TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE for CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS
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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators. -
Toxic Residents: Health and Citizenship at Love Canal
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bucknell University Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Faculty Journal Articles Faculty Scholarship Fall 2016 Toxic Residents: Health and Citizenship at Love Canal Jennifer Thomson Bucknell University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/fac_journ Part of the Other History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Thomson, Jennifer. "Toxic Residents: Health and Citizenship at Love Canal." Journal of Social History (2016) : 204-223. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal of Social History Advance Access published December 19, 2015 JENNIFER THOMSON Toxic Residents: Health and Citizenship at Love Canal Abstract Downloaded from This article investigates the relationship between American political culture and grassroots environmentalism in the 1970s. To do so, it examines how the white working class residents of Love Canal, New York, claimed health and a healthy en- vironment as rights of citizenship. To date, the Canal has remained a sore spot for environmental scholarship; this article demonstrates how the analytic difficulties http://jsh.oxfordjournals.org/ posed by the Canal stem from the crosscurrents of American political culture in the late 1970s. Canal residents put their local experience into several larger frames of reference: the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, the plight of Cuban and Vietnamese refugees, and a culture of skepticism toward government and medical authority. -
Approaches for Assessing Health Risks from Complex Mixtures in Indoor Air: a Panel Overview by Carol J
Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 95, pp. 135-143, 1991 Approaches for Assessing Health Risks from Complex Mixtures in Indoor Air: A Panel Overview by Carol J. Henry,* Lawrence Fishbein,* William J. Meggs,t Nicholas A. Ashford,' Paul A. Schulte,§ Henry Anderson,/' J. Scott Osborne,' and Daniel W. Sepkovictt Critical to a more definitive human health assessment ofthe potential health risks from exposure to complex mixtures in indoor air is the need for a more definitive clinical measure and etiology ofthe helath effects ofcomplex mixtures. This panel overview highlights six ofthe eight presentations ofthe conference panel discussion and features a number ofthe major topical areas of indoor air concern. W. G. Meggs assessed clinical research priorities with primary focus on the role ofvolatile organic chemicals in human health, recognizing the areas where definitive data are lacking. By recogniz- ing many types ofchemical sensitivity, it may be possible to design studies that can illuminate the mechanisms by which chemical exposure may cause disease. The critically important topic of multiple chemical sensitivity was discussed by N. A. Ashford, who identified four high risk groups and defined the demographics ofthese groups. P. A. Schulte address- ed the issue ofbiological markers ofsusceptibility with specific considerations ofboth methodologia and societal aspects that may be operative in the ability to detect innate or inborne differences between individuals and populations. Three case studies were reviewed. H. Anderson discussed the past and present priorities from a public health perspective, focusing on those issues dealing with exposures to environmental tobacco smoke and formaldehyde off-gassing from materials used in mobile homeconstruction. -
Hypochlorous Acid Handling
Hypochlorous Acid Handling 1 Identification of Petitioned Substance 2 Chemical Names: Hypochlorous acid, CAS Numbers: 7790-92-3 3 hypochloric(I) acid, chloranol, 4 hydroxidochlorine 10 Other Codes: European Community 11 Number-22757, IUPAC-Hypochlorous acid 5 Other Name: Hydrogen hypochlorite, 6 Chlorine hydroxide List other codes: PubChem CID 24341 7 Trade Names: Bleach, Sodium hypochlorite, InChI Key: QWPPOHNGKGFGJK- 8 Calcium hypochlorite, Sterilox, hypochlorite, UHFFFAOYSA-N 9 NVC-10 UNII: 712K4CDC10 12 Summary of Petitioned Use 13 A petition has been received from a stakeholder requesting that hypochlorous acid (also referred 14 to as electrolyzed water (EW)) be added to the list of synthetic substances allowed for use in 15 organic production and handling (7 CFR §§ 205.600-606). Specifically, the petition concerns the 16 formation of hypochlorous acid at the anode of an electrolysis apparatus designed for its 17 production from a brine solution. This active ingredient is aqueous hypochlorous acid which acts 18 as an oxidizing agent. The petitioner plans use hypochlorous acid as a sanitizer and antimicrobial 19 agent for the production and handling of organic products. The petition also requests to resolve a 20 difference in interpretation of allowed substances for chlorine materials on the National List of 21 Allowed and Prohibited Substances that contain the active ingredient hypochlorous acid (NOP- 22 PM 14-3 Electrolyzed water). 23 The NOP has issued NOP 5026 “Guidance, the use of Chlorine Materials in Organic Production 24 and Handling.” This guidance document clarifies the use of chlorine materials in organic 25 production and handling to align the National List with the November, 1995 NOSB 26 recommendation on chlorine materials which read: 27 “Allowed for disinfecting and sanitizing food contact surfaces. -
Multi-Omic Understanding of the Evolution of Xenobiotic Tolerance in Bacterial Isolates and Communities
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Summer 8-15-2019 Multi-omic Understanding of the Evolution of Xenobiotic Tolerance in Bacterial Isolates and Communities Tayte Paul Campbell Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Bioinformatics Commons, Biology Commons, and the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Campbell, Tayte Paul, "Multi-omic Understanding of the Evolution of Xenobiotic Tolerance in Bacterial Isolates and Communities" (2019). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1888. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1888 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences Plant and Microbial Biosciences Dissertation Examination Committee: Gautam Dantas, Chair Arpita Bose Andrew Kau Audrey Odom-John Himadri Pakrasi Fuzhong Zhang Multi-omic Understanding of the Evolution of Xenobiotic Tolerance in Bacterial Isolates and Communities by Tayte P. Campbell A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of Washington University in partial fulfillment -
The Ideology of the Long Take in the Cinema of Alfonso Cuarón by BRUCE ISAACS
4.3 Reality Effects: The Ideology of the Long Take in the Cinema of Alfonso Cuarón BY BRUCE ISAACS Between 2001 and 2013, Alfonso Cuarón, working in concert with long-time collaborator, cinematographer Emmanuel Lubezki, produced several works that effectively modeled a signature disposition toward film style. After a period of measured success in Hollywood (A Little Princess [1995], Great Expectations [1998]), Cuarón and Lubezki returned to Mexico to produce Y Tu Mamá También (2001), a film designed as a low- budget, independent vehicle (Riley). In 2006, Cuarón directed Children of Men, a high budget studio production, and in March 2014, he won the Academy Award for Best Director for Gravity (2013), a film that garnered the praise of the American and European critical establishment while returning in excess of half a billion dollars worldwide at the box office (Gravity, Box Office Mojo). Lubezki acted as cinematographer on each of the three films.[1] In this chapter, I attempt to trace the evolution of a cinematographic style founded upon the “long take,” the sequence shot of excessive duration. Reality Effects Each of Cuarón’s three films under examination demonstrates a fixation on the capacity of the image to display greater and more complex indices of time and space, holding shots across what would be deemed uncomfortable durations in a more conventional mode of cinema. As Udden argues, Cuarón’s films are increasingly defined by this mark of the long take, “shots with durations well beyond the industry standard” (26-27). Such shots are “attention-grabbing spectacles,” displaying the virtuosity of the filmmaker over and above the requirement of narrative unfolding. -
Love Canal Follow-Up Health Study
Love Canal Follow-up Health Study Prepared by the Division of Environmental Health Assessment Center for Environmental Health New York State Department of Health for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry In memory of Charlene M. Spampinato and her longstanding dedication to the Love Canal project. October 2008 State of New York Funding Provided by Department of Health United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………....................iii LIST OF FIGURES.……………………………………………………………...............iv LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………….............v LIST OF APPENDICES....…...…...…..…………………………………………...........vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………….........1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..5 Love Canal History……………………………………………………….6 Environmental Sampling………………………………………………….8 Study Area………………………………………………….....................10 Review of Earlier Love Canal Health Studies…………………………...11 Community Involvement………………………………………………...15 Study Objectives…………………………………………………………17 METHODS………………………………………………………………………………19 Study Population……………………………………………………........19 Comparison Populations………………………………………………....20 Tracing Former Love Canal Residents…………………………………..20 Exposure Assessment………………………………………………........22 Outcome Assessment……………………………………………….…....25 Mortality…………………………………………………….…...25 Cancer Incidence………………………………………………....26 Reproductive Outcomes……………………………………….…28 Potential Confounders…………………………………………………....31 -
Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Pigments
doi: 10.1111/cote.12167 Polychlorinated biphenyls in pigments: inadvertent production and environmental Coloration significance Technology Lisa Rodenburg,a Jia Guoa and Robert Christieb,* aDepartment of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA bSchool of Textiles and Design, Heriot-Watt University, Scottish Borders Campus, Netherdale, Galashiels, TD1 3HF, UK Feature article Email: [email protected] Society of Dyers and Colourists Received: 18 December 2014; Accepted: 26 June 2015 Polychlorobiphenyls are toxic, bioaccumulative, and persistent chemicals whose intentional manufacture has been banned throughout the developed world. Polychlorobiphenyls may be generated inadvertently during the production of certain pigments, including diarylides. This inadvertent production is allowed under various regulatory schemes, such as the Toxic Substances Control Act in the United States and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Generally, these regulations require polychlorobiphenyl levels in batches of pigment to be less than certain regulatory limits, usually 50 ppm. A growing body of evidence suggests that the use of pigments is dispersing polychlorobiphenyls throughout the environment. Polychlorobiphenyl congeners associated with pigments have been found throughout the United States in sediments and in surface waters at levels exceeding the prevailing water quality standards. A recent Japanese government study reported measured polychlorobiphenyl concentrations well -
History of Seed in the U.S. the Untold American Revolution 660 Pennsylvania Ave SE Suite 302 Washington, D.C
History of Seed in the U.S. The Untold American Revolution 660 Pennsylvania Ave SE Suite 302 Washington, D.C. 20003 P (202) 547-9359 F (202) 547-9429 www.centerforfoodsafety.org Save Our Seeds An exhibition at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., What’s Cooking Uncle Sam?, traces the history of U.S. agriculture from “the horse and plow (SOS) to today’s mechanized farm.” While the exhibition contains humorous elements, including a corporate campaign to win the War Food A program of the Administration’s endorsement of its Vitamin Donuts—“For pep and vigor… Center for Food Safety Vitamin Donuts!”—it also chronicles a sobering story of American farming and how the effects of U.S. food and agricultural policies reach far beyond the borders of Uncle Sam. Throughout, it is clear that the path of agriculture begins with the seed. Over the past 40 years, the U.S. has led a radical shift toward commercialization, consolidation, and control of seed. Prior to the advent of industrial agriculture, there were thousands of seed companies and public breeding institutions. At present, the top 10 seed and chemical companies, with the majority stake owned by U.S. corporations, control 73 1 Debbie Barker percent of the global market. International Program Today, fewer than 2 percent of Americans are farmers,2 whereas 90 percent 3 Director of our citizens lived on farms in 1810. This represents perhaps a more transformative revolution than even the Revolutionary War recorded in our history books. August 2012 This report will provide a summary of U.S. -
On Anamorphic Adaptations and the Children of Men
ISSN 1751-8229 Volume Eleven, Number Two On Anamorphic Adaptations and the Children of Men Gregory Wolmart, Drexel University, United States Abstract In this article, I expand upon Slavoj Zižek’s “anamorphic” reading of Alfonso Cuarón’s Children of Men (2006). In this reading, Zižek distinguishes between the film’s ostensible narrative structure, the “foreground,” as he calls it, and the “background,” wherein the social and spiritual dissolution endemic to Cuaron’s dystopian England draws the viewer into a recognition of the dire conditions plaguing the post-9/11, post-Iraq invasion, neoliberal world. The foreground plots the conventional trajectory of the main character Theo from ordinary, disaffected man to self-sacrificing hero, one whose martyrdom might pave the way for a new era of regeneration. According to Zižek, in this context the foreground merely entertains, while propagating some well-worn clichés about heroic individualism as demonstrated through Hollywood’s generic conventions of an action- adventure/political thriller/science-fiction film. Zižek contends that these conventions are essential to the revelation of the film’s progressive politics, as “the fate of the individual hero is the prism through which … [one] see[s] the background even more sharply.” Zižek’s framing of Theo merely as a “prism” limits our understanding of the film by not taking into account its status as an adaptation of P.D. James’ The Children of Men (1992). This article offers such an account by interpreting the differences between the film and its literary source as one informed by the transition from Cold War to post-9/11 neoliberal conceptions of identity and politics. -
Frequency Response and Bode Plots
1 Frequency Response and Bode Plots 1.1 Preliminaries The steady-state sinusoidal frequency-response of a circuit is described by the phasor transfer function Hj( ) . A Bode plot is a graph of the magnitude (in dB) or phase of the transfer function versus frequency. Of course we can easily program the transfer function into a computer to make such plots, and for very complicated transfer functions this may be our only recourse. But in many cases the key features of the plot can be quickly sketched by hand using some simple rules that identify the impact of the poles and zeroes in shaping the frequency response. The advantage of this approach is the insight it provides on how the circuit elements influence the frequency response. This is especially important in the design of frequency-selective circuits. We will first consider how to generate Bode plots for simple poles, and then discuss how to handle the general second-order response. Before doing this, however, it may be helpful to review some properties of transfer functions, the decibel scale, and properties of the log function. Poles, Zeroes, and Stability The s-domain transfer function is always a rational polynomial function of the form Ns() smm as12 a s m asa Hs() K K mm12 10 (1.1) nn12 n Ds() s bsnn12 b s bsb 10 As we have seen already, the polynomials in the numerator and denominator are factored to find the poles and zeroes; these are the values of s that make the numerator or denominator zero. If we write the zeroes as zz123,, zetc., and similarly write the poles as pp123,, p , then Hs( ) can be written in factored form as ()()()s zsz sz Hs() K 12 m (1.2) ()()()s psp12 sp n 1 © Bob York 2009 2 Frequency Response and Bode Plots The pole and zero locations can be real or complex. -
Congener Patterns of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins
Science of the Total Environment 746 (2020) 141098 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Review Congener patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls as a useful aid to source identification during a contamination incident in the food chain Ron L.A.P. Hoogenboom a,⁎, Rainer Malisch b, Stefan P.J. van Leeuwen a, Huig Vanderperren c, Helge Hove d, Alwyn Fernandes f, Alexander Schächtele b, Martin Rose e,g a Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands b EURL for POPs, CVUA, Bissierstraße 5, 79114 Freiburg, Germany c FLVV, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium d NIFES, Strandgaten 229, 5004 Bergen, Norway e FERA Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK f School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK g Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Congener patterns are important tools for source identification. • TEQ contribution may be preferred over contribution to total sum. • Only PCDDs point to clay or chlorophenols, only PCDFs to PCB sources. • Mixed patterns point to minerals or burning processes. • Simple patterns indicate certain pesti- cides or herbicides. article info abstract Article history: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) are still consid- Received 7 May 2020 ered among the most important groups of contaminants in the food chain. Self-control by food producers Received in revised form 13 July 2020 and official control by authorities are important activities that allow contaminant sources to be traced Accepted 18 July 2020 and promote further reduction in food and feed levels.