Peace Journalism I: Theoretical Approaches Friedensjournalismus I: Theoretische Zugänge

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Peace Journalism I: Theoretical Approaches Friedensjournalismus I: Theoretische Zugänge conflict & communication online, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2006 www.cco.regener-online.de ISSN 1618-0747 Editorial Peace Journalism I: Theoretical approaches Friedensjournalismus I: Theoretische Zugänge Annabel McGoldrick Kriegsjournalismus und "Objektivität" War journalism and "objectivity" Samuel Peleg Friedensjournalismus aus der Sicht der Konflikt-Theorie: Analyse und Praxis Peace journalism through the lense of conflict theory: Analysis and practice Susan Dente Ross Konflikte dekonstruieren: Eine gezielte Überprüfung von Kriegs- und Friedensjournalismus (De-) Constructing conflict: A focused review of war and peace journalism Robert A. Hackett Ist Friedensjournalismus möglich? Is peace journalism possible? Three frameworks for assessing structure and agency in news media Freie Beiträge Non-thematic contributions Irina Wolf Hizb ut-Tahrir in Kirgisistan: Quantitative Medieninhaltsanalyse Hizb ut-Tahrir in Kyrgyzstan: Quantitative Media Content Analysis Rezensionen Book reviews Christian Büttner, Joachim v. Gottberg & Magdalena Kladzinski (eds.), 2005. Krieg in Bildschirmmedien. München: kopaed. Christoph Butterwegge & Gudrun Hentges (eds.), 2006. Massenmedien, Migration und Integration. Herausforderungen für Journalismus und politische Bildung. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Editorial Das Verhältnis von Krieg, Journalismus und den Medien war immer schon problematisch. Fast zeitgleich mit der Entstehung der Tageszeitungen begannen die Krieg führenden Eliten, die Presse (und später auch andere Medien) zu zensieren und/oder für ihre Zwecke zu funktionalisieren. Auch Journalisten haben sich immer wieder selbst als Kämpfer an der Propagandafront verstanden. Zugleich aber hat es stets auch kritische Journalisten gegeben, die sich nicht funktionalisieren ließen, die dem Ideal einer wahrheitsgemäßen und unparteilichen Berichterstattung selbst unter massivem sozialem Druck nicht abgeschworen haben; und manche, die für das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung sogar ihr Leben lassen mussten. Auch in den Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaften sind Propaganda und Kriegsberichterstattung ein Dauerbrenner. Jeder neue Krieg zieht eine Unmenge an sozialwissenschaftlichen Studien nach sich: solche, die der Optimierung von Propaganda dienen, zunehmend aber auch solche, die der unheiligen Allianz von Militär und Medien nachspüren und/oder die faktische Ununterscheidbarkeit von Kriegsberichterstattung und Propaganda offen legen. Erst gegen Ende des letzten Jahrtausends jedoch begannen Friedensforscher, Kommunikationswissenschaftler, Journalisten und Medienschaffende systematisch darüber nachzudenken, wie das Potential der Medien dazu genutzt werden könnte, statt zur Anheizung von Konflikten zur friedlichen Streitbeilegung und am Ende vielleicht sogar zur Versöhnung zwischen den Konfliktparteien beizutragen. Was zunächst noch ein akademisches Projekt war, entwickelte sich rasch zu einer Art Bewegung, die unter dem Schlagwort "Friedensjournalismus" teilweise recht heterogene Bemühungen in sich vereinigt, die von sozialwissenschaftlicher Grundlagenforschung über Fallstudien zur aktuellen Kriegs- und Nachkriegsberichterstattung der Medien bis hin zu Fortbildungs- und Trainingskursen für Journalisten reichen. Die vorliegende und die nächsten beiden Ausgaben von conflict & communication online sind einer kritischen Bestandsaufnahme dieser Bemühungen gewidmet. Die ersten beiden Hefte stellen theoretische Zugänge (Vol. 5, No. 2, Oktober 2006) sowie Fallstudien und Unterrichtsmaterialien (Vol. 6, No. 1, April 2007) vor, deren Entwicklung vom Toda Institute for Global Peace and Policy Research gesponsert wurde. Die Autoren, teils Wissenschaftler, teils Praktiker, gehören zu den prominentesten Vertretern des Friedensjournalismus-Projektes. Im dritten Heft (Vol. 6, No. 2, Oktober 2007) kommen dann die Kritiker des Friedensjournalismus zu Wort. Unter dem Titel "Die Friedensjournalismus-Kontroverse" findet ein Schlagabtausch zwischen Befürwortern und Gegnern des Friedensjournalismus statt. Als Kritiker konnten mit dem BBC-Journalisten David Loyn und dem Medienwissenschaftler Thomas Hanitzsch von der TU-Ilmenau auch hierfür wieder zwei hochrangige Autoren gewonnen werden. Konstanz - Berlin Im Oktober 2006 Wilhelm Kempf Editorial The relationship between war, journalism and the media has always been problematic. Soon after the daily newspaper arose, war-making elites began to censor the press and/or to instrumentalize it for their purposes (and later other media as well). Journalists have also always considered themselves fighters on the propaganda front. At the same time, however, there have also always been critical journalists who have not let themselves be instrumentalized, who have not abjured the ideal of truthful and impartial reportage, even under massive social pressure; and some have even given their lives to uphold the right to free speech. As well in communication and media studies, propaganda and war reportage are of enduring interest. Every new war stimulates a mass of social-scientific studies; some serve the optimization of propaganda; increasingly, however, there are also studies that investigate the unholy alliance of military and media and/or expose the actual lack of differences between war reportage and propaganda. Only toward the end of the last millennium, however, did peace researchers, journalists and media creators begin to systematically think about how the potential of the media could be used not to fuel conflicts, but rather to encourage peaceful conflict settlement and in the end perhaps even contribute to reconciliation between conflict parties. What was initially still an academic project quickly developed into a type of movement that united under the slogan of "peace journalism" in part quite heterogeneous efforts, ranging from social-scientific basic research to case studies to current and topical war and post-war reportage by the media to further educational and training courses for journalists. The present and the next two issues of conflict & communication online are dedicated to a critical evaluation of the state of these efforts. The first two issues present theoretical approaches (Vol. 5, No. 2, October 2006), as well as case studies and instructional material (Vol. 6, No. 1, April 2007), whose development was sponsored by the Toda Institute for Global Peace and Policy Research. The authors, in part scientists, in part practitioners, are among the most prominent representatives of the peace journalism project. In the third issue (Vol. 6, No. 2, October 2007), critics of peace journalism have their say. With the title "The peace journalism controversy," an exchange of words takes place between proponents and opponents of peace journalism. For critics, we were fortunate to obtain contributions from two high-ranking authors, BBC journalist David Loyn and media researcher Thomas Nahitzsch from the TU-Ilmenau. Konstanz - Berlin October 2006 Wilhelm Kempf back to table of contents conflict & communication online, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2006 www.cco.regener-online.de ISSN 1618-0747 Annabel McGoldrick Kriegsjournalismus und "Objektivität" Dieser Artikel beginnt mit der Betrachtung eines offensichtlichen Paradoxons. Viele professionelle Journalisten, die in vielen Ländern mit vielen Medien arbeiten, halten sich selbst für "objektiv". Zumindest stellen sie ihre Berichterstattung über wichtige Angelegenheiten nicht zugunsten der einen oder der anderen Seite verzerrt dar. Und dennoch zeigt ein großer Teil ihrer Konfliktberichterstattung ein erkennbar dominantes Muster von Kriegsjournalismus - verzerrt zugunsten von Krieg. Dieser Artikel geht davon aus, dass dies nicht aus einem Mangel, sondern aus einem Übermaß an Objektivität geschieht. Die meisten Konventionen, von denen viele Herausgeber und Reporter glauben, dass sie "objektiven" Journalismus definieren, entstanden als Reaktion auf ökonomische und politische Bedingungen, welche v. a. solche Nachrichten bevorzugten, die von der Mehrheit der Konsumenten als einwandfrei akzeptiert wurden . Drei der wichtigsten Konventionen bevorzugen offizielle Quellen, eine dualistische Konstruktion von Geschichten, und Ereignisse gegenüber Prozessen. Wenn man sie für die Darstellung von Konflikten verwendet, bringt jede von ihnen Leser und Publikum dazu - oder auch nicht -, gewaltsame, reaktive Antworten zu überbewerten und nicht-gewaltsame, entwicklungsartige Reaktionen zu unterbewerten. Produktionsstandards stehen in einem Spannungsverhältnis zu den klassischen Erwartungen des Journalismus. Diese sind in den Regulationen vieler Rechtssprechungen festgelegt, die den Inhalt von Nachrichtensendungen bestimmen. In einigen Aspekten kann gezeigt werden, dass es Kriegsjournalismus für Nachrichtensendungen schwieriger macht, ihre öffentlichen Verpflichtungen zu erfüllen. Derzeit wächst ein Bewusstsein für die Spannung zwischen diesen beiden Begrenzungen für Journalismus und den Einfluss auf die Art, wie öffentliche Debatten geführt und mediiert werden. Mehr Friedensjournalismus würde dazu beitragen, die Nachrichten wieder mit den berechtigten öffentlichen Erwartungen in Einklang zu bringen. Volltext (in Englisch) Zur Autorin: Annabel McGoldrick ist eine erfahrene Journalistin und Produzentin für Fernseh- und Radionachrichten. Sie berichtete über Konfliktgebiete in Indonesien, den Philippinen, dem Mittleren Osten, Thailand und Burma. Sie hat Trainingskurse für professionelle Herausgeber und Journalisten in vielen Ländern und für Doktoranden an den Universitäten in Sydney und Queensland, Australien, geleitet.
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