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Discovery of Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, and Copper Isotopes

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Discovery of Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, and Copper Isotopes Discovery of Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, and Copper Isotopes K. Garofali, R. Robinson, M. Thoennessen∗ National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Abstract Twenty-seven chromium, twenty-five manganese, thirty-one nickel and twenty-six copper isotopes have so far been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented. ∗Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected] (M. Thoennessen) Preprint submitted to Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables August 12, 2010 Contents 1. Introduction . .4 2. Discovery of 42−68Cr ...................................................................................4 2.1. 42Cr.............................................................................................6 2.2. 43Cr.............................................................................................6 2.3. 44Cr.............................................................................................6 2.4. 45Cr.............................................................................................6 2.5. 46Cr.............................................................................................6 2.6. 47Cr.............................................................................................7 2.7. 48Cr.............................................................................................7 2.8. 49Cr.............................................................................................7 2.9. 50Cr.............................................................................................7 2.10. 51Cr.............................................................................................7 2.11. 52Cr.............................................................................................8 2.12. 53;54Cr...........................................................................................8 2.13. 55Cr.............................................................................................8 2.14. 56Cr.............................................................................................8 2.15. 57Cr.............................................................................................9 2.16. 58;59Cr...........................................................................................9 2.17. 60Cr.............................................................................................9 2.18. 61;62Cr...........................................................................................9 2.19. 63;64Cr...........................................................................................9 2.20. 65−67Cr.......................................................................................... 10 2.21. 68Cr............................................................................................. 10 3. Discovery of 46−70Mn................................................................................... 10 3.1. 46;47Mn.......................................................................................... 10 3.2. 48Mn............................................................................................ 12 3.3. 49Mn............................................................................................ 12 3.4. 50Mn............................................................................................ 12 3.5. 51;52Mn.......................................................................................... 12 3.6. 53Mn............................................................................................ 13 3.7. 54Mn............................................................................................ 13 3.8. 55Mn............................................................................................ 13 3.9. 56Mn............................................................................................ 13 3.10. 57Mn............................................................................................ 14 3.11. 58Mn............................................................................................ 14 3.12. 59Mn............................................................................................ 14 3.13. 60Mn............................................................................................ 14 3.14. 61;62Mn.......................................................................................... 15 3.15. 63Mn............................................................................................ 15 3.16. 64;65Mn.......................................................................................... 15 2 3.17. 66Mn............................................................................................ 15 3.18. 67−69Mn......................................................................................... 15 3.19. 70Mn............................................................................................ 16 4. Discovery of 48−78Ni.................................................................................... 16 4.1. 48Ni............................................................................................. 16 4.2. 49Ni............................................................................................. 16 4.3. 50Ni............................................................................................. 18 4.4. 51;52Ni........................................................................................... 18 4.5. 53Ni............................................................................................. 18 4.6. 54Ni............................................................................................. 18 4.7. 55Ni............................................................................................. 18 4.8. 56Ni............................................................................................. 19 4.9. 57Ni............................................................................................. 19 4.10. 58Ni............................................................................................. 19 4.11. 59Ni............................................................................................. 19 4.12. 60Ni............................................................................................. 19 4.13. 61;62Ni........................................................................................... 20 4.14. 63Ni............................................................................................. 20 4.15. 64Ni............................................................................................. 20 4.16. 65Ni............................................................................................. 20 4.17. 66Ni............................................................................................. 20 4.18. 67Ni............................................................................................. 21 4.19. 68Ni............................................................................................. 21 4.20. 69Ni............................................................................................. 21 4.21. 70−74Ni.......................................................................................... 21 4.22. 75Ni............................................................................................. 21 4.23. 76−78Ni.......................................................................................... 22 5. Discovery of 55−80Cu................................................................................... 22 5.1. 55;56Cu .......................................................................................... 22 5.2. 57Cu ............................................................................................ 22 5.3. 58Cu ............................................................................................ 24 5.4. 59;60Cu .......................................................................................... 24 5.5. 61Cu ............................................................................................ 24 5.6. 62Cu ............................................................................................ 24 5.7. 63Cu ............................................................................................ 25 5.8. 64Cu ............................................................................................ 25 5.9. 65Cu ............................................................................................ 25 5.10. 66Cu ............................................................................................ 25 5.11. 67Cu ............................................................................................ 26 5.12. 68Cu ............................................................................................ 26 5.13. 69Cu ............................................................................................ 26 3 5.14. 70Cu ............................................................................................ 26 5.15. 71−73Cu ......................................................................................... 26 5.16. 74Cu ............................................................................................ 27 5.17. 75Cu ...........................................................................................
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