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00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 *The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of EASME or of the Commission. Neither EASME, nor the Commission can guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither EASME, nor the Commission or any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 ISBN 978-92-9202-939-5 doi: 10.2826/2092 © European Union, 2020 AUTHORS This study was carried out for the European Commission by White Research, INTRASOFT International, Rina Consulting – Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.p.A and Valeu Consulting, with the support of sector experts Enrico Gibellieri (former ECSC official), Antonius Schröder (sfs, Technical University of Dortmund) and Dean Stroud (Cardiff University). EUROPEAN COMMISSION Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) Unit A1 – COSME E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) COSME EUROPEAN COMMISSION BLUEPRINT FOR SECTORAL COOPERATION ON SKILLS: TOWARDS AN EU STRATEGY ADDRESSING THE SKILLS NEEDS OF THE STEEL SECTOR European vision on steel-related skills and supporting actions to solve the skills gap today and tomorrow in Europe May 2020 Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) COSME TABLE OF CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 8 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 15 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT .......................................................................................... 17 3. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 21 3.1. Desk research and content analysis of job ads ................................................ 22 3.2. Interviews ................................................................................................. 23 3.3. Questionnaire for authorities ........................................................................ 24 3.4. Multi-component surveys ............................................................................. 24 3.5. Analysis ..................................................................................................... 27 3.6. National workshops ..................................................................................... 28 3.7. Webinars ................................................................................................... 28 4. RESEARCH OUTCOMES ......................................................................................... 30 4.1. The evolution of the European steel industry .................................................. 30 4.1.1. Measures to innovate the industry ................................................... 35 4.2. The image of careers in the steel sector ........................................................ 38 4.2.1. Perceptions and misconceptions around steelmaking .......................... 39 4.2.2. Students, graduates and jobseekers’ willingness to work in the steel sector ........................................................................................... 42 4.2.3. Actions and initiatives to improve the image of steelmaking ................ 49 4.3. Skills needs................................................................................................ 56 4.3.1. A look at the current situation: skills needs ....................................... 56 4.3.2. Current skills gaps, mismatches, and shortages ................................. 62 4.3.3. Expectations for the future: new skills and drivers of change ............... 72 4.4. Measures for up-/reskilling employees in the steel industry .............................. 80 4.4.1. The role of policymaking ................................................................. 82 4.4.2. The role of education...................................................................... 92 4.4.3. Best practices .............................................................................. 100 5. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 104 6. RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................... 106 6.1. Policy recommendations ............................................................................ 106 6.2. Communication recommendations .............................................................. 111 7. ANNEXES .......................................................................................................... 114 7.1. Annex 1: Implementation roadmap - Building the necessary skills for the EU steel industry ................................................................................................... 115 7.2. Annex 2: Implementation roadmap - Towards EU Education and Training on steel industrial technology skills ......................................................................... 124 7.3. National profiles ....................................................................................... 134 7.3.1. Finland ....................................................................................... 134 7.3.2. France ........................................................................................ 143 7.3.3. Germany .................................................................................... 151 7.3.4. Italy ........................................................................................... 159 7.3.5. The Netherlands .......................................................................... 171 7.3.6. Poland ........................................................................................ 181 7.3.7. Spain ......................................................................................... 195 7.4. Industry 4.0 ............................................................................................. 205 7.5. Abbreviations and bibliography ................................................................... 208 7.5.1. Abbreviations and acronyms ......................................................... 208 7.5.2. Bibliography ................................................................................ 210 7.5.3. Webliography .............................................................................. 215 5 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 — Approach and outcomes ...................................................................................... 22 Figure 2 — Employment in the European steel industry between 2008 and 2017 ........................ 32 Figure 3 — Global crude steel production: Geographic distribution 2008 - 2018 ......................... 33 Figure 4 — Aggregated results from the conjoint analysis ........................................................ 43 Figure 5 — Visual illustration of average utilities per attribute .................................................. 45 Figure 6 — Relation between professional status and willingness to work in the steel sector ........ 47 Figure 7 — Survey results - Perceptions regarding the most and least needed skills in steelmaking (industry professionals) ............................................................................................... 60 Figure 8 — Survey results - Perceptions regarding the most and least needed skills in steelmaking (students and jobseekers) ............................................................................................ 62 Figure 9 — STEM graduates as% of total graduates, breakdown by field of study, 2014 .............. 66 Figure 10 — Workers receiving in-firm training, by skills level (2012 or 2015) ........................... 67 Figure 11 — An overview of Industry 4.0 concepts ................................................................. 73 Figure 12 — Deriving future skills: 3-Tier structure ................................................................. 75 Figure 13 — Survey results - Survey for industry professionals: Perceptions regarding the most needed skills in steelmaking five years from now ............................................................ 77 Figure 14 — Spain steelmaking industry’s impact on the EU economy in EUR billions ................ 195 Figure 15 — Evolution of steel production in Spain with trend estimation ................................. 196 Figure 16 — Spain: steelmaking jobs in 2017 - '000 ............................................................. 197 Figure 17 — Spain: Future employment growth (in%) across sectors (2016 - 2030) ................. 199 Figure 18 — The four Industrial Revolutions......................................................................... 205 TABLE OF TABLES Table 1 — Stakeholder categories for the interview sample ...................................................... 23 Table 2 — Employment in the European steel industry between 1974 and 2000 ........................
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