Community Impact and Performance Report 2018
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Biogas Current Biofuels
Current Biofuels - Biogas Keywords Bioenergy, biofuel, biogas, sustainable, renewable, biomass, anaerobic, waste, bacteria, microbes, fermentation, methane. Background Biofuel feedstocks that have high water content, such as food wastes and livestock manure cannot be easily incinerated, but can produce biogas. Biogas can be burnt to produce heat for cooking, warming homes and producing electricity. It can also be compressed and used as a transport fuel in specially © istockphoto® converted vehicle engines. The digested residue is of use as fertiliser in agriculture. Biogas storage containers Biogas is 60-80% methane and is created by a process termed anaerobic digestion, leaving behind a nutrient- rich substance termed digestate. Anaerobic digestion is carried out by a range of bacteria in the absence of oxygen. A number of bacteria and yeast have been identified in biogas production. Initially carbon dioxide is produced by the decomposing organic matter until an anaerobic environment is created. After the initial digestion a group of bacteria known as methanogens convert the products into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion has a number of environmental benefits including production of ‘green energy and natural fertilisers. The production of biogas can substitute feedstocks for fossil fuels and artificial fertilisers, reducing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. The problems associated with waste disposal are also alleviated by the generation of useful products and decreased release of the potent greenhouse gas, methane, from landfill sites Biogas is successfully generated in a number of developing countries and Europe. In the UK, research is being conducted in a number of areas of biogas production including: • Assessment of how more automated production can be achieved and scaled up to make it efficient and cost e fective. -
Expanding the Use of Biogas with Fuel Cell Technologies
Expanding the Use of Biogas with Fuel Cell Technologies Biogas with Fuel Cells Workshop Sunita Satyapal National Renewable Energy Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy Golden, Colorado Fuel Cell Technologies Program Program Manager 6/11/2012 1 eere.energy.gov U.S. Energy Consumption U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector Renewable Electric Power Energy 8% Fuel Cells can apply to diverse Nuclear Industrial sectors Energy 9% Share of Energy Consumed Petroleum 37% by Major Sectors of the Economy, 2010 Residential & Commercial Coal 21% Residential 16% Transportation Natural Gas Electric Power 25% 29% Commercial 13% Transportation 20% Total U.S. Energy = 98 Quadrillion Btu/yr Industrial 22% Source: Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2010, Table 1.3 2 eere.energy.gov Fuel Cells – An Emerging Global Industry Fuel Cell Patents Geographic Source: Clean Distribution 2002-2011 Energy Patent Growth Index Japan 31% United States 46% Other 3% Clean Energy Patent Growth Index France 1% Korea Great Taiwan 7% Top 10 companies: GM, Honda, Samsung, Britain 1% 1% Toyota, UTC Power, Nissan, Ballard, Plug Canada Germany Power, Panasonic, Delphi Technologies 3% 7% Clean Energy Patent Growth Index[1] shows that fuel cell patents lead in the clean energy field with over 950 fuel cell patents issued in 2011. • Nearly double the second place holder, solar, which has ~540 patents. [1] http://cepgi.typepad.com/files/cepgi-4th-quarter-2011-1.pdf 3 eere.energy.gov Fuel Cells: Benefits & Market Potential The Role of Fuel Cells Key Benefits • up to 60% (electrical) Very High • up to 70% (electrical, hybrid fuel cell / Efficiency turbine) • up to 85% (with CHP) • 35–50%+ reductions for CHP systems Reduced (>80% with biogas) CO2 • 55–90% reductions for light-duty vehicles Emissions /Biogas • >95% reduction for FCEVs (vs. -
Pacific Surfliner-San Luis Obispo-San Diego-October282019
PACIFIC SURFLINER® PACIFIC SURFLINER® SAN LUIS OBISPO - LOS ANGELES - SAN DIEGO SAN LUIS OBISPO - LOS ANGELES - SAN DIEGO Effective October 28, 2019 Effective October 28, 2019 ® ® SAN LUIS OBISPO - SANTA BARBARA SAN LUIS OBISPO - SANTA BARBARA VENTURA - LOS ANGELES VENTURA - LOS ANGELES ORANGE COUNTY - SAN DIEGO ORANGE COUNTY - SAN DIEGO and intermediate stations and intermediate stations Including Including CALIFORNIA COASTAL SERVICES CALIFORNIA COASTAL SERVICES connecting connecting NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Visit: PacificSurfliner.com Visit: PacificSurfliner.com Amtrak.com Amtrak.com Amtrak is a registered service mark of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Amtrak is a registered service mark of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation. National Railroad Passenger Corporation, Washington Union Station, National Railroad Passenger Corporation, Washington Union Station, One Massachusetts Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20001. One Massachusetts Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20001. NRPS Form W31–10/28/19. Schedules subject to change without notice. NRPS Form W31–10/28/19. Schedules subject to change without notice. page 2 PACIFIC SURFLINER - Southbound Train Number u 5804 5818 562 1564 564 1566 566 768 572 1572 774 Normal Days of Operation u Daily Daily Daily SaSuHo Mo-Fr SaSuHo Mo-Fr Daily Mo-Fr SaSuHo Daily 11/28,12/25, 11/28,12/25, 11/28,12/25, Will Also Operate u 1/1/20 1/1/20 1/1/20 11/28,12/25, 11/28,12/25, 11/28,12/25, Will Not Operate u 1/1/20 1/1/20 1/1/20 B y B y B y B y B y B y B y B y B y On Board Service u låO låO låO låO låO l å O l å O l å O l å O Mile Symbol q SAN LUIS OBISPO, CA –Cal Poly 0 >v Dp b3 45A –Amtrak Station mC ∑w- b4 00A l6 55A Grover Beach, CA 12 >w- b4 25A 7 15A Santa Maria, CA–IHOP® 24 >w b4 40A Guadalupe-Santa Maria, CA 25 >w- 7 31A Lompoc-Surf Station, CA 51 > 8 05A Lompoc, CA–Visitors Center 67 >w Solvang, CA 68 >w b5 15A Buellton, CA–Opp. -
WHY BIOGAS? Biogas Systems Protect Our Air, Water and Soil While Recycling Organic Material to Produce Renewable Energy and Soil Products
WHY BIOGAS? Biogas systems protect our air, water and soil while recycling organic material to produce renewable energy and soil products. In cities, biogas systems recycle food scraps and wastewater sludge, reducing municipal costs and avoiding transport to disposal sites. In rural areas, biogas systems make agriculture more sustainable and create additional revenue streams for farmers. Since biogas systems prevent greenhouse gases, like methane, from entering the atmosphere, all biogas systems make our air cleaner to breathe and combat climate change, displacing fossil fuels. Biogas systems produce soil products that recycle nutrients, contributing to healthier soils 1211 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 650 and creating opportunities to eliminate nutrient runoff that pollutes our waterways. Waste management, renewable Washington, DC 20036-2701 energy and fuels, clean air, healthy soils and crystal clear waterways—you can get all of this when you build a new 202-640-6595 biogas system. [email protected] Use the interactive map at https://americanbiogascouncil.org/resources/biogas-projects/ Operational U.S. Biogas Systems The U.S. has over 2,200 sites producing biogas in all 50 states: 253 anaerobic digesters on farms, 1,269 water resource recovery facilities utilizing anaerobic 101 digesters, 68 stand-alone systems that digest food waste, and 652 landfill gas projects. For comparison, Europe has over Alaska 10,000 operating digesters, with some communities essentially fossil fuel free because of these systems. In 2018, investment in new biogas systems Puerto Rico totaled $1 billion. Over the last five years, total investment in the U.S. biogas industry has been growing at an annual rate of 12%. -
Fuel Properties Comparison
Alternative Fuels Data Center Fuel Properties Comparison Compressed Liquefied Low Sulfur Gasoline/E10 Biodiesel Propane (LPG) Natural Gas Natural Gas Ethanol/E100 Methanol Hydrogen Electricity Diesel (CNG) (LNG) Chemical C4 to C12 and C8 to C25 Methyl esters of C3H8 (majority) CH4 (majority), CH4 same as CNG CH3CH2OH CH3OH H2 N/A Structure [1] Ethanol ≤ to C12 to C22 fatty acids and C4H10 C2H6 and inert with inert gasses 10% (minority) gases <0.5% (a) Fuel Material Crude Oil Crude Oil Fats and oils from A by-product of Underground Underground Corn, grains, or Natural gas, coal, Natural gas, Natural gas, coal, (feedstocks) sources such as petroleum reserves and reserves and agricultural waste or woody biomass methanol, and nuclear, wind, soybeans, waste refining or renewable renewable (cellulose) electrolysis of hydro, solar, and cooking oil, animal natural gas biogas biogas water small percentages fats, and rapeseed processing of geothermal and biomass Gasoline or 1 gal = 1.00 1 gal = 1.12 B100 1 gal = 0.74 GGE 1 lb. = 0.18 GGE 1 lb. = 0.19 GGE 1 gal = 0.67 GGE 1 gal = 0.50 GGE 1 lb. = 0.45 1 kWh = 0.030 Diesel Gallon GGE GGE 1 gal = 1.05 GGE 1 gal = 0.66 DGE 1 lb. = 0.16 DGE 1 lb. = 0.17 DGE 1 gal = 0.59 DGE 1 gal = 0.45 DGE GGE GGE Equivalent 1 gal = 0.88 1 gal = 1.00 1 gal = 0.93 DGE 1 lb. = 0.40 1 kWh = 0.027 (GGE or DGE) DGE DGE B20 DGE DGE 1 gal = 1.11 GGE 1 kg = 1 GGE 1 gal = 0.99 DGE 1 kg = 0.9 DGE Energy 1 gallon of 1 gallon of 1 gallon of B100 1 gallon of 5.66 lb., or 5.37 lb. -
Final Report Study on the Potential of Increased Use of LPG for Cooking in Developing Countries
Final Report Study on the Potential of Increased Use of LPG for Cooking in Developing Countries September 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2 List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Background ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2 Purpose and Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................................................................................... -
Process Technologies and Projects for Biolpg
energies Review Process Technologies and Projects for BioLPG Eric Johnson Atlantic Consulting, 8136 Gattikon, Switzerland; [email protected]; Tel.: +41-44-772-1079 Received: 8 December 2018; Accepted: 9 January 2019; Published: 15 January 2019 Abstract: Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)—currently consumed at some 300 million tonnes per year—consists of propane, butane, or a mixture of the two. Most of the world’s LPG is fossil, but recently, BioLPG has been commercialized as well. This paper reviews all possible synthesis routes to BioLPG: conventional chemical processes, biological processes, advanced chemical processes, and other. Processes are described, and projects are documented as of early 2018. The paper was compiled through an extensive literature review and a series of interviews with participants and stakeholders. Only one process is already commercial: hydrotreatment of bio-oils. Another, fermentation of sugars, has reached demonstration scale. The process with the largest potential for volume is gaseous conversion and synthesis of two feedstocks, cellulosics or organic wastes. In most cases, BioLPG is produced as a byproduct, i.e., a minor output of a multi-product process. BioLPG’s proportion of output varies according to detailed process design: for example, the advanced chemical processes can produce BioLPG at anywhere from 0–10% of output. All these processes and projects will be of interest to researchers, developers and LPG producers/marketers. Keywords: Liquified petroleum gas (LPG); BioLPG; biofuels; process technologies; alternative fuels 1. Introduction Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is a major fuel for heating and transport, with a current global market of around 300 million tonnes per year. -
Biogas As a Transport Fuel—A System Analysis of Value Chain Development in a Swedish Context
sustainability Article Biogas as a Transport Fuel—A System Analysis of Value Chain Development in a Swedish Context Muhammad Arfan *, Zhao Wang, Shveta Soam and Ola Eriksson Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden; [email protected] (Z.W.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (O.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +46-704-400-593 Abstract: Biofuels policy instruments are important in the development and diffusion of biogas as a transport fuel in Sweden. Their effectiveness with links to geodemographic conditions has not been analysed systematically in studying biogas development in a less urbanised regions, with high po- tential and primitive gas infrastructure. One such region identified is Gävleborg in Sweden. By using value chain statistics, interviews with related actors, and studying biofuels policy instruments and implications for biogas development, it is found that the policy measures have not been as effective in the region as in the rest of Sweden due to different geodemographic characteristics of the region, which has resulted in impeded biogas development. In addition to factors found in previous studies, the less-developed biogas value chain in this region can be attributed particularly to undefined rules of the game, which is lack of consensus on trade-off of resources and services, unnecessary competition among several fuel alternatives, as well as the ambiguity of municipalities’ prioritization, and regional cultural differences. To strengthen the regional biogas sector, system actors need a strategy to eliminate blocking effects of identified local factors, and national policy instruments should provide mechanisms to process geographical conditions in regulatory, economic support, Citation: Arfan, M.; Wang, Z.; Soam, and market formation. -
TROLLEY EXTENSION May Do So Using Any of the Following Methods: Post Until 3/12/2021
Proposed Major The MTS Board of Directors will also hold a Public Hearing in March 2021 to consider these proposals, Take Service Changes prior to approval of any major service changes. If you wish One to comment on any proposal for the Public Hearing, you TROLLEY EXTENSION may do so using any of the following methods: Post Until 3/12/2021 In Fall 2021, the UC San Diego Blue Line light rail • Testimony at the • Our website, extension will open and expand the San Diego sdmts.com/Trolley-Extension Trolley system from Downtown San Diego to PUBLIC HEARING: the UTC Transit Center, serving nine new Trolley Thursday, March 11, 2021, Please use the comment form UC SAN DIEGO UC San DiegoExecutive DriveUTC stations. Health La Jolla 9:00 a.m. UC San Diego See box below. • U.S. Mail. Send to: MTS is also proposing to change the bus network Central Campus MTS Public Hearing Comments to connect people and communities to the Trolley VA Medical Center extension. Extensive rider and public outreach Blue Line • Telephone Hotline: 1255 Imperial Avenue, Suite 1000, was conducted in 2018-2019 to collect ideas and Nobel Drive (619) 595-4912 feedback on potential changes.. The results of that (leave your comments as a San Diego, CA 92101 outreach, combined with detailed data analysis, Balboa Avenue resulted in the proposals detailed in this Take One. message on the voicemail) Clairemont Drive IN SUMMARY: • E-Mail: [email protected] • Current bus routes affected would include: Tecolote Road Routes 8, 9, 27, 30, 44, 50, 105, 150, and Green Line 201/202. -
El Cajon Transit Center
Transdev - San Diego Effective: 01/31/2021 52001 Work Drive Spread Duty Block Report Start Start End End Clear Time Time Time Type Time Place Time Time Place Time Saturday 7h48 4h59 8h39 AMST 893601 4:39 ecbmf 4:54 6:38 orvbru 6:38 Car001 6:38 orvbru 6:38 6:56 ecbmf 6:56 881502 7:47 ecbmf 8:02 9:35 ecajtc 9:35 881501 10:08 ecajtc 10:13 13:05 ecajtc 13:05 Car014 13:05 ecajtc 13:05 13:13 ecbmf 13:18 Sign-on 4:39 4:54 Route 815 / 8151 Route 815 / 8152 El Cajon Transit Center.............. 8:43 East Main & Madison..................11:40 Block 893601 East Main St & Ballantyne St........ 8:50 2nd St & East Main St..................11:46 2nd St & East Main St.................. 8:57 East Main St & Ballantyne St........11:55 Deadhead Trip / 99 East Main & Madison.................. 9:01 El Cajon Transit Center..............12:05 East County Garage................... 4:54 Orville St & Brucker Ave............ 5:12 Recovery piece 9:01 9:10 Recovery piece 12:05 12:13 Route 936 / 9361 Route 815 / 8152 Route 815 / 8151 Orville St & Brucker Ave............ 5:12 East Main & Madison.................. 9:10 El Cajon Transit Center..............12:13 Carlisle Dr & Cardiff St................. 5:20 2nd St & East Main St.................. 9:16 East Main St & Ballantyne St........12:21 Lemon Grove Trolley Station........ 5:29 East Main St & Ballantyne St........ 9:25 2nd St & East Main St..................12:29 College Grove Center................... 5:38 El Cajon Transit Center.............. 9:35 East Main & Madison..................12:33 El Cajon Blvd & College Ave....... -
Triennial On-Site Security Review of San Diego Metropolitan Transit System
2018 TRIENNIAL ON-SITE SECURITY REVIEW OF SAN DIEGO METROPOLITAN TRANSIT SYSTEM RAIL TRANSIT SAFETY BRANCH RAIL SAFETY DIVISION CALIFORNIA PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION 505 VAN NESS AVENUE SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94102 September 27, 2018 Final Report Daren Gilbert, Program Manager Rail Transit Safety Branch Rail Safety Division 2018 TRIENNIAL ON-SITE SECURITY REVIEW SAN DIEGO METROPOLITAN TRANSIT SYSTEM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The California Public Utilities Commission’s Rail Transit Safety Branch (RTSB) conducted this system security program review. Staff members directly responsible for conducting security review and inspection activities include: Daren Gilbert – Rail Transit Safety Branch Manager Stephen Artus – Program and Project Supervisor Noel Takahara – Senior Utilities Engineer Joey Bigornia – Utilities Engineer Rupa Shitole – Utilities Engineer Michael Warren – Utilities Engineer i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 1 2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 2 3. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 3 Scope of Security Review ................................................................................................ 3 SDTI Rail System ............................................................................................................. -
Pacific Surfliner® San Luis Obispo - Los Angeles - San Diego
PACIFIC SURFLINER® SAN LUIS OBISPO - LOS ANGELES - SAN DIEGO Effective September 4, 2017 ® SAN LUIS OBISPO - SANTA BARBARA VENTURA - LOS ANGELES ORANGE COUNTY - SAN DIEGO and intermediate stations CALIFORNIA COASTAL SERVICES connecting NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Visit: PacificSurfliner.com Amtrak.com Amtrak is a registered service mark of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation. National Railroad Passenger Corporation, Washington Union Station, 60 Massachusetts Ave. N.E., Washington, DC 20002. NRPC Form W31–Internet only–9/4/17. Schedules subject to change without notice. page 2 PACIFIC SURFLINER - Southbound Train Number 5804 5818 562 564 1566 566 768 572 Normal Days of Operation Daily Daily Daily Daily SaSuHo Mo-Fr Daily Daily Will Also Operate Will Not Operate B y B y B y B y B y B y RR On Board Service l å O l å O l å O l å O l å O l å O Mile Symbol SAN LUIS OBISPO, CA –Cal Poly 0 >v Dp b3 40A –Amtrak Station ⅥC ∑w- b3 50A Grover Beach, CA 12 >w- b4 15A Santa Maria, CA–IHOP 24 >w b4 40A Guadalupe-Santa Maria, CA 25 >w- Lompoc-Surf Station, CA 51 > Lompoc, CA–Visitors Center 67 >w Solvang, CA 68 >w b5 15A Buellton, CA–Opposite Burger King 72 >v b5 20A Goleta, CA 110 >v- 6 35A SANTA BARBARA, CA 119 ∑w- Ar b$£6 30A Dpp l6 49A Carpinteria, CA 129 >w- 7 04A Ventura, CA 145 >w- 7 29A Oxnard, CA 155 ∑w- $¢ $¢ l7 43A Camarillo, CA 165 >w $¢ $¢ 7 54A Moorpark, CA 175 >v $¢ $¢ 8 08A Simi Valley, CA 186 >v $¢ $¢ 8 23A Chatsworth, CA 194 >v $¢ $¢ 8 40A Van Nuys, CA–Amtrak Station 203 ∑w- $¢ $¢ l8 56A Burbank-Bob Hope Airport, CA p