DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI European Union European Italy |Italy’s military policy |Military budget |Military missions |NATO | defence policy. of theItalian Armed Forces and,ultimately, Italy’s foreign and and its significant implications for the operational capability provide abetterunderstandingof Italian military training, and Communication Technologies (ICT). Themaingoal isto technological innovation, especially inthefield of Information training of Italian Armed Forces arediscussedinlight of EU andNATO). Finally, challenges andopportunities for the of theItalian Armed Forces (with particular attention tothe deriving from thedecrease intheinternational deployment trends indefence expenditure for trainingandtheimplications makers and public opinion. Second, thestudy examinesthe of training,often ignored or underestimated bydecision- the analysis evaluates the strategic andoperational relevance fundamental aspect for thefuture of theItalian military. First, “Cinderella” of theItalian defence debate, it represents a Even though the training of theItalian Armed Forces isthe Abstract and Michele Nones by Alessandro R.Ungaro, Alessandro Marrone Challenges andOpportunities and Italian Armed Forces Training: Technological Innovation keywords DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI 2 * aircraft and aircraft carriers. If you have thousands of pieces of equipment and their disposal – from rifles or night-vision devices to armoured vehicles, fighter commissioned officers andregular soldiers intheuse of all theequipment at adequate trainingfor pilots, sailors and,ingeneral, all commissioned andnon- staff themsufficient toclaim effective amphibious capabilities. Whatisneeded of ships, amphibious assault platforms as well as Navy and Army personnel to pilots are not enough to exhibit helicopter capability, nor are acertainnumber but inwhat theyproduce. In other words, several hundred helicopters and military operational capability lies notultimately inthesumof its components, Armed Forces’ recent history andwill in theirfuture. Indeed, themeasureof the In true Cinderella-style, however, training hasalso played thehero intheItalian but also insteepdeclineover thelastthreeyears. percentage of allotted fundingnotonly drastically below NATO country standards, the “Cinderella” of theItalian defence budget for more thanadecadenow, with its case of theF-35s isanexample. It iseven more alarming that traininghasbeen and, especially mostrecently, on major procurement programmes of which the while preferring to focus primarily on Italy’s participation in international missions debate. Adebate that hasalmost entirely neglected it over thepasttwo decades, The trainingof theItalian Armed Forces is the “Cinderella” of theItalian defence Introduction and Michele Nones* by Alessandro R.Ungaro, Alessandro Marrone Forces Training: Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: . Air Force S Air S General Defence VI, Division S General Navy III, of Division (Chief Credendino B Marco Gen. draft: study to the contributions for their and conference feedback 2014 December 11 of the participants the study. to S the contributions for their Formichetti Giulia and Zan De Tommaso to thank wish authors The of Research. Head is Marrone Alessandro for Nones which and Michele study. The authors assume full and exclusive responsibility for the content for study. the of the responsibility exclusive and full assume authors study. The for the interviewed persons all the to thank wish also authors The of Vitrociset). CEO and (President è il momento delle decisioni”, Rome, 11 December 2014. Translated by Darragh Henegan. Darragh by Translated 2014. December è il momento 11 Rome, delle decisioni”, on armate: delle “Addestramento Forze conference at the Presented opportunities”. and challenges S Alessandro R. Ungaro is a researcher in the IAI S IAI the in aresearcher Ungaro is R. Alessandro tudy prepared within the framework of the research project “Training of Italian Armed Forces: Armed of Italian “Training project research of the framework the within prepared tudy taff), Gen. Roberto Perretti (Chief of Division III, Army General S General Army III, Division of (Chief Perretti Roberto Gen. taff), ertolini (Italian Joint Operations Headquarter Commander), Adm. Enrico Enrico Adm. Commander), Headquarter Joint Operations (Italian ertolini taff), Gen. Maurizio Lodovisi (Chief of Italian Air Force Operations, Operations, Force Air of Italian (Chief Lodovisi Maurizio Gen. taff), taff), Gen. Giuseppe Gimondo (Deputy Chief of Chief (Deputy Gimondo Giuseppe Gen. taff), ecurity and Defence Programme directed by Prof. Prof. by directed Programme Defence and ecurity taff), Dr. Giorgio Zappa Zappa Dr. Giorgio taff), pecial thanks go to thanks pecial DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI 3 training themenandwomen that arethelifeblood of theItalian military instrument. that will largely depend on future decisions toconfront thedifficult challenges of the final analysis, on defence policy. Operational capabilities anddefence policies essential impact on theoperational capability of thecounty’s armedforces and,in to offer ameans for understandingthereality of military trainingin Italy and its of Information andCommunication Technology (ICT). Theultimate objective is least in light of some major technological innovations, particularly in the field of various challenges andopportunities for Italian Armed Forces training,not attention on thecontext of NATO andtheEU. Analysis thengives way todiscussion in Italian Armed Forces’ international deployment and,tothat end,placesparticular to thefinancial situation in Italy andthe multifaceted impact of current reductions which decision-makers andthepublic often overlook or underestimate. It proceeds the Italian Armed Forces departingfrom anassessment of training’s importance, end-point. Thestudy analyses thechallenges and opportunities for thetrainingof Paper for International Security andDefence will mark acrucial juncture,notan rationalisation of theItalian military instrument, of which theupcoming White The present study isintended asacontribution tothedebate on thereform and vertice Interforze, COI). guidance of theItalian Joint Operations Headquarters (Comando Operativo di participated with therepresentatives of 14otherAlliance membersunderthe after two years of preparation, andinwhich 2000Italian Army andAir Force units exercises for meetingNATO standards,such asJoint Eagle 14heldinItaly in2014 laser trackingdata supplied bythat samesoldier. We must consider thecompulsory helicopter providing close airsupport with pinpoint precision according tothe compliance with NATO procedure, sendingcommands inEnglish toaGerman with anight-vision device that identifies atarget hundred yards away and,in firing arifle ata paper target onapractice range. Rather we mustimagineasoldier When wespeakof training,wemust notimaginemerely theimageof asoldier systems” injoint andcombined operations. advanced weapon systemswithin thecontext of even more complex “systems of and EUmembersuch asItaly that useswhat areoften complex andtechnologically determines acountry’s military capability. Thisiseven truer inthecaseof aNATO well-equipped troops on record. Training, therefore, iskey totheproduct that components’ productivity will also benexttonothing,regardless of the190,000 tens of thousandsof menandwomen inuniform, but nexttonotraining,those Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI 4 makers and public opinion.” public and makers of decision- eyes the in issues other with of link its and of security importance the to reduce tends turn, gap, in this and problems), of inherent its understanding and (awareness of defence’ ‘culture inadequate an in lies reason the us? Perhaps causing is crisis Ukraine the damage economic at the but tend do we to one primarily example), is look come from? Why, (and this for example of awareness lack this does “Where particular, in asks, writer The 11e4-aac9-759f094570d5.shtml. http://www.corriere.it/cultura/14_ottobre_21/italia-si-scopre-troppo-filorussa-dc39531e-58e4- military asasetof professionals who, bydefinition, should notrequiresuch cycles for thecontinuous trainingof theItalian Armed Forces, tendingtoidentify the cultural framework: public opinion seemstobeunaware of theintrinsic need A pre-existingconceptual problem continues tocondition andpermeate oursocio- systems procurement programmes, asinthecaseof theF-35s. international missions or theeconomic/financial aspects of certainweapons are all toooften indifferent ascompared with otherconcerns such as leading training isat various levels. Theissue isone towhich even insidersandpoliticians 1 A further consequence of the lack of an adequate national “defence culture,” 1. Training’s importance tothemilitary instrument Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 3 2 Documenti IAI Documenti in Matters”, no matter whether it istheresult of individual intuition, auspicious circumstances for training. Thereason isthat what counts on amission istheoperation’s success, Neither candeployment inanoperational theatre beconsidered avalid substitute naval support. for prolonged periods, supplementing with and/or phasinginground, airand the movement of multiple units in combat scenario across broad surface areas and cannot besummarisedsimply asa“fire fight,” but involves planningandmanaging complex chainof Command andControl (C2)works. Even asingle manoeuvre of what goes into anindividual weapons system,including how adetailed and In particular, leading complex joint andcombined operations requiresknowledge the valuable expertiserequiredat tactical, operational andstrategic levels. military equipment. Thesetrainingactivities serve torefresh,testandassimilate possible international deployment scenarios, and that include theextensive useof differentiated byassigned task, updated relative to operational experience and however, without acontinuing cycle of practical trainingactivities, properly preparation intheinitial stagesof theircareers.Thisbasic trainingisnotsufficient, which all military personnel –but especially officers –are given a complete basic of activities provided through theDefence at joint andsingle service levels, in – ineffect, confusing basic trainingwith practical exercise. The former consists public debate, which lately seemstobegaininggreater, albeit still insufficient, attention inthe

s Corriere della Sera della in Corriere filorussa”, troppo “L’Italia scopre si Panebianco, Angelo Interview conducted in Rome on 17 November 2014. Rome on in 17 November conducted Interview ee, among others, Alessandro Marrone and Paola Tessari, “The Italian Debate on Defence on Defence Debate Italian “The Tessari, Paola and Marrone Alessandro others, among ee, 2 canbeseenintheunderestimation of how crucial armedforces , No. 13|07 (November 2013), http://www.iai.it/en/node/477. 2013), (November , No. 13|07 , 21 October 2014, 2014, October , 21 3 1

DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI 5 of the unexpected on operations. experience built up over a continuous training cycle, that permits management adversary. It isprecisely expertiseinhandling meansandprocedures, andpersonal example, triggering the proper response when underattack and/or trapped byan in caseswhere military operations become more demandingthanpredicted by, for or bestuseof fortuitous circumstances. Training ensuresarmedforces’ resilience at theright moment, cantranslate into acommander’s tactical or strategic intuition attempt. Moreover, it istrainingthat dictates theprocedures andorganisation that, error, andtheonly thingthat matters isachieving thedesiredresult on thefirst tools, even makingmistakes andtryingagain;inthelatter, thereisnoroom for In theformer, thegoal istotestandrefine boththetheoretical approach andthe the difference issimilar tothat betweenalabexperiment andamedical operation. be betterpreparedonce deployed inoperational theatres. Metaphorically speaking, as it leads tohighlighting thegaps and problems that needworking on inorder to collateral damage.” continued, methodical, andrealistic activity that reduces theriskof accidents and in theurbanenvironments of current operational scenarios. Training istherefore a protecting forces andnon-combatants, with thelatter beingincreasingly present deployments. Also, trainingisfundamental inconducting operations while tasks. It considers thepossible scenarios andtheexperience gainedon operational training as“skills in soldiers andunits with aview tobetterfulfilling theassigned 4 are notable toexploit thenetwork of communications andintelligence supplied by Explosive Devices (IED),iftheyhave notbeendrilled inemergencyresponse and protection incombat if they are not trained to deal with the threat of Improvised safest andmostadvanced armouredvehicle cannotalone ensuresoldiers’ adequate training of the former and employment of the latter. Tactically speaking, even the given bytheproduct of its components: human resources andequipment –the As mentioned previously, theoperational capability of themilitary instrument is what its limitations are. of equipment but also allows themtogainfamiliarity with it: how it works and database of previous manoeuvres makes it possible not only totest their knowledge understanding through trial anderror (within reason). Beingable todraw upon a and systems–such ashelicopters or submarines for instance–andthentotesttheir Try toconsider acrew’s needtostudy theworkings of complex weapons platforms Command andControl (C2),planningandsoforth. to challenge andassesstroops’ graspof procedures, tactics, equipment, chainof what counts mostintrainingisnotthesuccess of a testor exercise, but theability or thebestuseof establishedtactical procedures andavailable means.Vice-versa, Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 7 6 5 editoria/Rapporto-Esercito/Pagine/Rapporto-Esercito-2013.aspx.

Idem. Idem. Army Report 2013 Army, Report Army Italian Interview conducted in Rome on 19 November 2014. Rome November on in 19 conducted Interview 7 5 In otherwords, intrainingeven failure isauseful outcome , July 2014, p. 81, http://www.esercito.difesa.it/comunicazione/ , July 81, p. 2014, 6 From this standpoint, the Italian Army defines 4 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI 6 intercettati-cieli-ue-e84279d2-5f98-11e4-a7a8-ad6fbfe5e57a.shtml October 2014, http://www.corriere.it/esteri/14_ottobre_29/nato-lancia-l-allarme-26-caccia-russi- gravity of unauthorised incursions into NATO members’ maritime and airspace those membersthat feel mostthreatened byRussia. In turn,thefrequency and part of NATO’s desiredmessageof deterrence toMoscow, andits reassuranceof Displaying thequality andcontinuity of Allied country armedforces trainingis Action Planandintensification of Allied trainingandexercises inEastern Europe. September 2014produced aseries of important decisions concerning the Readiness It is no accident that the NATO readiness andeffectiveness, particularly those forces trained for rapid response. Crimea bymilitary force sparked aheated debate over theAtlantic Alliance’s true in relations betweenRussia andtheWest. TheRussian Federation’s annexation of and its importance hassignificantly increasedtoday inthecontext of thecrisis applied during the Cold War, it remained valid over the successive two decades 8 main European and/or transatlantic partners. national interests, even when they may not coincide entirely with those of our the effectiveness and credibility of the military in terms of the defence of the international UN, NATO andEU-led missions. Thus, proper trainingdetermines sustain adequate military capability ifnecessary, bothon national soil andon tasks, especially since what isat stake isItaly’s capacity torapidly deploy and Training is therefore fundamental to the armed forces’ completion of its assigned the current andongoing economic crisis. analysis, must beeffective andefficient despite the budget limitations imposedby changing international scenario andoperational needs,andtherefore, inthefinal military asawhole must bepreparedandreasonably flexible in order toadapt tothe – along with theotherlandplatforms operating inthetheatre. At strategic level, the myriad othersources –helicopters, mannedandunmanned vehicles andsatellites Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 11 10 9 properly trainedforces. Thisdeterrencemechanismisnotonly theoretical. on anadversary’s assessment of themassusceptible todefeat or obstruction by hostile actors bydiscouragingpotential offensive or aggressive actions based of peace and, therefore, influences the strategic calculations of real or potential the needtouseforce. Thisrendersthethreat of theuseof force credible intimes military operational capability and guarantee a rapid and satisfactory response to undertaken asamemberof NATO. In general, trainingisnecessarytomaintain ensure thedefence of theEuro-Atlantic areainaccordance with thecommitments effective deployment of the Italian Armed Forces in operational theatres, isto as it relates toforeign anddefence policy, albeit aless obvious one thanthe framework. particular, thequality of theirrapid response trainingwithin ajoint andcombined is Moscow’s way of testingtheoperational capabilities of theAllied forces and, in

What’s more, it goes back a long way: consider the Latin motto “ motto Latin the consider along way: back it more, goes What’s Interview conducted in Rome on 17 November 2014. Rome on in 17 November conducted Interview Interview conducted in Rome on 19 November 2014. Rome November on in 19 conducted Interview Corriere della Sera della Corriere europei”, in cieli nei intercettati russi caccia l’allarme: 26 Nato lancia “La 11 S ummit of Heads of 8 Another key function of training, S i vis pacem para bellum”. para pacem i vis State and Government in 9 Widely , 29 , 29 10

DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI 7 the short-term andwith limited resources. stabilisation andreconstruction. Theopposite would notbepossible, at least over acquire thosecapabilities for low-intensity operations such aspeace-keeping, and drilled inworst-case scenarios can,through specific targetedtraining,easily an escalation toward conventional conflict. Fully preparedarmed forces, trained and propaganda, asinthecaseof Crimea–one also capable, however, of steering mix of conventional armedforces, support for local militias, covert operations with technological developments, particularly inICT. Thereisacontinuing trend context, operational experience andavailable financing,but must also keep pace Additionally, trainingisobliged toevolve inlight of notonly theinternational tragically witnessed bythe54Italians who lost theirlives intheAfghan theatre. insurgency operations inAfghanistan andtheirheavy combat component, afact permissive environment – can certainly notbe compared with subsequent counter- the 1990s and in Lebanon in the 1980s, which took place during ceasefire and in a missions –theItalian Army’s peacekeeping operations inBosniaandKosovo in and adversaries. Even Italy’s recent history of participation ininternational experiences into believing that future scenarios will consist of similar challenges Nevertheless, it isnecessarytoavoid beingdeceived by thelatest operational cooperation, must provide input for thetrainingof theItalian Armed Forces. framework, handling delicate andcomplex situations requiringcivilian/military adversaries insemi-permissive environments, interacting injoint andcombined considered. It isclear that experience on theground confronting certain threats and It iswithin thisframework that “lessons learned” intheoperational theatre must be surgery without placingthepatient’s life at very serious risk. knowing only how to remove an appendix is not enough to perform open-heart surgery: once trained for open-heart surgery, it is easy to take out an appendix, but intensity. Metaphorically speaking,it islike trainingamedical teamfor thoracic by the Italian Army on international missions that were not considered high- latter sort, moreover, wasconducted on many occasions inIraq andAfghanistan conventional forces. case” scenarios – against an adversary with well-equipped and well-trained must beconcentrated inhigh intensity operations –otherwiseknown as“worse- training critical tocovering thefull spectrumof possible military operations, andit or indirectly involving theprincipal regional powers. Thismakes continued situation that has,moreover, seenthereturntoEurope of anarmedconflict directly The aimof deterrenceismadeeven more important by adeteriorating international Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 14 13 12 helicopters, airborne troops andintegrated airandground manoeuvres. operation cannot be improvised, nor can an airborne operation involving assault (Quaderni IAI 13), http://www.iai.it/en/node/2158. 13), IAI (Quaderni elicotteri duali nel campo della sicurezza edifesa duali sicurezza della campo nel elicotteri Idem.

Interview conducted in Rome on 17 and 19 November 2014. November Rome 19 on in 17 and conducted Interview Gli Gli Nones (eds.), Michele and Marrone Alessandro italiano”, in caso Ungaro, “Il R. Alessandro 12 An adversary capable of adopting a“hybrid” warstrategy , Rome, Nuova Cultura, S Nuova, Rome, Cultura, 13 Thetrainingneededfor anamphibious eptember 2014, p. 35-72 p. 2014, eptember 14 This DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI 8 can beproperly exploited while fully involving themilitary andindustrial spheres. should bereviewed within amore synergetic context inwhich the“services world” relationship that still appears totypifythearmedforces-industry relationship between thearmedforces, industry andthelegislative system.Theclient-supplier at least on paper. consideration even though its importance andvalue have beenacknowledged, developed andabsorbed, traininginthat sector seemstosuffer from insufficient Italian context, however, apart from afew successful achievements currently being technological advancement of the military instrument and its capabilities. In the in general, isandwill continue tobeone of theareasthat mostdeterminesthe and with full knowledge of theweapon’s specifications. Thisisin order toengage helicopter or otheraircraft crewincompliance with specific NATO procedures where eachground platoon commander hastobeable togive instructions tothe possible. Thisconcept canbeapplied, for example, toClose Air S to employ themwhile also reducing theriskof collateral damagetotheextent (PMG), for example –but also military personnel’s complete understandingof how not only theuseof advanced weapons systems–Precision GuidedMunitions prerequisite for theuseof force byNATO membercountries. It will therefore require At thesametime,targetengagement precision will remainan indispensable personnel deployed inthetheatre. operational theatres without riskingthesuccess of theoperation andsafety of the and/or weapons systems are actually useable on short notice and in various readiness. Indeed, therecanbeno certainty about which andhow many vehicles rigorous and prolonged testing in order to ensure their safety, effectiveness and future missions thanon thoseof thepast15-20 years will requiremore frequent, Moreover, the fact that such equipment is likely to be used to a lesser extent on and avionic systems. an adequate sovereignty andcontrol of theaircraft, especially asregardssensors the F-35, andhow theAir Force isadapting its trainingactivities inorder togain transformation of military trainingon theirown. An example of thisisthecaseof the mosttechnologically advanced andcomplex weapons systemsarecausing a foremost, but notonly –using“net-centric” equipment. It goes without saying that operational with more technologically advanced allies –theUnited States firstand calls for compliance with increasingly high standardsinorder toremaininter- transformation of military capabilities into Network Enabled Capabilities (NEC), The digitisation of thearmedforces of NATO membercountries, inotherwords the specialised trainingof military andtechnical personnel. equipment andweapons systemsthat requireperiodic updating andhighly toward thedevelopment andprocurement of technologically more advanced Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 17 16 15 Idem.

Interview conducted in Rome on 20 November 2014. Rome November on in 20 conducted Interview Interview conducted in Rome on 23 January 2015. Rome January on in 23 conducted Interview 16 What’s more, thisaspectalso touches on therelationship 15 Thestudy of sensors, electronic warfareandsubsystems upport (CA S), 17 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI 9 to complete theirassigned military tasks,aswell asthejoint component andthe includes all thefinancial resources necessary for the Army, Navy and Air Force part of theDefence Budget specifically earmarked for the Armed Forces. This budgetary andexpenditures framework known asthe“Defence function” –that S (operating costs,trainingandequipment maintenance costs,etc.). the budget subcategory of “Personnel” at theexpenseof “Operation &Maintenance” increasing Defence budget cuts. Theresulting imbalance favours expenditures in Funding for training has been hit especially hardover thepastdecadebyever- Armed Forces 2. Theoperational andbudget framework: what changesfor the technological andindustrial base. be exported tointernational markets, totheobvious advantage of thenational to improve newproducts, technologies andsystemsthat have thepotential to to the Italian aerospace, defence and security industry to the extent that it serves and protected trainingareas.Moreover, testingconstitutes significant support espionage (“economic intelligence”), andtherefore must beperformed insuitable testing involves the use of sensitive data that could be susceptible to industrial policy perspective in the casetheyareproduced bynational industries. S This aspectof testingnewequipment isequally important from adefence industry fully “live,” “virtual” and“constructive” trainingenvironment. that requires the implementation of national joint doctrine and procedures and a ground units inthetheatre. Vulcano munitions areanentirely Italian technology – but only afterdetailed planningandtheclose tactical cooperation of supporting capability, makingit possible tofirehigh precision artillery from agreat distance Melara. Thistechnology extendsaship’s footprint well beyond its on-board sensor The samecould besaidof theVulcano munitions systemdeveloped byOTO- carry out theirmissions. a generational leap that will make it possible for Mangusta crewstomore effectively the AW-129D, which will gradually come toreplaceCBTs version, thus completing an updated and more modernversion of the“Mangusta” attack helicopter known as associated with national security. Arecent example istheAfghan theatre testingof are technologically advanced, remainsahighly sensitive activity that isclosely Furthermore, experimentation with new weapons systems, especially if they manoeuvre andof theoperation ingeneral. the target with thehighest possible precision andspeedwithin the context of the Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 18 http://www.analisidifesa.it/?p=16976. pending on the “Operation &Maintenance” must be viewed within abroader

“Test in Afghanistan per gli elicotteri AW-129D elicotteri gli Analisi in per Mangusta”, Difesa Afghanistan in “Test 18 , 14 November 2014, 2014, , 14 November uch 10 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI and Graphs In particular, referring to the Defence Budgets and Industry: Tables and Graphs, Source: IAI. Figure 1|Defence S stable military spendingtranslates into real budget cuts. considering theamount that Italian GDP hascontracted over thelastfive years, got asfarthe2%point, oscillating between0.8andslightly over 1%.Moreover, 2013, stopping precisely at 0.93%.In truth, allotments between2002and2013never numerous and recent summit meetings – is2%,Italy didnotreacheven 1.1%in “Defence function”. While thebenchmark at NATO level –asunderscored in in percentage of theItalian gross domestic product (GDP) accounted for bythe to maintain the complex military instrument. Figure 1 shows the historic trend the benchmark for the cost of defence in Italy, i.e. how much is spent annually Ministry of Defence administrative andtechnical facilities. B Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 19 much more drastic reduction canbenotedin“Operation & Maintenance” spending 2006 and2008,theseremaineddisjointed andirregular between2008 and2013.A after adrastic reduction between2002 and2006,arapid upswing between “Investments” spending (upgrades and modernisation) oscillated considerably: past 12years from 6,580billion euro in2002to9,6832013,while trendsin & Maintenance” expenditures. S Planning Document, it ispossible toseeanhistoric trendin2002-2013 “Operation which cites aseries of data published inthe2014-2016 Multi-Year Defence

Alessandro Marrone, Paola S Paola Marrone, Alessandro , July http://www.iai.it/en/node/702. 2014, pending as%GDP Defence Budgets and Industry: Tables Tables and Industry: Budgets Ungaro, Defence R. Alessandro artori, pending for “Personnel” rose steadily over these riefly put, it represents 19

11 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI seems nottohave yielded thedesiredresults, due notleast toshortcomings ina defence infrastructure and bases. Areform that, two years on from its approval, a 43,000-unit reduction incivilian andmilitary personnel, andaone-third cut to include) resettingtheresources allocation balance tothe50-25-25 modelthough require thelaunch of a radical reform in2012whose objectives included (andstill deepen, tipping thescales infavour of “Personnel.” An imbalance soserious asto in theearly 2000s,particularly in2002and2003.Only afterward didthedivide 25% for the other two categories (“O&M” and “Investments”), was actually achieved of the“Defence function,” established internationally at 50% for “Personnel” and seems the optimal subdivision of resources among the three classic components eleven years later theyhadfallen tounder10%(9.2,beexact).Paradoxically, it While in2002dedicated expenditures absorbed slightly more than25%(26.3), the “O&M”remainedfor themostpartat thelevel of theabsolute data shown earlier. while the “Investments” took slightly less than 25% (23.6).The percentage spent on (Figure 3).S the “weight” of eachof thesesubcategories inoverall “Defence function” spending If wetranslate theseabsolute data into percentages, wegetamore directpicture of Source: IAI. Figure 2|Defence function spending2002-2013 (inbillions of euro) consumption, maintenance costs,theuseof trainingareas,andsoforth. the burdenof inflexible costsassociated with items such asfuel and munitions Armed Forces training. Indeed, suffice it to consider that trainingactivities bear – which hashad adeeply negative impact on thequantity andquality of Italian – analarming 63%between2002and2013from 3,590billion euro to1,335billion Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: pending for “Personnel” asof 2013,absorbed nearly 70%of resources, 12 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI http://www.affarinternazionali.it/articolo.asp?ID=2544. could seeeither lost or outdated with the passageof time. critical tomaintaining valuable skills such asthosethat artillery andtank units unit. Lackof funds,however, disallows thestagingof trainingactivities that are activities byfocusing training on the tactical activity typical of each individual meaning theability toconduct offensive, defensive, stabilising and “enabler” for readiness traininginorder togive troops “full spectrum” operational capability, “mission oriented” policy (Figure 5). emergencies such as the 2014 flooding in Genoa– the service hasadopted a flexible a minimum of one day –even aslittle asafew hours’notice incasesof serious deployment timeframes continue tonarrow, from amaximum of 4months to readiness tosafely lead operations already underway. Moreover, considering that policy targeted to theoperational priorities of themoment: topreserve forces’ dropped by 71%, which has forced the Army to adopt a necessarily selective training As thedata clearly demonstrate, over slightly less thanaten-year span,allotments funds madeavailable for trainingbytheArmy’s ordinary budget This trendin“Operation &Maintenance” spending isborne out bythedata on the Source: IAI. Figure 3|2002-2013 Defence function spendingbycategory (%of Defence function) January 2014law meant toimplement it. Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 21 20

Army Report 2013 Army, Report Army Italian Alessandro Marrone, “La non riforma della Difesa”, AffarInternazionali in della non riforma “La Marrone, Alessandro , cit. , S uch a policy seeksto exploit every opportunity 20 , 24 February 2014, 2014, February , 24 21 (Figure 4). 13 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI Figure 5|Evolution of theArmy trainingcycle Source: IAIdata basedon 2013Army Report. of euro) Figure 4 | Trend in training’s assignments in the ordinary Army budget (millions Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: Source: Army Report 2013. 14 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI support of domestic security andemergencyresponse capability. for readinessarealso conducted on national soil, including territorial waters, in they could bedeployed inagiven theatre; activities aimed at theprimaryneed that “ready” units must beable toperform thefull spectrum of activities for which this has been offset byanincrease inthe quality of that training. The awareness is though the percentage of timededicated totraininghasdiminishedover theyears, for example) andtherefore requirescrewtrainingupgrades. Consequently, even led toadiversified use of the Navy (insupport of theCivil Protection Department, ignored. Furthermore, thegrowing needtoconduct dual-purpose activities has Indeed, current scenarios and recent experience show that nocomponent canbe of combat andall specialised Navy components must also bea regular requirement. and units aregoing tobeoperating. Elementary andadvanced trainingfor all forms tailored tothespecificities of thevarious missions andenvironments in which assets That notwithstanding, mission readiness cannot dispense with expert training pre-deployment training. directly inthefield andsimultaneously reducing thetimeandmoney needed for train personnel/units for aspecific operation, analysing problems anddifficulties operating” concept wasadopted. Thisapproach hastheadvantage of beingable to partial compensation for thisreduction inactive traininghours,the“trainingwhile frameworks aswell asinthepresenceof unusual environmental conditions. In in particular, on overall interoperability andtheability tooperate inmultinational to 2014dropped byabout 50%,impacting negatively on various trainingsectors and, S deployment (seethecaseof Libya in2011). periods of more serious international crisesand,therefore, of increasedoperational activities inearly 2004toapproximately 15%in2014,with points even lower in number of active hours/days dedicated totrainingdropped from 40%of thetotal The aforementioned cutbacks have also significantly affected the Italian Navy. The combined andmulti-agency integration. through thegradual andcontinuous trainingof deployable forces capable of joint, a high standardof collective, mission-ready unit preparedness.All thismust come preparation, which also concerns stress-resistance, isindispensable toachieving and partof acontinuing readiness cycle. Thisindividual physical andintellectual the preparation of eachindividual soldier ascentral totheorganisation asawhole that could bestrategically pivotal. Growing importance hasbeguntobegiven to to thelowest level, must becapable of rapidly andindependently makingdecisions distributed deployment of small ground forces. If follows that all theirleaders, down hybrid threats andscenarios increasingly embeddedinbuilt-up areascall for the management operations inEurope, Africa, theMiddle EastandAsia. For instance, participation, bothqualitatively andquantitatively, inpost-ColdWar crisis The evolution of Army trainingisaninseparable partof Italy’s considerable Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: pecifically, trainingactivities conducted abroad over theten-year spanfrom 2004 15 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI www.iai.it/en/node/2382. IAI Documenti in to Trenches?”, NATO:and Missions From IS Afghan military andsecurity forces, with amuch smaller contingent thanthat of The newmission will beanon-combat one dedicated exclusively tothetrainingof these theatres’ transition from thecurrent IS Afghanistan – commitments will be smaller, precisely as aresult of thelatter of considerable inthecoming years –inLebanon, Kosovo, theGulf of Aden and Although Italian participation inarangeof foreign military operations will remain training system. funds have been nothing short of a life-giving transfusion to an otherwise dying persistence of spending imbalances that tend to penalise training, those structural the traininggap created byspendingcuts described earlier. Indeed, given the operational theatres through brief but intense cycles that have beenable tooffset has beenusedtoprovide necessarytrainingfor theunits tobedeployed to Furthermore, financing for thepreparation and leading of international missions and nearly always injoint andcombined operations. capabilities, including theuseof technologies, systems,procedures andtactics, internazionali”, IAI in Documenti iai.it/en/node/2155. and Needs Trends Operations: Management Role of Italian in Fighter Crisis The Aircraft al., et Camporini Vincenzo 22 instrument. as afield for trainingandinnovation in which totestandvalidate themilitary the firsteffect consists ofthe impossibility ofrelying on “out-of-area” operations term prospects for thedecreaseddeployment of theItalian Armed Forces abroad, entire Italian trainingsystem.Considering theaforementioned short-to-medium- This has two essential, interconnected effects that mirror each other and affect the defence policy. missions, thus makingasubstantial contribution on behalf of Italian foreign and and growing measureininternational NATO, UN, EUandmultinational coalition Starting inthe1990s,Italian Armed Forces have participated insignificant Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 24 23 Financing that, aswesaw earlier, hasbeenusedover theyears tocover partof fund that theParliament decidestoaddtheDefence MinistryBudget eachyear. consequence of thefirst,isagradual reduction of theadhocinternational mission Regional Command West from 2006to2014.Thesecond effect, correlated anda over 4,000units for more thanfour consecutive years, andwasresponsible for bulk of theItalian IS portion of theItalian Armed Forces, particularly theArmy, which hasprovided the s s

AF. Interview conducted in Rome on 20 November 2014. Rome November on in 20 conducted Interview ee, among others, Alessandro Marrone, Paola Tessari and Carolina De S De Carolina and Tessari Paola Marrone, Alessandro others, among ee, ee, among others, S others, among ee, 23 24 Thisimpossibility hasalready become areality for asubstantial , Rome, Nuova Cultura, March 2014, p. 146 (IAI Research Papers 16), http://www. Papers Research (IAI 146 p. 2014, March Nuova, Rome, Cultura, 22 Experience on theground hasled toimproving Italian military tefania Forte and Alessandro Marrone (eds.), “L’Italia e le missioni “L’Italia ele missioni (eds.), Marrone Alessandro and Forte tefania AF contingent for adecadenow –acontingent that numbered , No. 12|05 ( , No. 12|05 S eptember 2012), http://www.iai.it/en/node/1517; 2012), eptember AF totheResolute S , No. 14|12e (December 2014), http:// (December , No. 14|12e imone, “Italian Interests Interests “Italian imone, upport mission. 16 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI conduct adequate trainingactivities inthefuture. the Italian Armed Forces aregoing tohave extremely limited fundswith which to “Personnel” at theexpense of the“O&M”(andin part the“Investments” aswell), chronic imbalance inItalian defence spending,with excessive expenditures on November 2014, http://www.analisidifesa.it/?p=16470. 26 25 has given newimportance to the two-fold purpose to detereventual hostile acts rapid response tocurrent threats. As previously mentioned, thecrisisinUkraine the imperative todeploy forces inout-of-area theatres toone of readinessand in Afghanistan, NATO seems once again to be shifting its basic orientation from maintained. Over recent years, especially with theconclusion of theIS compulsory prerequisites –for theoperational capabilities tobedeveloped and/or interoperability of memberarmedforces andtosetguidelines–ifnotactual strengthened theAlliance’s role asaframework within which toensurethe commitments inout-of-area missions during thepost-ColdWar period further and standards. NATO’s unprecedented, extensive, prolonged anddemanding comes totraining,with its sharedmembercountry military doctrines, procedures NATO hasalways beentheItalian Armed Forces’ point of reference when it useful. Defence Agency (EDA) Pooling andSharing,arehighly necessary, important and whether conducted within NATO (S Certainly, trainingisone of thefields in which international cooperation initiatives, 3. Theinternational dimension of training:NATO andtheEU military istobeready for eventual future missions. therefore pivotal, ifItaly istomaintain what it hassopainstakingly built, andits readiness, inter-operability and efficiency standards. The theme of training is capabilities over thecoming years andensure adequate military effectiveness, Thus, thecritical question arisesof how tomaintain such hard-won operational further reduced 1.25billion in2013. equipment, andthat shrunkfrom 1.55billion euro in2011to1.4 billion in2012,toa the “O&M”expensesfor thetrainingof military personnel andmaintenance of Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: AffarInternazionali 28 27 to its lowest point in 15 years: 850 million. to 1billion international missions hasbeencut byanother250million euro bringingit down www.analisidifesa.it/?p=13020. January 2014, http://www.analisidifesa.it/?p=7929.

Giovanni Martinelli, “Legge di S di “Legge Martinelli, Giovanni Gianandrea Gaiani, “ “Il governo stanzia 446 milioni per le missioni oltremare”, in Analisi in oltremare”, Difesa le missioni per milioni 446 stanzia governo “Il Alessandro Marrone and Alessandro R. Ungaro, “Difesa, come spendere poco emale”, in poco come spendere Ungaro, “Difesa, R. Alessandro and Marrone Alessandro 26 and,according tosome sources, the2015budget intends toreduce it , 30 July, 30 http://www.affarinternazionali.it/articolo.asp?ID=2757. 2014, S ui fondi per le missioni pesa l’incognita afghana”, in Analisi Difesa tabilità: il colpo di grazia alle Forze armate”, in Analisi alle in armate”, Forze grazia di Difesa il colpo tabilità: 25 mart Defence) or theEU, particularly European Even for thecurrent year, 2014,financing for 27 Considering the previously discussed 28 , 24 July, 24 http:// 2014, AF mission , 13 , 13 , 1 17 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI articles.php?page_id=114. in thepursuanceof its mission toensureinternational security. Command level is synonymous with solidarity and shared responsibility and risk level. Theintegrated structure notonly of theforces tobedeployed but also at NATO forces ensure a higher level of security than is possible at individual national These measuresare important also because interconnected andinteroperable 31 30 29 • • • 2020,” Indeed, at the 2012 summit, the member states set a goal they called “NATO Forces collectively decidedtoundertake. witnessed bytheresults of the2012Chicago summit andtheactions theAllies and reassuremembersregardingperceived threats. Thisevolution of NATO is Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 33 32 training.” package Action Plan, the Allies agreed in their closing declaration on a six-measure CFI Ukraine tothoseof North Africa andtheMiddle East,inaddition totheReadiness At therecent Wales summit, inlight of various existingchallenges from thecrisisin members but also with country partners. best practices, thus strengtheningtheinteroperability notonly among Alliance that all personnel must acquireandbeready toemploy, aswell asthesharingof provided at national level in-depth military personnel traininginconjunction with othertrainingactivities element bywhich toachieve theNATO Forces 2020objective. TheCFIallows for environment. The Connected Force Initiative (CFI) emerged at that time asakey forces capable of collaborating with various partnersinany typeof operational official_texts_112964.htm. Forces 2020 Towards Capabilities: NATO onNATO, Defence Summit Declaration official_texts_87593.htm; S • • • eptember 2014, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_98527.htm. 2014, eptember

s NATO, NATO, NATO, NATO, NATO, NATO, Connected Forces Initiative Forces see: NATO, and “combined” Connected “joint” between difference For the Road to Trident Juncture 2015 Juncture to Road Trident Command, NATO Land ee Allied command of S the creation of theS aspects; a series of instruments for continued implementation of CFItechnological a major NATO exercise programme from 2016onward; a 2015“high-visibility” exercise; an expanded2015-2020 NATO Training Concept; an updated Education, Training, Exercise andEvaluation (ETEE)policy; 29 asystemof interoperable, long-term, modern,trainedandequipped Wales Summit Declaration Summit Wales Chicago Summit Declaration Summit Chicago Summit Declaration on Defence Capabilities on Defence Summit Declaration 32 31 that includes: , May 2012, par. 5, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_87594.htm. par. 5, 2012, , May This ensures the acquisition and maintenance of key military capabilities upreme Allied Commander Europe (S pecial Operation Forces (SOF), undertheoperational 30 through what isknown as“joint andcombined , 5S , May 2012, par. 55, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/ par. 55, 2012, , May eptember 2014, par. 69, 2014, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/eptember 33 , cit., par. 11. , cit., ACEUR). , https://www.lc.nato.int/ , 16 18 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI was Joint Eagle 14, An extremely important example of ajoint and multinational NATO exercise the Italian Armed Forces have taken part,often playing aleading role. comes clearly to the fore when analysing various international exercises inwhich The importance andquality of Italy’s contribution totraininginNATO andtheEU possible solely byparticipating intheCFI. comunicazione/Pagine/eagle_joker_140821.aspx. to ensureahigh standardfor theentire Italian military instrument certain levels; thegoal of anadequate national trainingsystemwould insteadbe Nevertheless, it canonly beapplied tocertaincommands and/or units, andonly at capacity for deterrence,bycreating asystemof trainingresources andinitiatives. gained in the course of IS CFI iscertainly acutting-edge initiative, aimedat maintaining thecapabilities contribution totheAlliance and,consequently, its position at theNATO table. The in international exercises, isanimportant element ineachmembercountry’s an active, reliable member today, with substantial training capability, particularly defence policy with apolitical-diplomatic capital tospendtowards theallies. Being represents aninvestment inasystemof alliances that provides Italian foreign and and procedures. Furthermore, inthiscasealso theuseof themilitary instrument the world intermsof technology anddoctrine, andfamiliarity with NATO doctrines through exposuretoteamwork with some of themostadvanced armedforces in fundamental tomaintaining Italian capabilities at anadequate standard,both training activities hastwo extremely important purposes.Ontheone hand,it is From thisstandpoint, Italy’s engagement inbothNATO andEUinternational Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 36 35 34 cyber threats. the requirements of theNRDC ITA, with special attention totheirability tohandle Eagle Joker 14 tested various commands and units on their real capability to satisfy international contexts, notleast inorder tocontribute totheCFI.In particular, a C2structure capable of operating with thearmed forces of allied countries in took part,constituted Italy’s compliance with theNATO requirement tohave for theJFAC. Theexercise, inwhich representatives of 14Alliance membersalso of two separate exercises: Eagle Joker 14for theNRDC ITA andVirtual Flag14 (Comando Operativo di vertice Interforze, COI), wastheresult of thecombination Defence General Staffand organised bythe Italian Joint Operations Headquarters Force Air Component (JFAC). Thisexercise, carried out undertheaegisof the respectively, of theNATO Rapid Deployable Corps Italy (NRDC ITA) andtheJoint respectively in Lecce and Ferrara, for a total of 2000 men who performed the tasks, analisidifesa.it/?p=15956.

“Conclusa l’Esercitazione Joint Eagle”, Analisi in l’Esercitazione “Conclusa Difesa Esercitazione “Eagle Joker 2014” “Eagle Army, Esercitazione Italian Interview conducted in Rome on 17 November 2014. Rome on in 17 November conducted Interview 36 35 during which theArmy andAir Force deployed commands AF and other international missions, as well ascredible , 21 August 2014, http://www.esercito.difesa.it/ 2014, August 21 , , 19 October 2014, http://www. 2014, October , 19 34 –which isnot 19 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI scenarios. West, with thegoal of achieving Full Operational Capability (FOC)indifferent phase togetherwith soldiers of othernationalities from Multinational Battle Group troops engaged on the NATO mission in Kosovo participated in an intense training and cooperation. Again with regardtoItaly’s international role, inJuly 2014Italian accomplishment of programmes and initiatives requiring systemic connection to augmenting theinteroperability of thearmedforces, especially inthesuccessful european-guardian-exercise-in-vienna. 2014, http://www.eda.europa.eu/info-hub/news/2014/09/16/counter-ied-experts-complete- Alliance memberstates, September 2014 with the involvement of 2000 troops from more than10 Atlantic NATO SteadfastJavelin II(SFJVII), conducted inNorth Western Europe in in hostile territory. warfare toground attack, andair-to-airrefuelling tosearch andrescue, including was involved inall mission types,from airdefence toreconnaissance, electronic (ACCE) was also operating. Within this new operational framework, the Italian JFAC framework: Joint Eagle 14,where theJFAC Air Component Coordination Element simulation wasinsertedfor thefirsttimeinto abroader andmore complex joint comunicazione/Pagine/jrrf-141104.aspx. steadfast-javelin-ii-sfjvii-includes-airborne-assault-.aspx. Assault Airborne 39 38 37 The EU-level European Guardianexercise, heldinVienna inSeptember, national Joint Rapid Response Force. on andcorrected inasubsequent internal trainingcycle inpreparation for the same paratrooper regiment wasable toidentify capability gaps that theyworked their home country, emergedon that occasion. S known as“Folgore.” Thepropensity for airborne troops tocooperate, regardless of countries, among themtheparatroopers of the186thParatrooper Regiment of S tested thestrategic projection capability of thearmedforces from various European The NATO SaberJunction 2014exercise carried out inGermany inSeptember2014, how trainingisnolonger single service but increasingly joint innature), In thecaseof Virtual Flag,incontrast with its previous five editions (asproof of Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 41 40 context, inwhich States findthemselves confronting ahighly asymmetrical Techniques Course and Exercises programme. Given the current international various counter-IED expertstogetherwithin thebroader EDA Manual Neutralization EsercitazioniMultinazionaliInKosovo.aspx. 2014, http://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/op_intern_corso/KFOR/notizie_teatro/Pagine/

Counter-IED experts complete “European Guardian” exercise in Guardian” Vienna Counter-IED complete exercise “European EDA News, experts Interview conducted in Rome on 20 November 2014. Rome November on in 20 conducted Interview Esercitazioni multinazionali per imilitari italiani per multinazionali in Kosovo Esercitazioni of Defence, Ministry Italian Exercise Steadfast Javelin II (SFJVII) Includes Javelin Steadfast (SFJVII) II Exercise Brunssum, NATO Joint Force Command Allied La Folgore si esercita per la JRRF la per Folgore esercita Army, si La Italian 39 , 7 S eptember 2014, http://jfcbs.nato.int/jfcbrunssum/news_archive/2014/exercise- 38 furtherdemonstrated thistypeof exercise’s importance 40 , 4 November 2014, http://www.esercito.difesa.it/ 2014, , 4November ubsequent tothat exercise, the , 16 S 37 41 the2014 , 9July brought eptember eptember iena 20 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI Air Force within the context of a Western Mediterranean (Italy, France, the Alliance/EU framework istheGrifone 2014exercise organised bytheItalian Finally, agood example of multinational exercises with European countries outside mutual enhancement of EUand/or NATO countries. sharing operational techniques at European level would ensureexchanges and the this activity through thepoolingandsharingof resources. transport, theAgency’s intent istofoster uniformity intheapproaches applied to the adoption of measuresfor improving air-to-airrefuelling (AAR)for strategic Engineering and Computer in Electrical Briefs Springer in Techniques”, Networking Acoustic “Underwater -Spain IEEE 2011 OCEANS, in overview”, -An networks www.eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/eda-factsheets/2014-03-31-factsheet_eart2014-. 45 44 43 42 possible at individual European level, while also usingfewer resources. actors would allow for theachievement of betterresults thanwould have been costs, since meeting the same expressed needs of all countries and international of activity at bothEUandinternational level. Thisprimarily inconsideration of the & sharingclearly demonstrate how effective andefficient itisto conduct thistype operations and,secondly, inorder tosharebestpractices. Theseexamples of pooling of theEDA, first of all toboost European Armed Forces capabilities in multinational Many otherexercises andtraininginitiatives have beenproposed undertheaegis and technologies. The2014EDA initiative EART Training has proven to be essential to fostering the standardisation of methods Robust Acoustic Communication Underwater Network (RACUN), this end,inthecontext of theEDA technological research programme known as Development (R&D)programmes that encouragesecurity anddefence research. To and trainingprogrammes specially designed within thecontext of Research and improvement strategy, those same forces are required to engage in exercises S with thistypeof threat. terrorist threat, it isessential that thearmedforces also have expertiseindealing Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 46 2014. manual neutralisation experts”, EDA News, Counter-IED complete experts of network aEuropean developing other, and each from learning Europe, across from operatives together bringing is part to able would important do individually. we be However, another than B cost. is civilian use. and developing innovative underwater communications networks for military and joined thoseof Germany, theNetherlands, Norway andSwedeninstudying, testing ince greater collaboration at European level ispartof along-term armedforces

s

“News - Forze Navali: Prosegue il progetto RACUN”, in Rivista in Italiana RACUN”, il progetto Difesa Navali: Prosegue -Forze “News Antonio Calabrese and S and Calabrese Antonio In particular, the Austrian commander of the exercise stated: “Obviously one important element one important “Obviously stated: exercise of the commander Austrian the particular, In European Air-to-Air Refuelling Training 2014 (EART14) 2014 Training Air-to-Air Refuelling European EDA Fact sheet, ee Jörge Kalwa, “The RACUN-project: Robust acoustic communications in underwater underwater in communications acoustic Robust RACUN-project: “The Jörge Kalwa, ee y pooling demand from different countries with similar needs, we can afford to do more can we needs, similar with countries different from demand y pooling , 2012. , 43 Rivista Aeronautica in Rivista “EART14”, Durante, erafino , 6-9 June 2011; Roald Otnes et al., al., et Otnes Roald , 6-9 June 2011; 44 isanexcellent example. Through 45 , 31 March 2014, http:// 2014, , 31 March , cit. , , No., 2/2014. 42 , n. 8/2014, August 8/2014, August , n. theItalian Navy 46 Moreover, S pain) 21 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI exercise Clever Ferret 2014inSlovenia. same purposethat the“Alpina Julia” B mutual understandingandfamiliarity among thevarious divisions. It wasfor the are conducted also in an effort to harmonise operational procedures and increase Police. As previously noted, multinational exercises andtrainingprogrammes the Air Force, Army, Financial Guard,Carabinieri, State Forestry Corps andState to focus on ajoint synergythankstoaseamless useof helicopters provided by com04.pdf. camera.it/leg17/resoconti/commissioni/bollettini/pdf/2013/12/10/leg.17.bol0137.data20131210. di dicembre Consiglio 2013 del europeo in difesa alla vista those forces’ communications andC2capabilities. Thecontribution of ICT isalso processing systems,theproject uses ICT advancements for thepurposeof boosting operational units deployed inthefield with integrated digital communications and 49 48 47 instruments through which toimplement amultitude of devices andapplications. particularly because of thedevelopment of newplatforms andgenerations of and thecivil society. Thesehave great potential and areinconstant evolution, growth toembracemultiple aspectsconcerning theglobal economy, governments advances intheICT sector aredriving aprocess of changethat goes beyond economic The themeof trainingisassociated with bothchallenges andopportunities. To date, 4. Challenges andopportunities and EUcountries. indirectly, of sustaining efforts topromote theirexport, beginningwith to NATO and activities isaway of displaying theirhigh quality andtherefore, more or less using andvalidating Italian industry military equipment ininternational exercises strengthen bilateral relations and Italy’s position multilaterally. Furthermore, be smaller and/or less advanced allied armedforces, andmakes it possible to even centres of excellence, on the one hand creates an attraction for what may significant way ininternational traininginitiatives, with qualified expertsand also aninstrument intermsof military diplomacy. Leadingor participating ina In general, NATO, EUor multilateral “variable geometry” trainingactivities are Search andRescue Agreement (S Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 50 analisidifesa.it/?p=12296. http://www.analisidifesa.it/?p=14562. of entirely digitised operational and technological capabilities. a programme for themodernisation of thearmedforces aimedat theacquisition advances. Forza NEC,aclear example of thisspillover of technological progress, is The Italian Armed Forces need to be equipped in order to reap the benefits of such europa.eu/!qQ66TX.

“Conclusa l’Esercitazione di S di l’Esercitazione “Conclusa Indagine conoscitiva sui sistemi d’arma destinati destinati d’arma sui sistemi conoscitiva Indagine Commission, Defence of Deputies Chamber Horizon 2020, Information and Communication Information Technologies 2020, Horizon Commission, European “Esercitazione Clever Ferret per la Julia”, la Analisi per in Ferret Clever Difesa “Esercitazione occorso Aereo ‘Grifone 2014’”, Analisi in ‘Grifone Aereo Difesaoccorso AR MED/OCC). rigade participated intheJune multinational 48 , 10 December 2013, http://documenti. 2013, , 10 December 47 , 30 June 2014, http://www. June 2014, , 30 In thiscase,theintention was 50 In order to equip , 12 S , 12 eptember 2014, 2014, eptember , http:// , 49

22 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI 2/2013, p. 34-35, http://www.technologyreview.it/article/180313054405_c34-35.pdf. combat conditions. combat Innovazione, “ Innovazione, in a real situation, such as a radio, C2, binoculars etc. The targets used in the simulation are are simulation the in used targets The etc. binoculars C2, aradio, as such situation, areal in he would have that disposal at his instruments same the He has area. operational asimulated in immersed is trainee the these, In systems. Controller) training Attack -JointController Terminal en/node/1387. Program NEC Forza Innovazione/fabbri.pdf. integrato di Tools di Live Simulazione &Constructive combat activities inscenarios faithfully close toreality.” with individual weapons aswell asweapons systems,usesimulators that allow for simulation exercise involves “exercises inwhich soldiers andvehicles, equipped individuals andobjectscaninteract in amannersimilar tothereal world. “Live” possible tosimulate complex environments within which instruments, systems, organized usingModeling &S general, exercises with “live,” “virtual” and/or “constructive” simulations could be In addition to digitisation, given the current levels of technological progress in and coordinated collection, analysis, treatment anddistribution of data. 54 53 52 51 such asMultiple Integrated LaserEngagement S “Live” simulation offers systemsthat allow for combat between opposing forces operators. to generate asystem,network of interconnected sensors, decision-makers and which gainadded value when, byusingtheseapplications, it becomes possible fundamental toproviding support andcoordination during military exercises, Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 55 operational scenario,” the functions of Command andControl (C2)inatruly complete andcomplex Finally, “constructive” simulations offer the“possibility toconstruct andexercise as Virtual Battlespace 3(V BS3). of actors usingspecially-designed consoles (that canbemission simulators), such are usedwith systemsthat togethermake combat simulation possible for anumber flight, vehicle or mission simulators –designed for training on a single system– “Virtual” activities permit visual andrealistic reconstructions inwhich classic known as“fire on force” activities aswell asinmobile “fire ontarget” exercises. same way. operational systemsisadvisable bypresenting, for example, data andmaps inthe context anadequate level of interoperability betweensimulation systems andC2 minimising theuseof human resources andequipment. Nevertheless, inthis with thepossibility of creating environments with avariety of agents inaction,

The Transformation of the Armed Forces: The The Forces: of the Armed Transformation The (eds.), Marrone Alessandro Nones and Michele U An example of the application of these concepts comes from the FAC/JTAC the from comes concepts Air of these application of the (Forward example An Pianificazione di un ciclo di addestramento operativo tramite ciclodi l’utilizzo un operativo di addestramento Pianificazione al., et Fabbri Katia Pianificazione ciclodi un di addestramento Pianificazione Fabbri, Katia S -conceived, MILE -conceived, 51 55 Thisinfrastructure makes aprecious contribution totheintegrated S MIT Technology Review, Edizione italiana Review, Edizione Technology MIT in virtuale”, erealtà imulazione , Rome, Nuova Cultura, October 2012 (IAI Research Paper 5), http://www.iai.it/ Paper Research (IAI 2012 October Nuova, Rome, Cultura, is a Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement S Engagement a Multiple Laser S is Integrated 54 where notonly the objectbut also its behaviour issimulated, imulation platforms. Indeed, these latter make it , April 2010, http://www.vitrociset.it/images/ , cit. S , cit. ystem (MILES), ee also, Finmeccanica Finmeccanica also, ee 52 ystem that simulates actual actual simulates that ystem 53 bothinwhat are , No. 23 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI 56 consoles. dedicated use on simple-to- operators by controlled and simulated are vehicles combat the while “constructed” training activities consistent with thebenchmark trainingcycle. platoon) prior tobeingdeployed inthetheatre, andmodernisearmedforces capability of commands/units, from fire-team level up (fire-team/squadron/ Centres (Centri di Addestramento Tattico, CAT). Theiraimistoraisetheoperational Civitavecchia, and five “live” simulation centres, also known as Tactical Training for S pursues thecreation of a“constructive” simulation centre at theArmy’s Centre Training S This innovative framework also includes theItalian Army’s Integrated Ground Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 59 58 57 Joker 2014exercise. Within thiscomplex architecture, theItalian JFAC carried out a 2014 managedbytheCOI of Rome –which also included theItalian Army’s Eagle edition of Virtual Flag (2014)simulated a joint training scenario –theJoint Eagle JFAC), for NATO’s late-2015 certification of the Italian Joint Force Air Component (ITA- link with theinternational security scenario and, inparticular, inpreparation case too,theItalian Armed Forces performed theexercise maintaining aclose (M&S) platforms, virtually recreating crisisscenarios very close toreality. In this exercise employed computer technology systemsandModeling &S 14 inOctober2014totrainprofessionals on airoperations management. The In asimilar vein, theAir Force stagedadigital C2simulation called Virtual Flag of thosefacilities. cooperation with theresearch bodies anduniversities that could avail themselves standpoint of technology andinfrastructure, aswell asthrough possible forms of significant returnsinterms of territorial qualification and development from the Army Centre for S could simultaneously sharethesameexercise scenario underthecontrol of the goals istolinkthevarious national andinternational sites sothat the“live” centres support andcombat service support components. Oneof theSIAT project’s primary continuous, all-weather trainingexercises usingall operational combat, combat the security limitations created bytheuseof real munitions, allowing for realistic, put under the command of SIAT. Through SIAT it would bepossible toeliminate Lecce and S and Lecce CATs wassetup inNovember 2014at Capo Teulada, took placeinthesecond phase. procedures, while the operational planningandexecution of theaircampaign during thefirst,traineesbecame familiar with thefacility andJFAC operational of an air campaign. For that reason, the exercise was carried out in two phases: aeronautica.difesa.it/News/Pagine/alviaapoggiorenaticolavirtualflag14_02102014.aspx.

The other four CATs are to be set up in the training areas of Monte Romano, Cesano di Roma, Roma, di of Monte Cesano Romano, areas training the up four in CATs set to other be are The Rivista Aeronautica 2014”, Rivista in Flag “Virtual Army Report 2013 Army, Report Army Italian Al via a Poggio Renatico la Virtual Flag 14 Flag Virtual la Renatico aPoggio via Al Force, Air Italian imulation andValidation (Centro di Simulazione eValidazione) located in 58 which makes possible theplanning,coordination andcontrol of all aspects an Giorgio di Brunico. di Giorgio an ystems (Sistemi Integrati perl’Addestramento Terrestre, SIAT), which imulation andValidation. In addition, the project could generate , cit. , 59 As pointed out intheprevious chapter, thesixth , n. 6/2014, 22-26. p. , n. , October 2014, http://www. 2014, , October 57 which theArmy General Staff 56 Oneof thefive imulation 24 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI software, computer systemsandvirtual technologies. and special forces –which cannotbereplacedeven bystate-of-the-art simulation the trainingof theunit –understoodastheship/crew pair,specialised components staff level, real activities areirreplaceable andinvaluable for what isunderstoodas use of thoseplatforms. Although simulations areextremely effective for command and theirspecialised crews,necessarily requirestraininginthe tactical andsafe deployment. For example, the specific nature of Navy and maritime air vehicles as toensuretheexercise’s maximum effectiveness inpreparing for operational and “real” field exercises must always beassessedrationally and in such away between real andvirtual contexts, simulated and/or virtual training. Given thepotential for greater or lesser divergence it isequally evident that it isneither possible nor effective torely exclusively on Although theadvantages of “live,” “virtual” or “constructive” instruments areclear, combat. and their resilience and, in the final analysis, improve their chances of surviving circumstances inoperational theatres, therebyincreasingtroops’ ability toreact effects, for instance,help tomitigate theeffect ofsurpriseinanalogous but real ground manoeuvres, simulations of actual combat activities with realistic sound that could lead tothe destruction or malfunction of theaircraft. In thecaseof pilot’s reaction tomechanical failure, attack or various otherunexpectedincidents This isthecase,for example, of flight simulators that can,toacertainextent, testa to face with circumstances it would not be possible totrainfor inthereal world. The advantages of simulation include beingable toput military personnel face Lessons Identified andsubsequently asLessons Learned. that provides precious trainingfeedback, classifyingparticipants’ errors firstas by staffand field forces. The“hotwash-up” isa sort ofpost-exercise de-briefing possible toexamineandcomment on theoperational andtactical decisions made use of software for theex-postassessment of Live Exercises (LIVEX)that makes it A furtherexample of the possibilities offered bytechnological innovation isthe integration of multinational forces andcertification of joint and multinational staff. within the framework of complex operations, even from thepoint of view of the training capabilities inthissector that will permit themtotrainstaffand operators conduct operations while remaining portside. The Navy is building distributed allows for thegreater involvement of traineesusingconnected C2systemsto activities possible without any significant impact on cost.This form of training The Navy hasalso developed forms of simulated trainingthat make more extensive air-to-air refuelling andsearch andrescue. series of missions rangingfrom airdefence toelectronic warfare,passingthrough Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 61 60 Forza NEC Program NEC Forza

The Transformation of the Armed Forces: The The Forces: of the Armed Transformation The (eds.), Marrone Alessandro Nones and Michele Ibid., p. 26. p. Ibid., , cit. , 61 thetrade-off when choosing betweensimulated 60 25 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI replace inthefield training. the operational theatre nears,simulation canaugment but cannotandmust not command level virtual activity canaccount for more of trainingasthereality of contribution totrainingdescendsfrom thestrategic andtactical level: while for on the ground differ at command and unit levels. Indeed, simulation’s potential analysis. Giving up sites such as Capo Teulada, Capo Frasca or particularly in the Italian and international context that emerges from the preceding Training andtestinggrounds areanindispensable assetfor armedforces training, communities where such activities take place. for military trainingandrespectdefence of theenvironment andthelocal The goal istoseekcompatibility, to strike agreater balance betweenthevital need are still lacking at legislative, environmental, social, political andeconomic levels. fact-finding study’s final report. final fact-findingstudy’s the approved Commission Defence one the later month than less June and 2014 on 19 concluded conference That 1981). in held was (the first areas training on military conference national second a things, among other promoting, areas training military on fact-findingstudy a new training, thisactivity implies theintegration of naval, ground andairassets. Additionally, considering thecontinuing trendtoward joint andmultinational that of theactors inotherfields (seaandair). Furthermore, thenumber of actors on theground isone or two timeshigher than transport vehicles, etc.)that areusually outfitted, configured andarmeddifferently. a “virtual” setting,hastofactor inamultitude of actors (men/women, combat and complexity of aground (asopposed tonaval or air)simulation that, especially in 65 64 63 62 lengthy timeframestobeeffectively accomplished. the past,requiringplanningandspecific manoeuvres involving vastareasand framework. Today’s training has gradually grown more complex than that of perform complex activities inarealistic environment inajoint andmultinational out across relatively extensive areaswhere largenumbers of troops canphysically A furtherchallenge for armed forces training comes when exercises must be carried for reality. Virtual and/or simulated training is more asupplement tothanareplacement Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 66 c04_militari/2014/07/31/leg.17.stencomm.data20140731.U1.com04.indag.c04_militari.0013.pdf. 31 July 2014, http://documenti.camera.it/leg17/resoconti/commissioni/stenografici/pdf/04/indag/ half of 2014 for thetrainingneedsof thearmedforces. Various initiatives launched inthefirst densely populated and/or urbanised,andit istherefore difficult tofindareas suitable Satisfying thisneed,however, isproblematic for Italy, whose national territory is

Idem. Interview conducted in Rome on 17 and 20 November 2014. November Rome 20 on in 17 and conducted Interview Interview conducted in Rome on 17 November 2014. Rome on in 17 November conducted Interview Indagine conoscitiva in materia di servitù militari di servitù in materia conoscitiva Indagine Commission, Defence of Deputies Chamber In late 2013 the Chamber of Deputies Defence Commission voted unanimously in favour of favour in unanimously voted Commission Defence of Deputies Chamber the late 2013 In 62 66 Moreover, it must notbeforgotten that operational requirements wereaimedat confronting thisdifficult problem, for which solutions 63 64 It isenough toconsider the Salto di Quirra – that , 65

26 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI of renderingactivities andexercises under-effective and,above all, inefficient. necessarily suitably preparedfor theItalian Armed Forces, with theconsequent risk sovereignty, secrecyandreliability. Finally, trainingareaslocated abroad arenot and on related foreign policy decisions, with thepotential for losses at thelevel of abroad would also involve dependenceon thecollaboration of othergovernments preparation and transport costs. Furthermore, a systematic transfer of activities Conducting training activities outside national borders carries onerous location, sites arenecessary, but nolocal community wants themlocated nearby. it isclear that waste-to-energyplants or radioactive andnuclear material storage Back Yard” (NIMB operational capabilities. Theissue isalso triggers sentiments such as“Not In My naval and aircomponents –would beamortal blow toItalian Armed Forces offer the possibility of running complex drills involving the integration of ground, Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 67 the nation andthelocal communities involved. constraint or alimitation into anopportunity for development, intheinterests of legal issues. Thegoal should betotransform what is today toooften considered a in confronting avariety of operational, military, economic, social, industrial and this presupposes, however, theclose collaboration of national andlocal institutions could all befactors for local economic growth, development andemployment. All and friendly troops intraining, and thedevelopment of related industrial activities damage intervention activities, themanagement of thepresenceof Italian, allied maintenance, theregular removal of spent munitions andriskprevention and/or of largerareasfor “live,” “virtual” or “constructive” military exercises andtheir should beconsidered at thelevel of local economic development. Thepreparation Finally, thepresence of technologically advanced trainingandtestinggrounds radiological (NBCR)implications. or emergencies of anindustrial nature or with nuclear, biological, chemical and and equipment inthefield, particularly inlight of therisk of industrial accidents Equally important areexercises andtestinginvolving civil defence personnel but besatisfied byusingnational testinggrounds. and safety. In these cases,theneedfor confidentiality isespecially high andcannot not only for military, but also civilian use, especially inconsideration of security as well as by Italian industry, for the development and design of new products – equipment or equipment beingconsidered for purchase, bothbythearmedforces From that standpoint, wecannotunderestimate theimportance of testingnew

Interview conducted in Rome on 17 November 2014. Rome on in 17 November conducted Interview Y), which inItaly blend with anindignant local protectionism: 67

27 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI p. 44-45. p. much as it is of managing combat, a much more complex and multifaceted activity. multifaceted and more complex amuch combat, of it managing is as much military useof thearmedforces.” only because of alack of financial resources but also of a “shift toward anon- painstakingly accumulated on international missions risks gradual erosion, not that have beenassigned themover time.In otherwords, all that experience forces therole –andconsequently theresources –associated with thefunctions relentless spending cuts lies apolitical incapacity toacknowledge inthearmed Nevertheless, that problem conceals amuch more serious paradox: behindthe called upon toconfront, that of resources isundoubtedly thedeepestconcern. Of thechallenges andopportunities that the Italian Armed Forces arebeing and unique features that make it essentially different from another. supplement rather thanreplacement for thereal, sinceeachservice hasspecific resource. Virtual and/or simulated activities therefore assumethe nature of risk of underminingthetrue essenceandcentral element of training:thehuman The factremains,however, that anexcessively technical approach would runthe performance andquality of trainingat, it ishoped, aconsiderably reduced cost. and applications that technology is capable of offering will serve to increase the Italian Armed Forces traintheirmenandwomen inuniform. Theinstruments that isdestinedtohave agrowing impact on all themodalities bywhich the and commercial implications. Akey aspectiscertainly thetechnological innovation numerous anddiverse aspects,generating abroad rangeof industrial, technological From theresults of thestudy, it isclear that thethemeof trainingincorporates to bedecisive totheoperation’s success. situations underextremeconditions andinwhich thesocio-cultural sphereproves technical/professional andethical preparation for managinghighly complex be considered anendeavour aimedat cultivating reflexes that ensurethenecessary which thesimple acquisition of information is not sufficient. Rather, training must it belongs toanintangible, almost virtual, dimension –that of “know-how” –in It is equally true, however, that the training discussion is a multifaceted one, since way tothepolitical level. rests, andhasanimpact that runsthegamut from thestrictly operational all the cornerstone on which theeffectiveness andcredibility of the Italian Armed Forces of systems”injoint andmultinational operations. In otherwords, trainingisthe equipment within theframework of even more complex andadvanced “systems Italy that often uses complex and technologically advanced armaments and other capability. It iseven more important for aNATO andEUmembercountry such as Armed forces trainingiskey totheproduct that determinesacountry’s military 5. Conclusions Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: 69 68

riefly, and only by way of example, the issue is not one of “simply” sustaining a fire as fire fight a sustaining is not one of “simply” issue the briefly,wayand example, onlyof by Leonardo Tricarico, “Missioni all’estero, perché non tagliare”, in Airpress in non tagliare”, all’estero, perché “Missioni Tricarico, Leonardo 69 Training activities, moreover already hampered 68 , No. 52 (gennaio 2015), 2015), , No. (gennaio 52 28 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI interests. international challenges andthreats andensuringthedefence of Italy’s national the indisputable pre-requisite for adefence policy capable of meetingnumerous of themilitary instrument, aswell asthepolitical will touseit when necessary, is continue somehow tobeunderpinnedbythem.Maintaining boththereadiness become asurrogate for Italian engagement on foreign missions, nor canthey by spendingcuts and anoften exaggeratedly negative bias,cannotandmust not Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: Updated 16March 2015 29 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI http://www.iai.it/en/node/2382 NATO: From Missions to Trenches?, in Documenti IAI, No. 14|12e (December 2014), Alessandro Marrone, Paola Tessari andCarolina De S Documenti IAI,No. 13|07(November 2013),http://www.iai.it/en/node/477 Alessandro Marrone andPaola Tessari, “TheItalian Debate on Defence Matters”, in Industry: Tables and Graphs, July 2014,http://www.iai.it/en/node/702 Alessandro Marrone, Paola Sartori, Alessandro R.Ungaro, DefenceBudgets and February 2014,http://www.affarinternazionali.it/articolo.asp?ID=2544 Alessandro Marrone, “Lanon riforma della Difesa”, inAffarInternazionali, 24 networks -An overview”, inOCEANS,2011IEEE-Spain, 6-9June 2011 Jörge Kalwa, “TheRACUN-project: Robust acoustic communications inunderwater bollettini/pdf/2013/12/10/leg.17.bol0137.data20131210.com04.pdf 10 December2013,http://documenti.camera.it/leg17/resoconti/commissioni/ sistemi d’arma destinati alla difesa in vistadel Consiglio europeo di dicembre 2013, Italian Chamber of Deputies-Defence Commission, leg.17.stencomm.data20140731.U1.com04.indag.c04_militari.0013.pdf resoconti/commissioni/stenografici/pdf/04/indag/c04_militari/2014/07/31/ materia di servitù militari, 31July 2014,http://documenti.camera.it/leg17/ Italian Chamberof Deputies-Defence Commission, Indagine conoscitiva in comunicazione/editoria/Rapporto-Esercito/Pagine/Rapporto-Esercito-2013.aspx Italian Army, Army Report 2013,July 2014,http://www.esercito.difesa.it/ in Documenti IAI,No. 12|05(September2012),http://www.iai.it/en/node/1517 Stefania Forte andAlessandro Marrone (eds.),“L’Italia ele missioni internazionali”, technologyreview.it/article/180313054405_c34-35.pdf Review, Edizione Italiana, n.2/2013,(March-April 2013),p.34-35, http://www. Finmeccanica Innovazione, “S www.vitrociset.it/images/Innovazione/fabbri.pdf l’utilizzo integrato di Tools di Simulazione Live &Constructive, April 2010, http:// Katia Fabbri etal., Pianificazione di un ciclo di addestramento operativo tramite Research Papers 16),http://www.iai.it/en/node/2155 Operations: Trendsand Needs, Rome, Nuova Cultura, March 2014,p.146(IAI Vincenzo Camporini etal., TheRole of Italian Fighter Aircraft in CrisisManagement B Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: ibliography imulazione erealtà virtuale”, inMITTechnology imone, “Italian Interests and Indagine conoscitiva sui 30 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI September 2014,p.35-72 (QuaderniIAI13),http://www.iai.it/en/node/2158 (eds.), Gli elicotteri duali nelcampo della sicurezza edifesa, Rome, Nuova Cultura, Alessandro R.Ungaro, “Ilcasoitaliano” inAlessandro Marrone and Michele Nones (January 2015),p.44-45 Leonardo Tricarico, “Missioni all’estero, perché non tagliare”, inAirpress, No. 52 in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2012 Roald Otnesetal., “Underwater Acoustic Networking Techniques”, inSpringerBriefs Paper 5),http://www.iai.it/en/node/1387 Forces: TheForza NEC Program, Rome, Nuova Cultura, October2012 (IAIResearch Michele Nones andAlessandro Marrone (eds.),TheTransformation of theArmed natohq/official_texts_112964.htm NATO, May 2012,http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_87594.htm NATO, natohq/official_texts_87593.htm NATO, articolo.asp?ID=2757 e male”, inAffarInternazionali, 30July 2014,http://www.affarinternazionali.it/ Alessandro Marrone andAlessandro R.Ungaro, “Difesa, come spenderepoco Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: Summit Declaration on DefenceCapabilities: Towards NATO Forces 2020, Wales Summit Declaration, Chicago Summit Declaration, May 2012,http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ September 2014, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ 31 DOCUMENTI IAI 15 | 02E - January 2015 ISSN 2280-6164 © 2015 IAI Latest DocumentiIAI Challenges andOpportunities Technological Innovation andItalian Armed Forces Training: www.iai.it [email protected] F +39 T +39 Via Angelo B and otherpapers’ series related toIAIresearch projects. (AffarInternazionali), two series of research papers (QuaderniIAIand Research Papers) publishes anEnglish-language quarterly (TheInternational S and theMiddle East;defence economy andpolicy; andtransatlantic relations. TheIAI in the global economy and internationalisation processes in Italy; the Mediterranean research sectors are:European institutions andpolicies; Italian foreign policy; trends and abroad andisamemberof various international networks. More specifically, themain that end,it cooperates with otherresearch institutes, universities andfoundations inItaly and disseminate knowledge through research studies, conferences andpublications. To economy andinternational security. Anon-profit organisation, theIAIaimstofurther Founded byAltiero S Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) 14 |13 14 | 14 |15 15 |01 15 |02 15 |02E 15 |03 15 |04 14 |12E 06 3224360 06 3224363 nell’addestramento delle Forze armate italiane Nones, Sfide e opportunità dell’innovazione tecnologica Alessandro R.Ungaro, Alessandro Marrone eMichele Challenges and Opportunities Technological Innovation and Italian Armed Forces Training: Alessandro R.Ungaro, Alessandro Marrone andMichele Nones, mediazione Roberto Aliboni, Chefare in Libia? L’Occidente fraintervento e politica? Gabriele Rosana, Crisiin Libia. Intervento militare osoluzione Italian Interests and NATO: From Missions toTrenches? Alessandro Marrone, Paola Tessari andCarolina De S missioni internazionali e“polizza di assicurazione” Giulia Formichetti eAlessandro Marrone, L’Italia elaNATO, tra and Private Sectors Development in Africa: Fostering Cooperation BetweenPublic Francesca Buratti andLorenzo Vai, Promoting Stability and Eve of the40thAnniversary of theHelsinki Final Act Monika Wohlfeld, OSCE’s Mediterranean Engagement on the Report Migration Governance in theMediterranean Region. Summary Istituto Affari Internazionali, Changing Migration Patterns and runetti, 9-I-00186 Rome, Italy pinelli in1965,does research inthefields of foreign policy, political pectator), anonline webzine imone,