory Fauna identified in PMST and NT NRM Report searches to occur within the study area

STATUS1 FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SOURCE2 POTENTIAL TO OCCUR IN THE STUDY AREA

TPWC EPBC

BIRDS

- M Accipitridae Pandion haliaetus Eastern Osprey PM Moderate - Found on the coasts, interior, and many offshore islands of Australia. This species occurs in coastal habitats and terrestrial wetlands of tropical and temperate Australia. This species may travel inland along major rivers in its northern distribution (DEE, 2016b). This species may fly over the study area while foraging in the broader region.

- M Apodidae Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift PM Moderate - This species has been observed over a number of different habitat types including dry, open woodland and riparian woodland (Higgins, 1999). The study site occurs within the species known range, but no records of this species in the local area were identified during the desktop analyses. It is considered a moderate likelihood that this species could occur within the study area.

- M Charadriidae Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover PM Moderate - This species occurs mostly in Northern Australia in coastal and inland areas. The Oriental Plover inhabits coastal areas for the first few weeks after returning to Australia then moves inland. Inland habitats include flat, open, semi-arid or arid grasslands. Specifically, this species has been observed in claypans, dry paddocks, lawns cattle camps and open areas that have recently been burnt (DEE, 2016b). This species overwinters in Australia from September to April.

- M Cuculidae Cuculus optatus Oriental Cuckoo PM Low - Found in denser vegetation types with more closed canopy, including rainforest margins, monsoon forest, vine scrubs, riverine thickets, wetter, densely canopied eucalypt forests, paperbark swamps, and mangroves (Morcombe, 2003). This species has a low likelihood of occurring, as suitable habitat within the study area is not present.

- M Glareolidae Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole PM Low - Widespread along coastlines in northern Australia. It is widespread but scattered inland. Inland habitats include open plains, floodplains or short grasslands. They often occur near terrestrial wetlands (DEE, 2016b). As preferred habitat is not present within the study area this species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

- M Hirundindae Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow PM Low - This species has been recorded in open country in coastal lowlands near water in the Northern Territory. It has also been recorded flying over freshwater wetlands and paperbark woodlands (DEE, 2016b). The study area is within the known range of this species however preferred habitat is not present. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

- M Hirundinidae Cecropis daurica Red-rumped Swallow PM Low - A highly migratory species that is rarely seen in Australia. There are no records on the Atlas of Living Australia of this species near the study area. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

- M Motacillidae Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail PM Low - A vagrant to Australia, this species has few records within the Northern Territory. It prefers mountain forests or forested areas associated with watercourses. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

- M Motacillidae Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail PM Low - A vagrant to Australia, this species has few records within the Northern Territory. The Atlas of Living Australia has one record of this species near Pine Creek. This species is known to inhabit wooded areas near watercourses. As preferred habitat is not present within the study area, this species has a low likelihood.

- M Rhipiduridae Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail PM Low - Occurring in coastal and near coastal districts of northern and eastern Australia (DEE, 2016b). Found in tropical rainforests, monsoon rainforests, and vine thickets (Morcombe, 2003). Suitable habitat is not present within the study area. This species has a low likelihood of occurring.

V M Scolopacidae Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper PM Low - This species has a coastal range around Australia but can be found in low numbers inland. In the Northern Territory Curlew Sandpiper occurs mainly around Darwin and north to Melville Island (DEE, 2016b). It prefers intertidal mudflats in sheltered coastal areas but can also be found around non-tidal swamps, ephemeral and permanent lakes and lagoons. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area as preferred habitat is not present.

V M Scolopacidae Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew PM Low - Found along the coast in all Australian states. Habitats include intertidal sandflats, banks, mudflats, estuaries, inlets, harbours, coastal lagoons and bays with sea grass beds (DEE, 2016b). Suitable habitat is not present within the study area. This species has a low likelihood of occurrence within the study area.

- M Sylviidae Acrocephalus orientalis Oriental reed-warbler PM Low - This species occasionally reaches Australia and is found in reed beds throughout marshes and other freshwater systems. Preferred habitat is not present within the study area. This species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

STATUS1 FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SOURCE2 POTENTIAL TO OCCUR IN THE STUDY AREA

TPWC EPBC

REPTILES

- M Crocodylidae Crocodylus porosus Estuarine Crocodile PM Low - Found up to 150km inland when using large river systems. Occurring in coastal waters, estuaries, lakes, inland swamps, and marshes (Wilson and Swan, 2013). This species is unlikely to occur within the study area due to the distance from suitable habitat.

FISH

V M, V Pristidae Pristis pristis Largetooth Sawfish PM Low - Confined to the main channels of large freshwater river systems. This species prefers deeper rivers with mud substrate (DEE, 2016b). As preferred habitat is not present, this species has a low likelihood of occurring within the study area.

1. Status: LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, V = Vulnerable, E = Endangered, M = Migratory. 2. NRM = NT Natural Resource Management Report, PM = EPBC Act Protected Matters Report.

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

Appendix E

Flora Species List for 2016 Baseline Survey Event

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

Table E1: Flora species recorded within the study area

FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME STATUS LAND UNIT

TPWC EPBC RIDGE CRESTS RIPARIAN AND SLOPES

Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sp. Joy Weed LC X

Apocynaceae Alstonia actinophylla Milkwood LC X

Arecaceae Livistona humilis Sand Palm LC X

Bixaceae Cochlospermum fraseri Yellow Kapok LC X

Boraginaceae Heliotropium tenuiforlium Native Heliotrope LC X

Caesalpiniaceae Erythrophleum chlorostachys Cooktown Ironwood LC X

Combretaceae Terminalia ferdinandiana Billygoat Plum LC X

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia drummondii Caustic Weed LC X

Euphorbiaceae Flueggea virosa White currant LC X

Fabaceae Indigofera sp. Indigo LC X

Goodeniaceae Goodenia sp. Goodenia LC X

Haemodoraceae Haemodorum coccineum Scarlet Bloodroot LC X

Hemerocallidaceae Dianella longifolia var. longifolia Blue flax Lilly LC X

Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens* Hyptis X X

Meliaceae Owenia vernicosa Emu Apple LC X

Mimosaceae Acacia holosericea Soapy Wattle LC X X

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME STATUS LAND UNIT

TPWC EPBC RIDGE CRESTS RIPARIAN AND SLOPES

Mimosaceae Vachellia pachyphloia Weepy Corkwood LC X X

Moraceae Ficus opposita Sandpaper Fig LC X

Moraceae Ficus platypoda Native Fig LC X

Myrtaceae Calytrix achaeta Heather LC X

Myrtaceae Calytrix exstipulata Kimberly Heather LC X

Myrtaceae Corymbia dichromophloia Variable Barked Bloodwood LC X X

Myrtaceae Corymbia latifolia Round-leafed Bloodwood LC X

Myrtaceae Corymbia setosa Rough-leafed Bloodwood LC X

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus alba White Gum LC X

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus confertiflora Broad-leafed Carbeen LC X

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus tintinnans Salmon Gum LC X

Myrtaceae Lophostemon grandiflorus Northern Swamp Box LC X

Myrtaceae Xanthostemon paradoxus Bridal Tree LC X

Orchidaceae Dendrobium sp Orchid X

Pandanaceae Pandanus spiralis Screw Palm LC X

Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida* Stinking Passion Vine X

Picrodendraceae Petalostigma banksii Quinine Bush LC X

Poaceae Cymbopogon bombycinus Silky Oilgrass LC X

Poaceae Eriachne armitii Longawn Wanderrie LC X

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME STATUS LAND UNIT

TPWC EPBC RIDGE CRESTS RIPARIAN AND SLOPES

Poaceae Heteropogon triticeus Giant Speargrass LC X

Poaceae Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass LC X

Proteaceae Grevillea decurrens Clothes-peg Tree LC X

Pteridaceae Cheilanthes sieberi Mulga Fern LC X

Rubiaceae Gardenia megasperma Gardenia LC X X

Rutaceae Boronia sp Boronia LC X

Sterculiaceae Brachychiton paradoxus Kurrajong LC X

Sterculiaceae Helicteres sp. Helicteres LC X

1. Status: LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, V = Vulnerable, E = Endangered, * = Species not native to Australia.

2. NRM = NT Natural Resource Management Report, PM = EPBC Protected Matters Report.

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

Appendix F

Fauna Species List for 2016 Baseline Survey

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

Table F1: Fauna species recorded within the study area during the October 2016 baseline survey

STATUS1 FAMILY COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME S1 S2 S3 INCEDENTAL TPWC EPBC

BIRDS

LC - Anatidae Radjah Shelduck Tadorna radjah X

LC - Columbidae Peaceful Dove Geopelia placida X

LC - Columbidae Bar-shouldered Dove Geopelia humeralis X

V V Columbidae Partridge Pigeon Geophaps smithii smithii X

LC - Podargidae Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides X

LC - Ardeidae Eastern Great Egret Ardea modesta X

LC - Accipitridae Black Kite Milvus migrans X

LC - Accipitridae Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus X X

LC - Accipitridae Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus X

NT - Burhinidae Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius X

LC - Charadriidae Black-fronted Dotterel Elseyornis melanops X

LC - Charadriidae Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles X

LC - Psittaculidae Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii X X

LC - Psittaculdae Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita X

LC - Psittaculidae Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus moluccanus X X X

LC - Psittaculidae Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus X

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

LC - Cuculidae Common Koel Eudynamys scolopacea X X

LC - Cuculidae Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus X

LC - Cuculidae Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis X X

LC - Strigidae Southern Boobook Ninox boobook X

LC - Alcedinidae Blue-winged Kookaburra Dacelo leachii X X

LC - Alcedinidae Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae X

LC M Meropidae Rainbow Bee-eater Meoprs ornatus X X

LC - Coraciidae Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis X

LC - Ptilonorhynchidae Great Bowerbird Chlamydera nuchalis X X

LC - Meliphagidae White-throated Honeyeater Melithreptus albogularis X X

LC - Meliphagidae Blue-faced Honeyeater Entomyzon cyanotis X

LC - Meliphagidae Banded Honeyeater Cissomela pectoralis X

LC - Meliphagidae Little Friarbird Philemon citreogularis X

LC - Meliphagidae Brown Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta X

LC - Meliphagidae Dusky Honeyeater Myzomela obscura X

LC - Meliphagidae Yellow-throated Miner Manorina flavigula X

LC - Campephagidae White-bellied Cuckoo Shrike Coracina papuensis X

LC - Campephagidae Black-faced Cuckoo Shrike Coracina novaehollandiae X

LC - Pachycephalidae Rufous Whistler Pachycephala rufiventris X

LC - Artamidae Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus X

LC - Artamidae Grey Butcherbird Cracticus torquatus X X

LC - Rhipiduridae Willy Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys X

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

LC - Corvidae Torresian Crow Corvus orru X X X

LC - Monarchidae Leaden Flycatcher Myiagra rubecula X X

LC - Monarchidae Magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca X

LC - Nectariniidae Mistletoebird Dicaeum hirundinaceum X X

MAMMALS

Equidae Horse Equus caballus* X

LC - Macropodidae Short-eared Rock Wallaby Petrogale brachyotis X

LC - Macropodidae Antilopine Wallaroo Macropus antilopinus X

LC - Macropodidae Agile Wallaby Macropus agilis X

NT V Megadermatidae Ghost Bat Macroderma gigas X

LC - Rhinonycteridae Orange Leaf-nosed Bat Rhinonicteris aurantia X

V - Hipposideridae Northern Leaf-nosed bat Hipposideros stenotis X

LC - Vespertilionidae Hoary Wattled Bat Chalinolobus nigrogriseus P2

LC - Vespertilionidae Little Broad-nosed Bat Scotorepens greyii P2

LC - Vespertilionidae Northern Cave Bat Vespadelus caurinus X

LC - Miniopteridae Large Bent-wing Bat Miniopterus orianae X

LC - Molossidae Greater Northern Free-tailed Bat Chaerephon jobensis X

LC - Molossidae Northern Free-tailed Bat Mormopterus lumsdenae X

LC - Emballonuridae Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat Saccolaimus flaviventris X

LC - Emballonuridae Common Sheath-tailed Bat Taphozous georgianus X

REPTILES

LC - Agamidae Two-lined Dragon Diporiphora bilineata X

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

LC - Agamidae Gilbert's Dragon Lophognathus gilberti X

LC - Diplodactylidae Marbled Velvet Gecko Oedura marmorata X

LC - Elapidae Pygmy Mulga Pseudechis weigeli X

LC - Gekkonidae Bynoe's Gecko Heteronotia binoei X X X

LC - Gekkonidae Northern Dtella Gehyra australis X X X

LC - Pythonidae Black-headed Python Aspidites melanocephalus X

LC - Scincidae Metallic Snake-eyed Skink Cryptoblepharus metallicus X

LC - Scincidae Eastern Striped Skink Ctenotus robusta X

LC - Scincidae Ten-lined Ctenotus Ctenotus decaneurus X

LC - Scincidae Striped Rainbow Skink Carlia munda X X X

LC - Scincidae Two-spined Rainbow Skink Carlia amax X X

LC - Varanidae Northern Ridge-tailed Monitor Varanus primordius X

AMPHIBIANS

Bufonidae Cane Toad Rhinella marina* X X

LC - Hylidae Green Tree Frog Litoria caerulea X

LC - Hylidae Bumpy Rocket Frog Litoria inermis X

LC - Limnodynastidae Ornate Burrowing Frog Platyplectrum ornatum X

LC - Limnodynastidae Marbled Frog Limnodynastes convexiusculus X 1. Status: LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, V = Vulnerable, E = Endangered, * = Species not native to Australia. 2. P = Possible record from bat call analysis – unable to be confirmed from call data

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

Appendix G

Microbat Call Interpretation Reports

SPRING HILL GOLD PROJECT – FLORA AND FAUNA TECHNICAL REPORT prepared by: Northern Resource Consultants Pty Ltd

Microbat Call Interpretation Report

Prepared for (“Client”): Northern Resource Consultants Survey location/project name: Spring Hill (Pine Creek area), NT Survey dates: 17-21 October 2015 Client project reference: Job no.: NRC-1602 Report date: 25 November 2016

DISCLAIMER:

© Copyright – Balance! Environmental, ABN 75 795 804 356. This document and its content are copyright and may not be copied, reproduced or distributed (in whole or part) without the prior written permission of Balance! Environmental other than by the Client for the purposes authorised by Balance! Environmental (“Intended Purpose”). To the extent that the Intended Purpose requires the disclosure of this document and/or its content to a third party, the Client must procure such agreements, acknowledgements and undertakings as may be necessary to ensure that the third party does not copy, reproduce, or distribute this document and its content other than for the Intended Purpose. This disclaimer does not limit any rights Balance! Environmental may have under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). The Client acknowledges that the Final Report is intended for the sole use of the Client, and only to be used for the Intended Purpose. Any representation or recommendation contained in the Final Report is made only to the Client. Balance! Environmental will not be liable for any loss or damage whatsoever arising from the use and/or reliance on the Final Report by any third party.

Methods

Survey summary and data received

Bat calls were recorded over four nights using a Song Meter SM4 detector (Wildlife Acoustics, USA). Calls were recorded between sunset and sunrise each night and saved in full-spectrum format (.WAV files). The data cards were then sent to Balance! Environmental for post-processing and analysis.

Post-processing

All WAV files on the two SD cards were processed with Wildlife Acoustics’ Kaleidoscope (Version 4.0.3) to generate bat call sequence files in both zero-crossing analysis format (ZC files) and full- spectrum format (WAV files). This yielded almost 2200 unique bat call sequence files.

Call identification

All ZC sequence files were viewed using AnalookW (Corben 2015) and a subset of files representing all call types observed on each night were selected for further analysis. Species were identified manually by comparing the selected call spectrograms with those of reference calls from the Northern Territory and north Queensland and/or with published call descriptions (e.g. Reinhold et al. 2001; Milne 2002).

Full-spectrum versions of calls belonging to Emballonurid and Molossid species were analysed in the Kaleidoscope Viewer to determine harmonic structure for species confirmation.

Published species distribution information (e.g. Churchill 2008; van Dyck & Strahan 2008) and database records in the Atlas of Living Australia (www.ala.org.au) were used to determine likelihood of presence for some species.

Reporting standard

The format and content of this report follows Australasian Bat Society standards for the interpretation and reporting of bat call data (Reardon 2003), available on-line at http://www.ausbats.org.au/.

Species nomenclature follows Reardon et al. (2015).

Results & Discussion

Many of the ZC sequence files contained background noise and/or weak and fragmented calls that prevented reliable species identification; however, more than half the files contained calls of acceptable quality. About one-fifth (459/2195) of the sequence files were selected for identification.

At least ten and possibly eleven species were recorded during this survey (see Table 1). Nine call types were reliably attributed to individual species, while one call type may have been from either or both of Chalinolobus nigrogriseus and Scotorepens greyii, which are difficult to reliably differentiate.

Two threatened species were recorded: Macroderma gigas (Vulnerable, EPBC Act); and Hipposideros stenotis (Vulnerable, Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2014).

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Table 1. Microbat species recorded at Spring Hill, 17-21 October 2016. ♦ = at least one call from the site was attributed unequivocally to the species □ = calls similar to those of the species were recorded, but could not be reliably identified - = species not recorded

Date: 17/10 18/10 19/10 20/10 Total sequence files: 385 1190 352 268 Number of calls identified: 127 106 121 105 Macroderma gigas ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Rhinonicteris aurantia ♦ ♦ ♦ - Hipposideros stenotis ♦ - - ♦ Chalinolobus nigrogriseus or Scotorepens greyii ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Vespadelus caurinus ♦ ♦ - - Miniopterus orianae ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Chaerephon jobensis ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Mormopterus lumsdenae ♦ - - - Saccolaimus flaviventris - ♦ ♦ ♦ Taphozous georgianus ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

References

Churchill, S. (2008). Australian Bats. Jacana Books, Allen & Unwin; Sydney.

Corben, C. (2015). AnalookW for bat call analysis using ZCA. Version 4.1z, 20 September 2015.

Milne, D.J. (2002). Key to the Bat Calls of the Top End of the Northern Territory. Technical Report No. 71, Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, Darwin.

Reardon, T.B., Armstrong, K.N. and Jackson, S.M. (2015). A current taxonomic list of Australian Chiroptera. Australasian Bat Society. Version 2015-05-15. Downloaded from: http://ausbats.org.au/taxonomic-list/4589345107

Reardon, T. (2003). Standards in bat detector based surveys. Australasian Bat Society Newsletter 20, 41-43.

Reinhold, L., Law, B., Ford, G. and Pennay, M. (2001). Key to the bat calls of south-east Queensland and north-east New South Wales. Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Brisbane. van Dyck, S. and Strahan, R. (ed.) (2008). The Mammals of Australia (Third Edition). New Holland; Sydney.

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Appendix 1 Representative call sequences from the Spring Hill survey, October 2016. (Scale: 10msec per tick; time between pulses removed)

Macroderma gigas

Hipposideros stenotis

Rhinonicteris aurantia

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C. nigrogriseus or S. greyii Vespadelus caurinus Miniopterus orianae

Chaerephon jobensis Mormopterus lumsdenae

Saccolaimus flaviventris Taphozous georgianus

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Microbat Call Interpretation Report

Prepared for (“Client”): Northern Resource Consultants Survey location/project name: Pine Creek, NT Survey dates: 24-27 July 2017 Client project reference: Job no.: NRC-1706 Report date: 4 August 2017

DISCLAIMER:

Methods

Survey understanding and scope

This survey was targeted at ‘cave-dependent’ bat species utilising four old mine shafts/stopes at a site approximately 25km north of Pine Creek, Northern Territory. Song Meter detectors (Wildlife Acoustics, USA) were deployed with microphones suspended up to two metres into each stope, in an effort to restrict call-recordings to those of bats leaving and/or returning to their roost sites. Two stopes (“Stope-13” and “Stope-62”) were each sampled for one entire night (sunset to sunrise); with Stope-5 detection not commencing until about 8:45 PM (approximately 1.5 hours post-sunset); and Stope-30 detection ceasing at 8:30 PM.

Visual observations were made at each stope to determine approximate numbers of Ghost Bats (Macroderma gigas) departing in the early evening (until about 8:45 PM each night). A summary of these observations was supplied with the bat-call data to enable a comparison between observed numbers and the quantity of calls recorded during each observation period.

Data received

Bat calls were recorded in full-spectrum format (WAV files), with data from each night/stope supplied in a separate folder. The data set received for analysis included 2527 WAV files in four folders: 24_July_Stope-5 (498 files); 25_July_Stope-13 (800 files); 26_July_Stope-62 (1153 files); and 25_July_Stope-30 (76 files).

Call identification

All WAV files were analysed with Anabat Insight (Titley Scientific, Brisbane), with species identified manually by comparing the call spectrograms with those of reference calls from the Northern Territory and north Queensland and/or with published call descriptions (Milne 2002).

Samples of suspected Ghost Bat echolocation and social calls were sent to Ms Nicola Hanrahan, University of Western Sydney, for confirmation of their identity and usefulness for species diagnosis. Ghost Bat records for the entire data set were then based on the presence of either echolocation pulses or one or more of three distinct social call signals (“chirps”, “squabbles” and “trills”).

Species' identities were refined by considering probability of occurrence based on general distribution information (e.g. Churchill 2008; van Dyck & Strahan 2008) and database records in the Atlas of Living Australia (www.ala.org.au).

Reporting standard

The format and content of this report follows Australasian Bat Society standards for the interpretation and reporting of bat call data (Reardon 2003), available on-line at http://www.ausbats.org.au/.

Species nomenclature follows Reardon et al. (2015).

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Results & Discussion

Species recorded

More than 3000 bat call sequences were recognised, with many sequences containing several individual calls of the same species, especially during the early evening when multiple bats would have been emerging from the roosts simultaneously.

Six “cave-dependent” species were identified (see Table 1), with two of those (Taphozous georgianus and Miniopterus orianae) responsible for over half of all identified calls. Another four call types were attributed to species not normally associated with cave-type roost requirements (see Table 1). Most of these calls had relatively low amplitude (i.e. weaker signals than the cave-bats) and were probably all recorded from bats that happened to fly directly over the stope opening.

Two of the species recorded during these surveys are listed as threatened: Hipposideros stenotis (Vulnerable, NT Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act); and Macroderma gigas (Vulnerable, C’wealth EPBC Act).

Table 1 Microbats recorded during the Pine Creek survey, 24-27 July 2017. Number of calls attributed to each species per night/site.

Date: 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul

Location: Stope-05 Stope-13 Stope-62 Stope-30 Totals Detection start time: 20:45 19:00 19:30 18:15 Detection end time: 6:30 8:00 7:00 20:30 Total WAV files: 498 800 1153 76 2527 "Cave-dependent" species Hipposideros stenotis 0 0 0 2 2 Rhinonicteris aurantia 2 4 217 0 223 Macroderma gigas 2 271 40 22 335 Miniopterus orianae 71 32 345 47 495 Taphozous georgianus 262 66 723 2 1053 Vespadelus caurinus 0 331 18 3 352 Non-cave species Chalinolobus gouldii 0 0 1 0 1 Chalinolobus nigrogriseus/Scotorepens greyii * 192 235 3 1 431 Chaerephon jobensis 10 58 53 0 121 Saccolaimus flaviventris 0 5 0 0 5 Total calls 539 1002 1400 77 3018

* C. nigrogriseus and S. greyii calls are difficult to reliably differentiate; both potentially occur in the study area.

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Roost occupancy

The approximate species composition of each stope-roost, based on the proportion of the total call count attributed to each species (“cave-dependent” species only), is shown in Figure 1. Stope-5 appears to be inhabited mainly by M. orianae and T. georgianus; while Stope-13 calls were predominantly from M. gigas and Vespadelus caurinus. Stope 62 appears to be a significant roost for Rhinonicteris aurantia, with large numbers of M. orianae and T. georgianus also recorded here. The relatively brief recording session at Stope 30 revealed predominantly M. orianae emerging, along with a small number of M. gigas.

Figure 1 Proportion of calls attributable to each species at four Stopes in the Pine Creek study area. NB: Stope-30 was recorded only for 2 hours during evening emergence; whereas all other sites include activity during both exit and pre-dawn return periods. The data for this site is based on just 76 identified calls, cf. 498-1153 calls from the other three Stopes.

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Ghost Bat activity

Stope-13 appears to be an important local roost for M. gigas, with about 80% of calls detected during the present survey being recorded from this site (see table 1).

Activity patterns

The pattern of M. gigas activity at Stope-13, based on number of calls recorded per 15-minute period, shows a typical post-sunset emergence, followed by pre-dawn return-to-roost (Figure 2). Similar activity patterns were also observed at Stope-62 and Stope-30; however, the total number of calls recorded at these sites was considerably lower than that at Stope-13. Stope-5 appears to not be a M. gigas roost-site, since just two calls were recorded here at around 2:30 AM, probably from a single bat searching for prey.

Figure 2 Ghost Bat activity at four Stopes in the Pine Creek study area. Number of calls detected per 15-minute period between dusk and dawn (approximate)

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Ghost Bat counts

Notes on visual observations made by the client at Stope-13 indicate that 96 individual M. gigas departed the roost on the night of 25th July. Observers recorded the number of individuals seen leaving the stope in 1-minute periods; and these observations were reflected by the number of calls detected during the same periods (see Table 2). In some cases, more calls were recorded than individuals seen, perhaps because some individuals circled past the microphone more than once during the observation period, or because individuals within the stope were audible to the detector but not visible to the observers.

This count data is limited to a 2-hour period on a single night, so it cannot be used to make meaningful comparisons between call-detection and direct observation results, nor to derive a useful index of population size based on call data. Significant additional survey effort of timed observations, synchronised with call detection, would be required to obtain sufficient data for a statistically viable analysis of this kind.

Table 2 Ghost Bat counts during a 2-hour observation period at Stope-13 on 25th July 2017. Aggregated to 15-minute detection periods, as per Figure 2.

Time Calls detected Bats observed % difference 19:00:00 5 6 20.00 19:15:00 35 33 -5.71 19:30:00 39 24 -38.46 19:45:00 18 10 -44.44 20:00:00 6 3 -50.00 20:15:00 15 15 0.00 20:30:00 6 3 -50.00 20:45:00 7 2 -71.43

References

Churchill, S. (2008). Australian Bats. Jacana Books, Allen & Unwin; Sydney.

Milne, D.J. (2002). Key to the Bat Calls of the Top End of the Northern Territory. Technical Report No. 71, Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, Darwin.

Reardon, T. (2003). Standards in bat detector based surveys. Australasian Bat Society Newsletter 20, 41-43. van Dyck, S. and Strahan, R. (ed.) (2008). The Mammals of Australia (Third Edition). New Holland; Sydney.

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Glossary

Technical terms used in this report are described in the following table.

Approach phase The part of a bat call emitted as the bat starts to home in on a detected prey item; a transitional series of pulses between the search phase and feeding buzz, that become progressively steeper and shorter in duration. Call Refers to a single bat call, made up of a series of individual sound pulses in one or more phases (search, approach, feeding buzz). CF (=Constant Frequency) A type of pulse in which the dominant component consists of a more- or-less ‘pure tone’ of sound at a Constant Frequency; with shape appearing flat on the sonogram. Often also contains a brief FM component at the beginning and/or end of the CF component (viz. FM- CF-FM). Characteristic frequency (Fc) The frequency of the flattest part of a pulse; usually the lowest frequency reached in the qCF component of a pulse. This is often the primary diagnostic feature for species identification. Duration The time period from the beginning of a pulse to the end of the pulse. Feeding buzz The terminal part of a call, following the approach phase, emitted as the bat catches a prey item; a distinctive, rapid series of very steep, very short-duration pulses. FM (=Frequency Modulated) A type of pulse in which there is substantial change in frequency from beginning to end; shape ranges from almost vertical and linear through varying degrees of curvature. FC range Refers to the range of frequencies occupied by the characteristic frequency section of pulses within a call or set of calls. Frequency sweep or “band-width” The range of frequencies through which a pulse sweeps from beginning to end; Maximum frequency (Fmax) – minimum frequency (Fmin). Knee The transitional part of a pulse between the initial (usually steeper) frequency sweep and the characteristic frequency section (usually flatter); time to knee (Tk) and frequency of knee (Fk) can be diagnostic for some species. Pulse An individual pulse of sound within a bat call; the shape, duration and characteristic frequency of a pulse are the key diagnostic features used to differentiate species. Pulse body The part of the pulse between the knee and tail and containing the characteristic frequency section. Pulse shape The general appearance of a pulse on the sonogram, described using relative terms related to features such as slope and degree of curvature. See also CF, qCF and FM. qCF (=quasi Constant Frequency) A type of pulse in which there is very little change in frequency from beginning to end; shape appears to be almost flat. Some pulses also contain an FM component at the beginning and/or end of the qCF component (viz. FM-qCF). Search phase The part of a bat call generally required for reliable species diagnosis. A consistent series of pulses emitted by a bat that is searching for prey or and/or navigating through its habitat. Search phase pulses generally have longer duration, flatter slope and more consistent shape than approach phase and feeding buzz pulses. Sequence Literally, a sequence of pulses that may be from one or more bats; but generally refers to a call or part (e.g. phase) of a call. Tail The final component of a pulse, following the characteristic frequency section; may consist of a short or long sweep of frequencies either upward or downward from the Fc; or may be absent.

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Appendix 1 Representative call sequences from the Pine Creek survey, July 2017. (Scale: 10msec per tick; time between pulses removed)

Macroderma gigas Hipposideros stenotis

Rhinonicteris aurantia Taphozous georgianus

Vespadelus caurinus Miniopterus orianae

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Chalinolobus gouldii C. nigrogriseus or S. greyii

Saccolaimus flaviventris Chaerephon jobensis

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