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Pandemic Influenza at Oodnadatta, 1919: Aspects of Treatment And

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Pandemic Influenza at Oodnadatta, 1919: Aspects of Treatment And Pandemic Influenza at Oodnadatta, 1919: Aspects of Treatment and Care in a Multiracial Community Heatheranne Bullen Figure 0.1: The Buildings of Oodnadatta A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts by Research (History) Faculty of Education and Arts School of Arts, Humanities and Social Science Federation University Australia June 2018 Declaration This thesis contains no material that has previously been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other institution, and to the best of my knowledge, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made. ii Cultural Warning Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be aware that this thesis contains images, voices and names of diseased persons in photographs and printed materials. Some materials may contain terms that reflect historical views that may not be considered appropriate today. These views are not necessarily the views of the author. They are reproduced in their historical context for the purpose of historical analysis. iii Dedication I dedicate this thesis to the people of Oodnadatta and central Australia who cared for my grandparents during their three years working in the inland. Figure 0.2: The People of Oodnadatta ‘Do not pray for tasks equal to your powers, Pray for powers equal to your tasks.’ Reverend John Flynn, 1912 iv Abstract On 24 January 1919, a thirty-two-year-old nurse from Sydney, Jean Williamson, disembarked at the railway station at Oodnadatta in the far north of South Australia to commence her new role as sister in charge of the Australian Inland Mission (AIM) hostel. On 18 April that year, Williamson greeted thirty-four-year-old minister from Melbourne, Coledge Harland, who had arrived by train to take up a three-year post as padre for the AIM’s central Australian parish. Just over a month later, an influenza pandemic that had already killed untold numbers of people worldwide reached the isolated township. Drawing on primary documents, including an extensive collection of previously unseen photographs, letter and diaries from Harland and Williamson, this thesis examines the management and care of pandemic influenza at Oodnadatta from May to late July 1919. Intercultural aspects of the management and care of European, Afghan, Chinese and Aboriginal patients are examined in the context of the health and lifestyle of local residents, nursing practices, medicines, foods, accommodation and the contribution of individuals, groups and their roles. This intimate microhistory sheds light on a relatively unknown, yet important group of people in Australia’s frontier history: the missioners and others who cared for seriously ill Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal patients at Oodnadatta, provided culturally sensitive care that afforded respect, dignity and compassion to all. At the time, the gravity of the world wide situation and the sheer need to provide care saw individual efforts go unnoticed; however, in hindsight, it is possible to see and appreciate the significance of what they achieved under the most difficult of circumstances. v Plain Language Statement vi Acknowledgments I am honoured to have worked with traditional custodians of the country around Oodnadatta—the Arabana, Wankangurru, Arrernte, Antakarinji, Pitjantjatjara and other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples—and feel privileged to have walked upon their traditional ancestral lands. I applaud their strength, resilience and tolerance, and their commitment to nurturing country, keeping a strong relationship with community, and continuing their unique cultural and spiritual belief system and life ways. I would like to acknowledge and honour the Ancestors and the Elders past and present and thank them for assisting and guiding me in my research. It was in the warm red earth country of inland Australia in June 2010, during a meeting with local historian and proprietor of the Oodnadatta Roadhouse, Lynnie Plate, that a new historical journey began. On opening a page in a book that mentioned my grandfather and his involvement during the influenza pandemic and my grandparent’s marriage at Oodnadatta, tears welled in my eyes; I vowed then and there that I would write their story. Lynnie kindly shared her time, her books, her knowledge and encouragement and introduced me to the local people. Over many visits, I was warmly welcomed by the locals, especially Audrey Stewart, Anna Lennon and Donna Bailes, who were delighted to view my photographs and happy to share their stories; they taught me how to interpret the photographs and shared many valuable insights about the country, life and characters of the arid lands. For this I am enriched and forever grateful. I am indebted to many people for their guidance during my extensive learning journey. I wish to acknowledge and thank the Australian Government Research Training Program for awarding me a Fee-Offset Scholarship through Federation University Australia, which allowed me to commence my research thesis. To John Fisher, thank you for recognising the value of my research and recommending me to the Cooperative Research Centre in Australian History (CRCAH). To Federation University and the CRCAH cohort, I am grateful and thankful for being accepted into the Australian History Research Program for postgraduate research students. Fred Cahir and Rani Kerin, my supervisors, thank you for your ability to draw so much more from me than I ever imagined possible. I acknowledge and thank you for your unending patience, valuable guidance and editing, for our discussions, and for your intellectual, practical and emotional support. Ann Beggs-Sunter, thank you for guiding vii me through advanced historiography studies and for your continued interest in my progress. For CRCAH historiography seminars, with Rani Kerin, then Keir Reeves, other staff, visiting speakers and my colleagues, the higher degree research students (HDRs), thank you. These sessions have been welcoming, supportive and so valuable to my understanding and writing of history. They have guided my writing and, together with the CRCAH research days, gatherings and shared meals, they have built confidence, created bonds and initiated friendships. I thank you one and all. I thank and acknowledge the Research Services Staff (RSS) for their support and guidance, especially Rob Watson, Jim Sillitoe and visiting speakers of the RSS classes. These have been both welcoming and valuable. The materials and discussions with staff and other HDR students have been very rewarding and I am grateful. Jim Sillitoe and the students in Jim’s philosophical discussion group comprised one of those special additions to university life, creating a delightfully deep, old world style learning environment in which Jim’s guidance was so valuable and wise; through the shared reviews of our writing pieces, I gained confidence, learned so much and enjoyed the supportive atmosphere and company. Thank you Jim and my HDR colleagues, including (but not only) Yvonne Horsefield, Duncan Hubber, Karen Newkirk, Peter Schenk and Peter Taylor. Thank you Allan Adair for volunteering your time for our weekly writing sessions. To Allan, Amy Claughton, Duncan Hubber, Kay Job, Sarah McMaster and Amy Tsilemanis—I feel privileged to have shared such a warm, supportive environment. I have been enriched by the shared learnings, discussions and company. I am deeply grateful, thank you. A special thanks also goes to Nick Butler and Robyn Hunter for your support throughout. Thank you also to all the HDR students with whom I have worked including study room E107. To the librarians and staff at the Federation University libraries—Barker building, Geoffrey Blainey Research Centre and the Indigenous Library—I am deeply grateful. Thank you for your support and guidance and for all the Bonus and Document Delivery references you so expertly sourced. Days spent at the special collections reading room of National Library Australia and the reading room of the State Records Office South Australia were made easier because of the support, patience, very good organisation and welcoming atmosphere created by the archivists and other staff: thank you. To Tom Gara, thank you for generously sharing your paper and references; they were of valuable assistance. viii To my husband and research assistant, Peter Bullen, thank you from the bottom of my heart for believing in me and my ability, and for being my constant support; I am so grateful for your assistance in reading and listening to my endless drafts and for the enviable detailed power points, elaborate spreadsheets and continued assistance with my research. I also thank you for your patience and for being my courage. Thanks is also extended to our children and grandchildren for their support, patience and assistance, especially to Rick who has read and listened to my drafts and has taken on other duties enabling me to concentrate on my studies. To my uncle John Riess (dec.) for his valuable research into the Harland and Williamson family histories this is a valuable resource that encouraged further research. To my mother and father, Madelon and David Harland (dec.), aunt and uncle Merle and Ian Harland (dec.), brothers, sister, cousins and extended family, I thank you for your guidance through life, for your contributions, support, and for entrusting me with the documents and photographs, and for having faith in my abilities. To my grandparents—my role models—I thank you for your guidance, for assisting the
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