JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES An analysis of 's states and companies contribution

March, 2021 Photo: Istock Getty Images1 Contents

04 Executive Summary

07 Jurisdictional approaches and the action agenda

13 Jurisdictional approach: current enablers

19 Overview of the jurisdictional approaches in Brazilian states of the Legal Amazon

26 Overview of the performance of Brazilian companies in jurisdictional approaches

29 Recommendations for policymakers and jurisdictional approach stakeholders

31 References

Authors Importan notices The contents of this report may be used by anyone, provided acknowledgement Miriam Garcia is given to CDP. This does not represent a license to repackage or resell any of the data reported to CDP or the contributing authors and presented in this Fernanda Coletti report. If you intend to repackage or resell any of the contents of this report, you need to obtain express permission from CDP before doing so. CDP has pre- Andreia Banhe pared the data and analysis in this report based on responses to the CDP 2020 Gustavo Souza information request. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given by CDP as to the accuracy or completeness of the information and opinions Antonio Ouro contained in this report. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. To the extent permitted by law, CDP does not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to Visual design act, in reliance on the information contained in this report or for any decision based upon it. All information and views expressed herein by CDP are based Thiago Oliveira Basso on their judgment at the time of this report and are subject to change without notice due to economic, political, industry and firm-specific factors. Guest com- mentaries included in this report reflect the views of their respective authors; their inclusion is not an endorsement of them. CDP, their affiliated member firms Acknowledgements or companies, or their respective shareholders, members, partners, principals, directors, officers and/or employees, may have a position in the securities of the Pietro Bertazzi companies discussed herein. The securities of the companies mentioned in this document may not be eligible for sale in some states or countries, nor suitable Rebeca Lima for all types of investors; their value and the income they produce may fluctuate Sareh Forouzesh and/or be adversely affected by exchange rates. CDP refers to CDP North Ameri- ca Inc., a not–for-profit organization with 501(c)3 charitable status in the US and Helen Finlay CDP Worldwide, a registered charity (number 1122330) and a company limited by guarantee, registered in England number 05013650. Nadia Bishai Silvia Abruscato This research included in this report was mode possible through funding by Wal- mart Foundation. The findings, conclusions, and recommendations presented in this report are those of CDP alone, and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Walmart Foundation.

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2 Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 3 Executive Summary

The objective of this policy brief is of the medium and long-term results to present the most recent develop- and the impacts of these initiatives. ments on jurisdictional approach- However, the specialized literature es, with a focus on jurisdictional has highlighted several benefits in initiatives in commodity producing building collaborative partnerships regions. Jurisdictional approach is an between the public sector, mainly umbrella concept with several defini- at subnational level, and the private tions. Those definitions have at least sector on the issues of forestry and the following elements in common: land use. jurisdictional approaches (i) bring together all relevant stakeholders The potential results of jurisdictional from a landscape defined by politi- approaches can help Brazil to comply cal boundaries that are usually at the with its Nationally Determined Contri- local government level, (ii) co-develop bution (NDC) submitted to the United and align objectives aimed at promot- Nations Framework Convention on ing sustainable practices within the Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as jurisdiction, and (iii) exhibit strong supporting local authorities and com- subnational government leadership. panies to meet their voluntary climate This policy brief presents a mapping action targets - such as the New York of the status of the implementation Declaration on Forests (NYDF) or the of these initiatives in Brazil, based Rio Branco Declaration of the Gover- on the analysis of the information nors for Climate and Forests Forum submitted by states and corporations Task Force (GCF Task Force). to CDP in 2020. The data analyzed shed light on the implementation of In the first section, the report intro- jurisdictional approaches in the Bra- duces the concept of a jurisdictional zilian states of the Legal Amazon, approach. An analysis is then made including the different governance of the different initiatives centred on arrangements for these initiatives, the concept of a jurisdictional ap- and how they can contribute to re- proach. The third section presents ducing deforestation rates. the main data related to the subject of forestry that the states within the The concept of a jurisdictional ap- Brazilian Legal Amazon provided to proach is relatively new in the inter- CDP. The results regarding the imple- national community. The first case mentation of jurisdictional approach- in Brazil dates from the launch of es by companies are discussed in the Produce, Conserve and Include the fourth section. Finally, the Policy (PCI) Strategy by the state of Mato Brief gives recommendations for the Grosso in 2015. Data is therefore still different stakeholders involved in ju- limited for a more in-depth analysis risdictional approaches.

4 Key Takeaways

STATES COMPANIES

Of the nine states in the Jurisdictional initiatives can Brazilian Legal Amazon, seven be part of a company’s toolkit responded that they are aware for achieving sustainable of, and are implementing, supply chains. Businesses jurisdictional approaches, and can expand their sustainable one state is still developing practices by engaging in its jurisdictional approach. jurisdictional approaches, allowing them to increase The financial resources coming their environmental actions. from international cooperation, such as the Reduced Emissions In 2020, 687 companies voluntarily from Deforestation and Forest disclosed their information on Degradation (REDD+) program, impacts, risks and opportunities are essential to support states related to forests, by responding in implementing forest policies to CDP’s forests questionnaire. and jurisdictional approaches. Of these companies, 47 are However, there is a need for Brazilian, approximately 7% of conceptual clarity to differentiate the total CDP forest sample, jurisdictional REDD+ systems and which at the request of investors jurisdictional approach initiatives or customers shared forest- in commodity producing regions. related information on their performance and commitments The participation of states in multi- on commodities driving stakeholder initiatives, such as global tropical deforestation. the Governor’s Climate and Forest Approximately one third of the Task Force (GCF), proved to be 47 companies analysed have fundamental both in raising funds participated in external initiatives, from international cooperation and seeking collaboration to solve in implementing forest policies. issues related to deforestation.

The state of , The Brazilian companies analysed through the Produce, Conserve have participated more widely and Include (PCI) Strategy, is in forums and multi-stakeholder one of the world’s pioneers in initiatives than in jurisdictional implementing a jurisdictional approaches, highlighting the approach. Leadership on this need for corporate actions, issue can have a catalytic effect jointly with the government, in on the development of initiatives the regions where they operate. in other states in the region.

5 Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 6 JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES AND THE CLIMATE ACTION AGENDA

Forests play a dual role on the climate the characteristics of each region, are agenda. On the one hand, the change essential requirements for initiatives in land use, resulting from deforesta- aimed at reversing forest loss. In this tion among other causes of forest sense, jurisdictional approaches ap- loss, represents the leading cause pear to be complementary to volun- of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions tary individual and sectorial private in Brazil(1). On the other hand, forests sector responses - such as the cor- act as natural carbon reservoirs con- porate commitments to eliminate de- tributing to the mitigation of climate forestation from commodity supply change. In addition to carbon seques- chains. It is important to emphasize tration, conserved natural areas are that it is not a question of denying crucial for other ecosystem services sectorial and voluntary actions or such as food provision and regula- proposing a definitive solution to tion of the hydrological cycle, among a complex issue. On the contrary, others(2). by placing local authorities at the center of governance, jurisdictional The causes of deforestation are mul- approaches recognize the specifics tifaceted, with both direct factors, of each region and promote alterna- such as changing land use for agricul- tives in the search for development tural production, and indirect factors, strategies with low carbon emissions such as the political, legal, social and with combined efforts from different economic drivers. The involvement of sectors of society. different actors, as well as the imple- mentation of responses according to

JURISDICTIONAL APPROACH

Jurisdictional approach can be defined as an umbrella concept for several definitions. Those definitions have at least the following features in common: jurisdictional approaches (i) bring together all relevant stakeholders from a landscape defined by political boundaries that are usually at the local govern- ment level, (ii) co-develop objectives aimed at promoting sustainable practices in this landscape, and (iii) exhibit strong subnational government leadership.

7 The forestry sector and land use on the climate change agenda

Despite forestry gaining greater prom- with the period from 2004, the year inence on the climate agenda over the Brazilian emissions peaked at 3.453 (4) past few years, thanks to multi-stake- billion tons of CO2 emitted , to 2010, holder initiatives such as the New Dec- when the country showed a signifi- laration on Forests (NYDF), the Bonn cant trend towards reduction, cutting Challenge, and the advancement of approximately 38% of its emissions. REDD+ within the scope of the UNF- SEEG data shows that deforestation CCC, the rate of loss of natural forests is the leading cause of the increase increased by 43% between 2014 and in emissions for the year 2019, as the 2019(3). According to the 5-Year As- amount of GHG in the land-use sector sessment Report of the NYDF, in the increased by 23% compared to 2018. In last 3 years the number of companies general, the land-use sector represents making commitments to reduce or 44% of Brazilian emissions, followed by eliminate deforestation in their supply and livestock (28%), energy chains has stalled. The report states (19%), industrial processes (5%) and that the commitment to zero loss of waste (4%). natural forests by 2030 will require a paradigm shift based on principles This Policy Brief focus on the Amazon such as placing greater value on for- can be justified by the fact that the ests and their benefits, as well as mak- deforestation of this represents ing the protection of remaining forests 87% of the gross emissions of the land- a priority. Finally, there is a clear need use sector in Brazil(5). In addition, the to connect the efforts of public and loss of native vegetation (primary and private actors, who in most cases are secondary) in the biome increased by isolated, and to make them more am- 42% between 2018 and 2019. Emis- bitious in terms of forest protection. sions from other came from (6%), Atlantic Forest (5%) and The 2020 report by the Greenhouse , Pampa and (each Gas Emission and Removal Estimat- approximately 1%)(6). ing System (SEEG)A on Brazilian GHG emissions indicated a growth trend in the country's emissions since 2010. An increase of 9.6% was identified in gross emissions in 2019 compared to the previous year. This contrasts

A The Greenhouse Gas Emission and Removal Estimating System (SEEG) is an initiative of the Climate Observatory that comprises the pro- duction of annual estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Brazil, analytical documents on the evolution of emissions and a portal on the internet for making the system's methods and data simple and clear. Estimates of emissions and removal of greenhouse gases are made according to the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), based on the methodology of the Brazilian Inventories of Anthropogenic Emissions and Removal of Greenhouse Gases, prepared by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), and data obtained from government reports, institutes, research centers, sectoral entities and non-governmental organizations. http://educaclima. mma.gov.br/panorama-das-emissoes-de-gases-de-efeito-estufa-e-acoes-de-mitigacao-no-brasil/

8 Origins of the concept of a jurisdictional approach

Over the past decade, the literature a jurisdictional approach is the central (7 a,b,c) has identified some obstacles role of public authority. In this sense, that have hindered the effectiveness the jurisdictional approach is a type of of climate actions for forest and land landscape approach developed with- use, including: in the administrative boundaries of a government(10). Boyd et al. (2018) and The incompatibility between the Nepstad et al. (2013) argue that the potential results of individual forest main characteristic of a jurisdictional protection projects with a focus on reducing emissions and improving approach is based on the leadership the quality of life of communities of subnational governments, and not and the scale required for a national governments, on forest and significant reduction in emissions. land use issues within a legally defined The limitation of approaches to area. sustainable supply chains focused on certification, with limited impact on reducing deforestation in the area. The concept of a jurisdictional ap- The stagnation of the number proach has gained increasing promi- of companies that have made nence in academic and international commitments to reduce or community debates. For example, the eliminate deforestation in their supply chains in recent years. NYDF's 5-year assessment report illus- Implementation of zero-deforestation trates that jurisdictional approaches commitments in companies’ can represent a new strategy in the supply chains has been slow, fight against deforestation(11). A study with actions remaining limited in their geographical scope. conducted by the Earth Innovation Institute(12) identified 39 jurisdictions In addition, the role of public policies at in 12 countries, representing 28% of different levels has been increasingly the world’s tropical forests, which have recognized as fundamental in ensur- made commitments to implement a ing positive results for forests, the cli- low emissions development agenda mate, communities and indigenous in a jurisdictional approach format. peoples. States and regions, notably Out of all the initiatives analysed, 19 in federal countries like Brazil, have the jurisdictions reduced their deforesta- power to take decisions directly relat- tion rates compared to the projected ed to land use and greater proximity to subnational forest reference levels. rural landowners and communities.(8) For the authors of the study, this re- duction can be attributed to national It is in this scenario that the concept and local political interventions and of a jurisdictional approach emerges. the performance of the private sector. Although there is no consensus on a single definition(9), the main feature of

9 Figure 1: Overview of the jurisdictional approaches

A Participation B Government working together A with other interested parties. B Shared Goals Agreement on the main

C Activities Calibration Collaborations and activities of E different groups. objectives / results.

D Accountability Offering guarantees and credibility in the long term.

E Scale D C Development and implementation in a landscape / jurisdiction

Source: Adapted from Proforest 2016.

CURRENT DEFINITIONS OF JURISDICTIONAL APPROACH

Proforest, Jurisdictional initiatives bring together the relevant stakeholders 2016 in a region, at the scale of jurisdiction, to agree goals, align activities and share monitoring and verification.

Stickler Jurisdictional approach is a type of integrated landscape management, et al., 2018 with an important distinguishing feature: the landscape is defined by policy-relevant boundaries and the underlying strategy is designed to achieve a high level of governmental involvement.

AFi, 2019 Jurisdictional approach: a type of landscape approach that is developed within the administrative boundaries of sub- national or national governments, usually with emphasis on the role of government in public policy, land-use planning, law enforcement, investment, or other functions.

WWF, 2016 Jurisdictional approaches to zero-deforestation commodities (JA- ZDCs) lie at the intersection of three existing strategies to reduce forest loss and deforestation, along with improving the health and sustainability of rural and frontier economies: landscape approaches, jurisdictional approaches, and voluntary corporate sustainability efforts.

10 Main benefits of implementing jurisdictional approaches

Considering that jurisdictional ap- leakage, in other words, when proaches are relatively nascent, it deforestation is transferred is still too early to make inferences to another location. about their direct contribution to the Possibility of attracting reduction of deforestation rates(13). resources for local initiatives However, despite recognizing the and local authorities, need for more time to gain institu- through pay-for-results tional strength from these initiatives, programs such as REDD+. several authors(14 a,b,c) have already identified clear contributions, such as: It should be acknowledged that the implementation of jurisdictional ap- Greater legitimacy and durability proaches can present some challeng- of the actions due to their es, such as (I) the lack of conceptual multi-stakeholder nature. clarity which prevents a comparative The implementation of performance evaluation, (ii) political structures for experimentation turnover that might halt long term ac- and innovation in terms tion prioritizing the forestry and land of governance. use sector, (iii) little understanding in The emergence of new the private and public sectors of the market options, such as the potential for collaborative action, and purchase of commodities from finally, (iv) the lack of definition on preferential jurisdictions. how to promote the recognition and Greater clarity of performance accountability of the actors in relation targets helping to ensure that to the objectives of the jurisdictional actors in all sectors within approaches(16 a, b). a jurisdiction are working towards the same objectives through strategic policies, programs and initiatives. Establishment of public- private partnerships to address issues that could undermine supply chain efforts aimed at combating the occurrence of

11 THE CASE OF THE PRODUCE, CONSERVE AND INCLUDE STRATEGY, LED BY THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO(15)

Mato Grosso has shown itself to be a jurisdiction ready for the engagement of stakeholders thanks to the Produce, Conserve, Include (PCI) strategy launched in 2015. PCI brings together government agencies, civil society organizations, rural producer organizations and companies to strive towards actions aimed at reducing deforestation and increasing the production of commodities in a key Brazilian state for agricultural production. In 2019, the Mato Grosso government created the PCI Institute, an independent non-profit institution which acts as the “official vehicle to enable multi-stakeholder coordination, advise on public policies and measures, lead fundraising efforts and manage and monitor PCI programs.” Alongside the benefits of reducing deforestation – including the avoidance of GHG emissions - the implementation of the jurisdictional approach has allowed the Mato Grosso government to: (i) gain more legitimacy for imple- menting its environmental actions due to a permanent and structured dialogue with producers in the PCI, (ii) establish public-private partnerships, e.g. for the transformation of regions into deforestation-free sourcing areas; (iii) raise funds for projects related to technical assistance for producers on-the-ground, (iv) be positioned as an international jurisdiction which in the long-term aims to be a low-risk sourcing region.; (v) better understand how the state can support each of its regions thanks to a map that classifies each municipality based on past deforestation rates and remaining native vegetation; among other factors.

Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 12 JURISDICTIONAL APPROACH: CURRENT ENABLERS

In order to respond to the challeng- Further fostering dialogue among es of implementing jurisdictional ap- different stakeholders is a dynamic proaches, the international communi- online platform focused on jurisdic- ty, with a special focus on civil society tional approaches, Jurisdictional Ap- organizations, has developed different proaches Resource Hub(17), recently methodologies and initiatives to en- launched by the Tropical Forest Alli- courage implementation and to mea- ance (TFA), gathering relevant infor- sure the impact of the actions based mation on the topic, such as publi- on jurisdictional approaches. cations and webinars. The website also guides companies on possible Companies have engaged in precom- modalities of engagement with JAs, petitive industry forums/initiatives focusing on concrete case studies like the Consumer Goods Forum’s (worldwide) developed through pri- Forest Positive Coalition of Action, vate and public sector engagement the Soft Commodities Forum and the processes and actions. It describes Cocoa & Forests Initiative, in order to the business cases, estimates the incorporate and better align corporate resources necessary and provides strategies and actions when engag- insights for companies to adopt ju- ing with landscape and jurisdictional risdictional approaches. initiatives.

Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 13 An overview of the ‘ecosystem’ of jurisdictional frameworks

The ‘ecosystem’ of jurisdictional ap- progress using a consistent, reliable proaches brings together different ini- and clear reporting structure. This will tiatives and guidelines in development, be possible thanks to a broad align- such as LandScale, SourceUp (former ment on metrics and the methodolo- Verified Sourcing Areas), Commodities gy to measure and communicate the Jurisdiction Approach (CJA) and the progress of the initiatives of jurisdic- ISEAL Alliance Practical Guide. tional approaches, and by incorporat- ing such results in the reporting by In addition, CDP and the ISEAL Alli- companies and states. ance have pledged to work collabo- ratively to achieve the mutual goal of providing companies with a clear path to support and invest in credi- ble jurisdictional approach initiatives with measurable progress to address key sustainability issues. By working together, the two organizations aim to ensure that jurisdictions (states) and companies that buy goods from these locations are able to report their

Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 14 Table 1: Enablers and guidelines based on the concept of jurisdictional approachesB

INITIATIVE OBJECTIVES COMPONENTS GOALS

LandScaleC (18) LandScale is a system Through an online platform, A verification and claims to generate trusted LandScale provides a framework mechanism enables landscape-level insights and guidelines for assessing results to be credibly that can align and status and trends in critical communicated to key Alliance, Verra incentivize local and indicators of sustainability at a stakeholders, including and Conservation global action to deliver landscape scale. investors, commodity International sustainability at scale. buyers, and policymakers. (members of the LandScale Secretariat)

SourceUp SourceUp is a collaborative Its methodology is composed of A compact can be (former VSA)19) platform that connects three main elements: evaluated by the global companies and 1. Compact; SourceUp panel and being investors with multi- 2. Committed end buyer; and recognized as a Verified IDH – the stakeholder coalitions 3. Transparent platform. Sourcing Area based Sustainable Trade in producing regions It is founded on global impact on certain design and Initiative Global (Compacts) to engage themes (respectively forest performance criteria. steering committee: and align in common protection, land tenure, labor, and World Bank, WRI sustainability challenges. transparency), that are measured PepsiCo, JDE with a short-list of core and local Mars, Conservation indicators (prioritised by the International, local coalitions). Proforest, among others.

Commodities/ The CJA initiative aims to The CJA evaluates national The program also aims Jurisdictions link companies committed and sub-national jurisdictional to facilitate matchmaking (20) to reducing deforestation initiatives against a detailed between performing Approach in their supply chains with assessment framework jurisdictions and (CJA) government-led forest covering social, environmental, committed supply chain and climate jurisdictional and governance criteria companies, resulting WWF US, Climate initiatives. The approach and indicators to identify in overall enhanced Focus and Meridian seeks to increase incentives jurisdictions that are protection of natural Institute for national and sub- successfully reducing resources and reduced national governments forest degradation and GHG emissions. to scale their forest and deforestation and showcases climate programs by these programs in an online increasing purchases from database. preferential sourcing.

Jurisdictional The Good Practice Guide The Good Practice Guide The Guide is an Monitoring aims to build awareness describes good practices overarching framework and alignment of credible for the structures that a that supports and is and Claims practices for monitoring JA should put in place and consistent with the Good Practice and verifying jurisdictional expectations around monitoring other more detailed Guide(21) progress and the actions of performance. It also implementation companies take to support describes the types of claims frameworks described JAs. that jurisdictions can make before. ISEAL Alliance. about operational progress and performance improvements, and the claims that companies can make about the actions they have taken.

B This an overview of the most prominent frameworks and it is not intended to include all initiatives in the jurisdictional approach’s arena. Therefore, the framework described was chosen by the writers based on the relevance for this study. C LandScale is a landscape level approach meaning it is not limited by jurisdictional boundaries nor does it require the involvement of governments.

15 The relationship between jurisdictional approaches and REDD+ programs

Some of the most important juris- In other words, the implementation dictional initiatives have emerged of jurisdictional approaches by sub- thanks to financial instruments, national governments encourages such as REDD+ and other payment the attraction of financial resources programs for environmental services, for international cooperation. In this which allow the transfer of resources sense, the case of the Mato Grosso based on results in reducing defor- PCI is a pioneer in using the first fund- estation within a given jurisdiction(22). raising (REDD+ Early Movers Program in Germany) of the state REDD+ sys- tem for actions directly linked to the PCI goals(23).

GOVERNOR’S CLIMATE AND FOREST TASK FORCE

The GCF, launched in 2008, brings together 38 states and provinces from 10 countries with the objective of empowering local authorities and their partners to implement jurisdictional approaches to low-emission sustainable development trajectories, as well as promoting forest governance, encour- aging new technical and financial mechanisms and increasing opportunities for local communities and indigenous populations. The 9 Brazilian states of the Legal Amazon are part of the initiative and have been receiving support from GCF to implement their jurisdictional REDD+ programs. In 2014, states and provinces launched the Rio Branco Declaration formalizing the commit- ment of GCF members to “reduce deforestation, develop partnerships with private sector initiatives that leverage the opportunities available through jurisdictional programs that can channel, in a rapid and effective manner, performance-based funds to promote forest-based economic development that respects forests for producers, foresters, farmers, ranchers, , local communities and other forest stakeholders”.

16 For a better understanding of how strengthen governance and efforts different initiatives to combat defor- to find long-term solutions. estation interact in a given scenar- Potential alignment of the benefits and io, Umunay et al. (2018) coined the objectives of the different stakeholders. term ‘trifecta’ to designate cases of overlap between jurisdictional ap- proaches, REDD+ and private sector The study developed by Umunay et commitments such as certifications al. (2018) takes into account that ju- and zero deforestation initiatives for risdictional approaches can also be commodities (soy, cattle, cocoa, palm implemented at the national level, oil or and cellulose). In addition which led them to identify 13 cases to identifying the different cases, the of trifecta and 6 more cases of bifecta authors argue that trifecta strategies around the world. Surprisingly, only are part of complementary initiatives two cases of trifecta and bifecta led and provide several benefits, such as: by local authorities were identified in the study. The first case is from the Coordinated and integrated state of , which was characterized strategies for deforestation- as a bifecta for the overlapping of a free commodity demands. jurisdictional approach and the REDD+ Public-private partnership platforms. program, and the second case is the Cooperation at the jurisdictional level. trifecta of the state of Mato Grosso, Involvement of local actors when aggregating the three initiatives and private sector entities that within its boundaries.

Figure 2: Elements of a trifecta jurisdiction

REDD+ Programs

TRIFECTA JURISDICTION Jurisdictional Private approaches sector

Source: Adapted.

17 Finally, there is a newly launched initia- Once issued, these serialized credits tive connecting jurisdictional REDD+ can be sold in voluntary or compliance programs to the carbon market. The markets. Although ART is focused on Architecture for REDD+ Transactions national-level REDD+, it also allows di- (ART)(24), and its associated jurisdic- rect subnational participation accord- tional TREES standard, aims to facili- ing to certain criteria such as national tate transactions between corporate government approval. buyers and governments regarding the purchase of jurisdictional-scale credits. ART will provide a standard process to transparently register, verify and issue REDD+ emission reductions credits.

BENEFITS OF STATES DISCLOSURE TO CDP PLATFORM

CDP provides a platform for states The CDP questionnaire for states and regions to report their environ- and regions already encompasses mental actions. The annual report questions regarding jurisdictional allows states to disclose their infor- approaches which are being ex- mation in the world’s most compre- panded within the context of CDP’s hensive platform gathering data not current strategy to reflect progress only from states and regions but also and key actions. States and regions from cities and companies. For states are able to: and regions: Make a comparative analysis with The CDP platform is free of charge. other jurisdictional initiatives. The disclosure can be one of the tools Disclose information on a platform to manage their environmental infor- also widely used by companies and mation in a standardized approach. investors operating around the globe, fostering public-private engagement There is the opportunity to showcase on their jurisdictional initiatives. their actions in the Open Data Portal. Showcase the jurisdiction’s progress on meeting deforestation and other environmental commitments, as well as the states and regions collaboration and engagement with stakeholders in reaching the shared goals of the jurisdictional initiative.

18 OVERVIEW OF THE JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES IN THE BRAZILIAN STATES OF THE LEGAL AMAZON

In 2020, 26 Brazilian states disclosed approach. These questions were not their environmental performance available for the state of Amapá, as through CDP’s States and Regions the question about jurisdictional ap- questionnaire. Of these, 9 states - se- proach is dependent on a positive lected for being in the Legal Amazon answer about deforestation being regionD - were analysed, taking into a problem for the state (graph 1). In account the range of jurisdictional this sense, all the following graphs approaches. will only provide an analysis for 8 states. It is noteworthy that the state As shown in graph 1 below, 6 states of Amapá answered in another sec- responded that they are aware of, and tion of the questionnaire regarding are implementing, jurisdictional initia- the implementation of jurisdictional tives, while one state is aware of, but approach as a practice to ensure for- not yet implementing, such initiatives. est protection. The state of Pará did not respond to questions regarding the jurisdictional

Graph 1: Is your region aware of juristictional approaches and are you implementing any address deforestation, forest degradation and /or forest restoration?

8

6

1 1

Aware of juristicaiotnal Aware of No answer Total approaches and juristicaiotnal implementing approaches but

D According to Complementary Law No. 124 of January 3rd, 2007, it covers the States of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, , , Pará and Maranhão (in its portion to the west of the 44th Meridian). The Legal Amazon represents 59% of Brazilian and includes the entire plus a percentage of the Cerrado and Pantanal.

19 When asked about the type of jurisdic- of its performance; and (5) socio-en- tional approach implemented, some vironmental safeguards that include states highlighted the local develop- everything from gender equality to ment of REDD+ programs. The use benefit sharing. of financial resources coming from programs such as REDD+ can act as The state of Rondônia describes the leverage for jurisdictional approach- implementation of two jurisdictional es. This is because some REDD+ approaches in the state. The first re- programs have activities for aligning fers to the formalization of policies, common objectives with/of different notably the State Policy for Climate sectors of society and local authority Governance and Environmental Ser- leaders, which overlap with charac- vices (PGSA), and instruments within teristics of jurisdictional approaches. the legal framework of the State Sys- Finally, it should be noted that the title tem for Climate Governance and En- of the support offered to the states vironmental Services (SGSA). PGSA's of the Amazon to implement REDD+ objectives are to: guarantee the reduc- programs through the GCF Task Force, tion of GHG emissions; mitigate and called the REDD+ jurisdictional sys- adapt the impacts of climate change; tem, may also be a factor that led the ensure food production, the mainte- states (Acre, Maranhão, Roraima and nance of and the rights of Tocantins) to include the activities of indigenous peoples or traditional com- these programs as a jurisdictional munities; and promote sustainable approach. economic development with low GHG emissions. The second description fo- The state of Roraima, for example, cusses on the Plan of Prevention, Con- pointed out that the REDD+ project, trol and Sustainable Alternatives to developed and implemented in part- Deforestation in the state of Rondônia nership with IPAM, was the result of (PPCASD/RO), which aims to gradually support from the GCF Task Force. reduce deforestation rates in the state while guaranteeing the protection and The state of Acre mentions the Car- management of special areas (Indige- bon Program, in partnership with the nous Lands and Conservation Units), ISA organization, which can also be and the sustainable management of categorized as a jurisdictional REDD+ rural properties. system. Another example is the state of Maranhão, which mentioned the As highlighted in the previous sec- support of the GCF Task Force in de- tions, the state of Mato Grosso, with veloping its REDD+ jurisdictional sys- its “Produce, Conserve and Include” tem. The Maranhão project comprises (PCI) strategy, represents one of the the following elements: (1) an institu- most advanced examples of juris- tional management system, (2) proce- dictional approaches in the world. dures and criteria for decision-making, The PCI aims to raise funds for the (3) financial management structure state of Mato Grosso to expand and and processes, (4) means of social increase the efficiency of agricultural control, transparency and monitoring and forestry production, to conserve

20 the remaining native vegetation, to re- by Decree No. 468 on March 31st, compose environmental liabilities and 2016. The Committee is responsible the socio-economic inclusion of family for approving the planning of actions farming, as well as to achieve a reduc- prepared by the secretariats coordinat- tion in carbon emissions and increase ing the thematic areas, monitoring the

carbon sequestration by up to 6 GtCO2 implementation of the strategy and by 2030, by controlling deforestation the achievement of goals, as well as and developing a low carbon economy the definition of its governance struc- (25). The PCI strategy evolved from a ture and fundraising mechanisms. collective and participatory project involving different state departments, representatives of non-governmental organizations, private companies and entities representing sectors of the state economy. PCI is a set of goals to help achieve its objectives. For the implementation of this strategy, the State Strategy Committee: Produce, Conserve and Include (CEEPCI) and its organizational structure were created,

Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 21 Analysis of the responses to the CDP questionnaire by Brazilian states of the Legal Amazon

All 6 states in the Legal Amazon that the adoption of a Verified Sourcing answered that they had implemented Areas methodology. A summary of a jurisdictional approach affirmed they the states’ answers to the CDP 2020 have a multi-stakeholder governance questionnaire regarding the jurisdic- structure. Interestingly, Rondônia re- tional approaches’ governance struc- plied that LandScale methodology ture is displayed bellow. is applied, while Roraima mentioned

REDD+ Jurisdictional System and Payment for Environmental Services Verified Sourcing Areas RR AP REDD+ Jurisdictional System

AM MA PA N 300 km AC TO RO REDD + (ISA Carbon Program), Rural MT Environmental Climate Registry Governance and States of the (CAR) and Environmental Legal Amazon Environmental Services Policy Regularization (PGSA) and Plan Program (PRA) for Prevention, Control and Produce, Amazon biome Sustainable Conserve and Alternatives to Include Strategy Deforestation (PCI) and PPCDIF LandScale

No answer Follows a multi-stakeholder governance structure Include an assessment program Definition of the applied methodology Include a verification process

D Despite having responded that it is aware of and implementing a jurisdictional approach, Amazonas has not provided any information about the initiative in the state.

22 The main areas on which the Brazilian of natural habitats as a focus area. states in the Legal Amazon are focus- In the other category, the states men- ing their jurisdictional approaches tioned forest fires, low carbon agri- are deforestation and forest degra- culture and reduced emissions from dation, followed by forest restoration deforestation and forest degradation. (see Graph 2). Maranhão was the only state to show the conversion

Graph 2: Focus areas of the jurisdictional approaches

Deforestation Restoration Others

26% 26% 21% 6% 21%

Forest degradation Conversion of natural habitats

For the drivers that jurisdictional ap- agriculture. Roraima and Rondômia proaches address, the CDP question- also reported fires, livestock, large- naire selects the pre-filled options in scale agriculture and unsustainable the questionaire on deforestation. logging (see graph 3). Maranhão and Mato Grosso did not report any drivers, while Acre and Roraima reported small-scale

Graph 3: Drivers addressed by the JA implemented by Brazilian States in the Legal Amazon

Fires Small-scale agriculture and colonization Unsustainable logging

20% 20% 20% 20% 20%

Livestock Large-scale agriculture No answer

23 TOCANTINS PREPARES TO LAUNCH REDD+ JURISDICTIONAL PROGRAM

In its response to the 2020 CDP questionnaire, the state of Tocantins highlighted the Integrated and Sustainable Regional Development Project (PDRIS), which includes the development of the Tocantins REDD+ Jurisdictional Program. This is the first REDD+ program in Brazil to focus on the Cerrado biome. The REDD+ Jurisdictional Program will have the following objectives: to outline REDD+ socio-environmental safeguards, taking into account the charac- teristics of the state; provide security and subsidize low-carbon economy programs, which reduce the pressures of deforestation and degradation and benefit local communities. It will include REDD+ activities in a state/national emission reduction program, in line with state policies and action plans, with biome plans and the National Policy on Climate Change (PNMC). It will also have a Benefit Distribution Plan, and the distribution should benefit equally all the actors involved, including indigenous peoples, traditional and quilombola populations, as well as the communities in the areas impacted by the program and projects. Finally, the state stressed that a marketing and dissemination plan will be designed in order to attract investment to the state and to identify partners and supporters.

Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 24 Table 3: Examples of initiatives implemented by subnational governments

STATE EXEMPLOS DE INICIATIVAS DE GOVERNANÇA FLORESTAL

Acre (26) The State Program of Incentive System for Environmental Services (SISA) creates incentives for the conservation of ecosystem services for indigenous peoples (PI), local communities (CL), smallholders and others. In addition, the ISA-Carbon Program promotes zero-deforestation beef production.

Amazonas (27) The State Environmental Services Policy (PESA) describes the creation of a jurisdictional REDD+ plan.

Maranhão (28) The Maranhão Verde Program - aimed at families living in Conservation Units - and the establishment of SEMA's Green Economy Superintendence are initial efforts towards the transition to a low carbon economy.

Mato Grosso (29) Mato Grosso is the leading global testing-ground for large-scale Jurisdictional Supply Agreements, with ongoing negotiations with the of European Animal Feed Manufacturers (FEFAC) and the China Soy Industry Association for sustainable soy cultivation.

Pará (30) The Pará Livestock Agreement consists of a sustainable supply structure that has been instrumental in reducing deforestation and promoting the regularization of land tenure. However, the main challenges include monitoring indirect suppliers and expanding the number of signatory slaughterhouses.

Rondônia (31) Rondônia is a pioneer in updating its state Ecological-Economic Zoning in order to align with the Forest Code, through the use of a multi-stakeholder approach with workshops held in 7 municipalities in the state (which are considered state micro-regions), in addition to a public consultation.

Source: State profiles were published by the Earth Innovation Institute. It should be noted that they were not prepared for the following states of the Legal Amazon: Amapá, Roraima and Tocantins.

Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 25 OVERVIEW OF THE PERFORMANCE OF BRAZILIAN COMPANIES IN JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES

In 2020, more than 650 companies to curb deforestation in their opera- around the world voluntarily dis- tions or supply chains. In 2020, 34% closed their information on impacts, of Brazilian companies participated risks and opportunities related to for- in external initiatives for at least one ests, by responding to CDP’s forests of the reported commodities. The questionnaire. external participation comes most- ly from multi-stakeholder initiatives Of these companies, 47 are Brazilian, (21%), followed by involvement with which at the request of investors or non-governmental organizations customers shared forests-related in- (11%), governments and policymakers formation on their performance and (6%), and jurisdictional approaches commitments on commodities driving (4%), as shown in Graph 4. tropical deforestation globally(36). In this sample, the commodities used Among the multi-stakeholder initia- and/or traded by Brazilian companies tives and/or partnerships (e.g. Forest are timber products (43%), followed by Stewardship Council) highlighted by soy (23%), cattle products (17%) and companies (respectively 21% of the to- palm oil (13%)6. tal), there are initiatives involving NGOs and specific forums for commodities Companies reported working with oth- such as the Global Round-table for er actors to coordinate and achieve Sustainable Beef and the Round-table sectoral and global commitments on Responsible Soy.

Graph 4: Types of initiatives/activities adopted by companies

21%

11% 6% 4%

Multi-partnership or Engaging with Engaging with Involved in stakeholder initiatives non-governamental policymakers or jurisdictional organziations governments approaches

6 CDP data is stratified by commodity and companies can report information for more than one commodity, which is why the percentages exceed 100 percent.

26 Corporate performance in jurisdictional approaches

In view of the increasing rates of achieve common goals. In these ap- deforestation and the difficulties in proaches, companies start to look not fulfilling global commitments to elimi- only at their supply chain, but also at nate deforestation in value chains (for opportunities to actively collaborate example the New York Declaration on with other local stakeholders to im- Forests - NYDF), new proposals have prove the region's socio-environmen- been sought to combine efforts of tal performance, initiatives in which different stakeholders (such as the some Brazilian companies are already government and private initiatives), participating. and to strengthen regional actions to

Photo: Amaggi

AMAGGI

AMAGGI has been part of the PCI Institute since 2015, founded with the main mission of supporting actions by the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, to achieve its goals of production, conservation and inclusion. With a vision of social and economic development for by 2030 through the sustainable use of natural re- sources, government, the private sector and civil society are working together to reconcile the agricultural potential with the environmental assets of Mato Grosso, in line with AMAGGI's Global Sustainability Program Positioning, in addition to the company commitment to a zero-deforestation supply chain and native vegetation conversion.

In addition, as a founding member AMAGGI is currently a member of the PCI Institute Board of Directors, as well as a representative of the private sector. The company's main role is to represent the private sector in the PCI Insti- tute's strategic and operational plans. This allows AMAGGI to implement joint actions and projects in partnership with other stakeholders. Consequently, it also delivers better results for the Mato Grosso State in PCI’s core areas: Produce, Conserve and Include.

27 Main benefits for companies

Increase knowledge of local therefore support their efforts dynamics in the regions in at achieving zero deforestation which they operate: targets and traceability. With Companies have the opportunity scale, there is potential for more to learn about the challenges flexibility and transparency. of the regions in which they operate (e.g. small producers’ Foster more sustainable supply lack of adequate tools), chains: Organizations can engage in dialogue with other choose to purchase products stakeholders, and therefore from committed jurisdictions continuously refine and that are working to improve improve their approach. This performance on economic and information can help companies socio-environmental issues. to assess and monitor local risks and, through their actions Combining performance on the ground, support local with social improvement efforts to mitigate them. in the regions: In addition to the objectives related to Facilitate the achievement environmental issues, some of corporate goals: Through initiatives have sought to action in jurisdictional improve the livelihood of initiatives, companies can the region's residents, which make joint efforts with other can be promoted by, for organizations, as well as example, sharing the best governments, to achieve production practices and shared socio-environmental land tenure regularization. goals, such as reducing deforestation in the region to zero or improving standards of living and human rights.

Scale supply chain traceability, monitoring and verification efforts: By engaging at the level of a jurisdiction with other key partners, companies can potentially increase their current supply chain efforts to ensure larger scale compliance within their sourcing areas and

28 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POLICYMAKERS AND JURISDICTIONAL APPROACH STAKEHOLDERS

Deforestation remains a central issue 1 Promote greater clarity in the for most states in the Legal Amazon definition of the concept of a and for companies operating in this jurisdictional approach: area. Both consumers and investors The absence of a clear definition increasingly exert pressure on those makes it more difficult for states companies to adopt more sustainable and companies to incorporate production practices on a large scale. the concept. Therefore, the Jurisdictional approaches are a tool various initiatives under to support subnational governments development can establish and companies to align objectives foundations and conceptual aiming at environmental, social and boundaries to encourage the economic outcomes. Even if jurisdic- engagement of stakeholders in tional approaches can be classified as the initiatives, and particularly a recent concept, one of the pioneering to allow the monitoring of the examples has come from Brazil: the implemented actions and the Produce, Conserve and Include (PCI) definition of criteria for purposes strategy in the state of Mato Grosso. of comparison. All this would Other states from the Brazilian Legal ensure that actors in all sectors Amazon are also implementing juris- within a jurisdiction are working dictional initiatives. Data from CDP’s towards the same objectives 2020 forests questionnaire shows that through strategic policies, approximately one third of Brazilian programs and initiatives. There companies reporting for at least one is also a need, especially for commodity - cattle, soy, timber or palm the states of the Brazilian Legal oil - participated in external initiatives. Amazon, to identify separately However, only 4% of those companies jurisdictional REDD+ Programs engage in jurisdictional approaches. and jurisdictional approaches Based on the analysis conducted, three implemented in areas with top-tier policy recommendations were high levels of commodity made to increase and accelerate the production. For companies, the uptake of these approaches by Brazilian rich ecosystem of jurisdictional companies. approach initiatives, such as LandScale, SourceUp, CJA and the ISEAL Alliance Jurisdictional Monitoring and Claims Good Practice Guide, can support their engagement.

29 2 Foster structured collaboration 3 Strengthen tools to share between public and private experiences among jurisdictional sectors to establish shared initiatives: Despite the environmental goals: specificities of each region, the Partnerships between the public exchange of knowledge gained and private sector, with robust can encourage states to develop leadership from subnational their jurisdictional approaches. governments, can be an The experimentation allowed by effective approach to halting the novelty of these approaches / deforestation. Jurisdictional can be an obstacle for states approaches can act as a that have limited human and complementary tool to voluntary financial resources and extensive individual and sectoral private environmental agendas to sector responses, such as the be followed. Initiatives for corporate commitments to knowledge sharing at the eliminate deforestation from international level, such as the commodity supply chains. The Jurisdictional Approach Hub, and main focus of the jurisdictional at the national level, led by the approaches of the Brazilian Brazilian Secretariat of the GCF states in the Legal Amazon Task Force, can play a crucial role is deforestation and forest in disseminating the jurisdictional degradation. However, structured experiences and facilitating collaborations between public the dialogue among the and private actors aiming at stakeholders of each initiative. actions to halt deforestation can be reinforced. For instance, 4 Enhance corporate and states the establishment of insulated transparency on jurisdictional multi-stakeholder governance approaches through disclosure: structures can achieve medium Considering that jurisdictional and long-term goals. The initiatives are still new in the adoption of state-level policies, international community, such as specific laws regarding stakeholders and beneficiaries jurisdictional approaches, is of these initiatives can increase critical to ensure the collaboration the demands for corporate and between public and private sector state transparency. The CDP representatives. Additionally, questionnaire is an important mainstreaming clear governance tool allowing both public and structures for all stakeholders, private sector representatives as well as monitoring systems to measure and report their and transparency mechanisms progress on the implementation for agreed shared goals, of jurisdictional approaches can be beneficial for all against comparable, robust jurisdictional initiatives. and consistent criteria.

30 References

1 Observatório do Clima (2020). 8 Stickler et al. (2014). Fostering low- Greenhouse Gas Emission and Removal emission rural development from the Estimating System (SEEG). Retrieved ground up. Retrieved from https:// from http://plataforma.seeg.eco.br/map earthinnovation.org/publications/ fostering_led-r_tropics-pdf/ 2 IPCC (2019, August 07). Climate Change and Land. Retrieved from https://www. 9 Hovani, L., Cortez, R., Hartanto, H., ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/4.- Thompson, I., Fishbein, G., Adams, J., SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf Myers Madeira, E. (2018). The Role of Jurisdictional Programs in Catalyzing 3 NYDF Assessment Partners. (2019). Sustainability Transitions in Tropical Protecting and Restoring Forests: A Forest Landscapes. The Nature Story of Large Commitments yet Limited Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA. Progress. New York Declaration on Forests Five-Year Assessment Report. 10 Denier, L., Scherr, S., Shames, S., Climate Focus (coordinator and editor). Chatterton, P., Hovani, L., Stam, N. 2015. Accessible at forestdeclaration.org. The Little Sustainable Landscapes Book. Global Canopy Programme, 4 EducaClima, Ministry of Environment Oxford, UK. Retrieved from https:// (2018, April 25). Overview of greenhouse globalcanopy.org/wp-content/ gas emissions and mitigation actions uploads/2021/01/GCP_LSLB_EN.pdf in Brazil. Retrieved from http:// educaclima.mma.gov.br/panorama-das- 11 Chervier C, Piketty M-G and Reed emissoes-de-gases-de-efeito-estufa- J (2020) A Tentative Theory of e-acoes-de-mitigacao-no-brasil/ Change to Evaluate Jurisdictional Approaches to Reduced Deforestation. 5 Observatório do Clima (202). Front. For. Glob. Change 3:498151. Greenhouse Gas Emission and Removal doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2020.498151 Estimating System (SEEG). Retrieved from http://plataforma.seeg.eco.br/map 12 CM Stickler, AE Duchelle, JP Ardila, DC Nepstad, OR David, C Chan, 6 Observatório do Clima (2020). JG Rojas, R Vargas, TP Bezerra, L Greenhouse Gas Emission and Removal Pritchard, J Simmonds, JC Durbin, Estimating System (SEEG). Retrieved G Simonet, S Peteru, M Komalasari, from http://plataforma.seeg.eco.br/map ML DiGiano, MW Warren. 2018. 7 Boyd et al. (2018); NYDF (2019); El Estado de la Sostenibilidad CDP Money Tree (2019) Jurisdiccional. San Francisco, USA: Earth Innovation Institute/Bogor, a Boyd, W. et al. 2018. “Jurisdictional Indonesia: Centro para la Investigación Approaches to REDD+ and Low Forestal Internacional/Boulder, USA: Emissions Development: Progress Secretaría del Grupo de Trabajo de and Prospects.” Working Paper. Gobernadores sobre Clima y Bosques. Washington, DC: World Resources https://earthinnovation.org/state-of- Institute. Available online at wri. jurisdictional-sustainability/?lang=es org/ending-tropicaldeforestation. 13 Boyd, W. et al. 2018. “Jurisdictional b NYDF Assessment Partners. (2019). Approaches to REDD+ and Low Protecting and Restoring Forests: A Emissions Development: Progress Story of Large Commitments yet Limited and Prospects.” Working Paper. Progress. New York Declaration on Washington, DC: World Resources Forests Five-Year Assessment Report. Institute. Available online at wri. Climate Focus (coordinator and editor). org/ending-tropicaldeforestation. Accessible at forestdeclaration.org. 14 Boyd et al. (2018); Transforming c CDP (2019). The Money Trees. REDD+; Umunay et al (2018). Retrieved from: www.cdp.net.

31 a Boyd, W. et al. 2018. “Jurisdictional 21 ISEAL (n.d.). Jurisdictional Monitoring Approaches to REDD+ and Low and Claims. Retrieved from https://www. Emissions Development: Progress isealalliance.org/about-iseal/our-work/ and Prospects.” Working Paper. jurisdictional-monitoring-and-claims Washington, DC: World Resources 22 Boyd, W. et al. 2018. “Jurisdictional Institute. Available online at wri. Approaches to REDD+ and Low org/ending-tropicaldeforestation. Emissions Development: Progress b Transforming REDD+: Lessons and Prospects.” Working Paper. and new directions Por Angelsen, Washington, DC: World Resources A., Martius, C., de Sy, V., Duchelle, Institute. Available online at wri. A.E., Larson, A.M., Pham, T.T. org/ending-tropicaldeforestation. c Umunay et al. (2018, October 02). 23 Boyd, W. et al. 2018. “Jurisdictional Trifecta of Success for Reducing Approaches to REDD+ and Low Commodity-Driven Deforestation: Emissions Development: Progress Assessing the Intersection of REDD+ and Prospects.” Working Paper. Programs, Jurisdictional Approaches, Washington, DC: World Resources and Private Sector Commitments. Institute. Available online at wri. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi. org/ending-tropicaldeforestation. com/1999-4907/9/10/609 24 https://www.artredd.org/ 15 Produce, Conserve, Include (2019, 25 Produce, Conserve, Include (n.d.). May 08). Produce, Conserve, Include Available at: http://pci.mt.gov.br/ Pitchbook. Retrieved from 26 M. de los Rios, O. David, C. Stickler, 16 Boyd et al. (2018); Umunay et al. (2018) D. Nepstad. 2018. “Acre, Brasil” em a Boyd, W. et al. 2018. “Jurisdictional C. Stickler et al. (Eds.), O Estado de Approaches to REDD+ and Low Sustentabilidade Jurisdicional. San Emissions Development: Progress Francisco, CA: EII; Bogor, Indonesia: and Prospects.” Working Paper. CIFOR; Boulder, CO: GCF-TF. Washington, DC: World Resources 27 A.C. Crisostomo, A.E. Duchelle, M. Institute. Available online at wri. Cromberg. 2018. “Amazonas, Brazil” org/ending-tropicaldeforestation. em C. Stickler et al. (Eds.), O Estado b Umunay et al. (2018, October 02). de Sustentabilidade Jurisdicional. San Trifecta of Success for Reducing Francisco, CA: EII; Bogor, Indonésia: Commodity-Driven Deforestation: CIFOR; Boulder, CO: GCF-TF. Assessing the Intersection of REDD+ 28 M. de los Rios, O. David, A.C. Crisostomo, Programs, Jurisdictional Approaches, C. Stickler. 2018. “Maranhão, Brasil” and Private Sector Commitments. em C. Stickler et al. (Eds.), O Estado Retrieved from https://www.mdpi. de Sustentabilidade Jurisdicional. San com/1999-4907/9/10/609 Francisco, CA: EII; Bogor, Indonesia: 17 Jurisdictional Approaches CIFOR; Boulder, CO: GCF-TF. Resource Hub (n.d.). Available at 29 D. Nepstad, C. Stickler, O. Carvalho, https://jaresourcehub.org/ M. Leal, J. Shimada, O. David, A. 18 Landscale (n.d.). Available at: Ribeiro. 2018. “Mato Grosso, Brasil” https://www.landscale.org/ em C. Stickler et al. (Eds.), O Estado de Sustentabilidade Jurisdicional. San 19 SourceUp (n.d.). Available Francisco, CA: EII; Bogor, Indonesia: at: https://sourceup.org/ CIFOR; Boulder, CO: GCF-TF faq?mc_cid=60ac6827db&mc_ eid=%5bUNIQID%5d 30 F. Brandão, C. Chan, T. Moreira, F. Fonseca, D. McGrath. 2018. “Pará, Brasil” 20 The Commodities / Jurisdiction em C. Stickler et al. (Eds.), O Estado Approach (n.d.). Available at: do Sustentabilidade Jurisdicional. San https://commoditiesjurisdictions. Francisco, CA: EII; Bogor, Indonesia: wordpress.com/ CIFOR; Boulder, CO: GCF-TF.

32 31 T. Bezerra e O. David. 2018. “Rondônia, FIGURES Brasil” em C. Stickler et al. (Eds.), O Estado de Sustentabilidade Jurisdicional. 1 Proforest (2016, August 05). Introduction San Francisco, CA: EII; Bogor, Indonésia: to landscape or jurisdictional initiatives CIFOR; Boulder, CO: GCF-TF. in commodity agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.proforest.net/ 32 Daniel Turner (2020, March 27). resources/publications/introduction-to- Helping companies use data to drive landscape-or-jurisdictional-initiatives- down forest loss. Retrieved from in-commodity-agriculture-13543/ https://www.cdp.net/en/articles/ forests/helping-companies-use- 2 Umunay et al. (2018, October 02). data-to-drive-down-forest-loss Trifecta of Success for Reducing Commodity-Driven Deforestation: 33 Observatório do Clima (2020). Assessing the Intersection of REDD+ Greenhouse Gas Emission and Removal Programs, Jurisdictional Approaches, Estimating System (SEEG). Retrieved and Private Sector Commitments. from http://plataforma.seeg.eco.br/map Retrieved from https://www.mdpi. com/1999-4907/9/10/609

GRAPHS 1 Elaborated by the authors based on the CDP database. 2 Elaborated by the authors based on the CDP database. 3 Elaborated by the authors based on the CDP database. 4 Elaborated by the authors based on the CDP database.

TABLES 1 Elaborated by the leading organizations of the initiatives. 2 Elaborated by the authors based on the CDP database. 3 Elaborated by the authors based on references 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35.

33 CDP

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Gustavo Souza Senior Policy Manager [email protected]

Miriam Garcia Senior Policy Analyst [email protected]

Fernanda Coletti Corporations and Supply Chains Analyst [email protected]

Antonio Marques da Ouro Cities, States and Regions Intern [email protected]

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