DOCSLIB.ORG

Archaeology of the Mackays to Peka Peka Expressway

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Archaeology of the Mackays to Peka Peka Expressway Archaeology of the MacKays to Peka Peka Expressway Volume 1: Report on archaeological investigations and monitoring Report to New Zealand Transport Agency and Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga August 2019 Mary O’Keeffe Heritage Solutions Wellington Acknowledgments This report is presented to Te Ati Awai ki Whakarongotai, in memory of their tupuna. Thanks are offered to: the staff of the M2PP Alliance for collaboration and support Kevin Jones, Andy Dodd, Yolanda Vogel and Daniel Parker for field assistance Chris Jacomb, Kevin Jones, Dr Bruce McFadgen, John Coster and Yolanda Vogel for discussion and advice Richard Walter and Dr Bruce McFadgen for comments on this report Particular thanks and aroha to Danny Mullen, lead iwi monitor and Les Mullen, iwi monitor, for good company, collaboration and cultural support. Huge thanks and gratitude to the magnificent Good men and women of Goodmans Contractors Limited, Waikanae, for their unfailing support, enthusiasm, professionalism, immense skill and fine company. This report is dedicated in loving memory of Chris Jacomb. A gentleman and a gentle man. Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. Background ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Statutory Requirements ...................................................................................... 4 2. Project History and Context ...................................................................................... 6 2.1. History of the Kapiti Road .................................................................................. 6 2.2. Project Development and Archaeology ............................................................ 9 2.3. Project Zones ....................................................................................................... 10 2.4. Authorities .......................................................................................................... 11 2.5. Archaeological Programme .............................................................................. 16 Monitoring methodology .............................................................................................. 17 3. Environment & Geomorphology ........................................................................... 19 3.1. Landscape and Dunes ....................................................................................... 19 3.2. Expressway Zone Environments ..................................................................... 31 Southern zone: Poplar Ave to Kapiti Road ................................................................... 31 Central zone: Kapiti Road to Waikanae River .............................................................. 32 Northern zone: Waikanae River to Peka Peka Road ..................................................... 32 3.3. Discussion of the physical environment ......................................................... 33 4. Historical and Archaeological Record .................................................................. 34 4.1. History of Settlement and Occupation ........................................................... 34 4.2. Recorded and Known Archaeological Sites ................................................... 38 Historical recording ...................................................................................................... 38 Contemporary recording ............................................................................................... 39 4.3. Takamore Cultural Precinct ............................................................................. 46 4.4. Geophysical Surveys ......................................................................................... 52 4.5. Predictive Model ................................................................................................ 56 4.6. Research Themes ................................................................................................ 58 5. M2PP Archaeological Programme ......................................................................... 62 5.1. Overview ............................................................................................................. 62 5.2. Pre-construction Investigations ....................................................................... 62 5.3. Construction Monitoring .................................................................................. 64 6. Archaeological Results ............................................................................................. 65 6.1. Archaeological Results by Zone ....................................................................... 65 Southern zone: Poplar Avenue to Kapiti Road ............................................................. 65 Central zone: Kapiti Road to Waikanae River .............................................................. 69 Northern zone: Waikanae River to Peka Peka Road ..................................................... 81 6.2. Site Types .......................................................................................................... 107 Middens ...................................................................................................................... 107 Ovens and fire features ............................................................................................... 124 Burials ......................................................................................................................... 127 Gardening sites ........................................................................................................... 128 Earthworks sites and structures ................................................................................. 131 Artefacts ...................................................................................................................... 133 7. Faunal Analysis ....................................................................................................... 139 7.1. Geographic variation in faunal characteristics ............................................ 139 7.2. General characteristics of faunal data ........................................................... 140 Invertebrates ............................................................................................................... 141 Vertebrates .................................................................................................................. 149 7.3. Palaeoenvironment .......................................................................................... 158 8. Chronology ............................................................................................................... 160 9. Relationship between archaeology and the environment .............................. 174 Dunes and Forest ......................................................................................................... 175 Wetlands and Dunes ................................................................................................... 176 Regional Comparisons ................................................................................................ 200 10. Discussion ................................................................................................................ 204 Comparison against research themes and questions .............................................. 204 Further Research .......................................................................................................... 210 11. Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 212 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 214 Appendix 1: Contextual data......................................................................................... 218 Appendix 1.1: All sites, origins and outcomes ........................................................ 219 Appendix 1.2: Site locations and NZAA numbers .................................................. 229 Appendix 1.3: Scientific and common names .......................................................... 255 Appendix 1.4: Authorities........................................................................................... 259 Figures Figure 1: Location of MacKays to Peka Peka Expressway, Kapiti Coast ................................................. 2 Figure 2: Locations and place names mentioned in this report ................................................................. 5 Figure 3: M2PP zone boundaries ................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 4: M2PP authorities - northern zone ............................................................................................... 14 Figure 5: M2PP authorities – central zone .................................................................................................. 15 Figure 6: M2PP authorities – southern zone .............................................................................................. 16 Figure 7: Geology of the Kapiti region .......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kapiti Coast District Council and Other Councils, Including Population Forecasts
    Housing and Business Development Capacity Assessment Kāpiti Coast District Council November 2019 Housing and Business Land Capacity Assessment 229 230 Housing and Business Land Capacity Assessment Contents Executive Summary 232 5.0 Infrastructure 270 Background 233 5.1 Three Waters 270 Residential demand 233 5.2 Local Road Network 271 Residential capacity 233 5.3 State Highway Network 272 Business demand 234 5.4 Public Transport 272 Business capacity 234 5.5 Open Space 273 Infrastructure capacity 234 5.6 Education 273 1.0 Introduction 237 6.0 Relationship between Housing and Business Land 274 2.0 Existing Policy Context 238 7.0 Monitoring 275 2.1 Kāpiti Coast District Plan 238 7.1 Historic Development Activity 275 2.2 Development Management Strategy 2007 238 7.2 Market Indicators 278 2.3 Infrastructure Strategy 2018-2048 238 7.3 Price Efficiency Indicators 285 2.4 Roads of National Significance and Town Centres Transformation 239 8.0 Conclusion 293 3.0 Residential Demand and Capacity 240 9.0 Next Actions 294 3.1 Historic urban growth and settlement 240 3.2 Current growth and settlement trends 240 3.3 Future Housing Demand 241 3.4 Housing Development Capacity 248 3.5 Housing Feasibility, Realisation and Sufficiency 251 4.0 Business Demand and Capacity 258 4.1 Business Development Context 258 4.2 Current Economic and Business Drivers 259 4.3 Future Business Demand 260 4.4 Business Development Capacity 264 4.5 Business Feasibility, Realisation and Sufficiency 266 Housing and Business Land Capacity Assessment 231 Executive Summary This report presents the results from the Wellington Region Housing and Business Development Capacity Assessment (HBA) for the Kāpiti Coast District Council.
    [Show full text]
  • Realigning Lifestyle
    REALIGNING LIFESTYLE An integrated approach to living, ecology and production within rural subdivision Monica Wong Realigning Lifestyle: an integrated approach to living, ecology and production within rural subdivision By Monica Wong A 120-point thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture Victoria University of Wellington School of Architecture 2016 iv ABSTRACT The Kapiti Coast is changing. The long awaited expansion of the state highway will see rapid growth along the coast and with it, the rural landscape will face a new set of challenges. As the demand for rural land increases, so does land-use tension. Productive land, which was once converted from an extensive wetland network, is slowly being redeveloped into residential subdivisions in order to fulfil an increasing demand for the country lifestyle. However, lifestyle blocks usually have little productive value and subdivisions fragment natural habitats and ecological systems. The typical method of dealing with land-use is the district plan, which designates the most appropriate land-use to the most appropriate area. However, despite good intentions, it has become increasingly apparent that this planning process is no longer reaching its desired outcome. This thesis will explore new strategies for designing rural-residential subdivision, aiming to address land-use issues through increasing diversity. Set in the beach hamlet of Peka Peka, the design investigates one of the last undeveloped areas of private coastal land in the district. This area is prime real estate, but also holds a high capacity for production. It is situated on the remnants of the Great Swamp, a large network of interconnecting wetlands that used to span the length of the coast, providing the potential to significantly increase the ecological value of this land.
    [Show full text]
  • EPA Board of Enquiry Hon Sir John Hanley David Bunting, Environment
    EPA Board of Enquiry Hon Sir John Hanley David Bunting, Environment Commissioner Glenice Paine Mark Appledoorn Intro My name is Ruben Blok and I live at 79 Belvedere Ave, Waikanae. I am a Business Intelligence consultant with a private local firm and I create analytic reporting solutions for major private and public sector organisations throughout the Australasia. I am usually not too worried about government decisions but given my field of expertise and what I have witnessed with this project something very wrong is happening here and the information does simply not add up. I oppose the NZTA Makays to Peka Peka proposal and would like to tell you my experience and explain my findings. Lead Up We moved from Auckland to Kapiti (originally to Raumati South) in 2007 to start a family and fell in love with the community and surroundings. The combination of bush, beach, and lifestyle was an easy decision. We heard about KCDCs initial proposal to create a new alternate road and bridge to Waikanae I quite liked the idea. It seems a little crazy that you can almost walk to Waikanae from Paraparaumu Beach faster than you can drive (we tested it the other day). A year or two later we received the notification from NZTA that as part of the Roads of National Significance project they were planning to upgrade the existing SH1 to future proof the national grid. We again quite optimistic when we saw the proposals (WO and EO only) and chose option EO, upgrade the existing SH1, as it had minimal impact on the existing community leaving SH1 as close to its original location as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Mackays to Peka Peka Scoping Report
    Report MacKays to Peka Peka Scoping Report Prepared for the NZ Transport Agency By MacKays to Peka Peka Alliance 8 October 2010 This report has been prepared for the benefit of the NZ Transport Agency (NZTA). No liability is accepted by this company or any employee or sub-consultant of this company with respect to its use by any other person. This disclaimer shall apply notwithstanding that the report may be made available to other persons for an application for permission or approval or to fulfil a legal requirement. Revision History Revision Nº Prepared By Description Date A M2PP Alliance team Draft for internal review 27th Sep 2010 0 M2PP Alliance team Draft for client review 8th Oct 2010 Document Acceptance Action Name Signed Date Prepared by Anna Lewis/Noel Nancekivell/M2PP Alliance pp Reviewed by Graham Spargo – Approvals Manager Ian Billings – Design Manager Approved by Jim Bentley – Project Manager on behalf of MacKays to Peka Peka Alliance M2PP-SAR-RPT-DL-GE-025 8 October 2010 // Page i Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................1 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................4 1.1 Purpose of the Report ................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Approach ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Background ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • B.8 Subdivision and Development Issues
    B.8 SUBDIVISION AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES B.8 SUBDIVISION AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES B.8.1 General Subdivision and consequent development has a significant effect on the character of the district. Subdivision design and density is a significant factor determining the availability of resources for activities and the character of urban form. It also creates expectations by landowners that they can further develop their land and utilise services and community resources. The approach taken in the District Plan regarding subdivision and development must be seen in the context of the response to urban growth arising from the Strategic Plan and the consequences of long-term planning options. B.8.2 Urban Growth The district has an abundance of land zoned for residential, commercial and industrial development. In producing the District Plan, Council gave consideration to various options with regard to growth, varying from introducing a moratorium on development to increasing the existing residentially zoned areas to accommodate as much growth as possible. Council decided to retain essentially the same area of land zoned residential as is currently in the Transitional District Plan. This approach enables growth to continue for at least the next fifteen years, but for Council to review the situation ten years hence. An important part of the strategy adopted by Council is the creation of green belts within and between existing communities. Future growth is to be based on Raumati, Paraparaumu, Waikanae and Otaki, with Paekakariki to be retained as a unique village centre. Also the settlements of Te Horo and Peka Peka are expected to retain their special characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Stride N Ride Cycle Map 2020
    KOROMIKO ST T S A H N A G R A A I P O U S A T R E T TASMAN RD MILL RD RA E HUI RD D D D P R R E U R O N U T I I G O R N R A A R E M T R IVER BAN K RD r e iv i R tak Ō Ō TAKI GO RGE RD 1 ON RD 2 DINGT 0 AD 2 ON TI E PL M O T E ,C W ON A I T K A UC R D TR S N O RC E D UN Y A W SS E R P X D E R S M I S TE HORO BEACH RD E V SCH A O OL R Y D E N D D R O R U M A N E K U P RD AHA RU PU H LANE AIT F L PAU D M R ORR IS M ON A R H D R E 1 D 2 0 2 N O TI HA E TE PUA RD E N PL I L OM K C N U N, R O T TI N I UC A M TR D S N A ON L S I RC E TH OR UND N AY W S S E AO L R G N NORTHERN P N I X E SECTION MAP ŌTAKI P D CONTINUES OVERLEAF R D R A ŌTAKI TE HORO PEKA PEKA A W W A D A K T U R E A K A PEKA PEKA R R KĀPITI ISLAND P N I SHORT, SAFE, EASY AND FUN TRAILS D – SOUTHERN SECTION L N WAIKANAE D PEKA RD O L PEKA T E I SOUTHERN G F PARAPARAUMU IN D KE NS A SECTION MAP D H R A W UTE A PAEKĀKĀRIKI T E RO A P LE Y PUKERUA BAY A Legend C W S SY Kāpiti Cycle Route – Expressway CY EA WR P XS AL ESE R T P X Raumati South – Peka Peka E Toilets E PORIRUA AS N O I L C K Easy riding on the shared (multi use) path TI N I U R Parking beside the Expressway, with undulating ĀP T K N I A paths alongside wetlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Waikanae & Otāki
    Effective from 5 September 2021 Waikanae & Otāki 280 281 290 Otāki Waikanae Beach Waikanae Station Coastlands Thanks for travelling with Metlink. Connect with Metlink for timetables and information about bus, train and ferry services in the Wellington region. metlink.org.nz 0800 801 700 [email protected] Printed with mineral-oil-free, soy-based vegetable inks on paper produced using Forestry Stewardship Council® (FSC®) certified mixed-source pulp that complies with environmentally responsible practices and principles. Please recycle and reuse if possible. Before taking a printed timetable, check our timetables online or use the Metlink commuter app. GW/PT-G-21/48 September 2021 September GW/PT-G-21/48 p m a R Pe n ka d P O a e o ka d F Ro a R or ad o es i t R La a ke e s Road v a i k m r e o d P a D g o a n R n k e o o r t P a o g TO OTĀKI i w WAIKANAE a n OTĀKI a t i e a s W P n e 1 K H S ld O Ko e ro d mi a ko r S a tr P ee d t a e o in W R r s a a iu M i v to ta c h O u Route 290 operates a Hail and Ride OTĀKI BEACH P e service between bus stops within k a P e k a Otāki (not available onS State L tre in am k R OTĀKI BEACH o Highway 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Peka Peka to North Ōtaki Expressway Proposal June 2013
    SUMMARY OF SUBMISSIONS Peka Peka to North Ōtaki Expressway Proposal June 2013 www.epa.govt.nz 2 Summary of submissions: Peka Peka to North Ōtaki Expressway proposal June 2013 i Summary of submissions: Peka Peka to North Ōtaki Expressway proposal Executive summary On 18 March 2013, the NZ Transport Agency and KiwiRail lodged two notices of requirements and 49 resource consent applications with the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) for the Peka Peka to North Ōtaki Expressway proposal. The EPA publically notified the Proposal on 18 May 2013 and called for submissions. The submission period closed at 5pm on 17 June 2013. The EPA received 55 complete submissions before the close of the submission period. The EPA also received two late submissions and one incomplete submission where further information was not received until after the close of submissions. The Board of Inquiry accepted all three of these submissions. A wide range of concerns were raised in submissions and many submitters chose to propose specific conditions. Of the 58 submissions received: 21 submitters (36.2%) oppose the Proposal in full or in part, 25 submitters (43.1%) support the Proposal in full or in part, 8 submitters (13.8%) are neutral, 4 submitters (6.9%) have mixed positions, The majority of submitters are from the Ōtaki and Te Horo areas (36% and 33% respectively), At this stage, 35 submitters (60%) want to be heard at the hearing. June 2013 ii Summary of submissions: Peka Peka to North Ōtaki Expressway proposal June 2013 iii Summary of submissions: Peka Peka to North Ōtaki Expressway proposal Table of contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Peka Peka Beach Fine Scale Monitoring 2014/15
    Wriggle coastalmanagement Peka Peka Beach Fine Scale Monitoring 2014/15 Prepared for Greater Wellington Regional Council May 2015 Cover Photo: Peka Peka Beach. Looking north-west along Peka Peka Beach towards Foxton Beach. Peka Peka Beach Fine Scale Monitoring 2014/15 Prepared for Greater Wellington Regional Council by Ben Robertson and Leigh Stevens Wriggle Limited, PO Box 1622, Nelson 7040, Ph 0275 417 935, 021 417 936, www.wriggle.co.nz Wriggle coastalmanagement iii Contents Peka Peka Beach - Executive Summary ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii 1. Introduction . 1 2. Beach Risk Indicator Ratings . 6 3. Methods . 7 4. Results and Discussion . 8 5. Summary and Conclusions . 15 6. Monitoring ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 7. Management ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 8. Acknowledgements . 16 9. References . 16 Appendix 1. Details on Analytical Methods ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Appendix 2. 2015 Detailed Results �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
    [Show full text]
  • Key Native Ecosystem Plan for Ōtaki Coast 2015-2018
    Key Native Ecosystem Plan for Ōtaki Coast 2015-2018 Contents 1. The Key Native Ecosystem programme 1 2. Ōtaki Coast Key Native Ecosystem site 3 3. Landowners, management partners and stakeholders 4 3.1. Landowners 4 3.2. Management partners 4 3.3. Stakeholders 5 4. Ecological values 6 4.1. Ecological designations 6 4.2. Ecological significance 7 4.3. Ecological features 8 5. Threats to ecological values at the KNE site 11 5.1. Key threats 11 6. Management objectives 15 7. Management activities 16 7.1. Ecological weed control 16 7.2. Pest animal control 17 7.3. Revegetation 18 7.4. Management of Threatened/At Risk plant associations 19 7.5. Fish passage 19 8. Operational plan 20 9. Funding contributions 23 9.1. Budget allocated by GWRC 23 9.2. Budget allocated by KCDC 23 Appendix 1: Site maps 24 Appendix 2: Nationally threatened species list 31 Appendix 3: Regionally threatened plant species list 33 Appendix 4: Ecological weed species 34 Appendix 5: Revegetation plant list 36 References 37 Ōtaki Coast 1. The Key Native Ecosystem programme The Wellington region’s native biodiversity has declined since people arrived and the ecosystems that support it face ongoing threats and pressures. Regional councils have responsibility for maintaining indigenous biodiversity, as well as protecting significant vegetation and habitats of threatened species, under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Greater Wellington Regional Council’s (GWRC) Biodiversity Strategy (2016)1 sets a framework that guides how GWRC protects and manages biodiversity in the Wellington region to work towards the vision below.
    [Show full text]
  • Accommodation in Kapiti
    ACCOMMODATION IN KAPITI www.escapetokapiti.co.nz HOLIDAY HOMES www.bookabach.co.nz www.holidayhouses.co.nz www.bachcare.co.nz www.rentabach.co.nz www.aa.co.nz/travel/accommodation/baches-and-holiday-houses/location/kapiti-coast www.homeaway.com Paraparaumu Oceanus, 66 Ocean Road, Paraparaumu. Ph: 04 297 1949 Beach Getaway, 102 Manly Street, Paraparaumu Beach. Ph: 04 298 7498, www.beachgetaway.co.nz Waikanae Konini Cottage, 26 Konini Cres, Waikanae, Ph: 04 904 6610, www.konini.co.nz RiverStone Cottage, 111 Ngatiawa Road, Reikorangi. Ph: 04 293 1936, www.riverstone.co.nz CAMPING GROUNDS AND HOLIDAY PARKS Kapiti Holiday Resort, 16 Beach Haven Place, Paraparaumu Beach, Ph: 04 233 1965, www.kapitiholidayresort.co.nz Powered Sites each with its own individual power connection and outside water taps, and its own chalet containing a shower, toilet, and hand basin. Communal laundry and kitchen. Children's Playground with swings, slides, monkey bars, playhouse, fort and see-saw. Wireless Internet for purchase from the camp office. Tariff per night: Adult $20.00; Children aged 6-14 $10; Children under free. Paekakariki Holiday Park, 180 Wellington Road, Paekakariki, Ph: 04 292 8292, www.paekakarikiholidaypark.co.nz Close to the railway station a short stroll to the lifeguard patrolled beach. Not far from local shops and cafes. Jumping pillow, shallow stream and beach for children. Sheltered generously sized sites with hedge rows. Accommodation: 2 tourist flats, 7 cabins, lodge for 30 persons (with own kitchen, shower and dining), 180 power and tent sites for caravans and trailers. Maximum persons: 60 in cabins/lodge Tariff per night: Lodge on request, Cabins/flats $65-$90 per night, Power/tent sites $15 per adult.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence of Michael Campbell Copeland on Behalf of ANZCO Foods Limited, CMP Canterbury Limited and Five Star Beef Limited Dated: 4 February 2013
    Before the Independent Commissioners In the Matter of the Resource Management Act 1991 And In the Matter of the Proposed Canterbury Land and Water Regional Plan Evidence of Michael Campbell Copeland on behalf of ANZCO Foods Limited, CMP Canterbury Limited and Five Star Beef Limited Dated: 4 February 2013 137 Victoria Street PO Box 13149 Christchurch Solicitor Acting: Amanda Dewar/Jane Walsh Phone: 03 379 3720 Fax: 03 379 8370 Email: [email protected]/[email protected] 2 INTRODUCTION Qualifications and experience 1. My name is Michael Campbell Copeland and I am a consulting economist. Currently I am joint managing director of Brown, Copeland and Company Limited, a firm of consulting economists which has undertaken a wide range of studies for public and private sector clients in New Zealand and overseas. During the period July 1990 to July 1994, I was a member of the Commerce Commission and between 2002 and 2008 I was a lay member of the High Court under the Commerce Act. Prior to establishing Brown, Copeland and Company Limited in 1982, I spent six years at the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research and three years at the Confederation of British Industry. 2. I hold a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and a Master of Commerce degree in economics. A summary of my curriculum vitae is attached as Appendix 1 . 3. With respect to the Resource Management Act 1991 ( RMA ), I have prepared evidence for clients covering a number of development projects, plans and policies. A selection of these is listed in my curriculum vitae in Appendix 1.
    [Show full text]