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Bilan De La Saison Pollinique PACA 2017 Bilan de la saison pollinique PROVENCE-ALPES- CÔTE D’AZUR et CORSE Année 2017 RNSA Le Plat du Pin 69690 BRUSSIEU Tel 04 74 26 19 48 – Fax : 04 74 26 16 33 Mail [email protected] Internet www.pollens.fr Table des matières Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Capteurs de pollens en région PACA ................................................................................................................ 2 Taux de fonctionnement des capteurs ............................................................................................................ 6 Résultats principaux de l’année 2017 pour la région PACA (+ Corse) ............................................................. 7 Pollens d’arbres .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Pollens de Frêne ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Pollens de Cyprès ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Pollens de Chêne .......................................................................................................................................... 10 Pollens de Platane ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Pollens d’Olivier .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Pollens d’herbacées .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Pollens d’Urticacées (Pariétaire et Ortie) .................................................................................................... 13 Pollens de Graminées ................................................................................................................................... 14 Pollens d’Ambroisie..................................................................................................................................... 15 Annexes............................................................................................................................................................ 16 Capteur de pollens........................................................................................................................................ 16 Analyses polliniques .................................................................................................................................... 16 Données cliniques ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Prévisions météorologiques ......................................................................................................................... 16 Introduction Le phénomène de pollinisation est un processus naturel permettant la reproduction de nombreuses espèces végétales. Si près de 80% des espèces utilisent les insectes pour transporter le pollen de la fleur mâle à la fleur femelle, pour les 20% autres, c’est le vent qui se charge de ce transfert (anémophilie). De ce fait les fleurs mâles produisent des quantités extrêmement importantes pouvant atteindre plusieurs millions à plusieurs milliards de grains par épi floral. Si quelques grains atteignent leur cible, la grande majorité des grains restent dispersés dans l’air au gré du vent et des courants aérauliques avant de se déposer sur le sol. Les pollens allergisants sont tous des pollens émis de plantes anémophiles et de ce fait, une partie des grains dispersés sera respirée par la population, dont les allergiques. Ce rapport présente les taux atmosphériques de pollens observés en région PACA et en Corse au cours de l’année 2017 et compare ces résultats avec ceux des années précédentes. 1 Capteurs de pollens en région PACA Il y a sept capteurs sur les régions Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur et Corse, le premier installé fût celui de Marseille en 1988. Celui de Gap a été installé en 1992. Les capteurs de Nice, Toulon et Aix-en-Provence ont été installés en 1994, 1995 et 1997. Plus récemment sont venus s’ajouter à la liste les capteurs d’Avignon (2003) et Ajaccio (2006). Capteur d’Aix-en-Provence : Situé sur le toit du centre hospitalier, c’est un capteur de type Hirst de marque Lanzoni. Il a été relevé tous les mardis toute l’année par le personnel du centre hospitalier. 2 Capteur d’Ajaccio : Situé boulevard Abbé Recco sur le toit du bâtiment de la sécurité sociale, c’est un capteur de type Hirst de marque Burkard. Il a été relevé tous les mercredis du 3 janvier au 19 septembre par Audrey Attil. Capteur d’Avignon : Situé sur le toit de l’unité mère-enfant du centre hospitalier, c’est un capteur de type Hirst de marque Lanzoni. Les relevés hebdomadaires sont effectués le lundi par le personnel du centre hospitalier. Le capteur a fonctionné du 8 janvier au 30 septembre. 3 Capteur de Gap : Situé sur le toit de la préfecture de Gap, rue Saint-Arey, c’est un capteur de type Hirst de marque Burkard, il a été relevé tous les mardis du 27 février au 25 septembre. Capteur de Marseille : Situé rue Paradis près d’Air PACA, c’est un capteur de type Hirst de marque Lanzoni, il a été relevé tous les lundis du 4 janvier au 24 septembre. 4 Capteur de Nice : Situé sur le toit-terrasse du MAMAC, c’est un capteur de type Hirst de marque Lanzoni, il a été relevé tous les lundis à partir du 3 janvier jusqu’au 30 septembre. Capteur de Toulon : Situé sur le toit du centre hospitalier de Toulon (Sainte MUSSE), c’est un capteur de type Hirst de marque Lanzoni, il a été relevé tous les lundis jusqu'au 30 septembre. 5 Taux de fonctionnement des capteurs Le taux de fonctionnement des capteurs de pollens de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur + Corse est très satisfaisant, taux atteignant les 94%. Villes Nombre de jours de Nombre de jours de Taux de fonctionnement fonctionnement dysfonctionnement Aix-en-Provence 245 28 89% Ajaccio 259 20 92% Avignon 265 5 98% Gap 221 3 99% Marseille 263 21 92% Nice 270 20 93% Toulon 274 6 98% TOTAL 1797 103 94% 6 Résultats principaux de l’année 2017 pour la région PACA (+ Corse) La période de pollinisation en 2017 a été globalement similaire à la moyenne des trois dernières années. Il est a noté quatre grands pics de pollens : de mi-février à mi-mars. Le pic le plus important atteint une valeur moins élevée que celui de 2016 (1722 grain/ m3 en 2017 contre 2676 grain/ m3 en 2016). L’index pollinique moyen de 2017 est nettement inférieur à 2016. Pollinisation tous taxons, moyenne des sept capteurs 2014-2016 2017 2500 2000 /jour 3 1500 1000 500 Grains de pollens/m 0 01-janv 31-janv 01-mars 31-mars 30-avr 30-mai 29-juin 29-juil 28-août 27-sept Tous taxons - 2017 Aix en Prov Ajaccio Avignon Gap Marseille Nice Toulon 12000 10000 /jour 3 8000 6000 4000 2000 Grains de pollens/m de Grains 0 1-janv. 31-janv. 2-mars 1-avr. 1-mai 31-mai 30-juin 30-juil. 29-août 28-sept. Index pollinique annuel tous taxons par ville : 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Aix en Provence 99979 105648 149512 121817 67830 Ajaccio 31528 32140 31349 29863 17829 Avignon 101413 91268 121014 129782 126634 Gap 26783 29211 41906 32403 25570 Marseille 30905 34247 66033 41562 39820 Nice 44418 36259 46084 37990 31111 Toulon 105811 54400 82715 90077 89680 Moyenne 62977 54739 76945 69071 57396 7 Pollens d’arbres Pollens de Frêne Taxon Potentiel Allergisant Période de pollinisation en 2017 Frêne Fort 1 janvier au 30 avril L’année 2017 est une année qui suit la moyenne des trois années précédentes avec des valeurs moyennes qui ne dépassent pas les 60 grains/m3. La pollinisation a démarré dès le début du mois de janvier, pour se terminer à la fin du mois d’avril. On note un pic à 60 grains/m3 début janvier, un léger pic début février à 45 grains/m3et un dernier pic le 30 mars à 31 grains/m3, ce pic correspond à un gros pic dans la ville de Gap qui enregistre un pic à 180 grains/m3. Pour le pic de fin janvier, c’est la ville de Toulon qui enregistre le plus grand indice pollinique avec un pic le 30 janvier à 119 grains/m3.Le nombre de jour à RAEP≥3 est 2,6. Index pollinique du Frêne, moyenne des sept capteurs Moyenne 2014 - 2016 2017 100 /jour 3 80 60 40 20 Grains de pollens/m 0 01-janv 31-janv 01-mars 31-mars 30-avr 30-mai 29-juin Frêne - 2017 Aix-en-Provence Ajaccio Avignon Gap Marseille Nice Toulon 200 180 /jour 160 3 140 120 100 80 60 40 Grains de pollens/m 20 0 1-janv. 31-janv. 2-mars 1-avr. 1-mai 31-mai 30-juin Evolution du nombre de jours avec un RAEP ≥ 3 pour le pollen de frêne, moyenne des 7 capteurs RAEP ≥ 3 Linéaire (RAEP ≥ 3) 12 10 8 6 4 Nombrejoursde 2 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 8 Pollens de Cyprès Taxon Potentiel Allergisant Période de pollinisation en 2017 Cyprès Fort 30 janvier au 11 mars La saison des pollens de cupressacées a commencé dès la fin du mois de janvier pour se terminer vers la fin du mois de mars. Les pics de pollens de cyprès ont été en moyenne très importants cette année avec un premier pic le 19 février (soit 19 jours plus tard qu’en 2016), un second le 24 février, un troisième (le plus important) le 2 mars avec une concentration moyenne atteignant les 2155 grains de pollens
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