DOCSLIB.ORG

Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Manual

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Manual MMaannaaggeedd LLaanneess aanndd RRaammpp MMeetteerriinngg MMaannuuaall PPaarrtt 11:: IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn aanndd PPoolliicciieess PPrreeppaarreedd fffoorr::: NNeevvaaddaa DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001133 Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. 319 E. Warm Springs Road, Suite 200 Las Vegas, NV 89119 TEL: 702.938.5400 FAX: 702.938.5454 Table of Contents 1.0. PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1. Manual Overview ......................................................................................................... 1-1 2.0. BACKGROUND AND NEED .......................................................................................... 2-1 2.1. Legislative Background and Project Application .................................................. 2-2 3.0. DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.1. Managed Lanes ........................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2. Ramp Metering ............................................................................................................. 3-2 4.0. THE PRIMARY AGENCY PARTNERS .............................................................................. 4-1 4.1. Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) ..................................................... 4-1 4.2. MPOs and Transit Providers ......................................................................................... 4-1 4.3. Organizational Structure: Roles and Responsibilities .............................................. 4-2 5.0. POLICY GUIDANCE FOR MANAGED LANE FACILITIES .............................................. 5-1 5.1. Program and Policy Understanding .......................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1. Elements .................................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1.2. Need ........................................................................................................................ 5-1 5.1.3. Vision Statement .................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.4. Goals and Objectives ........................................................................................... 5-2 5.2. Program Policies ........................................................................................................... 5-4 5.2.1. Implementation ...................................................................................................... 5-4 5.2.2. Operations .............................................................................................................. 5-6 5.2.3. Enforcement ........................................................................................................... 5-8 5.2.4. Performance Measurement ................................................................................. 5-9 5.2.5. Public Information and Outreach ..................................................................... 5-10 5.2.6. Funding (Operations & Maintenance) ............................................................. 5-10 6.0. POLICY GUIDANCE FOR RAMP METERING ................................................................. 6-1 6.1. Program and Policy Understanding .......................................................................... 6-1 6.1.1. Need ........................................................................................................................ 6-1 6.1.2. Goals ........................................................................................................................ 6-1 6.2. Program Policies ........................................................................................................... 6-2 6.2.1. Implementation ...................................................................................................... 6-2 Nevada Department of Transportation i Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Part 1: Introduction and Policies 6.2.2. Operations .............................................................................................................. 6-3 6.2.3. Maintenance .......................................................................................................... 6-4 6.2.4. Enforcement ........................................................................................................... 6-5 6.2.5. Performance Measurement ................................................................................. 6-5 6.2.6. Public Information and Outreach ....................................................................... 6-6 6.2.7. Funding (Operations and Maintenance) .......................................................... 6-6 6.2.8. Staffing (Operations and Maintenance) ........................................................... 6-6 6.2.9. Equipment and Hardware ................................................................................... 6-7 6.2.10. Software ................................................................................................................... 6-7 List of Figures Figure 2-1: Interstate 15 in Las Vegas, Nevada ....................................................................... 2-1 Figure 3-1: I-405 HOV Lanes in Irvine, California ...................................................................... 3-2 Figure 3-2: Ramp Meter on I-15 in Las Vegas (Tropicana Road NB On-Ramp) ................. 3-3 Figure 4-1: NDOT Organization Chart........................................................................................ 4-1 Nevada Department of Transportation ii Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Part 1: Introduction and Policies 1.0. PURPOSE The Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) has prepared the Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Manual to provide a summary of NDOT policies and procedures pertaining to managed lanes and ramp metering facilities on Nevada's highways. The Manual consists of five major parts: Part 1: Introduction and Policies Part 2: Implementation Plan Part 3: Design Manual Part 4: Ramp Metering Performance Measurement Plan Part 5: Public Outreach Primer This Manual is an update to and replaces the original NDOT “HOV/Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering” Manual dated March 2006. NDOT and other stakeholder agencies can use this series of documents to ensure that procedures are applied successfully and in a consistent manner throughout the State. It is the intent of this document to serve as a guide for the planning, design, implementation, operation, maintenance, and evaluation of various projects and programs that collectively define Nevada’s various managed lane and ramp metering facilities. Guidance provided in this Manual should be used to design and implement managed lane and ramp metering improvements in a manner that not only improves freeway and ramp operations, but also improves the procedures of the implementing and coordinating agencies. Co-sponsoring these improvements generates a number of additional benefits, including greater acceptance of regional transportation investments, improved intra- and inter-agency support and funding for these investments, and improved public perception of NDOT and other agencies involved in managed lanes and ramp meter implementation. Managed lanes and ramp metering facilities are to be developed in response to, and consistent with, the various state and federal laws currently guiding transportation improvements on Nevada’s roadway system, including the Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) Chapter 484, the most recent federal transportation act (MAP-21), and the Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA). Policies are subject to periodic review and reassessment by NDOT and affected agencies. This Manual does not repeat information (specifically illustrations) from the national and state documents such as the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), AASHTO Guide for High Occupancy Vehicles, NDOT Road Design Guide, and NDOT Standard Plans. Instead, they are referenced (as appropriate) throughout the Manual. 1.1. Manual Overview Following is a summary description of the five major parts of the Manual: Part 1: Introduction and Policies (i.e., this document) addresses state and federal policy guidance regarding managed lane and ramp metering facilities. Part 1 also serves as an introduction to the entire Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Manual (i.e., all parts) and Nevada Department of Transportation 1-1 Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Part 1: Introduction and Policies provides relevant background information and definitions. A list of abbreviations and a glossary of the common terminology used in this Manual is included as an Appendix in Part 1. Part 2: Implementation Plan presents guidance on how to plan, implement, and operate managed lanes and ramp meters in an effective and consistent manner. Part 3: Design Manual presents guidance on how to design managed lanes and ramp meters in an effective and consistent manner. Part 4: Ramp Metering Performance Measurement Plan presents guidance on how to effectively monitor, evaluate, and report the performance of deployed ramp meters. Part 5: Public Outreach Primer provides guidance on outreach activities related to managed lanes and ramp metering. This part is not updated from the original 2006 document. Outreach sections related to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Madison Avenue Dual Exclusive Bus Lane Demonstration, New York City
    HE tV 18.5 U M T A-M A-06-0049-84-4 a A37 DOT-TSC-U MTA-84-18 no. DOT- Department SC- U.S T of Transportation UM! A— 84-18 Urban Mass Transportation Administration Madison Avenue Dual Exclusive Bus Lane Demonstration - New York City j ™nsportat;on JUW 4 198/ Final Report May 1984 UMTA Technical Assistance Program Office of Management Research and Transit Service UMTA/TSC Project Evaluation Series NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. - POT- Technical Report Documentation Page TS . 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient s Catalog No. 'A'* tJMTA-MA-06-0049-84-4 'Z'i-I £ 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date MADISON AVENUE DUAL EXCLUSIVE BUS LANE DEMONSTRATION. May 1984 NEW YORK CITY 6. Performing Organization Code DTS-64 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Authors) J. Richard^ Kuzmyak : DOT-TSC-UMTA-84-18 9^ Performing Organization Name ond Address DEPARTMENT OF 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) COMSIS Corporation* transportation UM427/R4620 11501 Georgia Avenue, Suite 312 11. Controct or Grant No. DOT-TSC-1753 Wheaton, MD 20902 JUN 4 1987 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Urban Mass Transportation Admi ni strati pg LIBRARY August 1980 - May 1982 Office of Technical Assistance 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporary Barrier Guidance Manual December 2018 Temporary Barrier Guidance
    Temporary Barrier Guidance Manual December 2018 Temporary Barrier Guidance Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................3 1.1 Temporary Barrier Use Applications ..................................................................................... 3 1.2 Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 3 2. Work Zone Clear Zone and Roadside Safety .........................................................................4 2.1 Fixed Objects ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Longitudinal Drop-offs .......................................................................................................... 5 3. Temporary Barrier for Hazard Protection - Placement and Deflection Distance Guidance ......5 3.1 Protection from Fixed Objects .............................................................................................. 5 3.2 Protection from Longitudinal Drop-offs ................................................................................ 5 3.3 Length of Need Calculation ................................................................................................... 6 3.3.1 Length of Need Procedure ................................................................................................. 7 3.3.2 Length of Need Procedure for Barrier Flare .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ramp Metering
    Ramp Metering The application of control devices to regulate the number of vehicles entering or leaving the freeway, in order to achieve operational objectives. Brief History • 1963: First use – Chicago; Eisenhower Expressway – traffic officers would stand on ramp and release vehicles • 1964 – 1967: Detroit and Los Angeles – (although no permanent meters were installed for a number of years thereafter) • 1970: Minneapolis area – “fixed time, permanent” (including a bus bypass on some ramps to encourage transit use) • 1972: Minneapolis area – the first “coordinated” meters were installed on multiple ramps on facilities • 1980’s and 90’s: advancements towards “traffic responsive, dynamic” meters that would “self-regulate” • 2000: Minnesota’s public “push-back” against meters • Circa 2006: CALTRANS District 7 advanced “System Wide Adaptive Ramp Metering (SWARM)” to control whole freeway corridors automatically Types of Ramp Metering • Stand-alone (i.e., “time of day”) 1960-70 – Often manually operated (switch on, switch off) or simple “traffic cop” management – An isolated, pre-timed location. Not much capability to adjust to traffic demand. – Problems: no way to clear congested queues; not responsive to upstream demand • Local Control 1970-80 – Fixed segments of ‘upstream+ramp+downstream’ sections of highway using detectors to verify success – Problems: not responsive to downstream bottlenecks that would back up • Coordinated 1980-1990 – Improvements on local control; use of TMC’s; greater sophistication – First use of algorithms (beyond just “timing patterns”) • Responsive (i.e., “adaptive”) 2000’s – At the most-congested MPO’s; can understand multiple and dynamic bottlenecks. – Uses real-time data in 30-sec or 5-min intervals to readjust the algorithms • Predictive Future? – In theory, would use upstream changes in traffic density to predict conditions and “forewarn” the meters how to operate Where are R-Meters used today? Representative (not all-inclusive) as of 2012 • Most Robust: (i.e., have the most installations, largest deployment) – So.
    [Show full text]
  • Subdivision Street Standards Manual
    TOWN OF MARANA Subdivision Street Standards Manual May 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER & SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE………………………………………………. 1 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Purpose……………………………………………………………………... 1 1.3 Applicability……………………………………………………………….. 2 2.0 FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION AND REGULATIONS…………………….. 2 2.1 Functional Classification………………………………………….………... 2 2.2 Incorporated Regulations Adopted by Reference…………………………... 3 3.0 TRAFFIC STUDIES………………………………………………………………. 3 4.0 STREET LAYOUT AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN………………………………... 4 4.1 Street Layout………………………………………………………………… 4 4.2 Cul-de-sacs………………………………………………………………….. 5 4.3 Design Speed………………………………………………………………... 6 4.4 Design Vehicle…………………………………………………….………… 6 4.5 Horizontal Alignment……………………………………………………….. 7 4.6 Vertical Alignment………………………………………………………….. 7 4.7 Intersection Alignment…………………………………………….………… 8 4.8 Intersection Sight Distance…………………………………………………. 9 4.9 Residential and Commercial Drive Entrances………………………………. 10 4.10 Roadway Superelevation…………………………………………………….. 11 4.11 Roadway Drainage Crossings……………………………………………….. 11 4.12 Mountainous Terrain………………………………………………………… 11 4.13 Environmentally Sensitive Roadways………………………………………. 12 4.14 Alternative Access…………………………………………………………… 12 5.0 RIGHT OF WAY……………………………………………………………………. 13 6.0 ELEMENTS IN THE CROSS SECTION…………………………………………... 14 6.1 Travel Lanes……………………………………………………….………… 14 6.2 Curbing……………………………………………………………………… 14 6.3 Sidewalks………………………………………………………….………… 15 6.4 Shoulders………………………………………………………….………… 16 6.5 Roadside
    [Show full text]
  • Temporary Traffic Control Manual First Edition
    Temporary Traffic Control Manual First Edition Temporary Traffic Control Manual • • • Engineering Judgement The 2009 MUTCD (Arizona Supplement) states in Section 1A.13 (64), “Engineering Judgement – the evaluation of available pertinent information, and the application of appropriate principles, provisions, and practices as contained in this Manual and other sources, for the purpose of deciding upon the applicability, design, operation, or installation of a traffic control device. Engineering judgement shall be exercised by an engineer, or by an individual working under the supervision of an engineer, through the application of procedures and criteria established by the engineer. Documentation of engineering judgement is not required.” No single publication would be able to cover all diverse conditions and circumstances a Temporary Traffic Control practitioner may encounter in governing traffic on city streets. Engineering judgment is essential in applying the principles and practices contained in this 2017 Temporary Traffic Control Manual (TTCM). Variations from the requirements and typical illustrations in this manual may be needed based on analysis and engineering judgment of a specific situation. The City Traffic Engineer shall have the final authority with respect to such variations. Acknowledgements The City of Mesa Transportation Department sincerely appreciates and would like to acknowledge the following organizations for their contributions in the completion of this Temporary Traffic Control Supplement: • American Traffic Safety Services Association (ATSSA), National • American Traffic Safety Services Association (ATSSA), Arizona Chapter • City of Mesa Engineering and Traffic Operations Departments • City of Mesa Police Department Engineering Judgement 1 Temporary Traffic Control Manual • • • Introduction Temporary traffic control planning is important as it minimizes impact on the traveling public.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes Highway Construction Management In
    TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1280 131 Role of High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes In• Highway Construction Management ALLAN E. PINT, CHARLEEN A. ZIMMER, AND FRANCIS E. LOETTERLE The Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) is con­ 3. How has construction affected use of the HOV lane? structing 1-394 along the portion of US-12 that extends from 4. What was the role of the HOV lane in traffic management do\\lntown MinneapolL5 to the suburb of Wayzata. When com­ during construction? pleted, I-394 will have high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) lanes. 5. How has the HOV lane affected the highway construction Mn/DOT builr a temporary HOV lane along US-12 before con­ structing 1-394 to introduce th , HOV lane concept to commuters project? and to improve capacity during construction. Mn/DOT and the FHW A have been conducting an evaluation of this temporary HOV lane. Phase I evaluated operation in an arterial highway FUTURE 1-394 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM environment before construction. Phase II evaluated operation and use of the HOV lane during highway construction. Five key When completed, 1-394 will have two mixed traffic lanes in issues were addressed in the Phase II evaluation: (a) what can each direction and two lanes for high-occupancy vehicles (3 be learned about the design and operation of HOV lanes, (b) mi of separated reversible lanes and 8 mi of concurrent flow who uses HOV lanes and what factors cause people to choose diamond lanes). I-394 is being built along the alignment of carpooling or the bus over driving alone, (c) how has con truction existing US-12, from downtown Minneapolis to the third-ring affected use of the HOV lane, (d) what was the role of the HOV lane in construction traffic management, and (e) how has the suburban municipality of Wayzata, 11 mi to the west.
    [Show full text]
  • PBOT Traffic Design Manual Volume 1
    Traffic Design Manual Volume 1: Permanent Traffic Control and Design CITY OF PORTLAND, OREGON January 2020 Updated June 2021 0 of 135 Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 1 Permanent Traffic Control Signs ............................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Regulatory Signs ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Warning Signs .................................................................................................................................. 17 1.3 Guide Signs....................................................................................................................................... 21 2 Pavement Markings ................................................................................................................................. 31 2.1 Centerlines ........................................................................................................................................ 31 2.2 Lane Widths ...................................................................................................................................... 33 2.3 Turn
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Design Geometrics and Criteria
    Topic #625-000-007 Plans Preparation Manual, Volume 1 January 1, 2017 Chapter 2 Design Geometrics and Criteria 2.0 General ...................................................................................... 2-1 2.0.1 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Near or Within Project Limits ............................................................. 2-3 2.1 Lanes ......................................................................................... 2-4 2.1.1 Travel Lanes and Auxiliary Lanes............................... 2-4 2.1.2 Other Lane Widths ..................................................... 2-5 2.1.3 Ramp Traveled Way Widths ....................................... 2-6 2.1.4 Pedestrian, Bicycle and Public Transit Facilities ......... 2-6 2.1.4.1 Pedestrian Facilities ................................... 2-6 2.1.4.2 Bicycle Facilities ......................................... 2-7 2.1.4.3 Public Transit Facilities ............................... 2-7 2.1.5 Cross Slopes .............................................................. 2-7 2.1.5.1 Hydroplaning Risk Analysis ........................ 2-8 2.1.6 Roadway Pavement ................................................. 2-11 2.1.6.1 Alternative Roadway Paving Treatments ............................................... 2-11 2.1.6.2 Maintenance Memorandum of Agreement Requirements for Patterned Pavement ................................. 2-13 2.1.7 Transitions of Pavement Widths ............................... 2-15 2.1.8 Number of Lanes on the State Highway System ...... 2-15 2.2 Medians ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Module 5. Ramp Control
    Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Module 5. TABLE OF CONTENTS MODULE 5. RAMP CONTROL TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................ 5-5 DEFINITION OF RAMP CONTROL .................................... 5-5 APPLICATION OF RAMP CONTROL .................................. 5-6 Entrance Ramp Metering ........................................... 5-6 Entrance Ramp Closure ............................................ 5-6 Exit Ramp Closure ................................................ 5-6 Systemwide Ramp Control .......................................... 5-6 RELATION TO OTHER FREEWAY MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS .......... 5-6 Surveillance ..................................................... 5-7 Vehicle Detection .............................................. 5-7 Closed-Circuit Television ........................................ 5-7 Environmental Sensors .......................................... 5-7 HOV Treatments ................................................. 5-7 Information Dissemination .......................................... 5-7 Communication .................................................. 5-7 Control Center ................................................... 5-7 BENEFITS OF RAMP CONTROL ...................................... 5-8 Improved System Operation ......................................... 5-8 Improved Safety .................................................. 5-8 Reduced Vehicle Operating Expense .................................. 5-8 Means for Positive Freeway Traffic Control/Management ..................
    [Show full text]
  • Cast-In-Place Concrete Barriers
    rev. May 14, 2018 Cast-In-Place Concrete Barriers April 23, 2013 NOTE: Reinforcing steel in each of these barrier may vary and have been omitted from the drawings for clarity, only the Ontario Tall Wall was successfully crash tested as a unreinforced section. TEST LEVEL NAME/MANUFACTURER ILLUSTRATION PROFILE GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONS CHARACTERISTICS AASHTO NCHRP 350 MASH New Jersey Safety-Shape Barrier TL-3 TL-3 32" Tall 32" Tall The New Jersey Barrier was the most widely used safety shape concrete barrier prior to the introduction of the F-shape. As shown, the "break-point" between the 55 deg and 84 deg slope is 13 inches above the pavement, including the 3 inch vertical reveal. The flatter lower slope is intended to lift the vehicle which TL-4 TL-4 http://tf13.org/Guides/hardwareGuide/index.php?a absorbs some energy, and allows vehicles impacting at shallow angles to be 32" Tall 36" Tall X ction=view&hardware=111 redirected with little sheet metal damage; however, it can cause significant instability to vehicles impacting at high speeds and angles. Elligibility Letter TL-5 TL-5 B-64 - Feb 14, 2000 (NCHRP 350) 42" Tall 42" Tall NCHRP Project 22-14(03)(MASH TL3) NCHRP 20-07(395) (MASH TL4 & TL5) F-shape Barrier TL-3 TL-3 The F-shape has the same basic geometry as the New Jersey barrier, but the http://tf13.org/Guides/hardwareGuide/index.php?a 32" Tall 32" Tall "break-point" between the lower and upper slopes is 10 inches above the ction=view&hardware=109 pavement.
    [Show full text]
  • Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Manual Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Manual
    Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Manual Managed Lanes and Ramp Metering Manual Part 2: Im Part 2: Impplleemmeennttaattiioonn PPllaann PPrreeppaarreedd fffoorr::: NNeevvaaddaa DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn DDeecceemmbbeerr 22001133 Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. 319 E. Warm Springs Road, Suite 200 Las Vegas, NV 89119 TEL: 702.938.5400 FAX: 702.938.5454 Table of Contents 1.0. MANAGED LANES ...................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1. Prerequisite Conditions ............................................................................................. 1-1 1.2. Operational Options for Managed Lanes ............................................................. 1-2 1.2.1. Concurrent-Flow Lanes ..................................................................................... 1-2 1.2.1.1. Limited Access versus Continuous Access ................................................. 1-3 1.2.2. Reversible-Flow Lanes ....................................................................................... 1-5 1.2.3. Contraflow Lanes .............................................................................................. 1-6 1.3. Queue Bypass Lanes ................................................................................................. 1-7 1.4. Access Options (At-Grade versus Direct-Access Ramps) ................................... 1-8 1.4.1. At-Grade Access ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • FINAL SAR 98-1 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS REPORT On
    FINAL SAR 98-1 • 03/08/99 • Page 1 transportation needs in the Multimedia Gulch and potential solutions, and the impact of transportation issues on multimedia business retention. The Board also FINAL SAR 98-1 directed staff to explore welfare-to-work connections/ opportunities in the Gulch. The SAR examines these STRATEGIC ANALYSIS REPORT issues and provides a context and road map for on MULTIMEDIA GULCH policymakers about transportation improvements in the Gulch. It also makes specific recommendations. Initiated by Commissioner Katz Adopted by San Francisco County Transportation The SAR analyzes current conditions and assesses the Authority Board on March 8, 1999 need for transportation improvements in the Gulch. The Gulch is one of the most accessible areas of the City, well Table of Contents served by freeways and regional transit. However, it is clear that traveling within the Gulch by transit can be I. Introduction ......................................................................1 difficult. The SAR also reviews some initiatives to II. Background.......................................................................2 improve the transportation system in the Gulch that are III. Strategic Analysis .............................................................2 being developed by the San Francisco Partnership’s A. Needs Assessment .....................................................2 Multimedia Task Force Transit Work Group. We B. Analysis of Multimedia Transit Work Group evaluated these initiatives in terms of effectiveness, Proposals...................................................................6
    [Show full text]