Regulations Organisation Market Collection Treatment European Outlook Data Comparison 2014

Batteries and Accumulators in

Collection Repères Retour Sommaire

The present synthesis report presents the market for Batteries and Accumulators in France in 2014 based on the data gathered through the ADEME’s Register of Batteries and Accumulators, which is completed by data from sector stakeholders. In 2001, the French Environmental Agency, known as ADEME, created the Observatory of batteries and accumulators (B&A) in order to keep track with the batteries and accumulators market. Following the transposition of European Directive 2006/66/EC on batteries and accumulators into French law on 22 September 2009, the National Register of Battery and Accumulator producers was created in 2010. Since January 2014, a unique website called SYDEREP (SYstème DEclaratif des filières REP) compiles all the Registers and Observatories for the WEEE*, Batteries and Accumulators, Furniture, fluorinated gases, tires and ELV* sectors (www.syderep.ademe.fr). This Register aims to record the French producers and to consolidate the B&A producers and recycling companies annual reporting: the regulation requires that all B&A producers and recycling companies report annually through the Register on the quantities of batteries and accumulators they put on the market, collect and treat. Based on analysis of the data, ADEME issues an annual report allowing both the follow-up of the batteries and accumulators market in France and communication regarding the achievement of the collection and recovery objectives set by EU regulation.The present summary is based on the 2014 report.

Updated data are posted annualy at www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

* WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment * ELV: End-of-life Vehicles

2 Batteries and Accumulators in France - 2014 Data - Summary Retour Sommaire Regulations

In 2009 the EU-Directive 2006/66/CE was In 2015, the provisions of Directive By-law of 6 August, 2015, repealing transposed into French law with Decree 2013/56/EU of 20 November, 2013, the revised By-law of November 18th, 2009-1139 issued on September 22nd, amending Directive 2006/66/EC were 2009: cases and conditions under which 2009: This decree, codified in the articles transposed into French law through the the obligations regarding cadmium R.543-124 to R.543-134 of the French adoption of three regulatory texts: level in portable B&A do not apply, environmental code, was completed by Decree 2015-849 of 10 July, 2015 By-law of 6 August, 2015, amending Decree 2011-828 of 11 July, 2011, Decree (bringing the provisions of the French the By-law of 18 November, 2009, on 2012-617 of 2 May, 2012, and Decree Environmental Code relating to B&A the National Register: declaration by 2015-849 of 10 July, 2015. waste management into line with the approved Producer Responsibility The Directive 2006/66/EC sets out the EU law and possibly accrediting a Organisations of the quantities placed European regulation guiding EU Member coordinating body in case several on the market on behalf of its member States on the organisation of B&A wastes Producer Responsibility Organisations producers, the annual declaration being collection and treatment. are accredited), due no later than 31 March.

European French Legislation Legislation

nd Directive 2006/66/CE of September 6th, 2006: Transposition Decree 2009-1139 of September 22 , 2009: Batteries and Accumulators Directive into French law (codified by articles R. 543-124 to R. 543-134 of the Environmental Code) Modified by Modified by

Decree 2011-828 of July 11th, 2011: Directive 2008/12/EC of March 11th, 2008: modification modification of vocabulary of the implementing powers conferred on the Commission Decree 2012-617 of May 2nd, 2012: modifications th Directive 2008/103/EC of November 19 , 2008: of definitions, specifications about collection rate modification regarding placing B&A on the market Decree 2015-849 of July 10th, 2015: Directive 2013/56/EU of November 20th, 2013: specifications about cadmium restrictions, removal of exemptions for B&A containing cadmium possible accreditation a coordinating body and mercury Completed by

Completed by By-law of November 9th, 2009, modified by Order of October 26th, 2011: transportation, gathering, sorting and treatment of B&A Décision 2008/763/EC of September 29th, 2008: defines a methodology of calculation of annual sales By-law of November 18th, 2009, modified by By-law of of B&A to end-users November 21st, 2011 repealed by Order of August 6th, 2015: cases and conditions under wich the obligations regarding Décision 2009/603/EC of August 5th, 2009: definition of cadmium level in portable B&A do not apply requirements for registration of producers of B&A By-law of November 18th, 2009 related to Batteries and Regulation n° 1103/2010 of November 29th, 2010: Accumulators National Register, modified by By-law of definition of rules as regards capacity labelling of B&A August 6th, 2015: Annual declaration being due no later than March 31st Regulation n° 493/2012 of June 11th, 2012: details rules regarding the calculation of recycling 2 Orders of December 28th, 2009: effiencies of the recycling processes of waste B&A Approval of the 2 Producer Responsability Organisations dedicated to portable B&A: COREPILE and SCRELEC

January 7th, 2011: Approval of the Mobivia Groupe SA individual collection system for portable B&A

3 Retour Sommaire

Definition

Is considered as battery or accumulator (B&A) any source All B&A are concerned by the Decree, whatever their shape, of electric energy obtained through direct transformation of volume, weight, use or constitutive material, with the chemical energy, consisting of one or more primary battery exception of: cells (nonrechargeable) or consisting of one or more secondary B&A used in equipment related to the protection of the battery cells (rechargeable). essential security interests of Member States, arms, munitions and war material, if they are specifically intended for military purposes. B&A used in equipment designed to be sent into space.

The regulation defines three types of B&A:

Portable B&A: any battery, button cell, battery pack or accumulator that is sealed and can be carried by hand and that is neither an industrial battery or accumulator nor an automotive battery or accumulator.

Automotive B&A: any battery or accumulator used for starter system, lighting system or automotive.

Industrial B&A: any battery or accumulator designed for exclusively industrial or professional uses or used in any type of electric vehicle, including electric bikes.

The B&A sector’s monitoring and organisation bodies

An advisory commission for the portable B&A sector An Operational Steering Committee (OSC) for the follow-up was founded in 2010. Its main role is to examine B&A sector, established in 2012, allows the optimisation application for public organisations and individual systems of the sector operational aspects. It consists of treatment authorisations and to follow the B&A sector performance. operator’s representative (FEDEREC, FNADE, and SFRAP1), The 18 commission members meet twice a year and are the approved Producer Responsibility Organisations divided in 5 groups (local elected, producers, recyclers, (Corepile and Screlec) and the approved individual system associations and public authorities). (MOBIVIA Groupe). It permits to facilitate communication, information sharing and to work on a better sector performance. The keys topics covered are aspects related to contracts, operators’ audits or treatment safety.

1 FEDEREC (Fédération des Entreprises du Recyclage): Federation of recycling companies; FNADE (Fédération Nationale des Activités de Dépollution): National federation of remediation activities; SFRAP (Syndicat Français des Recycleurs de Piles et d’Accumulateurs): French union of batteries and accumulators recyclers.

234 Batteries and Accumulators in France - 2014 Data - Summary Retour Sommaire Organisation

The major players in the B&A sector are B&A producers, B&A collectors and the recycling companies. In 2014: 14 treatment operators (divided into 17 recycling plants) 2 approved Producer Responsibility Organisations (PRO) 1,776 producers registered on the B&A Register (of which 1,246 filed non-zero declarations in 2014).

The producers Placing on the market: the supplying or Consumers and users of batteries and Producer: any person located on the the provision to third parties of batteries accumulators: their consumer habits national territory placing professionally and accumulators whether in return or demands significantly influence for the first time on the French for payment or free of charge, into the market trends. market, irrespective of the selling customs territory of the European Union, First collection actors: they have to technique used, including by means including importation. make the effort to bring back all of their of distance communication, batteries The holders waste batteries and accumulators to and accumulators, including those The Batteries and Accumulators the nearest collection point (drop-off incorporated into appliances or vehicles. holders, whether they are individuals or centres or outlets). companies, play an important role as:

Types of B&A Different organisation options to manage B&A end-of-life

- Join an approved Producer Responsibility Organisations: Corepile and Screlec are currently state-approved Portable - Have its own individual system approved by the state authorities: Only one producer (MOBIVIA Groupe SA) has set up an individual system state-approved

- Join an approved Producer Responsibility Organisations (none approved to date) Automotive - Have its own individual system approved by the state authorities (none to date) - Transfer their obligations to the professional end-user, through direct agreements

- Ensure directly the treatment of their waste B&A (individually or collectively) Industrial - Transfer their obligations to the professional end-user, through direct agreements

Automotive B&A Industrial B&A

Today, no automotive Producer The 2006/66/EC Directive also imposes an Responsibility Organisation is approved Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for and all producers are reported to use an industrial Batteries and Accumulators. The individual system of collection. majority of industrial B&A producers The collection of automotive batteries (approximately 60 %) have dealt with has been organised in France for several years through collection and treatment individually, delegating to a self-financed system, driven by the market value of private collection companies or including the B&A collection lead. In the DOM/COM (French overseas administrative and treatment in their maintenance operations and services. departments and communities), however, the industry is This responsibility can also be delegated to a professional not as stable due to the additional costs of cross border end-user: the industrial B&A owners manage the collection waste transfers and the repatriation to the mainland for and treatment, through their own collection devices. 40 % processing. of the industrial B&A producers have set up this kind of management.

5 Retour Sommaire Portable B&A

Two Producer Responsibility Organisations have been state-approved for the period 2009-2015: Corepile and Screlec. They are in charge – on behalf of their members – of the collection and treatment of waste portable B&A. COREPILE SCRELEC Therefore, they are responsible for collection across the www.corepile.fr www.screlec.fr national territory. The individual collection and treatment system set up by Mobivia Groupe SA (distribution of vehicles parts and equipment, maintenance, repairs) has also been approved by public authorities for the period 2009-2015. The company has provided its 397 automotive centres (Norauto and Carter- MOBIVIA GROUPE Cash) with collection points, permitting its clients to dispose www.mobiviagroupe.fr of their portable B&A waste. Screlec, Corepile and Mobivia Groupe SA have created a common organisation named FIRP&A in order to join their communication efforts to the public. A website was created (www.firpea.com) where all the portable B&A collection points in France are listed. It identifies the nearest collection point from the zip code. News The accreditation of Producer Responsibility Organisations On an operational level, consumers can dispose of their as well as Mobivia’s individual approval system will expire on portable B&A waste in collection points managed by: 31 December, 2015. Working groups consisting of various Resellers (must offer the free take back of waste players in the portable B&A sector were established, batteries and accumulators brought back by their focussing on four topics - prevention, collection, treatment customers when they are the same kind as those sold and coordination - with view to revise the approval and in their shop); accreditation process requirements. Applications for Local authorities (drop-off centres, local collection); approval or accreditation must be submitted to the relevant public authorities by mid-September 2015. Approval Other organisations (companies, state institutions, etc.). or accreditation decisions must be published before The Producer Responsibility Organisations (PRO) and 31 December, 2015, and take effect starting 1 January, 2016. Mobivia then organise the collection and transportation of The new accreditation requirements are in line with the used B&A to collection centres by using logistics providers. previous version and seek to enhance the sector performance The used portable B&A are finally sent to different sorting by integrating the guidelines of the waste prevention and and recycling plants where constitutive materials are management policy and the recommendations of the recovered. Commission for the Harmonisation and Mediation of the EPR sectors (CHMF), namely related to: the financial management of Producer Responsibility Organisations, actions aimed at non-contributors, contracting, audits of collection and treatment service providers and adoption of the principles of proximity and accessibility of players in the Social and Solidarity Economy (ESS).

Consumers

Drop-off Local Back to Companies and Mobivia Groupets centres collection retailers Public Institutions Individual System (fixed/mobile

Local Authorities Retailers Others holders Mobivia’s shops

Collection / Grouping / Transportation Achieved by a service provider on behalf of an approved Producer Responsibility Organisation (Corepile or Screlec) or approved individual system (Mobivia Groupe)

Sorting / Recovering / Recycling Achieved by a service provider on behalf an approved Producer Responsibility Organisation (Corepile or Screlec) or approved individual system (Mobivia Groupe)

6 Batteries and Accumulators in France - 2014 Data - Summary Retour Sommaire The B&A treatment plants (recycling companies)

BATTERIES Leclanché and alkaline batteries RECYLEX (59) Euro Dieuze: sorting, crushing Paprec D3E: sorting, crushing SNAM: sorting, crushing Métal Blanc VALDI-ADLCA: sorting Fiday Gestion: foundry GDE EPUR Euro Dieuze Button/stick batteries with mercury HG Industrie HG Industrie: crushing, thermal treatment Lithium batteries STCM Fiday Gestion Euro Dieuze: crushing VALDI-ADLCA Séché Environnement: inerting, incineration with energy recovery AST

Zinc air batteries VALDI Le Palais RECYLEX (69) Séché AST: crushing Environnement

RECUPYL ACCUMULATORS PAPREC D3E SNAM NiCd, NiMH and Lithium accumulators Viviez SNAM St-Quentin Recupyl: sorting, crushing, hydrometallurgy SNAM (of which EuroBatTri): crushing, distillation and pyrolysis, hydrometallurgy Euro Dieuze: sorting, crushing, hydrometallurgic STCM treatment (Ni-Cd and Li-ion) VALDI-ADLCA: sorting VALDI Le Palais: pyrometallurgic treatment (Ni-MH) Lead accumulators Treatment plant Lead accumulators Other accumulators Sites only performing Epur: sorting, treatment preparation (Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, Li) pre-treatment (sorting, STCM, Métal Blanc: crushing, crushing, separation) Batteries pyrometallurgic treatment (fusion) Recylex, GDE: crushing, separation by density and by flocculation.

What happens to Batteries and News 2014 Accumulators after collection? Upon the liquidation at the end of 2013 They are sent to waste sorting centres of the company MBM specialized in where they are sorted by type, and then the treatment of mercury and of waste to recyclers where they are treated from cathode ray tubes (cullet), the accordingly allowing the extraction of company HG Industrie, a subsidiary of recoverable materials. Materials that can Black mass (metal powder). © ADEME. Auréa group, took over the mercury be recovered include: lithium which is a treatment activity in 2014. The five rare and strategic material, Zinc powder former employees of MBM maintained which can be used in gutter production, their jobs and two other persons were or ferromanganese which can be used in hired. stainless steel production entering into VALDI-ERAMET has invested €25 million composition of cutlery or brake discs. to expand its Commentry treatment The recoverable part represents between plant and enhance its performance. This 50 % and 80 %, depending on the plant is expected to process 20,000 concerned electrochemical couple. Metal fraction. © ADEME. tonnes of alkaline-Leclanché batteries per year starting 2017. Some R&D projects on recycling of electric car accumulators are in progress.

Paper-plastic fraction. © ADEME.

7 Retour Sommaire Market 1,227 million batteries and accumulators of all kinds were The decrease in tonnage is mainly due to the automotive placed on the market in 2014 (-3 % compared to 2013), sector, which is facing a slowdown of the sales of vehicles in representing a total weight of 200,763 tonnes (– 12 %). recent years, but there is also a decrease in tonnage for other types of B&A. Portable batteries and accumulators

1,206 million portable batteries and Alkaline batteries have seen their unit weight decreasing since accumulators were put on the market in 2014 2011, mainly due to the downward trend of commercialising (-4 % compared to 2013) representing a total big batteries3. weight of 30,363 tonnes, equivalent to 18 In 2014, the approved Producer Responsibility Organisations batteries and accumulators per inhabitant. (PRO), Corepile and Screlec, managed 99.9 % of batteries and 18 PA par habitant. accumulators placed on the market. Market of Portable B&A Tonnes Market share of Portable B&A Producers 33 450 35 000 32 914 33 337 32 336 30 363 % 29 922 7,2% 6,4 % 2,1 % 0,04 % 0,03 % 0,004 % 30 000 100 25 000 80 28,2 % 30,7 % 32,3 % 33,9 % 32,9 % 32,0 % 20 000

15 000 60

10 000 40 64,6 % 62,9 % 65,6 % 66,1 % 67,1 % 68,0 % 5 000

0 20 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0 Leclanché batteries Lithium accumulators 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Alkaline batteries Nickel-Metal-Hydride accumulators Corepile Non-approved Screlec Lithium batteries Nickel-Cadmium accumulators individual system Button cells Lead accumulators Zinc air batteries Other batteries and accumulators

NB: An individual system approved by the public authorities No portable B&A production plants are based in France. About half of the portable B&A comes from the European Union (Belgium, was set up by Mobivia. However, their data covering products Germany, and Eastern Europe). The other half comes from Asia and placed on the market is not published for reasons of confidentiality the United States. (source: sector experts) and the very low quantity placed on the market in relation to the overall portable B&A volumes placed on the market in France. The Regarding the number of units, Alkaline Batteries (64 %) and lack of published data has no impact on the accuracy of the data Button Cells (21 %) were the most sold. presented, or the sector’s performance in relation to national and Batteries (non-rechargeable by definition) represent European objectives. 89 % of the number of B&A units placed on the market (1,073 million). The replacement of batteries with accumulators Since 2009, there has been a decrease in the share of tonnage (which are rechargeable) is still hampered by the deterrent declared by producers under the non-approved individual scheme price of accumulators and chargers and by the ineffectiveness thanks to the verification and communication efforts of the of certain “low cost” chargers. ADEME, PROs and the Ministry. The minor portion remaining corresponds to some eleven producers that place low quantities on The quantity of commercialised Li-ion accumulators has the market and which, in 2015, will either adhere to a PRO, or have increased by 2 %. This is mainly due to the increase in the sale their individual scheme approved. of smart phones between 2013 and 2014 (+ 15 %)2. In addition, since 1 January, 2014, the accumulators used in electric bikes (mainly Li-ion) are considered industrial rather than portable In parallel, the number of memberships in PRO significantly B&A. increased from 487 to 1,048 memberships, between 2009 and The market share of Leclanché batteries in terms of 2014. number of commercialised units continues to increase: +8 % in comparison with 2013. Found in many everyday objects, 2 Source: Le marché des piles et batteries, Xerfi, 2015 this type of battery is the most used among the general public 3 étude Life Cycle, EUCOBAT because of its low cost in addition to the frequent promotional offers of retailers.

8 Batteries and Accumulators in France - 2014 Data - Summary Retour Sommaire

Automotive B&A Industrial B&A 7,6 million automotive accumulators 13,7 million of industrial B&A were placed were placed on the market in 2014 (-7 %), on the market in 2014 (+11 %), representing representing 114,964 tonnes (-9 %) of 55,435 tonnes (-19 %). lead accumulators. The share of lithium batteries (+55 %) and Note that in previous years small quantities of NiMH NiMH accumulators (+43 %) are the reasons behind and others accumulators had been declared. this increase in commercialisation. However, the tonnages are on the decline (-19 %) because industrial B&A are becoming lighter and lighter (lithium batteries Market of Automotive B&A in particular). Tonnes Market of Industrial B&A Tonnes 80 000 74 584 140 000 136 176 69 545 68 796 125 894 70 000 65 631 126 129 135 000 123 011 60 270 119 870 60 000 55 435 Lead Accumulators 50 000 130 000 Nickel-Cadmium 40 000 Accumulators 125 000 114 964 Nickel-Metal-Hydride 30 000 Accumulators 120 000 Lithium Accumulators 20 000 Alkaline Batteries 115 000 Lithium Batteries 10 000 Other 0 110 000 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

105 000 Lead is still one of the major technology because of its relative low cost: lead accumulators (traction batteries, 100 000 0 standby power systems or electric vehicles) represent 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 83 % of the tonnages placed on the market (-25 %). The tonnage of NiMH accumulators placed on the market decrease by 15 % despite the increase by 43 % of quantities put on the market. In fact, the increase of very The number of lead accumulators placed on light Ni-MH accumulators in tonnage (used for energy the market has fallen: the automotive market is storage) does not compensate the decrease of the amount stagnating in 20144 (+0.3 %) and lower new car of accumulators with a higher unit weight (electric vehicles sales as a result of the current economic crisis and batteries). the absence of the scrapping premium. In addition, Lithium accumulators continue to rise (+15 % in according to experts from the automotive sector, tonnages), primarily due to the development of electric data of B&A placed on the market by the producers vehicles and the change in classification of electric bicycle are not complete, which explains why quantities of batteries to the Industrial category since 2013. B&A placed on the market are lower than quantities The number of industrial NiCd accumulators placed on collected. the market decreased by 10 %. They represent 27 % of Lead technology is chemically stable, relatively industrial B&A on the market in 2014. A downward trend cheap and becomes a recoverable waste that and an increasing share of other types are expected over provides the sustainability of its use for starter the coming years, to meet the regulatory restrictions batteries. on the use of cadmium in compliance with European 19 % of automotive accumulators were placed on Directive 2013/56/EU. These accumulators are generally the market by French manufacturers (in tonnes): used for emergency systems in the air and rail transport this share has decreased sharply compared to 2013 sector, as well as for emergency lighting units, the telecom (25 %). Of the 81 % of imported automotive B&A, network and energy storage. 75 % come from the European Union. The decrease of commercialised industrial lithium batteries in tonnage has been moderate this year (-4 %), after a sharp drop between 2012 and 2013 (-60 %). This is due to the significant decrease in unit weight of lithium batteries, which are found most often in payment terminals (-38 % this year and -67 % in 2013). 4 Source: Comité des constructeurs français d’automobiles (CCFA), 2014. It should be noted that the data covers the whole automotive sector, electric vehicles and hybrids included. 51 % of industrial B&A (in tonnage) are placed on the market by French manufacturers such as Enersys, Saft and Blue Solutions.

9 Retour Sommaire Collection

201,699 tonnes of batteries and accumulators waste were This represents a 3 % decrease compared to 2013, a direct collected in 2014 in France (mainly Lead accumulators), result of the decrease in products placed on the market in equivalent to 20 times the Eiffel Tower weight. 2014 (–12 % in tonnage).

Portable batteries and accumulators

+6 % in tonnage collected in 2014, for a total of The EU directive 2006/66/CE determines collection rates 11,989 tonnes. for portable batteries and accumulators and defines the This increase of collected batteries and calculation formula, which takes into account the average of accumulators is explained by communication and the last three years of sales.The collection rate of portable awareness actions led by the PRO’s and Mobivia batteries and accumulators for 2014 is 37.5 %. For and a more dynamic collection points network. the third time, since 2009, the target has not been reached by Producer Responsibility Organisations (PRO) (41 % in 6 Quantities of Portable batteries and accumulators 2014) , even if the collection rate in 2014 shows a 3 points collected by type of collection point (in tonnes) evolution compared to 2013. Efforts are still needed to reach the 45 % target set by the EU directive for 2016, whereas the Tonnes difficulty to collect B&A waste is increasing. 14 000

12 000 11 367 11 520 11 366 11 989 10 453 10 791 Collection rates between 2009 and 2013 10 000 27 % 30 % 27 % 27 % 27 % 30 % compared to targets rates 8 000 % 50 45 % 6 000 37,5 % 43 % 30 % 29 % 35,4 % 37 % 41 % 32 % 32 % 31 % 29 % 40 34,3 % 34,7 % 39 % 33,3 % 33 % 35 % 34,4 % 4 000 31 % 30 25 % 2 000 41 % 30 % 42 % 44 % 43 % 41 % 20 0 10 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0 Retailers Local Authorities Other holders 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Collection rate Targets set by EU Directive targets Retailer collection points remain the most visible and French Ministry accessible for individuals, representing 41 % of tonnage collected (29 % by local authorities and 30 % by other collection points). National average collection 2014 : 182 g/inhabitant In France, the two Producer Responsibility Organisations oversee close to 59,000 collection points among retailers, local authorities and other holders and cover more than 99.9 % (in tonnes) of the portable B&A collected. Guyane Martinique In 2014, the collected tonnage corresponds to an average of 182 grams of waste B&A collected per inhabitant, versus 173 g/inhab. in 20135 . Réunion Guadeloupe In 2014, 822 tonnes of B&A were extracted from

household WEEE and declared by WEEE PROs to the Below 150 g/inhab. WEEE Register, compared to 711 tonnes the previous year. Between 150 and 200 g/inhab Between 200 and 250 g/inhab Upper than 250 g/inhab.

5 Including inhabitants of metropolitan France and overseas French departments, assumption made by INSEE on January 1st, 2014 and January 1st, 2013. 6 The historical collection declarations were downwardly adjusted this year, due to a methodology error made over the past few years by the PRO Screlec.

10 Batteries and Accumulators in France - 2014 Data - Summary Retour Sommaire

In 2014, the two PROs and Mobivia conducted the «Usage In comparison, a Belgian household has 114 and a and Attitude» study to better understand unseen B&A German household 115: it would seem probable that quantities in households. French households are underreporting. Main conclusions of the study: In the workplace, B&A collection still does not seem to 79% of individuals report bringing their used B&A be a priority for public administrations and companies. to a collection point, but not on a regular basis. Not Half of those surveyed stated that they did not all B&A are sorted; for example, batteries tend to generate used B&A, even though all the telephones be overlooked in certain devices. 14 % of the French and computers contain them. Only 29 % of public report that their used batteries end up directly in the administrations and companies offer a B&A trash bin. The French also tend to keep their electric collection system. appliances even though they no longer use them To improve collection, the French should be reminded (portable telephones for example). that all batteries and accumulators have to be The French have an average of 75 batteries and processed (including batteries in appliances), and accumulators at home (average of 85 per house collection points should be revitalised by familiarising and 63 per apartment), of which 63 are in appliances. consumers with the recovery of used B&A.

Automotive B&A industrial b&a

-4 % of automotive B&A tonnage collected – 1 % of industrial B&A tonnage collected in 2014, Equivalent to 177,606 tonnes. in 2014, equivalent to 12,104 tonnes.

Automotive B&A collection Industrial B&A collection

Tonnes Tonnes 250 000 20 000 18 954 208 177 193 260 190 960 200 000 183 241 184 381 15 000 13 992 177 606 13 468 13 825 12 273 12 104 150 000 10 000 100 000

5 000 50 000

0 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

The tonnage of automotive B&A collected in 2014 is Because the average life time of this kind of B&A varies the lowest since 2009. This decrease is mainly due from 4 to 20 years, depending on the type, data on to the steady increase in the exports of used lead collection cannot be compared to tonnage placed on batteries. The volume treated by French recyclers is on the market. Moreover, a broad number of batteries the decline despite a sufficient treatment capacity. and accumulators placed on the French market do not Moreover, the collected tonnage is higher than end their life in France, such as those which are used in the tonnage introduced on the market. This can be trains, aircraft, and oil installation, but in Asia or in the explained by 2 main reasons: Middle East. The lack of complete market data declared by The first industrial accumulators used in electric or producers, hybrid vehicles were collected in 2011. These tonnages, It is hard to distinguish between automotive and which were initially very low when the technology industrial accumulators for treatment operators: appeared and the number of electric vehicles sold was treatment operators falsely declare industrial also very low, have nowadays, become significant. and automotive Lead accumulators tonnage as Treated batteries mainly come from damaged vehicles automotive accumulators. or production waste.

1011 Retour Sommaire Treatment

227,872 tonnes of waste batteries and accumulators were Quantity of B&A treated in France treated in France in 2014, a 6 % decrease compared to 2013 Tonnes 300 000 278 738 84 % of used B&A received by French recyclers are from France. 276 872 272 335 249 337 In addition, 3,826 tonnes of portable B&A collected in France 250 000 241 315 227 872 were exported for treatment by PROs (, Germany and 200 000 Belgium). 6,582 tonnes of automotive B&A were also exported for treatment by producers, as well as approximately 595 tonnes 150 000 of industrial B&A (Spain, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Japan and 100 000 The Czech Republic)7. Several treatment operators deplore a fall-off in their activity, 50 000 which they attribute to the troubled economy or the export of 0 used B&A to other European countries for cheaper treatment. 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Since the shutdown of the Valdi-Feurs plant, there is no Portable Automotive Industrial complete treatment facility for alkaline and Leclanché batteries in France, which explains the export of this type of battery. Recycling is the main treatment option for B&A: 83 % of the Total treated tonnage treated are declared to be recycled. B&A Nature in 2014 (in tonnes) Portable B&A: Treated volumes decreased by 2% due to the decreasing quantities of accumulators (lithium, NiMH, NiCd) Lead accumulators 214,145 in France in 2013 and 2014 (respectively -39 %, -12 % and -10 %). Nickel-Cadmium accumulators 3,908 Automotive B&A: The quantities treated have declined by 5 % (-4 % from France and -18 % from abroad), a direct Nickel-Metal-hydride accumulators 965 consequence of the lower collection rate in France. Lithium accumulators 745 Industrial B&A: The quantities of industrial B&A treated are stable compared to 2013 (-18 %). The first tonnes of lithium Alkaline, Leclanché and Zinc-Air batteries 7,849 accumulators from electric vehicles were treated in 2012; this volume has been quadrupled since. The treatment processes Lithium batteries 225 for this emerging waste are still being developed. The sector’s experts anticipate a significant tonnage increase for this Button Cells 34 technology over the next 5 years. Little tonnage is exported for treatment. Quantities of NiCd accumulators treated have TOTAL Portable B&A 12,166 dropped 13 %. TOTAL Industrial B&A 13,513

TOTAL Automotive B&A 202,193

TOTAL 227,872

Depending on the electrochemical couple of batteries and accumulators recycled, recovered material from treatment processes include mainly Lead and derivatives (73 %), 5 % are plastics/papers and 7 % are electrolytes and solvents. Metals (steel, ferrous metals, nickel, cobalt, zinc, aluminium, silver, etc.) are being recovered in lower quantities (each metal lower than 1 %, except steel at 1.6 %). However their recycling shows significant issues on best-use of resources, including strategic materials such as cobalt, copper or lithium; research is underway.

7 Data issued from the declarations of individual producers.

12 Batteries and Accumulators in France - 2014 Data - Summary Retour Sommaire

Breakdown of recovered material in tonnage Total : 220,296 tonnes

Lead and derivatives (metals): 64,4 % Slag, scoria: non-metal share coming from fusion or metal production processes. Lead dust: 9,0 % Black mass : metal powder coming from Paper and Diverse plastic: 5,3 % waste B&A crushing. Electrolyte and solvents: 6,9 % Others: Nickel (NiFe) (1.2 %), Ferrous metal Slag and Scoria: 4,8 % (0.3 %), Steel (1.3 %), Zinc and derivatives Diverse crushing waste: 4,3 % (0.1 %), Cadmium (0.1 %), Cobalt/ Stainless steel/ Copper/ Aluminium/ Silver (0.2 %). Black mass: 2,0 % Others: 3,3 %

Results Results Results Recycling efficiency rates published by European B&A Nature France France France France for the European Commission target 2012 2013 2014 The EU imposes minimum recycling efficiencies rates. NiCd accumulators 75 % 77 % 79 % 77 % Working meetings are continuing between the Ministry of Sustainable Development, the ADEME and recyclers Lead accumulators 65 % > 70 % > 70 % 84 % to discuss application of the European Regulation’s calculation method for recycling efficiencies. Other B&A 50 % 53 % 57 % 58 %

Economics Data

Producer Responsibility Organisations (PRO) revenues and Communication and support of collecting stakeholders: expenses: 1,2 million Euros The total amount received by the 2 PROs approved for Running Costs: 2,4 million Euros portable batteries and accumulators: 13,3 million Euros Estimation of the total number of stakeholders in the in 2014 (+6.5 % compared to 2013, increase essentially French sector: about 100 jobs generated related to the increase of the scale of contributions and The average collecting /sorting /treatment cost of new declarants who joined the PROs) portable B&A varies from 850 €/t (alkalines-Leclanché) to Material Revenues: 1,6 million Euros 2,000 €/t (depending on the type of accumulator). Operational Costs: 11,3 million Euros

13 Retour Sommaire Market in French Overseas Date of Association Eco-organisation Date of start Regions and Departments start of (lead (portable B&A) of activity* activity* batteries) Organisation In the absence of a B&A treatment facility Guadeloupe 2007 2006 in the French Overseas Regions and Departments, and with view to comply with the EU regulatory requirements, Réunion Island 2006 2001 the collected B&A waste is transported to mainland France for treatment and recovery. This process involves significant challenges related to international shipment Mayotte 2013 ATBM 2013 of waste (costs, administrative procedures and environmental impact). Over the last years, associations of marketers have been Guyana 2011 2008 created in French Overseas Regions and Departments to manage the collection and shipment of B&A waste to the mainland. Martinique 2010 2000 Two approved Producer Responsibility

Organisations manage portable B&A in * For portable B&A, the year when the Producer Responsibility Organisations first launched the portable sector; for overseas regions and departments, as lead batteries, the year of creation of the association. follows: Market Collection In 2014, the producers registered in the Overseas regions and departments are The quantity of collected B&A declined by B&A Register and based in the French having difficulty catching up with the 11 % in comparison with 2013, in contrast Overseas Regions and Departments placed mainland’s collection performance. The with the average 4 % increase registered on the market 243 tonnes of portable Producer Responsibility Organisations since 2009. The performance of the B&A, that is to say a decrease of -7 %. are gradually organising the collection collection network thanks to increased These numbers reflect the national trend process by developing a network of communication should prove to be effective in 2014, but are more acute in overseas collection points. in the coming years. In 2014, the collection departments. Overseas collectivities are The number of collection points in of lead batteries from the automotive sector not taken into account in these statistics, overseas regions and department in overseas regions and departments was as the treatment sector has been only increased by 13 % in 2014, with 3,593 stable: 6,292 tonnes were collected against recently developed. collection points against 3,136 in 2013. 6,330 tonnes in 2013. European Comparison The French battery and accumulator France represents 10 % of the European Difficulties when comparing the market has declined in relation to other production value for batteries and collection data for portable B&A in the European countries8 accumulators. Forty or so companies work various Member States11 Germany is the European leader in the in the B&A production sector (representing The study conducted at the request 10 manufacture of batteries and accumulators. about 4,800 employees) . Ranking fourth of portable B&A producers in Europe It accounts for nearly a third of the financial among European manufacturers, France (EPBA) regarding the collection rates value of the European goods produced by has seen its position decline over the last achieved in 2012 by the various Member the sector (estimated at approximately fifteen years due to restructurings, closings, States has been updated in December 7,800 million euros) and represents and relocations of manufacturing plants to 2014. 61 companies and about 7,200 jobs. It is lower cost countries such as in Asia and followed distantly by (14 % of total Eastern Europe. production) and Spain (10 %)9.

8 Source: Xerfi, June 2014 9 Source: Eurostat, data 2011. 10 Acoss data, 2012, treated by Xerfi. 11 Source: European Portable Battery Association, The collection of waste portable batteries in Europe in view of the achievability of the collection targets set by Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC, study conducted by PERCHARDS, updated in December 2014 14 Batteries and Accumulators in France - 2014 Data - Summary Retour Sommaire

800 80 %

700 71 % 70 %

64 %

600 61 % 60 %

53 % 54 % 500 50 % 48 % 43 % 43 % 45 % 41 % 41 % 42 % 400 39 %39 % 40 % 34 %34 % 35 % 35 % 32 % 32 % 31 % 31 % 30 %30 % 30 % 300 29 % 29 % 29 % 30 % 28 % 25 %

200 20 % 20 % 16 % 14 % 100 10 %

0 0 % RO CY HR LT SI LV NO IT PT PL CZ IE HU UK GR FR IC ES EE BG DK MT FI NL DE SK AT BE LU SE CH ‘12

Left scale : Unofficial data Right scale : POM g per capita 2011/12/13 Latest year 2013, unless different year Collection rate 2013 Collection g per capita 2011/12/13 below country short code Collection rate 2012 Collection rate 2011

Source: European Portable Battery Association, The collection of waste portable batteries in Europe in view of the achievability of the collection targets set by Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC, study conducted by PERCHARDS, updated in December 2014

Country short codes France...... FR Netherlands...... NL Germany...... DE Norway...... NO Austria...... AT Greece...... GR ...... PL Belgium...... BE ...... HU ...... PT Bulgaria...... BG Iceland...... IC ...... RO Croatia...... HR Ireland...... IE Slovakia...... SK Cyprus...... CY Italy...... IT Slovenia...... Si Czech Republic...... CZ Latvia...... LV Spain...... ES Denmark...... DK Lithuania...... LT Sweden...... SE Estonia...... EE Luxembourg...... LU Switzerland...... CH Finland...... FI Malta...... MT UK...... UK

The study highlights comparison difficulties EUCOBAT(12) raises two additional biases: To avoid or reduce some of the above between the countries due to: the various maturity levels of calculation biases, the EPBA study the classification differences for the sectors: when the collection proposes to exclude lead batteries from portable B&A; organisation is created, the quantities the calculation, clarify the notion of portable by adding a weight threshold and uncertainty concerning B&A placed on collected are up since the process differentiate the collection rates by type the market integrated in WEEE; captures historical quantities, but they then generally level off, which reduces of battery. EUCOBAT for its part proposes uncertainties regarding B&A placed on the collection rate. to modify the collection rate calculation the market; formula in order to consider the tonnage the penetration level of the significant presence of lead available for collection. accumulators that replace batteries accumulators in the tonnage collected; in national markets: the longer lives the fact that a portion of the B&A waste (7-8 years) of accumulators reduce the can be collected in a country other than collection rate calculated according to the one where the B&A were placed on the products placed on the market over the market. the last three years.

12European Compliance Organisation for Batteries, www.eucobat.eu, which assembles some fifteen PROs in Europe

15 Retour Sommaire Outlook

Despite a decline in the As for the collection of batteries and ... And first signs of an emerging quantities placed on the market accumulators contained in electrical and market for electric and hybrid and an increase in collected electronic equipment (EEE), cooperation vehicles in France tonnage, the collection targets with WEEE Producer Responsibility The sector of industrial batteries and have not been met... Organisations serves to increase the accumulators continues its evolution, recovered quantities. WEEEs contain As for portable B&A, the number with an explosion in the sales of NiMH accumulators and memory button of members is still growing but accumulators (+43 % in units) used for batteries; recovering these B&A while commercialisation is on the decline the electric vehicles and the renewable dismantling WEEEs represents an (-4 %). In line with the regulations energy market which has shown a important challenge in order to meet the restricting the use of cadmium in B&A, continued progress in France. objectives of the B&A Directive. the quantities of NiCd accumulators Lithium accumulators taken from placed on the market is declining (-30 % The quantities of portable B&A treated electric vehicles continue to have a in tonnage). They are to be progressively in France decreased by 2 % in 2014 greater and greater share in the collected replaced with NiMH and Lithium (decrease in lithium, NiMH and NiCd and treated tonnages in 2014: they have accumulators. accumulators) and research projects quadrupled since 2012. Nevertheless, are underway to develop new recovery Although the objective for national research on treatment techniques is still techniques for alkaline-Leclanché battery collection rate - set at 41 % in the needed to achieve a maximum recovery waste in France. accreditation requirements of Producer of materials. Responsibility Organisations - was ... decrease in the Treated industrial B&A have registered not met, the collection rate in 2014 commercialisation of batteries a sharp drop in 2014 (-18 %), mainly showed a significant increase (+3 %). for the automotive sector... due to a decline in the quantities of lead Efforts will continue in order to meet As for accumulators for the automotive batteries (-20 %) which are increasingly the collection target of 45 % in 2016, as sector, the quantities placed on the market being exported for treatment in set by the European Directive 2006/66/ continue to decline by around 4 %, which neighbour countries. EC. The new accreditation and approval is consistent with the fragile car sales requirements that will take effect as of 1 market and the increase in the purchase January, 2016, fit with the challenges of of used vehicles. The recycling market for enhancing national sector performance, automotive batteries has weakened, with namely: to set actions to improve the a downward trend for lead prices over the financial management of Producer year 2014 (from 1,616 to 1,570 Euros/t Responsibility Organisations, to seek between January and December 2014) non-contributors, contracting, audits and a decrease in the tonnage collected of collection and treatment service (-4 %) and processed (-5 %). providers and adoption of the principles of proximity and accessibility of players in the Social and Solidarity Economy (ESS).

Updated data are posted annualy at www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

16 About ADEME

The French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) is a public agency under the joint authority of the Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy and the Ministry for Education, Higher Education and Research. The agency is active in the implementation of public policy in the areas of the environment, energy and For more information : sustainable development.

www.ademe.fr/expertises (Déchets) ADEME provides expertise and advisory www.ademe.fr/mediatheque services to businesses, local authorities and communities, government bodies and the For current recycling news see our newsletter: public at large, to enable them to establish « L’écho des filières » and consolidate their environmental action. To subcribe : [email protected] As part of this work the agency helps finance projects, from research to implementation, in the areas of waste management, soil conservation, energy efficiency and renewable energy, air quality and noise abatement. ISBN : 979-10-297-0228-8 - January 2016 - Crédit photo : R. Bourget pour l’ADEME, Photodisc Bourget pour l’ADEME, R. 979-10-297-0228-8 - January 2016 - Crédit photo : ISBN : www.welko.fr Réalisation 2015 : 8590 8 8 2 2 0 7 9 2 0 1 9 7 ISBN 979-10-297-0228-8 9

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