Lithostratigraphy, Microbiostratigraphy and Paleoecology of The

Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2016/01/jls.htm 2016 Vol. 6 (S1), pp. 24-33/Noori et al. Review Article LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, MICROBIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF THE EOCENE DEPOSITS IN DEHAJ- SARDUIYEH BELT, NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST OF KERMAN 1Amin Noori*, 1Seyed Hamid Vaziri and Ali Faryabi2 ¹Department of Geology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Geology, Zarand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zarand, Iran *Author for Correspondence

ABSTRACT This research studies microbiostratigraphy, Lithostratigraphy and paleoecology of Eocene deposits in the belt of Dehaj- Sarduiyeh in the north-west and southwest of Kerman. Regarding expanded area of studied region five stratigraphy sections were selected: 1) Deh Now section near Deh Now village located in 38 km of northwest of Sharbabak City with 69.25 m thickness and containing two lithology units formed by limestone and flyschin lithology point. 2) Cheshmeh Qorban's section near Cheshmeh Qorban village located in 24 km of southwest of Rafsanjan with 69 m thickness and includes two lithology units formed by sandstone and limestone. 3) Abkhorak section near Abkhorak village located in 50km of southeast of Bardsir has 68.57 m thickness and contains one lithology. In lithology point it is formed by limestone. 4) Bagh- hasan section near Bagh- hasan village located in 25 km of northeast of Baft has 136.25 m thickness and contains three lithology units. In lithology point it is formed by limestone, sandstone lime and sandstone. 5) Dehrud section near Dehrud village located in 45 km of northwest of Jiroft has 69.25 m thickness and contains 2 lithology units. In lithology point it is mainly formed by limestone and sandstone. In all studying sections Eocene carbonate deposits are covered by continuous igneous rocks and Tephra deposits and then Eocene deposits play important roles to study geological region for having determined fossils except Abkhorak section that lacks fossil for digenesis and tectonic factors. Based on biostratigraphy in studying sections following results were obtained: 1:in Deh Now section 4 foraminifera Genus and 6 species were determined which are located in a Oppel zone to age of lower Eocene (Ypresian). 2: in Cheshmeh Qorban section 7foraminifera Genus and 11 species were determined which are located in a Assemblage zone to age of middle Eocene (Lutetion). 3: in Bagh- hasan section 8 foraminifera Genus and 8 species were determined which are located in a Concurrent zone to age of upper Eocene (Bartonian-Priabonian). 4: in Dehrud section 8 foraminifera Genus and 7 foraminifera species were determined which are located in a Range zone to age of upper Eocene (Stages Bartonian). Studying about paleoecology of studied sections shows that in sections of Deh Now, Cheshmeh Qorban and Bagh- Hasan explain decreasing depth and semi-confined semi- confined lagoon environment and Dehrud section explains shallow parts of open sea (upward steep) with normal salinity and low energy.

Keywords: Dehaj- Sarduiyeh Belt, Paleoecology, Thin Facies, Eocene

INTRODUCTION Deposits of Eocene Epoch have occupied an expanded area of this region and have several faces. Thickness of deposits in this age is high and sometimes more than several thousand meters. Found fossils are long range, so it is nearly impossible to classifying them exactly. Because some fossils show lower to upper Eocene. Eocene rocks in this region have mainly volcanic origin because of high agglomeration of volcanic matters and fast thickening of layers in a short time observed in the region; as a result several piles with different faces in several places are seen (Hajian, 1996) (Figure 1). Regarding expanded area of studied region five stratigraphy sections were selected: 1) Deh Now section near Deh Now village located in 38 km of northwest of Sharbabak City between longitude of 55˚14΄18˝ and latitude of 30˚25΄35˝; And 69.25 m thickness and containing two lithology units formed by limestone and flysch in lithology point. 2) Cheshmeh Qorban's section near Cheshmeh Qorban village located in 24 km of southwest of Rafsanjan, between longitude of 55˚37΄48 and latitude of 30˚14΄42˝ with 69 m thickness containing two © Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 24

Figure 1: Developing Eocene Deposits in Kerman (Dimitrijevic, 1973)

Stratigraphy Based on studies on Deh Now section, four Genus and six species were recognized located in the same Oppel Zone and observed in 15 m thickness. In upper section for severe effect of digenetic and dolomite factors, no special magnified fossil was observed. Regarding 15 m thickness Nummulitesfabiani- Orbitolitescomplanatus- Globorotaliacentralis Oppel Zone are presented by common appearance and abundance of Nummulitesfabiani, Orbitolitescomplanatus, Globorotaliacentralis, their limit of appearance and disappearance. Opereulinasp., Nummulitessp., Nummulitesfabiani, Nummulitesaturicus, Nummulitesintermedius, Orbitolitescomplunatus, Assilinaspira, Quinqueloculinesp., Biloculina sp., Globorotaliacentralis Age of this biological Oppel Zoneis regarded as lower Eocene (Ypresian) (Figure 4). Based on microscopic studies conducted in Cheshmeh Qorban section, seven Genus and eleven species were recognized located in a, Assembloge Zone and observed in 38m thickness. It is worth to note that Echinoidea, bryozoan and corals pieces are also seen by these foraminifera Genus and species. In this section Nummulitesglobulus- Alveolina elliptic nattalli Assembloge Zone are presented. This Assembloge Zone is recognized by common appearance of Nummulitesglobulus, Alveolina elliptic nattalli, their appearance and disappearance limit. Rotaliasp., Alveolinaoragonsis, Valvulinasp., Nummulitesglobulus, Alveolinastercus, Alveolinadecipiens, Orbitolitescomplanatus, Alveolinaoragonsis, Nummuliteslacasi, Alvolina elliptic nattalli, Textulariasp., Discocyclinasp., Assilinaspira, Eorupertinsp., Nummulitesaturicus, Peneroplissp., Biloeulinasp., Quinqueloculina sp.,

Figure 2: Location Map of the Studied Sections (Iran Roadmap, 2008)

Based on microscopic studies conducted in Baghe Hasan section, eight Genus and eight species were recognized located in a Concurrent Zone and observed in 78m thickness. It is worth to note thatechino idea, bryozoanand corals pieces are also seen by these foraminifera Genus and species. In this section Assilinaspira– sphaergypsinasp. Concurrent Range Zoneare presented. This Concurrent Zone is recognized by common appearance of Sphaergypsinasp, Assilinaspira. Their appearance and disappearance limit. Nummulitessp., Alveolinaaragonsis, Alsslinaspira, Alveolinasp., Nummulitesaturicus, Nummulitescf. globulus, Nummulitesfabiani, Orbitolitescomplanatus, Spbaerogypsinasp., Discocyclinasp., Eorupteriasp., Biloeulinasp., Quinqueloculinasp., Trilocalinasp., Textulariasp., Rotaliasp. Age of this Concurrent Zone is regarded as upper Eocene (Bartonian- Priabonian) (figure 6). Based on microscopic studies conducted in Dehrud section, eight Genus and seven species were recognized located in a Range Zone and observed in 49m thickness. It is worth to note that echinoide, bivalves and corals pieces are also seen by these foraminifera Genus and species. In this local zone Orbitolitescomplanatus Range Zone are presented. This Range Zone is recognized by common appearance of Orbitolitescomplanatus. Nummulitessp., Nummulitesfabiani, Nummulitesintermedius, Alveolinasp., Assilinaspira, Opereulinasp., Discocyclinasp., Orbitolitescomplanatus, Alveolinadecipiens, Prodentalinasp., Textulariasp., Bilculinasp., Retaliasp., Quinqueloculinasp., Globorotaliacentralis

Figure 3: Foraminifera Speciesimages in Eocene Deposits of Dehaj- Sardoieh Belt, Northwest and Southwest of Kerman a. Nummulitesglobulus, Axialsection, SectionBaghHasan, X40., b. Assilinaspira, Axialsection, Section Cheshmeh Qorban, X40., c. Nummulitesaturicus, Axialsection, section Bagh Hasan, X40., d. Nummulitesintermedius, Axial section, Section Bagh Hasan, X40., e. Discocyclina sp., Axial section, Section Deh Rud, X100., f. Triloculina sp., Longitudinal section, Section Deh Rud, X100., g. Nummulites lucasi, Axialsection, Section Cheshmeh Qorban, X100., h. Alveolinadecipiens, Axialsection, Section Deh Rud, X40., i. Alveolinaaragonensi, Subequatorial section, Section Bagh Hasan, X40., j. Alveolina sterrcus, Axialsection, Section Cheshmeh Qorban, X40., k. Alveolina ellipticanuttali, Equatorialsection, Section Cheshmeh Qorban, X40., l. Oribitolites complanatus, Equatorialsection, Section Bagh Hasan, X100., m. Penroplis sp., Longitudinal section, Section Cheshmeh Qorban, X100., n. Textolaria sp., Axial section, Section Bagh Hasan, X100., o. Biloculina sp., Axial section, Section Cheshmeh Qorban, X100., p. Planorbulina sp., Axial section, SectionDeh Rud, X100., q. Quenqueloculina sp., Longitudinal section, Section Bagh Hasan, X100., r. Globorotalia centralis, Longitudinal section, Section Deh Now, X100., s. Operculinasp., Axialsection, Section Deh Rud, X600., t. Nummulitesfabiani, Subaxialsection, Section Cheshmeh Qorban, X600., u. Sphaerogypsina sp., Equatorial section, Section Bagh Hasan,X600 © Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 27

Figure 4: Deh Now Section Microbiostratigraphy

Figure 6: Bagh-Hasan Section Microbiostratigraphy

Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2016/01/jls.htm 2016 Vol. 6 (S1), pp. 24-33/Noori et al. Review Article Paleoecology Benthic foraminifera play important role to reconstruct carbonate deposits and are as valuable instruments to determine relative depth of deposition environment and renewing old environment (Romero et al., 2002; Gil, 2000). Distribution of foraminifera sets on carbonate platforms are controlled by some factors such as skeleton structure, lifestyle, nutritional conditions and sea conditions (Bernadano et al., 2009). They are proliferated and increased in carbonate platforms from Paleocene to lower Eocene and maximize in middle Eocene (Skibner et al., 2008). Presence of them mainly relates to global warm-up ages, nutrition deficiencies, increasing water level and decreasing waters cycle (Halook & Gelen, 1086). During these ages ration of food resources to surface water has been decreased and causes to make food deficiency conditions (Bavington & Rakci, 2004). Figure 8: Distribution of Benetic Framinifers in Eocene ideal carbonate cycle (Biiton-penni & Rassi, 2004). Distribution of benthic foraminifera in studied sections makes several parts of deposits distinguishable. Results of Deh Now section indicate that presence of foraminifera species such as small Nummulithes and non- porous foraminifera specious such as Quenqueloculina and Bilculina shows deposits in this semi-confined lagoon environment (Figure 8). In Chesmeh Qorban section, presence of foraminifera species such as Nummulites and non-porous foraminifera specious such as Aloeline and Koinkolinashows deposits in this semi-confined lagoon environment (Figure 9). Also in Baghe Hasa, regarding simultaneous presence of foraminifera and non-porous foraminifera species, decreasing depth of semi-confined lagoon environment is explained (Figure 10). And also in Dehrood section, regarding presence of foraminifera species such as Opercolina with thin walls and distributed riff-making corals shallow parts of open se with normal salinity and low energy are shown in this section (Figure 11).

Figure 8: Deh Now Section Paleoecology

Figure 9: Cheshmeh Qorban Section Paleoecology

Figure 10: Bagh-Hasansection Paleoecology Stylolite

Figure 11: Dehrudsection Paleoecology

CONCLUSION Deh Nowsection with 70 m thickness and containing two lithology units is mainly constructed by limestone and flysch. Recognizing four Genus and six species leads to introduce a Oppel Zone. Cheshmeh Qorban section with 69 m thickness and containing two lithology units is mainly constructed by limestone and sandstone. Recognizing seven Genus and eleven species leads to introduce a Assemblage Zone. Abkhorak section with 68 m thickness and containing one lithology unit is mainly constructed by limestone. Baghe Hasan section with 136 m thickness and containing three lithology units is mainly constructed by limestone and sandstone and limey sandstone. Recognizing eight Genus and eight species leads to introduce a Concurrent Zone. Dehrud section with 69 m thickness and containing two lithology units is mainly constructed by limestone and sandstone. Recognizing eight Genus and seven species leads to introduce a Range Zone. Eocene deposits of above mentioned deposits are surrounded by igneous rock and Tephra. Regarding paleoecological studies in Deh Now, Cheshme Qorban and Baghe Hasan sections semi-confined lagoon environment and in Dehrud section shallow parts of open sea with normal salinity and low energy are explained.

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