The Beaches of Scotland. Report No
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COMMISSIONED REPORT Commissioned Report No. 109 The beaches of Scotland For further information on this report please contact: Alistair Rennie Scottish Natural Heritage INVERNESS Telephone: 01463 706450 E-mail: [email protected] This report should be quoted as: Ritchie, W. and Mather, A.S. (1984). The beaches of Scotland. Commissioned by the Countryside Commission for Scotland 1984. Reprinted 2005 by Scottish Natural Heritage as Commissioned Report No. 109. This report, or any part of it, should not be reproduced without the permission of Scottish Natural Heritage. This permission will not be withheld unreasonably. The views expressed by the author(s) of this report should not be taken as the views and policies of Scottish Natural Heritage. Please note that all statistics, lists of Sites of Special Scientific Interest, etc are given in the appendix in the project report and some of them may have changed. © Scottish Natural Heritage. First published CCS 1984. COMMISSIONED REPORT Summary The beaches of Scotland Commissioned Report No. 109 Contractor: W. Ritchie and A.S. Mather Reprint: 2005 (originally published 1984) Background Beginning in 1969 and ending in 1981, all the sand beaches of Scotland, along with their associated dunes, links and machair areas (thereafter referred to as a beach unit or beach complex), were surveyed for the Countryside Commission for Scotland. Eighteen regional reports were published, and their boundaries, along with dates of completion, are shown in the accompanying outline map. Each survey consisted of a physical inventory of the location, dimensions, morphology, materials, vegetation and land use of the beach complex areas. Additional information was recorded on ownership and access. Particular attention was paid to those aspects of the environment that related to recreation and amenity. Wherever possible, some account was given of trends in physical stability as could be deduced during the brief period of fieldwork. The effects of the current types and levels of use were also assessed. The minimum size of beach unit was set arbitrarily at a coastal length of 100m. For some of the vast beach and dune areas such as occur in parts of Scotland, subdivision into more manageable units was necessary. In total, 647 units were surveyed. With the completion of the surveys of the 466 beach units in the Highlands and Islands, a comprehensive report (The Beaches of the Highlands and Islands) was published in 1977. From 1978–1981, the remaining beaches of Lowland Scotland were surveyed. This report on the beach complexes of both the Highlands and Islands and Lowland beach units is divided into two main sections which correspond to the remit of the sponsoring body, the Countryside Commission for Scotland. These are the distribution and physical characteristics of the beach and associated blown sand surfaces, as well as the background factors that have created the resource, and the utilisation of these areas, with special emphasis on the discussion of environmental impacts, accessibility and value for recreation and conservation. The purpose of the report is not to make detailed recommendations: rather it is a quantified description of many aspects of one of Scotland’s most widespread and varied natural resources. For further information on this project contact: Alistair Rennie, Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness. Tel: 01463 706450 For further information on the SNH Research & Technical Support Programme contact: The Advisory Services Co-ordination Group, Scottish Natural Heritage, 2 Anderson Place, Edinburgh EH6 5NP. Tel: 0131–446 2400 or [email protected] Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 109 Area covered by Beach reports Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 109 Acknowledgements The fieldwork that preceded this report was made possible by the financial support of the Countryside Commission for Scotland who also provided valuable guidelines for the direction and content of both the regional survey work and the compilation of this report. Nevertheless, the authors alone are responsible for the factual content and views contained in this publication. The authors would like to record their gratitude to Professor R.E.H. Mellor and the late Professor K. Walton, and for the general support of the Department of Geography, University of Aberdeen. Dr. J.S. Smith, Mr. R.S. Crofts, Mr. N. Rose and Mr. R. Wright were co-authors of several of the regional reports, and their assistance is gratefully acknowledged. The facilities of the Computing Centre of the University of Aberdeen are also acknowledged, as is the assistance of many members of the technical and secretarial staff of the Department of Geography. Special thanks are due to Mrs. J. Calder and Miss A. Croucher for typing difficult manuscripts. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 109 Contents Summary Acknowledgements Summary Map 1DISTRIBUTION OF THE BEACH RESOURCE 1 2 THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE BEACH RESOURCE 9 2.1 The development of beaches, dunes and related surfaces 9 2.2 The dimensions of beach and dune systems 15 2.3 Machair and links relief patterns 23 2.4 Bare sand areas – erosional and depositional 27 2.5 Beach materials 35 2.6 Vegetation and habitats 41 3 CHARACTERISTICS AND USE OF THE BEACH RESOURCE 50 3.1 Accessibility 50 3.2 Ownership and tenure 52 3.3 Scenic quality 55 3.4 Nature conservation 57 3.5 Land use 59 3.6 Recreation 63 REFERENCES 69 Appendix 1 – Calculation of wind roses 70 Appendix 2 – Beach names – Key for figure 1.1 73 List of figures Figure 1.1 Distribution of beaches 2–5 Figure 1.2 Boundaries of local authorities 6 Figure 2.1 Model of beach/dune system 9 Figure 2.2 Beach system flow diagram 10 Figure 2.3 Wind roses for selected meteorological stations 12 Figure 2.4 Mean Spring tidal ranges in metres 14 Figure 2.5 Sketch block diagram near pipeline landfalls 26 Figure 2.6 Histogram of median sand diameters 37 Figure 2.7 Histogram of sand calcium carbonate content 37 Figure 2.8 Typical vegetation profile 47 List of plates Plate 1 Aberdeen 48 Plate 2 Traigh Cille Ionnaig, Coll 48 Plate 3 Balmedie, near Aberdeen 49 Plate 4 View from Ben Hough, Tiree 49 Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 109 1DISTRIBUTION OF THE BEACH RESOURCE Sandy beaches are distributed unevenly around the shores of Scotland. They are completely absent from long stretches of coastline, while elsewhere most of the coastline is composed of beaches and dunes. The distribution of beach units, as defined in this study, is illustrated in Figure 1.11. Perhaps the main feature of Figure 1.1 is the large number of beaches on the islands off the west and north coasts. Over half of the beach units are on islands, which account for under 40% of the coastline. Another striking feature is the contrast in distribution between the east and west coasts of the mainland; the majority of beach units are on the east and southwest coasts and there are relatively few units on the north and northwest coasts. The inner firths and estuaries are poorly endowed, while the outer firths and parts of the northeast shoulder of Scotland are characterised by large numbers of beaches. Table 1.1 indicates the overall size (in terms of length) of the beach resource and shows clear disparities between the major administrative areas whose boundaries are shown on Figure 1.2. In total, beach length extends to around 760km. This figure compares with a total length of coastline of just under 12,000km if measured to the tidal limit, or around 9,500km if measured to the points where estuaries narrow to 1km. Beaches therefore comprise just under 8% of the coastal length, excluding the inner estuaries. 1 Appendix 2 lists the names of beaches shown in Figure 1.1 Table 1.1 Distribution of the beach resource Region or islands area Beach length as Coastal length percentage of coastal Beach length1 km length of each (a)2 (b)3 region or island area km (a) (b) % Borders 2.8 33 33 8.5 8.5 Central 0.0 30 98 0.0 0.0 Dumfries and Galloway 35.4 390 447 9.1 7.9 Fife 43.2 165 201 26.2 21.5 Grampian 107.4 309 369 34.8 29.1 Highland 111.8 2378 3290 4.7 3.4 Lothian 37.3 121 121 30.8 30.8 Strathclyde 181.4 2453 2578 7.4 7.0 Tayside 23.6 102 130 23.1 18.2 Orkney 59.8 836 890 7.2 6.7 Shetland 14.6 1150 1513 1.3 1.0 Western Isles 145.2 1428 2039 10.2 7.1 762.5 9395 11709 8.1 6.5 1 Sum of beach units as defined in this study. 2 Excluding estuaries less than 1km wide. 3 To tidal limit. In terms of relative length of sand beach, three distinct groups of regions and islands areas may be recognised. The first of these is the east coast group of Grampian, Tayside, Fife and Lothian, where the beach length is over 20% of coastal length. This percentage is nearly three times the Scottish average. 1 Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 109 Figure 1.1.1 Distribution of beaches 2 Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 109 Figure 1.1.2 Distribution of beaches 3 Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 109 Figure 1.1.3 Distribution of beaches 4 Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 109 Figure 1.1.4 Distribution of beaches 5 Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 109 Figure 1.2 Boundaries of local authorities 6 Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 109 On the other hand, Central and Highland Regions and Shetland have less than 4% of their coastlines in the form of sand beaches (less than half of the national average).