Evaluation of Ramp Meter Effectiveness for Wisconsin Freeways, a Milwaukee October 2004 Case Study: Part 1, Diversion and Simulation 6
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%VALUATIONOF2AMP-ETER %FFECTIVENESSFOR7ISCONSIN&REEWAYS !-ILWAUKEE#ASE3TUDY 0ART$IVERSIONAND3IMULATION !LAN(OROWITZ *INGCHENG7U *UAN$UARTE 0ART2AMP-ETERING%FFECTON4RAFlC/PERATIONSAND#RASHES !LEX$RAKOPOULOS -ERY0ATRABANSH 'EORGIA6ERGOU &INAL2EPORT.O /CTOBER 7)3#/.3).$/4 0544).'2%3%!2#(4/7/2+ 7ISCONSIN$EPARTMENTOF4RANSPORTATION2ESEARCH $EVELOPMENT4ECHNOLOGY4RANSFER NOTICE: This research was funded by the Wisconsin Council on Research of the Wisconsin Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration under Project #SPR-0092-45-17. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Wisconsin Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration at the time of publication. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade and manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the object of the document. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No 3. Recipient’s Catalog No 0092-45-17 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Evaluation of Ramp Meter Effectiveness for Wisconsin Freeways, A Milwaukee October 2004 Case Study: Part 1, Diversion and Simulation 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Authors 8. Performing Organization Report No. Alan Horowitz, Jingcheng Wu, Juan P. Duarte 0092-45-17 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee P.O. Box 784 11. Contract or Grant No. Milwaukee, WI 53201 0092-45-17 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Council on Research Final Report 4802 Sheboygan Ave., Room 451 P.O. Box 7965 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Madison, WI 53707-7965 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract The purpose of the research is to determine the benefits of ramp meters in the Milwaukee area freeway system, to determine underlying relationships that permit evaluation of new ramp meters or ramp meter systems elsewhere, and to develop a coherent framework for performing evaluation of ramp meter effectiveness on a whole system. Part 1 concentrates on diversion and traffic simulation. In order to assure that the conclusions are relevant to Wisconsin drivers and conditions on Wisconsin freeways, the research focused on data collected from the US 45 corridor, mostly in Milwaukee County, from before and after the deployment of seven new ramp meters in the southbound direction in early March 2000. This corridor spanned about 15 miles and included the freeway itself and two parallel arterials. Statistically significant diversions away from US 45 occurred at times and places where traffic volumes were heaviest and ramp queues were longest. The data also revealed that there was diversion between on-ramps along US 45 in response to queuing at ramps. The data did not reveal any temporal diversions due to the meters. This study investigated three types of simulation software packages: microscopic (Paramics), mesoscopic (Dynasmart-P) and macroscopic (QRS II). US 45 was simulated with two packages (Paramics and QRS II) within which a reasonable representation of a meter could be achieved. The most convincing simulations of US 45 (without parallel arterials) was created with Paramics. There were two simulations, one for the “before” period and one for the “after” period, both of which matched mainline speeds closely and behaved realistically at the meters. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Ramp meter, freeway, diversion, traffic simulation, OD table estimation. No restriction. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield VA 22161 18. Security Classif.(of this report) 19. Security Classif. (of this page) 20. No. of Pages 21. Price Unclassified Unclassified Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No 3. Recipient’s Catalog No 0092-45-17 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Evaluation of Ramp Meter Effectiveness for Wisconsin Freeways, A Milwaukee October 2004 Case Study: Part 2, Ramp Metering Effect on Traffic Operations and Crashes 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Authors 8. Performing Organization Report No. Alex Drakopoulos, Mery Patrabansh and Georgia Vergou 0092-45-17 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Marquette University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 11. Contract or Grant No. P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 0092-45-17 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Council on Research Final Report 4802 Sheboygan Ave., Room 451 P.O. Box 7965 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Madison, WI 53707-7965 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract The purpose of the research is to determine the benefits of ramp meters in the Milwaukee area freeway system, to determine underlying relationships that permit evaluation of new ramp meters or ramp meter systems elsewhere, and to develop a coherent framework for performing evaluation of ramp meter effectiveness on a whole system. Part 2 concentrates on the traffic operations affect six new ramp meters had on the 14-mile long corridor where six ramp meters were already operational. A crash rate comparison was performed between the periods the corridor operated without and with the six new ramp meters. Metered on-ramp queue length and delay information is presented in Appendix A; details of the operation of a metered on-ramp as well as mainline speed occupancy and volume information in the vicinity of the ramp are presented in Appendix B. Average corridor speeds improved when the new ramp meters were operational. Vehicle-hours of travel were lower during the more congested afternoon peak period. It is suggested that fine-tuning of ramp metering parameters is very likely to result in additional benefits for the corridor. Crash rates during ramp metering hours were lower by 13% with the new ramp meters operational. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Ramp meter, freeway, measures of effectiveness, speed, vehicle hours of travel, vehicle miles of travel, average No restriction. This document is available to the public corridor speed, crash rates, ramp delay, mainline delay, through the National Technical Information Service ramp queue length. 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield VA 22161 18. Security Classif.(of this report) 19. Security Classif. (of this page) 20. No. of Pages 21. Price Unclassified Unclassified Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized Table of Contents Combined Executive Summary for Parts 1 and 2 Overview....................................................................................................................................... i Case Study: US 45 in Milwaukee................................................................................................. i Findings........................................................................................................................................ ii Conclusions................................................................................................................................. iv Recommendations.........................................................................................................................v Part 1: Diversion and Simulation Chapter 1 Ramp Metering and Diversion: A Review of Literature..............................................1 Chapter 2 Diversion of Traffic from Ramp Meters on US 45....................................................22 Chapter 3 Ramp Meters Relation to Freeway Segment Trip Length..........................................64 Chapter 4 Methods for Evaluating Ramp Meters in Milwaukee: Case Studies of Microscopic and Macroscopic Models ............................................................................................................69 Part 2: Ramp Metering Effect on Traffic Operations and Crashes Chapter 5 Ramp Metering Effect on Traffic Operations and Crashes..........................................1 Appendix A Inventory of Ramp Delay and Queue Length Information ................................. A-0 Appendix B Wisconsin Avenue Ramp Meter Operation, Afternoon Peak Period (4:00 pm to 5:30 pm) Wednesday, February 9, 2000...................................................................................B-1 Transit Benefits Resulting From Access to Education ...............................................................14 i Evaluation of Ramp Meter Effectiveness for Wisconsin Freeways, A Milwaukee Case Study: Part 1, Diversion and Simulation Combined Executive Summary for Part 1 and Part 2 Overview This report is one of two companion reports that identify methods for evaluating the effectiveness of ramp meters on Wisconsin freeways. The other report, “Evaluation of Ramp Meter Effectiveness for Wisconsin Freeways, A Milwaukee Case Study: Part 2, Travel Times, Speeds and Collisions” has been prepared by Marquette University. This Executive Summary