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Those Two Isotopes Are Chemical Identical and Can Only Be Separated by Using Their Relatively Small Difference in Mass
Exercise2. Why is it extremely difficult to separate the two isotopes of copper, 63Cu and 65Cu? Those two isotopes are chemical identical and can only be separated by using their relatively small difference in mass. Exercise 3. If a nuclear reaction adds an extra neutron to the nucleus of 57Fe (a stable isotope of iron), it produces 58Fe (another stable isotope of iron). Will this change in the nucleus affect the number and arrangement of the electrons in the atom that’s built around this nucleus? Why or why not? No: the number of electrons = number of protons (= atomic number) and this hasn’t changed. Because the number of electrons doesn’t change and the charge in the nucleus doesn’t change, the arrangement of electron orbitals (standing waves) also doesn’t change. Exercise 4: If a nuclear reaction adds an extra proton to the nucleus of 58Fe (a stable isotope of iron), it produces 59Co (a stable isotope of cobalt). Will this change in the nucleus affect the number and arrangement of the electrons in the atom that’s built around this nucleus? Why or why not? Yes: since the nuclear charge has increased, an additional electron is needed to form a neutral atom. Because of both the change in number of electrons and the stronger Coulomb attraction from the nucleus, the arrangement of electron orbitals will change. Exercise 7. When a large nucleus is split in half during an experiment at a nuclear physics lab, the result is usually two medium-size nuclei with too many neutrons to be stable. -
Review Article the Copper Radioisotopes: a Systematic Review with Special Interest to Cu
Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2014, Article ID 786463, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/786463 Review Article The Copper Radioisotopes: A Systematic Review with Special Interest to 64Cu Artor Niccoli Asabella,1 Giuseppe Lucio Cascini,2 Corinna Altini,1 Domenico Paparella,1 Antonio Notaristefano,1 and Giuseppe Rubini1 1 NuclearMedicine,UniversityofBariAldoMoro,PiazzaG.Cesare11,70124Bari,Italy 2 Nuclear Medicine, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Localita´ Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Artor Niccoli Asabella; [email protected] Received 23 December 2013; Accepted 18 April 2014; Published 7 May 2014 Academic Editor: Gianluca Valentini Copyright © 2014 Artor Niccoli Asabella et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copper (Cu) is an important trace element in humans; it plays a role as a cofactor for numerous enzymes and other proteins crucial 63 for respiration, iron transport, metabolism, cell growth, and hemostasis. Natural copper comprises two stable isotopes, Cu and 65 60 61 62 64 Cu, and 5 principal radioisotopes for molecular imaging applications ( Cu, Cu, Cu, and Cu) and in vivo targeted radiation 64 67 therapy ( Cu and Cu). The two potential ways to produce Cu radioisotopes concern the use of the cyclotron or the reactor. A noncopper target is used to produce noncarrier-added Cu thanks to a chemical separation from the target material using ion exchange chromatography achieving a high amount of radioactivity with the lowest possible amount of nonradioactive isotopes. -
Cross Calibration for Using Neutron Activation Analysis with Copper Samples to Measure D-T Fusion Yields
Cross Calibration for using Neutron Activation Analysis with Copper Samples to measure D-T Fusion Yields Chad A. McCoy May 5, 2011 The University of New Mexico Department of Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate Honors Thesis Advisor: Gary W. Cooper (UNM ChNE) Daniel Finley Abstract We used a dense plasma focus with maximum neutron yield greater than 1012 neutrons per pulse as a D-T neutron source to irradiate samples of copper, praseodymium, silver, and lead, to cross- calibrate the coincidence system for using neutron activation analysis to measure total neutron yields. In doing so, we counted the lead samples using an attached plastic scintillator, due to the short half-life and single gamma decay. The copper samples were counted using two 6” NaI coincidence systems and a 3” NaI coincidence system to determine the total neutron yield. For the copper samples, we used a calibration method which we refer to as the “F factor” to calibrate the system as a whole and used this factor to determine the total neutron yield. We concluded that the most accurate measurement of the D-T fusion neutron yield using copper activation detectors is by using 3 inch diameter copper samples in a 6” NaI coincidence system. This measurement gave the most accurate results relative to the lead probe and reference samples for all the copper samples tested. Furthermore, we found that the total neutron yield as measured with the 3 inch diameter copper samples in the 6” diameter NaI systems is approximately 89 ± 10 % the total neutron yield as measured using the lead, praseodymium and silver detectors. -
Radioactive Isotopes of Copper 578 (1936)
1110 NATURE jUNE 26, 1937 axis, no water is being frozen or melted with change 10h.l,5.8• Madsen has directed attention to the in temperature. When the curve is vertical with confusion over these periods and gives the half-life respect to the temperature axis, pure water is being period of the copper obtained from zinc as 17h!. frozen or melted. When the curve is inclined to the Leo Szilard, of the Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, temperature axis, ice is being separated from or informed us that the decay curve of the copper melted into a solution, as in the concentration or bombarded by fast neutrons from radon-beryllium dilution of a sugar solution. This latter effect may contained a period of a few hours which was absent also be brought about by capillary forces or by col when slow neutrons were used, or if the radioactive loidal substances the avidity of which for water copper was obtained from zinc by fast neutron varies with their concentration. bombardment. It was arranged with him that Fig. 3 shows the results obtained upon freezing further investigations and chemical separation should fresh green peas using time as a variable instead of be made in this laboratory. temperature. 19 gm. of green peas at room tempera We irradiated 2 gm. mols of pure cupric oxide with ture were placed in the condenser and immersed in a fast neutrons from a 200 me. radium-beryllium thermostat held at -16° C. At the time of immersion source. After irradiation, we dissolved the oxide, and at intervals thereafter capacitance measurements added 500 mgm. -
Impact-Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Cosmic Dust
IMPACT-IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY OF COSMIC DUST Thesis by Daniel E. Austin Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 2003 (Defended November 5, 2002) ii © 2003 Daniel E. Austin All Rights Reserved iii Acknowledgements First of all, I thank Dave Dearden, Professor of Chemistry at Brigham Young University, and a former Caltech graduate student, for encouraging me to pursue graduate work at Caltech. The experiences I gained working with him, both as a research assistant and as a teaching assistant, proved invaluable during my stay here. Numerous people at Caltech have contributed in some way to my research efforts. Foremost among these is my advisor, Jack Beauchamp, who successfully balances providing advice and supervision with the hands-off approach that is essential to developing creativity, resourcefulness, and drive in students. I also thank all the other Beauchamp group members who have helped me in so many ways: Dmitri Kossakovski, Sang-Won Lee, Jim Smith, Heather Cox, Ron Grimm, Ryan Julian, and Rob Hodyss. I joined Jack’s group in part because of the very high caliber of students at that time. It seems I am leaving a group equally outstanding. There could be no finer collection of colleagues than this. Minta Akin, an undergraduate Caltech student, has helped tremendously with the ice accelerator, and I thank her for all her work. Mike Roy, Guy Duremberg, and Ray Garcia, the chemistry department machinists, have been both helpful and patient with me as I’ve built numerous instrument parts. -
Hydrogen Transmutation of Nickel in Glow Discharge
International Journal of Materials Science ISSN 0973-4589 Volume 12, Number 3 (2017), pp. 405-409 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Hydrogen Transmutation of Nickel in Glow Discharge Vladimir K. Nevolin National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET), Moscow, Russia. Abstract Background: The possibility of the existence of subatomic hydrogen states was theoretically predicted previously. Objectives: Prove that the transmutation of elements is possible in specially prepared conditions for hydrogen. Methodology: By comparing the mass spectra of deposits on silicon substrates and target electrodes, it is shown that a change in the composition is observed in a magnetron Argon. Results: An increase in the concentration of 62 60 the nickel isotope 28 Ni and a decrease in the isotope concentration 28 Ni are shown. Conclusion: These results confirm the results obtained earlier in the heat generator Rossi, who worked more than a year, found an increase in the 62 isotope 28 Ni due to a decrease in the proportion of other isotopes. Keywords: transmutation, isotopes of nickel, glow discharge, argon, hydrogen INTRODUCION It is considered that the cold transmutation of elements (cold nuclear reactions) has been experimentally demonstrated [1]. On the basis of this phenomenon, energy generators are created in which long-term release of thermal energy in excess of expended energy is observed [2]. From many experimental studies it can be seen that hydrogen, which plays a pivotal role in the reaction zone, may be delivered through a variety of chemical compounds; for example, using lithium aluminium hydride LiAlH4. An analysis of the products of nuclear reactions suggests the possibility of many simultaneous nuclear fusion and decomposition reactions [3]. -
Copper Isotope Fractionation During Surface Adsorption And
University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2010-01-01 Copper Isotope Fractionation During Surface Adsorption And Intracellular Incorporation By Bacteria Jesica Urbina Navarrete University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Biogeochemistry Commons, Geochemistry Commons, and the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Navarrete, Jesica Urbina, "Copper Isotope Fractionation During Surface Adsorption And Intracellular Incorporation By Bacteria" (2010). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 2553. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/2553 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPPER ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION DURING SURFACE ADSORPTION AND INTRACELLULAR INCORPORATION BY BACTERIA JESICA URBINA NAVARRETE Environmental Science Program APPROVED: David Borrok, Ph.D., Chair Jasper G. Konter, Ph.D. Joanne T. Ellzey, Ph.D. Patricia D. Witherspoon, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright by Jesica Urbina Navarrete 2010 COPPER ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION DURING SURFACE ADSORPTION AND INTRACELLULAR INCORPORATION BY BACTERIA by JESICA URBINA NAVARRETE, B.S. THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Environmental Science THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO August 2010 Acknowledgements This publication was made possible through funding by the National Science Foundation (NSF) grant 0745345, the Center for Earth and Environmental Isotope Research (NSF MRI grant 0820986) and by grant number 2G12RR008124-16A1 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). -
Natural Variations of Copper and Sulfur Stable Isotopes in Blood of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients
Natural variations of copper and sulfur stable isotopes in blood of hepatocellular carcinoma patients Vincent Baltera,1, Andre Nogueira da Costab, Victor Paky Bondanesea, Klervia Jaouenc, Aline Lambouxa, Suleeporn Sangrajrangd, Nicolas Vincenta, François Fourela, Philippe Télouka, Michelle Gigoue, Christophe Lécuyera,f, Petcharin Srivatanakuld, Christian Bréchote,g, Francis Albarèdea, and Pierre Hainauth,i aUMR 5276, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, BP 7000 Lyon, France; bMechanistic Toxicology & Molecular Pathology Department of Non-Clinical Development, UCB BioPharma, SPRL Chemin du Foriest 1, B-1420 Braine L’Alleud, Belgium; cDepartment of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; dNational Cancer Institute, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; eUnité 785, Pathogénèse et Traitement de l’Hépatite Fulminante et du Cancer du Foie, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France; fInstitut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France; gInstitut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; hUnité 823, Ontogenèse et Oncogenèse Moléculaire, Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM, Université Joseph Fourier, 38706 Grenoble, France; and iStrathclyde Institute of Global Public Health, International Prevention Research Institute, 69006 Lyon, France Edited by Thure E. Cerling, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, and approved December 22, 2014 (received for review August 7, 2014) The widespread hypoxic conditions of the tumor microenviron- and sulfide (5). Regardless of the element, differences in co- ment can impair the metabolism of bioessential elements such as ordination and redox states are generally associated with isotopic copper and sulfur, notably by changing their redox state and, as effects known as isotopic fractionation. In animal models, the a consequence, their ability to bind specific molecules. -
DISSERTATION By
CYCLOTRON BOMBARDMENTS WITH HE3 a n d r 3 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philisophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Thomas William Donaven, 3.S., M.A The Ohio State University 1952 Approved by Adviser ( fe/\J TABLE OF CONTENTS Cyclotron Bombardments with He^ or H3 Acknowledgements Page Introduction 1 Description of Apparatus 3 Method of Operation 13 Purification of He^ or 17 Results 20 Conclusions 30 References 32 Miscellaneous Photographs 36 Autobiography 1*0 i 918254 Acknowledgements It is with deep appreciation that I extend thanks to Professor M. L. Pool for his guidance in this work. Special thanks is also due to Dr. D. N. Kundu for his advice, help, and cooperation in this project. Acknowledgement is also made to Mr. Paul Weiler and Mr. Donald Moore of the cyclotron staff, and to the machine shop under Mr. Carl McWhirt, for their aid in completing this work. The support given me through fellowships by The Ohio State University Physics Department and by the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies is gratefully acknowledged. ii INTRODUCTION The naturally occurring elements whose atoms are heavier than Bismuth, i.e. Po, At, Rn, Fr, Th, Pa, U, etc. are all radioactive. The remainder of the elements may be made radioactive by hitting them with high speed nuclei of other elements. The elements whose nuclei are normally used to create radioactivity are hydrogen and helium. In order to give a nucleus a high speed with the minimum of equipment, it is necessary to strip all of the electrons from the atom, leaving its bare nucleus to be accelerated. -
I N Dc International Nuclear Data Committee Iaea
International Atomic Energy Agency INDC(CCP)-335 Distr.: L I N DC INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR DATA COMMITTEE TRANSLATION OF SELECTED PAPERS PUBLISHED IN YADERNYE KONSTANTY (NUCLEAR CONSTANTS 3, 1990) (Original Report in Russian was distributed as INDC(CCP)-328/G) Translated by A. Lorenz for the International Atomic Energy Agency July 1991 IAEA NUCLEAR DATA SECTION, WAG RAMERSTRASSE 5, A-1400 VIENNA INDC(CCP)-335 Distr.: L TRANSLATION OF SELECTED PAPERS PUBLISHED IN YADERNYE KONSTANTY (NUCLEAR CONSTANTS 3, 1990) (Original Report in Russian was distributed as INDC(CCP)-328/G) Translated by A. Lorenz for the International Atomic Energy Agency July 1991 Reproduced by the IAEA in Austria August 1991 91-03116 Contents The Total Neutron Cross-section and Resonance Parameters for the Even 58,60,62,64^ isotopes for Energies Ranging from 2eV to 8000eV (Pages 27-38 of Original) By L.L. Litvinskij, P.N. Vorona, V.G. Krivenko, V.A. Libtnan, A.V. Murzin, G.N. Novosselov, N.A. Trofimova, O.L. Tchervonnaya The 54Fe(n,a)51Cr Thermal Neutron Reaction Cross-section (Pages 39-43 of Original) By S.P. Makarov, G.A. Pik-Pitchak, Yu.F. Rodionov, V.V. Khmyzov, Yu.A. Yashin 19 Isotopic Dependence of Radiative Capture Cross-sections for 30 keV Neutrons (Pages 44-52 of Original) By Yu. N. Trof imov 25 Evaluation of Particle Emission Spectra for Isotopes of Chromium, Iron and Nickel for the BROND Data Library (Pages 53-66 of Original) By A.V. Zelenetskij , A.B. Pashchenko 33 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Cross-sections of a Large Number of Nuclides (Pages 67-79 of Original) By A.V. -
Nickel Isotope Variations in Terrestrial Silicate Rocks and Geological Reference Materials Measured by MC-ICP-MS
09 Vol. 37 — N° 3 13 P.297 – 317 Nickel Isotope Variations in Terrestrial Silicate Rocks and Geological Reference Materials Measured by MC-ICP-MS Bleuenn Gueguen (1, 2)*,OlivierRouxel (1, 2), Emmanuel Ponzevera (2),AndreyBekker (3) and Yves Fouquet (2) (1) Institut Universitaire Europeen de la Mer, UMR 6538, Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, BP 80, F-29280, Plouzane, France (2) IFREMER, Centre de Brest, UniteG eosciences Marines, 29280, Plouzane, France (3) Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada * Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] Although initial studies have demonstrated the applica- Bien que les premieres etudes demontrent la pertinence bility of Ni isotopes for cosmochemistry and as a potential des isotopes du nickel en cosmochimie et en tant que biosignature, the Ni isotope composition of terrestrial signature biologique, la composition isotopique du nickel igneous and sedimentary rocks, and ore deposits remains des roches ignees et sedimentaires terrestres ainsi que poorly known. Our contribution is fourfold: (a) to detail an celle des dep ots^ de minerais est encore tres peu connue. analytical procedure for Ni isotope determination, (b) to Notre contribution s’organise en quatre axes, (a) detailler determine the Ni isotope composition of various geo- la procedure analytique pour la determination des logical reference materials, (c) to assess the isotope compositions isotopiques en nickel, (b) determiner la composition of the Bulk Silicate Earth relative to the Ni composition isotopique de materiaux geologiques de isotope reference material NIST SRM 986 and (d) to ref erence varies, (c) estimer la composition isotopique de report the range of mass-dependent Ni isotope fractio- la Terre Silicatee Globale (BSE) par rapport au standard nations in magmatic rocks and ore deposits. -
Nuclear Nov 03 Physicsandmathstutor.Com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Nuclear 90 8. Strontium- 90 (38Sr ) is radioactive and emits α-particles. Which equation could represent this nuclear decay? May 02 1. Which set of radioactive emissions corresponds to the descriptions given in the table headings? 9. Protons and neutrons are thought to consist of smaller particles called quarks. The ‘up’ quark has a charge of 2/3 e : a ‘down’ quark has a charge of – 1/3 e, where e is the elementary charge (+1.6 x 10–19 C). How many up quarks and down quarks must a proton contain? 2. The nucleus of one of the isotopes of nickel is represented by 60 28 Ni . Which line in the table correctly describes a neutral atom of this isotope? Nov 03 10. Which are the correct descriptions of a γ-ray and a α-particle? x 3. A nucleus of bohrium yBh decays to mendelevium by a sequence of three α-particle emissions. 11. A certain nuclide, Uranium-235, has nucleon number 235, proton number 92 and neutron number 143. Data on four other nuclides are given below. Which is an isotope of Uranium-235? How many neutrons are there in a nucleus of Bh? A 267 B 261 C 160 D 154 Nov 02 4. The numbers of protons, neutrons and nucleons in three nuclei are shown. 59 12. A nickel nucleus 28Ni can be transformed by a process termed K-capture. In this process the nucleus absorbs an orbital electron. If no other process is involved, what is the resulting nucleus? Which nuclei are isotopes of the same element? June 04 241 A X and Y B X and Z C Y and Z D none of them 13.