DOCSLIB.ORG

JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES an Analysis of Brazil's States and Companies Contribution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES an Analysis of Brazil's States and Companies Contribution JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES An analysis of Brazil's states and companies contribution March, 2021 Photo: Istock Getty Images1 Contents 04 Executive Summary 07 Jurisdictional approaches and the climate action agenda 13 Jurisdictional approach: current enablers 19 Overview of the jurisdictional approaches in Brazilian states of the Legal Amazon 26 Overview of the performance of Brazilian companies in jurisdictional approaches 29 Recommendations for policymakers and jurisdictional approach stakeholders 31 References Authors Importan notices The contents of this report may be used by anyone, provided acknowledgement Miriam Garcia is given to CDP. This does not represent a license to repackage or resell any of the data reported to CDP or the contributing authors and presented in this Fernanda Coletti report. If you intend to repackage or resell any of the contents of this report, you need to obtain express permission from CDP before doing so. CDP has pre- Andreia Banhe pared the data and analysis in this report based on responses to the CDP 2020 Gustavo Souza information request. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given by CDP as to the accuracy or completeness of the information and opinions Antonio Ouro contained in this report. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. To the extent permitted by law, CDP does not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to Visual design act, in reliance on the information contained in this report or for any decision based upon it. All information and views expressed herein by CDP are based Thiago Oliveira Basso on their judgment at the time of this report and are subject to change without notice due to economic, political, industry and firm-specific factors. Guest com- mentaries included in this report reflect the views of their respective authors; their inclusion is not an endorsement of them. CDP, their affiliated member firms Acknowledgements or companies, or their respective shareholders, members, partners, principals, directors, officers and/or employees, may have a position in the securities of the Pietro Bertazzi companies discussed herein. The securities of the companies mentioned in this document may not be eligible for sale in some states or countries, nor suitable Rebeca Lima for all types of investors; their value and the income they produce may fluctuate Sareh Forouzesh and/or be adversely affected by exchange rates. CDP refers to CDP North Ameri- ca Inc., a not–for-profit organization with 501(c)3 charitable status in the US and Helen Finlay CDP Worldwide, a registered charity (number 1122330) and a company limited by guarantee, registered in England number 05013650. Nadia Bishai Silvia Abruscato This research included in this report was mode possible through funding by Wal- mart Foundation. The findings, conclusions, and recommendations presented in this report are those of CDP alone, and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Walmart Foundation. © 2021 CDP. All rights reserved. 2 Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 3 Executive Summary The objective of this policy brief is of the medium and long-term results to present the most recent develop- and the impacts of these initiatives. ments on jurisdictional approach- However, the specialized literature es, with a focus on jurisdictional has highlighted several benefits in initiatives in commodity producing building collaborative partnerships regions. Jurisdictional approach is an between the public sector, mainly umbrella concept with several defini- at subnational level, and the private tions. Those definitions have at least sector on the issues of forestry and the following elements in common: land use. jurisdictional approaches (i) bring together all relevant stakeholders The potential results of jurisdictional from a landscape defined by politi- approaches can help Brazil to comply cal boundaries that are usually at the with its Nationally Determined Contri- local government level, (ii) co-develop bution (NDC) submitted to the United and align objectives aimed at promot- Nations Framework Convention on ing sustainable practices within the Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as jurisdiction, and (iii) exhibit strong supporting local authorities and com- subnational government leadership. panies to meet their voluntary climate This policy brief presents a mapping action targets - such as the New York of the status of the implementation Declaration on Forests (NYDF) or the of these initiatives in Brazil, based Rio Branco Declaration of the Gover- on the analysis of the information nors for Climate and Forests Forum submitted by states and corporations Task Force (GCF Task Force). to CDP in 2020. The data analyzed shed light on the implementation of In the first section, the report intro- jurisdictional approaches in the Bra- duces the concept of a jurisdictional zilian states of the Legal Amazon, approach. An analysis is then made including the different governance of the different initiatives centred on arrangements for these initiatives, the concept of a jurisdictional ap- and how they can contribute to re- proach. The third section presents ducing deforestation rates. the main data related to the subject of forestry that the states within the The concept of a jurisdictional ap- Brazilian Legal Amazon provided to proach is relatively new in the inter- CDP. The results regarding the imple- national community. The first case mentation of jurisdictional approach- in Brazil dates from the launch of es by companies are discussed in the Produce, Conserve and Include the fourth section. Finally, the Policy (PCI) Strategy by the state of Mato Brief gives recommendations for the Grosso in 2015. Data is therefore still different stakeholders involved in ju- limited for a more in-depth analysis risdictional approaches. 4 Key Takeaways STATES COMPANIES Of the nine states in the Jurisdictional initiatives can Brazilian Legal Amazon, seven be part of a company’s toolkit responded that they are aware for achieving sustainable of, and are implementing, supply chains. Businesses jurisdictional approaches, and can expand their sustainable one state is still developing practices by engaging in its jurisdictional approach. jurisdictional approaches, allowing them to increase The financial resources coming their environmental actions. from international cooperation, such as the Reduced Emissions In 2020, 687 companies voluntarily from Deforestation and Forest disclosed their information on Degradation (REDD+) program, impacts, risks and opportunities are essential to support states related to forests, by responding in implementing forest policies to CDP’s forests questionnaire. and jurisdictional approaches. Of these companies, 47 are However, there is a need for Brazilian, approximately 7% of conceptual clarity to differentiate the total CDP forest sample, jurisdictional REDD+ systems and which at the request of investors jurisdictional approach initiatives or customers shared forest- in commodity producing regions. related information on their performance and commitments The participation of states in multi- on commodities driving stakeholder initiatives, such as global tropical deforestation. the Governor’s Climate and Forest Approximately one third of the Task Force (GCF), proved to be 47 companies analysed have fundamental both in raising funds participated in external initiatives, from international cooperation and seeking collaboration to solve in implementing forest policies. issues related to deforestation. The state of Mato Grosso, The Brazilian companies analysed through the Produce, Conserve have participated more widely and Include (PCI) Strategy, is in forums and multi-stakeholder one of the world’s pioneers in initiatives than in jurisdictional implementing a jurisdictional approaches, highlighting the approach. Leadership on this need for corporate actions, issue can have a catalytic effect jointly with the government, in on the development of initiatives the regions where they operate. in other states in the region. 5 Jurisdictional Approaches Photo: Istock Getty Images 6 JURISDICTIONAL APPROACHES AND THE CLIMATE ACTION AGENDA Forests play a dual role on the climate the characteristics of each region, are agenda. On the one hand, the change essential requirements for initiatives in land use, resulting from deforesta- aimed at reversing forest loss. In this tion among other causes of forest sense, jurisdictional approaches ap- loss, represents the leading cause pear to be complementary to volun- of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions tary individual and sectorial private in Brazil(1). On the other hand, forests sector responses - such as the cor- act as natural carbon reservoirs con- porate commitments to eliminate de- tributing to the mitigation of climate forestation from commodity supply change. In addition to carbon seques- chains. It is important to emphasize tration, conserved natural areas are that it is not a question of denying crucial for other ecosystem services sectorial and voluntary actions or such as food provision and regula- proposing a definitive solution to tion of the hydrological cycle, among a complex issue. On the contrary, others(2). by placing local authorities at the center of governance, jurisdictional The causes of deforestation are mul- approaches recognize the specifics tifaceted, with both direct factors,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Icthyofauna from Streams of Barro Alto and Niquelândia, Upper Tocantins River Basin, Goiás State, Brazil
    Icthyofauna from streams of Barro Alto and Niquelândia, upper Tocantins River Basin, Goiás State, Brazil THIAGO B VIEIRA¹*, LUCIANO C LAJOVICK², CAIO STUART3 & ROGÉRIO P BASTOS4 ¹ Laboratório de Ictiologia de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Para – LIA UFPA e Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação – PPGBC, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Campus Altamira. Rua Coronel José Porfírio 2515, São Sebastião, Altamira, PA. CEP 68372-040, Brasil; [email protected] ² Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, UFG, Caixa postal 131, Goiânia, GO, Brasil, CEP 74001-970. [email protected] 3 Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais e Ações IPAAC Rua 34 qd a24 Lt 21a Jardim Goiás Goiânia - Goiás CEP 74805-370. [email protected] 4 Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, UFG, Caixa postal 131, Goiânia, GO, Brasil, CEP 74001-970. [email protected] *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: In face of the accelerated degradation of streams located within the Brazilian Cerrado, the knowledge of distribution patterns is very important to aid conservation strategies. The aim of this work is to increase the knowledge of the stream’s fish fauna in the State of Goiás, Brazil. 12 streams from the municipalities of Barro Alto and Niquelândia were sampled with trawl nets. During this study, 1247 fishes belonging to 27 species, 11 families, and three orders were collected. Characiformes comprised 1164 specimens of the sampled fishes, the most abundant order, while Perciformes was the less abundant order, with 17 collected specimens. Perciformes fishes were registered only in streams from Niquelândia. Astyanax elachylepis, Bryconops alburnoides and Astyanax aff.
    [Show full text]
  • Tocantins, Brazil
    Tocantins, Brazil Jurisdictional indicators brief State area: 277,721 km² (3.26% of Brazil) Original forest area: 39,853 km² Current forest area (2019): 9,964 km² (3.6% of Tocantins) Yearly deforestation (2019) 23 km² Yearly deforestation rate (2019) 0.23% Interannual deforestation change -8% (2018-2019) Accumulated deforestation (2001-2019): 1,800 km² Protected conservation areas: 38,548 km² (13.9% of Tocantins) Carbon stocks (2015): 62 millions tons (above ground biomass) Representative crops (2018): Sugarcane (3,106,492 tons); Soybean (2,667,936 tons); Rice (659,809 tons) Value of agricultural production (2016): $1,152,935,462 USD More on jurisdictional sustainability State of jurisdictional sustainability Index: Forest and people | Deforestation | Burned area | Emissions from deforestation | Livestock | Agriculture | Aquaculture Forest and people In 2019, the estimated area of tropical forest in the state of Tocantins was 9,964 km2, equivalent to 3.6% of the state’s total area, and to 0.3% of the tropical forest remaining in the nine states of the Brazilian legal Amazon. The total accumulated forest lost during the period 2001-2019 was 1,800 km2, equivalent to 16.1% of the forest area remaining in 2001. Tocantins concentrated about 0.2% of the carbon reserves stored in the biomass of the Brazilian tropical forest (about 62 mt C as of 2019). a b 100% 3.6% of the state is covered with forest DRAFT80% 60% 0.3% of Brazilian tropical forest area 40% 20% 0.2% of Brazilian tropical forest carbon stock 3.6% 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2001 2019 No forest (%) Deforestation (%) Forest (%) Figure 1: a) forest share and b) transition of forest to deforestation over the last years There were 1.6 million people living in Tocantins as of 2020, distributed in 19 municipalities, with 0.3 million people living in the capital city of Palmas.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Economy in Amapá State, Brazil Progress and Perspectives
    Green economy in Amapá State, Brazil Progress and perspectives Virgilio Viana, Cecilia Viana, Ana Euler, Maryanne Grieg-Gran and Steve Bass Country Report Green economy Keywords: June 2014 green growth; green economy policy; environmental economics; participation; payments for environmental services About the author Virgilio Viana is Chief Executive of the Fundação Amazonas Sustentável (Sustainable Amazonas Foundation) and International Fellow of IIED Cecilia Viana is a consultant and a doctoral student at the Center for Sustainable Development, University of Brasília Ana Euler is President-Director of the Amapá State Forestry Institute and Researcher at Embrapa-AP Maryanne Grieg-Gran is Principal Researcher (Economics) at IIED Steve Bass is Head of IIED’s Sustainable Markets Group Acknowledgements We would like to thank the many participants at the two seminars on green economy in Amapá held in Macapá in March 2012 and March 2013, for their ideas and enthusiasm; the staff of the Fundação Amazonas Sustentável for organising the trip of Amapá government staff to Amazonas; and Laura Jenks of IIED for editorial and project management assistance. The work was made possible by financial support to IIED from UK Aid; however the opinions in this paper are not necessarily those of the UK Government. Produced by IIED’s Sustainable Markets Group The Sustainable Markets Group drives IIED’s efforts to ensure that markets contribute to positive social, environmental and economic outcomes. The group brings together IIED’s work on market governance, business models, market failure, consumption, investment and the economics of climate change. Published by IIED, June 2014 Virgilio Viana, Cecilia Viana, Ana Euler, Maryanne Grieg-Gran and Steve Bass.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Distancing Measures in the Fight Against COVID-19 in Brazil
    ARTIGO ARTICLE Medidas de distanciamento social para o enfrentamento da COVID-19 no Brasil: caracterização e análise epidemiológica por estado Social distancing measures in the fight against COVID-19 in Brazil: description and epidemiological analysis by state Lara Lívia Santos da Silva 1 Alex Felipe Rodrigues Lima 2 Medidas de distanciamiento social para el Démerson André Polli 3 Paulo Fellipe Silvério Razia 1 combate a la COVID-19 en Brasil: caracterización Luis Felipe Alvim Pavão 4 y análisis epidemiológico por estado Marco Antônio Freitas de Hollanda Cavalcanti 5 Cristiana Maria Toscano 1 doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00185020 Resumo Correspondência L. L. S. Silva Universidade Federal de Goiás. Medidas de distanciamento social vêm sendo amplamente adotadas para mi- Rua 235 s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO tigar a pandemia da COVID-19. No entanto, pouco se sabe quanto ao seu 74605-050, Brasil. impacto no momento da implementação, abrangência e duração da vigência [email protected] das medidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as medidas de distan- 1 ciamento social implementadas pelas Unidades da Federação (UF) brasileiras, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil. 2 Instituto Mauro Borges de Estatística e Estudos incluindo o tipo de medida e o momento de sua adoção. Trata-se de um estudo Socioeconômicos, Goiânia, Brasil. descritivo com caracterização do tipo, momento cronológico e epidemiológico 3 Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil. da implementação e abrangência das medidas. O levantamento das medidas 4 Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional, Brasília, Brasil. foi realizado por meio de buscas em sites oficiais das Secretarias de Governo 5 Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
    [Show full text]
  • Typhlobelus Macromycterus ERSS
    Typhlobelus macromycterus (a catfish, no common name) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, December 2016 Revised, December 2018 Web Version, 8/30/2019 1 Native Range, and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2018): “South America: Tocantins River near Tucuruí, Pará, Brazil.” Status in the United States Typhlobelus macromycterus has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. No information was found on trade of T. macromycterus in the United States. Means of Introductions in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. Remarks From Schaefer et al. (2005): “Costa and Bockmann [1994] based their description of Typhlobelus macromycterus on a single specimen from the Rio Tocantins of Brazil” 2 Biology and Ecology Taxonomic Hierarchy and Taxonomic Standing From Eschmeyer et al. (2018): “Current status: Valid as Typhlobelus macromycterus Costa & Bockmann 1994.” From ITIS (2018): “Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Osteichthyes Class Actinopterygii Subclass Neopterygii Infraclass Teleostei Superorder Ostariophysi Order Siluriformes Family Trichomycteridae Subfamily Glanapteryginae Genus Typhlobelus Species Typhlobelus macromycterus Costa and Bockmann, 1994” Size, Weight, and Age Range From Froese and Pauly (2018): “Max length : 2.2 cm SL male/unsexed [de Pínna and Wosiacki, 2003]” Environment From Froese
    [Show full text]
  • The Relevance of the Cerrado's Water
    THE RELEVANCE OF THE CERRADO’S WATER RESOURCES TO THE BRAZILIAN DEVELOPMENT Jorge Enoch Furquim Werneck Lima1; Euzebio Medrado da Silva1; Eduardo Cyrino Oliveira-Filho1; Eder de Souza Martins1; Adriana Reatto1; Vinicius Bof Bufon1 1 Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020, km 18, Planaltina, Federal District, Brazil, 70670-305. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT: The Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) is the second largest Brazilian biome (204 million hectares) and due to its location in the Brazilian Central Plateau it plays an important role in terms of water production and distribution throughout the country. Eight of the twelve Brazilian hydrographic regions receive water from this Biome. It contributes to more than 90% of the discharge of the São Francisco River, 50% of the Paraná River, and 70% of the Tocantins River. Therefore, the Cerrado is a strategic region for the national hydropower sector, being responsible for more than 50% of the Brazilian hydroelectricity production. Furthermore, it has an outstanding relevance in the national agricultural scenery. Despite of the relatively abundance of water in most of the region, water conflicts are beginning to arise in some areas. The objective of this paper is to discuss the economical and ecological relevance of the water resources of the Cerrado. Key-words: Brazilian savanna; water management; water conflicts. INTRODUCTION The Cerrado is the second largest Brazilian biome in extension, with about 204 million hectares, occupying 24% of the national territory approximately. Its largest portion is located within the Brazilian Central Plateau which consists of higher altitude areas in the central part of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Bulletin
    BULLETIN 18 July 31, 2020 Covid-19: Samuele Schirò/pixabay Public Policies and Society’s Responses Quality information for refining public policies and saving lives Policy Briefing Note 18 Pandemic remains severe, public policies fail, and compliance to social distancing decreases. Brazilian tragedy quickly approaches the 100,000 deaths mark. New actions are necessary Conclusions • Over 660 thousand lives have been lost and 17 million people have been infected around the world, equivalent to the population of the Netherlands or Ecuador. With almost 100,000 lives lost, Brazil has the second-highest death toll in the world. • AllBrazilianstates,withoutexception,areatthehighestriskstageswhenclassifiedunderthecriteria of the Harvard Global Health Institute, measured by the 7-day average of new Covid-19 cases. • 25 states relaxed social distancing measures between May and July. Several state governors have relaxed their policies even with rising infection and death rates, with the 7-day average new daily deaths at least 100% higher in June than in May in 17 states. • TestingdataandstateexpendituresconfirmthatmostBrazilianstateshavechosentouseserological tests, also known as rapid tests, not considered the optimal option for accurate diagnoses and controlling the pandemic. • Public policies adopted by the states were not part of integrated strategies grounded in mass testing programs and tracing infected individuals and their personal contacts. • Regularproductionanddisclosureofdatabythestateshaveimproved,albeitstillinsufficientto design and implement high-quality public policies. 1 Solidary Research Network - Bulletin 18 July 31, 2020 • There was a gradual decline in compliance with stay-at-home orders by the population. Mobility levels in July remained practically the same from mid-March levels. • The omission of the Federal Government in drafting a national strategy remains at the root of the states’ disarticulated responses and community behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of the Amazon: Brazil, the United States, and the Nature of A
    IN SEARCH OF THE AMAZON AMERICAN ENCOUNTERS/GLOBAL INTERACTIONS A series edited by Gilbert M. Joseph and Emily S. Rosenberg This series aims to stimulate critical perspectives and fresh interpretive frameworks for scholarship on the history of the imposing global pres- ence of the United States. Its primary concerns include the deployment and contestation of power, the construction and deconstruction of cul- tural and political borders, the fluid meanings of intercultural encoun- ters, and the complex interplay between the global and the local. American Encounters seeks to strengthen dialogue and collaboration between histo- rians of U.S. international relations and area studies specialists. The series encourages scholarship based on multiarchival historical research. At the same time, it supports a recognition of the represen- tational character of all stories about the past and promotes critical in- quiry into issues of subjectivity and narrative. In the process, American Encounters strives to understand the context in which meanings related to nations, cultures, and political economy are continually produced, chal- lenged, and reshaped. IN SEARCH OF THE AMAzon BRAZIL, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE NATURE OF A REGION SETH GARFIELD Duke University Press Durham and London 2013 © 2013 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Scala by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in - Publication Data Garfield, Seth. In search of the Amazon : Brazil, the United States, and the nature of a region / Seth Garfield. pages cm—(American encounters/global interactions) Includes bibliographical references and index.
    [Show full text]
  • O Pronaf No Município De Tocantins-Mg
    ELIAA DE OLIVEIRA MARQUES O PRONAF NO MUNICÍPIO DE TOCANTINS-MG: UM ESTUDO A PARTIR DAS MOTIVAÇÕES DOS AGRICULTORES FAMILIARES PARA CONTRATAR RECURSOS DO PROGRAMA Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Extensão Rural, para obtenção do título de “ Magister Scientiae ”. VIÇOSA MIAS GERAIS – BRASIL 2009 ELIAA DE OLIVEIRA MARQUES O PRONAF NO MUNICÍPIO DE TOCANTINS-MG: UM ESTUDO A PARTIR DAS MOTIVAÇÕES DOS AGRICULTORES FAMILIARES PARA CONTRATAR RECURSOS DO PROGRAMA Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Extensão Rural, para obtenção do título de “ Magister Scientiae ”. APROVADA: 31 de julho de 2009. Profa. Fernanda Henrique Cupertino Profa. France Maria Gontijo Coelho (Co-Orientadora) Prof. Franklin Daniel Rothman Profa. Vera Lúcia Travençolo Muniz Prof. Marcelo Miná Dias (Orientador) “Ninguém liberta ninguém; Ninguém se liberta sozinho; Os homens se libertam em comunhão”. Paulo Freire A Joaquim de Oliveira Marques. Dedico. AGRADECIMETOS Primeiramente a Deus, responsável pela nossa existência. À Universidade Federal de Viçosa, ao Departamento de Economia Rural, especialmente ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Extensão Rural. Ao meu orientador Dr. Marcelo Miná Dias pela paciência, pelas contribuições e pela amizade. À Profª. Ana Louise e à Margarete pela participação na banca de defesa do projeto. À Profª. France Maria Gontijo e Profª. Nora Beatriz Presno Amodeo pelas valiosas contribuições como Co-Orientadoras deste trabalho. Aos Professores Franklin Daniel Rotman, Vera Lúcia Travençolo Muniz e Fernanda Henrique Cupertino pelas valiosas contribuições. A todos os funcionários do Departamento de Economia Rural pela presteza e pelo acolhimento.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 the North- Lost in the Amazon
    BRAZIL Chapter 3 The North- Lost in the Amazon Have you ever heard about Amazon rainforest? Let us learn together! The equatorial North, also known as the Amazon or Amazônia, is Brazil's largest region with total landmass of 3,869,638 square kilometers, covering 45.3 percent of the national territory. Way too big and enormous!! It is also the least inhabited part of the country. 31 BRAZIL The region has the largest rainforest of the world and is called Amazon. The word Amazon refers to the women warriors who once fought in inter-tribe in ancient times in this region of today's North Region of Brazil. It is also the name of one of the major river that passes through Brazil and flows eastward into South Atlantic. This river is also the largest of the world in terms of water carried in it. There are also numerous other rivers in the area. It is one fifth of all the earth's fresh water reserves. There are two main Amazonian cities: Manaus, capital of the State of Amazonas, and Belém, capital of the State of Pará. 32 BRAZIL Over half of the Amazon rainforest( more than 60 per cent) is located in Brazil but it is also located in other South American countries including Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Bolivia, Suriname and French Guiana. The Amazon is home to around two and a half million different insect species as well as over 40000 plant species. There are also a number of dangerous species living in the Amazon rainforest such as the “Onça Pintada” (Brazilian Puma) and anaconda.
    [Show full text]
  • Carlos Souza Jr.; Márcio Sales & Adalberto Veríssimo (Imazon)
    Sanae Hayashi; Carlos Souza Jr.; Márcio Sales & Adalberto Veríssimo (Imazon) ABSTRACT In September 2010, SAD detected 170 square kilometers of deforestation in Legal Amazon. This represented a 21% reduction in relation to September 2009 when the deforestation reached 216 square kilometers. The accumulated deforestation from August 2010 to September 2010 has totalized 380 square kilometers. Comparing with the previous period from August 2009 to September 2009 when the deforestation reached 489 square kilometers there was a reduction of 22%. In September 2010 approximately 48% of deforestation occurred in Mato Grosso. The rest occurred in (18%) followed by Rondônia (14%), Amazonas (11%), Acre (7%), Roraima (1%) and Tocantins (1%). The accumulated deforestation from August 2010 to September 2010 resulted in a commitment of 6 million tons of C02 equivalents, which are subject to direct and future emissions by burning and decomposition. It represents a reduction of 25% in relation to the previous period (August 2009 to September 2009) when forest carbon affected by deforestation was about 29 million tons of C02 equivalent. The degraded forests in Legal Amazon totaled 500 square kilometers in September 2010. Comparing with the previous period of September 2009 there was an increase of 141% when the forest degradation totaled 202 square kilometers. The Forest degradation occurred especially in Mato Grosso (85%). The forest degradation accumulated from August 2010 to September 2010 totaled 2.055 square kilometers. It represented an extremely expressive increase (213%) comparing with the previous period (August 2009 to September 2009) when the forest degradation totaled 657 square kilometers. In September 2010, it was possible to monitor with SAD 83% of the area with forest coverage in Legal Amazon.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporary Measures to Deter the Spread of COVID-19 in Brazil
    March 30, 2020 Temporary Measures to Deter the Spread of COVID-19 in Brazil I. Brazilian declaration of public health 20, there were already 977 confirmed emergency. The World Health Organization cases in Brazil and 11 confirmed deaths. declared COVID-19 a Public Health Bearing in mind this crisis scenario, the Emergency of International Importance on Brazilian Congress decreed that the January 30, 2020. The Brazilian government, situation in Brazil had reached a "Public in Act No. 188/GM/ MS, declared the Calamity State." outbreak a Public Health Emergency of National Importance on February 4 and, in Federal Law No. 13,979/2020, established III. Temporary measures to deter the measures to deal with the emergency. On spread of COVID-19. After that, the March 12, the Brazilian government president enacted Decree No. 10,282/2020 published Act No. 356/2020, which provides (“Decree”) and Provisional Measure No. for the regulation and implementation of 926/2020 (“Provisional Measure”) measures to deal with the COVID-19 establishing measures such as quarantines coronavirus as a public health emergency. and social distancing to fight the spread of the coronavirus in Brazil. On March 22, Brazilian President, Jair Bolsonaro, enacted a Provisional Measure (“MP No. 927/2020”) which establishes a IV. Essential activities. The Decree series of labor-related alternatives and establishes that “essential activities” are the measures to be taken during the state of ones crucial to meeting Brazilian society's emergency caused by the spread of Covid- most urgent needs during this pandemic. 19. These include allowing employers and Because non-performance of the activities employees to execute a written agreement referenced may endanger the population's to ensure the maintenance of employment health and safety, these essential activities relationships, which shall overrule any other may continue subject to appropriate health law or collective bargaining agreement, and safety considerations.
    [Show full text]