Inferior Skull Neuroanatomy > Cranial Nerves & Skull Base > Cranial Nerves & Skull Base

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Inferior Skull Neuroanatomy > Cranial Nerves & Skull Base > Cranial Nerves & Skull Base INFERIOR SKULL KEY DEFINITIONS • Foramina are holes that allow neurovascular structures to pass through the bone. • Processes serve as muscle attachment sites. Maxilla: • Palatine process - Portion of the maxilla that extends posteriorly, towards the palatine. • Incisive foramen - A small opening for neurovascular structures; its name reflects its location posterior to the incisors (the front teeth). - The nasopalatine nerve and sphenopalatine artery (and vein) pass through the incisive foramen to serve the palate and associated structures. • Alveolar margin (aka, ridge) - The border of the maxilla where the upper teeth reside. Sphenoid: • Pterygoid process - Gives rise to the medial and lateral pterygoid plates, which are extensions where muscles of mastication (aka, chewing) attach. • Foramen ovale - Petrosal nerve, mandibular nerve, and accessory meningeal artery. 1 / 3 • Foramen spinosum - Middle meningeal artery and meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve. Temporal bone: • Mandibular fossa - Shallow depression where the mandible (the bone of the lower jaw) articulates with the cranium. • External auditory meatus - External opening of the ear. • Styloid process - A pointy projection for attachment of muscles. • Mastoid process - Larger, roughened cone-shaped projection for muscle attachment (sternocleidomastoid). • Opening of the carotid canal - Internal carotid artery enters the cranium to supply the brain via this opening. • Stylomastoid foramen - Lies between the styloid and mastoid processes. - CN VII (facial nerve). Occipital bone: • Foramen magnum - A large hole where the spinal cord enters the cranium to become the brainstem. - The brainstem, vertebral arteries, and CN XI (accessory nerve) pass through the foramen magnum; • Occipital condyles - Lie on either side of the foramen magnum; these rounded surfaces articulate with the vertebral column. 2 / 3 • Hypoglossal canal - A small opening near the foramen magnum and the occipital condyles. - CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) • External occipital crest - Extends from the posterior edge of the foramen magnum, and terminates at the external occipital protuberance • External occipital protuberance - A roughened elevation; it serves as a muscle attachment site and is usually larger in adult males. • Inferior and superior nuchal lines - Extend horizontally from the crest; they serve as muscle attachment sites. • Foramen lacerum - Lies between the occipital, sphenoid, and temporal bones; it is irregularly shaped. - Greater petrosal nerve; it is a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII). • Jugular foramen - Lies between occipital and temporal bones; it is named for the jugular vein, which exits through this space. - CNs IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), X (vagus), and XI (accessory), and the jugular vein Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 3 / 3.

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The Morphometric Study of Occurrence and Variations of Foramen Ovale S
Research Article The morphometric study of occurrence and variations of foramen ovale S. Ajrish George*, M. S. Thenmozhi ABSTRACT Background: Foramen vale is one of the important foramina present in the sphenoid bone. Anatomically it is located in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. The foramen ovale is situated posterolateral to the foramen rotundum and anteromedial to the foramen spinosum. The foramen spinosum is present posterior to the foramen ovale. The carotid canal is present posterior and medial to the foramen spinosum and the foramen rotundum is present anterior to the foramen ovale. The structures which pass through the foramen ovale are the mandibular nerve, emissary vein, accessory middle meningeal artery, and lesser petrosal nerve. The sphenoid bone has a body, a pair of greater wing, pair of lesser wing, pair of lateral pterygoid plate, and a pair of medial pterygoid plate. Aim: The study involves the assessment of any additional features in foramen ovale in dry South Indian skulls. Materials and Methods: This study involves examination of dry adult skulls. First, the foramen ovale is located, and then it is carefully examined for presence of alterations and additional features, and is recorded following computing the data and analyzing it. Results: The maximum length of foramen ovale on the right and left was 10.1 mm, 4.3 mm, respectively. The minimum length of the foramen in right and left was 9.1 mm, 3.2 mm, respectively. The maximum width of foramen ovale on the right and left was 4.8 mm and 2.3 mm, respectively. The minimum width of the foramen in the right and the left side was 5.7 mm and 2.9 mm, respectively.
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A Morphological Study of Jugular Foramen
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Implications to Occipital Headache
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Questions on Human Anatomy
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Biomechanical Analysis of Skull Trauma and Opportunity In
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Morphology of the Foramen Magnum in Young Eastern European Adults
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