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Post-Collisional Plio-Pleistocene Adakitic Volcanism in Centeral Iranian Volcanic Belt:Geochemical and Geodynamic Implications

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Post-Collisional Plio-Pleistocene Adakitic Volcanism in Centeral Iranian Volcanic Belt:Geochemical and Geodynamic Implications Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran 19(3): 223-235 (2008) http://jsciences.ut.ac.ir University of Tehran, ISSN 1016-1104 Post-Collisional Plio-Pleistocene Adakitic Volcanism in Centeral Iranian Volcanic Belt:Geochemical and Geodynamic Implications G. Ghadami,1,* A.M. Shahre Babaki,1 and M. Mortazavi2 1Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Shahid Bahonar, 76175-133 Kerman, Islamic Republic of Iran 2Department of Geology, Faculty of Science University of Hormozgan, 3995 Bandar Abass, Islamic Republic of Iran Abstract In the Central IranianVolcanic Belt (CIVB), north-west of Shahre-Babak, in the area of Javazm, Dehaj and khabr, about 60 subvolcanic porphyritic dacitic to rhyodacitic domes (1-10 km2) are intruded into a variety of rock sequences from Mesozoic to Early Miocene in age. These rocks are a part of Dehaj-Sardoieh belt. The CIVB contains intrusive and extrusive rocks of Cretaceous-Quaternary age. Geochemical data indicate that the subalkalic dacitic to rhyodacitic rocks have an adakitic composition with Na2o/K2o (1.8-3.16), high Sr (584-1750 ppm), Mg # = (0.18-0.57) and low Y (7-10 ppm), low Yb (0.65-1.29 ppm), and low HREE. Fractionated REE patterns, (Ce/Yb)N = 10-27, absence of negative Eu anomal, low content of Y, Nb, Ti, and high Sr/Y (74-265) and (Ce/Yb)N ratios suggest that the source was probably hydrous garnet-amphibolite or amphibole-eclogite, possibly generated during subduction of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab beneath the Central Iran microplate.The adakitic volcanism was followed by eruption of alkaline magmatism in this area. Slab melting occurred after cessation of subduction, possibility from the collision. Transtensional tectonics accompanied by a locally extensional stress regime account for magma genesis and ascent. Keywords: Post-collision; Dacite; Adakite; Neo-Tethys; Iran microcontinent. They include the Central Iranian Introduction Volcanic Belt (CIVB), Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic The Tethyan orogenic collage formed from collision zone and Zagros-folded-thrust belt (Fig. 1) [2-44-65]. of dispersed fragments of Gondwana with Eurasia [8- The CIVB contains intrusive and extrusive rocks of 33-44-53-62]. Within this context, three major tectonic Cretaceous -Quternary age that forms a belt with 50 Km elements with NW-SE trends are recognized in Iran due wide and 4 Km thick [6] that extends from NW to SE in to collision of Afro-Arabian continent and Iranian Iran. However, peak of magmatic activity is thought to * Corresponding author, Tel.: 09368845513, Fax: +98(341)3222035, E-mail: [email protected] 223 Vol. 19 No. 3 Summer 2008 Ghadami et al. J. Sci. I. R. Iran be Eocene age [3-23-67]. Geochemical studies indicate Eocene, Oligocen and volcano-sedimentary rocks of that the CIVB is generally composed of subduction- CIVB, (Fig. 3). In the south-west of the Khabr relate calc-alkaline rocks [8-24-34]. Alkaline rocks also subvolcanic domes intruded in to the ophiolitic rocks. are reported locally by [4], [29] and [45]. [4], proposed The ophiolitic rocks belong to Nain-Baft ophiolite. The a rift model to interpret the genesis of Eocene magmatic field study and the comparison of Figures 2 and 3, rocks in the CIVB. [6] argued that the onset of alkaline indicate that these andesitic and dacitic rocks were volcanism, which followed the calc-alkaline volcanism emplaced along faults and fractures. It is believe that the (6-5 Ma) in CIVB was due to sinking of the final broken ascent of acidic magma may be relate to the fault pieces of oceanic slab to a depth where alkaline melts activity in this area (Fig. 3). were generated. [25] suggested that post-suturing magmatic activity along the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and CIVB can be attributed to slab break-off. In CIVB, area of Javazm, Dehaj and Khabr a geologic complexity and magmatic activity from calc- alkaline to alkaline presented. The diversity of magmatic types from calk-alkaline to alkaline indicate region of Javazm, Dehaj and Khabr to represent classical areas of young volcanism. The most intense eruptions were during the post collisional stage, which led to the formation of great volcanoes like Mosahim, Madvar, Aj Bala, Aj Pain and other volcanoes in this region. The great diversity of Neogene to Quaternary magmatic rocks, from andesitic, dacitic to rhyodacitic subvolcanic domes and extending for more than 150 km, are of interested due to their specific conditions of formation and spatial and temporal relation with other magmatic rocks. The dacitic volcanism of late Pliocene and Pleistocene in this area was followed by alkaline volcanism in Plio-Quaterner [33]. A conspicuous characteristic of this phase is the contemporaneous eruptions of mafic alkaline melts including melafoidites and alkali basalts [7-29]. The temporal and spatial Figure 1. Three main tectonic units of the Zagros orogenic relationship of dacitic calc-alkaline magmatism with belt [2-44]; □ Studied area. alkaline volcanism is also reported from different areas of Gondwana fragments and Eurasia plate collision zone [12-48-58]. The aims of this paper are (1) to present chemical characteristics of the dacitic to rhyodacitic magmatism in central Iran, (2) to suggest the conditions of their genesis, and (3) to discuss geodynamic environment in which they could have formed. Material and Methods 2.1. Regional Setting The investigated areas are situated at the Central Iranian Volcanic Belt (CIVB), north west of Shahre- Babak City (Fig. 1-3). These regions are situated between Rafsanjan fault and Nain-Baft fault (Shahre- Figure 2. Tectonic map of the studied area that show by a Babak fault) (Fig. 2). In this area, numerous (n~50) square, studied area bounded by two main faults and fractures subvolcanic domes are intruded in to the volcanic [19,20]. 224 Post-Collisional Plio-Pleistocene Adakitic Volcanism in Centeral Iranian Volcanic Belt: Geochemical and… The Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks consist were chosen for major, trace and rare-earth elements of basalt, andesitic-basalt, brecciated volcaniclastic (REE) analysis. Samples for whole rock analysis were rocks and green tuffs. The oligocen dioritic plutons crushed and powdered in agate ball-mills. Major consist of porphyritic diorite, granodiorite and quartes- elements were determined by ME-ICP method. diorite rocks.The ophiolite rocks situated are east of the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectorometry (ICP- Khabr and consist of basalt,gabbro,serpantine and MS) was employed for REE and trace element analysis pelagic sediment, and age of this rocks are Cretaceous for all of the samples. All of the analysis were and was emplaced before the Paleocene [19]. The age of determined at Actlabs laboratories (Canada). Represen- emplacement of subvolcanic domes are Plio-Pleistocene tative chemical analysis for major, trace and rare earth [19-20], but has been determined by [45], which yield elements are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3. ages 7-17 Ma based on Amphiobol and Biotite on K/Ar dating methods. Field studies indicate that these domes 2.3.2. Analytical Results were emplaced along faults and fractures that developed The SiO2 of samples vary from 59 to 67.5 wt %. in shear zone with the Nain-Baf (Share Babak) fault in Using SiO2 vs. Zr/TiO2 diagram of [71] for south and Rasanjan fault in north of region (Fig. 2). classification of volcanic rocks, the studied samples plot Strike-slip tectonics accompanied by a transtensional in the fields of andesite and dacite-rhyodacite (Fig. 4). regime may also account for generation of adakitic and Also these rocks are metaluminous with Al2O3/ alkaline magmatisme in this area. Alkaline magmatisme (CaO+Na2O+K2O) ratios of 1.5-2.0. related to Plio-Quaterner [7-29]. Using SiO2 as a fractionation index, the samples display chemical variation and clear trends on Harker diagrams (Fig. 5). On variation diagram FeOt, MgO, 2.2. Petrographic Features TiO2, CaO, MnO and P2O5 display negative The porphyritic volcanic rocks consist of correlations, suggesting that these volcanic rocks intermediate to felsic suites whose composition varies experienced fractionation of apatite, hornblende and from hornblende-andesite, dacite and rhyodacite. plagioclase. The scattered of the samples belong to Dacitic and rhyodacite rocks are dominant and show present of phenocryst (fractional crystallization) or porphyritic texture with phenocrysts of plagioclase, assimilation of continental crust. The other oxides and hornblende and biotite. Plagioclase is ubiquitous elements (e.g. K2O, Na2O, Zr, Ba and etc.) display phenocryst (25-50 vol %) and contains inclusions of scatter trends. magnetite, amphibole and opaque. Andesites and dacites The K2O/Na2O ratios vary from 0.32 to 0.63 and contain large plagioclase crystals (3-5 mm) that usually samples are plot in the medium-potassium field and exhibit sieve textures and well defined zoning marked by concentric zones rich in/or devoid of glass and opaque inclusion. In some samples, plagioclase phenocrysts are mantled by a rim devoid of inclusions, whereas the core is rich in inclusions. Hornblende occurs as the main ferromagnesian phenocryst (up to 2 mm) in andesite and dacite and varies from green to brown in color. Hornblend often opassitezed and change to opaque and iron oxide. In some samples, accumulation of hornblende led to formation of glomeroporphyric texture. The groundmass is composed of plagioclase and hornblend as the main minerals, with apatite, biotite, quartz and iron oxides as accessory minerals. 2.3. Geochemical Characteristics 2.3.1. Analytical Methods About 200 samples of the dacitic rocks were collected from different domes. In order to correctly Figure 3. Geological map of area (Simplified from the characterize their chemical composition, 29 samples geological map of 1: 250000 Anar), [19]. 225 Vol. 19 No. 3 Summer 2008 Ghadami et al. J. Sci. I. R. Iran high potassium field (Fig.
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