Cyanide Toxicity
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From Acrolein Cyanohydrin
Agric. Biol. Chem., 52 (2), 589-591, 1988 589 Note carried out at iuu~zuirc under an increased pressure/' Here, we present a novel single-step synthesis of 5-(/?- methylthioethyl)hydantoin (2), in which we employed Single-step Synthesis of 5-(j6- single-step reactions of acrolein cyanohydrin (AC, 4), Methylthioethyl)hydantoin methyl mercaptan and ammoniumcarbonate in polar solvents (the AC method), and of acrolein (AL, 1), from Acrolein Cyanohydrin hydrogen cyanide, methyl mercaptan and ammonium and Acrolein carbonate (the ALmethod), accompanied with the for- mation of a-ureido-y-methylthiobutyramide (UMA, 5). Chisei Shibuya and Shunji Ouchi* By an alkaline hydrolysis of these products, dl- methionine (MT, 3) was obtained in an 85%yield on the Food Products & Pharmaceuticals Plant, bases of acrolein cyanohydrin and of acrolein. Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Whenthe single-step hydantoination was carried out 6-2700 Asahimachi, Nobeoka, from ACor AL, a mixture of 2 and 5 was obtained. Miyazaki 882, Japan Approximately 12mol% of 5 was formed in each case of *Analytical Research Center, using AL and AC. Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., These new reactions are summarized in the following 1-3-1 Yako, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, equations: Kanagawa 210, Japan According to this procedure, acrolein and acrolein Received July 27, 1987 cyanohydrin, which are unstable to alkali, were not polymerized by the presence of excess ammoniumcar- bonate,-and the desired reaction proceeded in high yields. Single-step hydantoination of ACusing methanol as the A number of methods for DL-methionine synthesis solvent was carried out, and the effect of quantities of through the hydantoin intermediate have been reported methyl mercaptan, hydrogen cyanide and ammonium since Pierson1* obtained methionine in a 50%yield starting carbonate on the yield of MTwas investigated. -
Acute Toxicity of Cyanide in Aerobic Respiration: Theoretical and Experimental Support for Murburn Explanation
BioMol Concepts 2020; 11: 32–56 Research Article Open Access Kelath Murali Manoj*, Surjith Ramasamy, Abhinav Parashar, Daniel Andrew Gideon, Vidhu Soman, Vivian David Jacob, Kannan Pakshirajan Acute toxicity of cyanide in aerobic respiration: Theoretical and experimental support for murburn explanation https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2020-0004 received January 14, 2020; accepted February 19, 2020. of diffusible radicals and proton-equilibriums, explaining analogous outcomes in mOxPhos chemistry. Further, we Abstract: The inefficiency of cyanide/HCN (CN) binding demonstrate that superoxide (diffusible reactive oxygen with heme proteins (under physiological regimes) is species, DROS) enables in vitro ATP synthesis from demonstrated with an assessment of thermodynamics, ADP+phosphate, and show that this reaction is inhibited kinetics, and inhibition constants. The acute onset of by CN. Therefore, practically instantaneous CN ion-radical toxicity and CN’s mg/Kg LD50 (μM lethal concentration) interactions with DROS in matrix catalytically disrupt suggests that the classical hemeFe binding-based mOxPhos, explaining the acute lethal effect of CN. inhibition rationale is untenable to account for the toxicity of CN. In vitro mechanistic probing of Keywords: cyanide-poisoning; murburn concept; CN-mediated inhibition of hemeFe reductionist systems aerobic respiration; ATP-synthesis; hemoglobin; was explored as a murburn model for mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase; mitochondria; diffusible reactive oxidative phosphorylation (mOxPhos). The effect of CN oxygen species (DROS). in haloperoxidase catalyzed chlorine moiety transfer to small organics was considered as an analogous probe for phosphate group transfer in mOxPhos. Similarly, Introduction inclusion of CN in peroxidase-catalase mediated one- electron oxidation of small organics was used to explore Since the discovery of the dye Prussian blue (ferric electron transfer outcomes in mOxPhos, leading to water ferrocyanide, Fe7[CN]18) and the volatile prussic acid formation. -
HISTORY of LEAD POISONING in the WORLD Dr. Herbert L. Needleman Introduction the Center for Disease Control Classified the Cause
HISTORY OF LEAD POISONING IN THE WORLD Dr. Herbert L. Needleman Introduction The Center for Disease Control classified the causes of disease and death as follows: 50 % due to unhealthy life styles 25 % due to environment 25% due to innate biology and 25% due to inadequate health care. Lead poisoning is an environmental disease, but it is also a disease of life style. Lead is one of the best-studied toxic substances, and as a result we know more about the adverse health effects of lead than virtually any other chemical. The health problems caused by lead have been well documented over a wide range of exposures on every continent. The advancements in technology have made it possible to research lead exposure down to very low levels approaching the limits of detection. We clearly know how it gets into the body and the harm it causes once it is ingested, and most importantly, how to prevent it! Using advanced technology, we can trace the evolution of lead into our environment and discover the health damage resulting from its exposure. Early History Lead is a normal constituent of the earth’s crust, with trace amounts found naturally in soil, plants, and water. If left undisturbed, lead is practically immobile. However, once mined and transformed into man-made products, which are dispersed throughout the environment, lead becomes highly toxic. Solely as a result of man’s actions, lead has become the most widely scattered toxic metal in the world. Unfortunately for people, lead has a long environmental persistence and never looses its toxic potential, if ingested. -
Cyanide Poisoning and How to Treat It Using CYANOKIT (Hydroxocobalamin for Injection) 5G
Cyanide Poisoning and How to Treat It Using CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin for injection) 5g 1. CYANOKIT (single 5-g vial) [package insert]. Columbia, MD: Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc.; 2011. Please see Important Safety Information on slides 3-4 and full Prescribing Information for CYANOKIT starting on slide 33. CYANOKIT is a registered trademark of SERB Sarl, licensed by Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., a Pfizer company. Copyright © 2015 Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., a Pfizer company. All rights reserved. CYK783109-01 November/2015. Indication and Important Safety Information……………………………………………………………………………….………..…..3 . Identifying Cyanide Poisoning……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….….5 . How CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin for injection) Works……………………………………………………………….12 . The Specifics of CYANOKIT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………17 . Administering CYANOKIT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….21 . Storage and Disposal of CYANOKIT…................................................................................................................................26 . Grant Information for CYANOKIT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....30 . Full Prescribing Information………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………33 Please see Important Safety Information on slides 3-4 and full Prescribing Information for CYANOKIT starting on slide 33. CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin for injection) 5 g for intravenous infusion is indicated for the treatment of known or suspected cyanide poisoning. -
Poisoning (Pdf)
n Poisoning n What puts your child at risk Poisoning is a common and often serious emer- gency in children. Poisoning most often occurs of poisoning? when toddlers and preschoolers find poisons in Crawling infants and toddlers are at highest risk! Most the home and eat or drink them. If you have an poisonings occur in children under age 5. infant or toddler, you need to “poison-proof” your home and make a plan for what to do if poisoning Poisoning is much less common at ages 6 and older. occurs. Teenagers may poison themselves in suicide attempts or while attempting to get “high.” Not poison-proofing your home! Ninety percent of poisonings in children occur at home. What types of poisoning occur in children? How can poisoning be prevented? The average home contains many products that could Poison-proof your home by putting away all medicines, cause poisoning in a young child. Many common medica- household cleaners, and other possible poisons. All of tions can be harmful when taken in large doses. Infants these products should be locked up or put away where and toddlers are at risk of poisoning because they love to your child cannot see or find them. (Remember, toddlers explore their environment and will put almost anything in love to climb!) their mouths. Teach your child never to put anything but food or drink “ ! If you have an infant or toddler, it is essential to poison- into his or her mouth. Never tell your child that medicine ” proof your home so that your child cannot find and eat is “candy.” or drink anything harmful. -
IV-23 N. Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit®)
N. Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit®) I. Classification •Cyanide antidote II. Actions •Binds cyanide ions with more affinity than hemoglobin molecule •Cyanide ion and hydroxocobalamin form cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) which is then excreted in the urine. III. Indications •Known or suspected cyanide poisoning - patients at high risk (industrial accidents, fire victims with smoke inhalation, known overdose, etc) with one more more of the following symptoms: - Altered mental status, confusion, seizures, coma - Headache - Chest pain or tightness - Shortness of breath, bradypnea, tachypnea - Hypertension (early), hypotension (late), cardiovascular collapse - Nausea, vomiting - Cardiac arrest - Mydriasis (dilated pupils) IV. Contraindications •Known allergic reaction to hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin V. Adverse effects A. Cardiovascular •Ventricular extrasystoles •Tachycardia •Transient hypertension B. Neurological •Memory impairment •Dizziness •Restlessness C. Respiratory •Dyspnea •Dry Throat •Throat tightness D. Gastrointestinal •Abdominal discomfort •Dysphagia •Vomiting, diarrhea •Hematochezia E. General •Allergic reaction, pruritis, anaphylaxis •Hot flush SUBJECT : PATIENT CARE GUIDELINES AND STANDING ORDERS FOR BLS AND ALS UNITS REFERENCE NO. III-01 PUBLICATION : 1/11/21 IV-23 VI. Administration A. Do not administer hydroxocobalamin through the same IV site/set as the following medications: dopamine, fentanyl, dobutamine, diazepam, nitroglycerin, pentobarbital, propofol, thiopental, sodium thiosulfate, sodium nitrite and ascorbic acid. You must start a second IV to administer hydroxocobalamin in patient’s receiving these medications. B. Adult: •5 grams IV/IO over 15 minutes (Stocked as single 5gm bottle, or two 2.5 gm bottles) -Single 5 gm Bottle - Reconstituted with 200 ml Normal Saline. -Two 2.5 gm Bottles, give over 7.5 minutes each. - Each vial reconstituted with 100 ml Normal Saline. C. Pediatric •100 mg/kg IV/IO of hydroxocobalamin (reconstituted with Normal Saline the same as adults) over 15 minutes. -
Hazardous Chemicals in Secondhand Marijuana Smoke
Hazardous Chemicals in Secondhand Marijuana Smoke “The following 33 marijuana smoke constituents included in Table 1 are listed under 33 Chemicals Proposition 65 as causing cancer: acetaldehyde, acetamide, acrylonitrile, 4- aminobiphenyl, arsenic, benz[a]anthracene, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene, That Can benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzofuran, 1,3- butadiene, cadmium, carbazole, catechol, chromium (hexavalent compounds), Cancer chrysene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, dibenz[a,i]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, “Many of the chemical diethylnitrosamine, dimethylnitrosamine, formaldehyde, indeno[1,2,3,-c,d]pyrene, constituents that have been isoprene, lead, mercury, 5-methylchrysene, naphthalene, nickel, pyridine, and identified in marijuana smoke quinoline.” are carcinogens.” 2009 OEHHA document, Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Marijuana Smoke Hydrogen Cyanide interferes with the normal use of oxygen by nearly every organ of Hydrogen the body. Exposure to hydrogen cyanide (AC) can be rapidly fatal. It has whole-body (systemic) effects, particularly affecting those organ systems most sensitive to low Cyanide oxygen levels: the central nervous system (brain), the cardiovascular system (heart Is the same chemical used for and blood vessels), and the pulmonary system (lungs). Hydrogen cyanide (AC) is a chemical weapons. chemical warfare agent (military designation, AC). Ammonia gas is a severe respiratory tract irritant. Can cause severe irritation of the Ammonia nose and throat. Can cause life-threatening accumulation of fluid in the lungs Household cleaner used on (pulmonary edema). Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath, difficult floors and toilets. There is 3 breathing and tightness in the chest. Symptoms may develop hours after exposure times more in secondhand and are made worse by physical effort. -
RR Program's RCL Spreadsheet Update
RR Program’s RCL Spreadsheet Update March 2017 RR Program RCL Spreadsheet Update DNR-RR-052e The Wisconsin DNR Remediation and Redevelopment Program (RR) has updated the numerical soil standards in the August 2015 DNR-RR- 052b RR spreadsheet of residual contaminant levels (RCLs). The RCLs were determined using the U.S. EPA RSL web- calculator by accepting EPA exposure defaults, with the exception of using Chicago, IL, for the climatic zone. This documentThe U.S. provides EPA updateda summary its Regionalof changes Screening to the direct-contact Level (RSL) RCLs website (DC-RCLs) in June that2015. are To now reflect in the that March 2017 spreadsheet.update, the The Wisconsin last page ofDNR this updated document the has numerical the EPA exposuresoil standards, parameter or residual values usedcontaminant in the RCL levels calculations. (RCLs), in the Remediation and Redevelopment program’s spreadsheet of RCLs. This document The providesU.S. EPA a RSL summary web-calculator of the updates has been incorporated recently updated in the Julyso that 2015 the spreadsheet.most up-to-date There toxicity were values no changes for chemi - cals madewere certainlyto the groundwater used in the RCLs,RCL calculations. but there are However, many changes it is important in the industrial to note that and the non-industrial web-calculator direct is only a subpartcontact of the (DC) full RCLsEPA RSL worksheets. webpage, Tables and that 1 andthe other 2 of thissubparts document that will summarize have important the DC-RCL explanatory changes text, generic tablesfrom and the references previous have spreadsheet yet to be (Januaryupdated. -
The Detoxification of Gold-Mill Tailings with Hydrogen Peroxide by A
J. S. At,. Inst. Min. Metal/., vol. 87, no. 9. Sap. 1987. pp. 279-283. The detoxification of gold-mill tailings with hydrogen peroxide by A. GRIFFITHS., H. KNORRE**, S. GOS:I:,and R. HIGGINS§ SYNOPSIS Hydrogen peroxide is gaining acceptance as a reagent for the treatment of.mining effluents c?ntaininQ cyanide. In this paper some of the chemical and environmental aspects of treatment with hydrogen peroxide are discussed, and one way of improving the economics of the process is described. This is known as selective detoxification, which involves the oxidation of the less stable (cyanide) complexes while not affecting the more stable complexes, which contribute very little to the concentration of free cyanide or to the toxicity of the treated water. SAMEVATTING Waterstofperoksied word al hoe meer aanvaar as 'n reagens vir die behandeling van mynuitvl?eisels w~t si~ni~d bevat. Sommige van die chemiese en omgewingsaspekte van behandeling met waterstofperoks,led word In hlerdle referaat bespreek en een manier om die ekonomie van die proses te verbeter word beskryf. Dlt s~aan bekend. as selektiewe ontgifting en behels die oksidasie van die minder stabiele (sianied) komplekse sonder om die meer stablele komplekse wat baie min tot die konsentrasie van vry sianied, of tot die giftigheid van die behandelde water bydra, te be"invloed. Introduction The detoxification plant supplied by Degussa for use Oxidation of CN- at the gold mine of Ok Tedi Mining Ltd in Papua New CN~ + HP2 CNO- + H2O Guinea represents the first large-scale application of - Hydrolysis of CNO- hydrogen peroxide for the detoxification of tailings from CNO- + 2 H+ a cyanidation plant. -
Acute Poisoning: Understanding 90% of Cases in a Nutshell S L Greene, P I Dargan, a L Jones
204 REVIEW Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.2004.027813 on 5 April 2005. Downloaded from Acute poisoning: understanding 90% of cases in a nutshell S L Greene, P I Dargan, A L Jones ............................................................................................................................... Postgrad Med J 2005;81:204–216. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2004.024794 The acutely poisoned patient remains a common problem Paracetamol remains the most common drug taken in overdose in the UK (50% of intentional facing doctors working in acute medicine in the United self poisoning presentations).19 Non-steroidal Kingdom and worldwide. This review examines the initial anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), benzodiaze- management of the acutely poisoned patient. Aspects of pines/zopiclone, aspirin, compound analgesics, drugs of misuse including opioids, tricyclic general management are reviewed including immediate antidepressants (TCAs), and selective serotonin interventions, investigations, gastrointestinal reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) comprise most of the decontamination techniques, use of antidotes, methods to remaining 50% (box 1). Reductions in the price of drugs of misuse have led to increased cocaine, increase poison elimination, and psychological MDMA (ecstasy), and c-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) assessment. More common and serious poisonings caused toxicity related ED attendances.10 Clinicians by paracetamol, salicylates, opioids, tricyclic should also be aware that severe toxicity can result from exposure to non-licensed pharmaco- -
Qualitative Chemical Measures to Indirectly Assess Quality of Natural/Uncured, Organic Bacon Compared to Traditionally Cured Bacon
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2009 Qualitative chemical measures to indirectly assess quality of natural/uncured, organic bacon compared to traditionally cured bacon. Charlwit Kulchaiyawat Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Kulchaiyawat, Charlwit, "Qualitative chemical measures to indirectly assess quality of natural/uncured, organic bacon compared to traditionally cured bacon." (2009). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 10999. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/10999 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Qualitative chemical measures to indirectly assess quality of natural/uncured, organic bacon compared to traditionally cured bacon by Charlwit Kulchaiyawat A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Meat Science Program of Study Committee: Joseph Sebranek, Major Professor James Dickson Mark Honeyman Lester Wilson Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2009 Copyright © Charlwit Kulchaiyawat 2009. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES iii ABSTRACT -
Cyanocobalamin-A Case for Withdrawal
686 Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Volume 85 November 1992 Cyanocobalamin- a case for withdrawal: discussion paper A G Freeman MD FRCP Meadow Rise, 3 Lakeside, Swindon SN3 IQE Keywords: anaemia, pernicious; optic neuropathies; chronic cyanide intoxication; hydroxocobalamin; cyanocobalamin It seems evident that controversy still surrounds the reduced ability to detoxify the cyanide in the tobacco- treatment of pernicious anaemia and other vitamin smoke to which they are exposed'0. B12 deficiency disorders. The long quest for the 'anti- Patients with tobacco amblyopia who have normal pernicious anaemia factor' in the liver seemed to serum vitamin B12 levels need not continue therapy have ended in 1948 when pure cyanocobalamin was with intramuscular hydroxocobalamin once their isolated. This was found to be very active thera- visual acuity and visual fields have returned to peutically when given by intramuscular injection and normal providing they abstain from further smoking. was non-toxic in extremely high doses'. However, those patients who have low serum vitamin Lederle, in a recent commentary2, advocates that B12 levels or evidence of -defective vitamin B12 patients with pernicious anaemia should now be absorption will need to continue-indefinitely with treated with oral cyanocobalamin. He is not without hydroxocobalamin irrespective of their smoking support in that 40% of patients with pernicious habits as will all patients with pernicious anaemia anaemia in Sweden are being similarly treated3. and other vitamin B12 deficiency disorders who are He further states that such!- treatment is cheap at risk of developing- optic neuropathy if they and effective, produces clinical and haematological are smokers.