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Educational Reform in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

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Educational Reform in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Leadership Capacity Building for Sustainable Educational Reform in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Sefika Mertkan SA (Distinction), MPhil Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Professional Doctorate in Education JULY 2010 To Su Mertkan-Ozunlu My Pride and Joy Abstract This study examines the recent educational reform initiatives in North Cyprus with particular emphasis on (1) building head teachers' capacity to lead instructional development and organisational improvement, and (2) improving the system capacity to support head teachers in the effective undertaking of their roles. The study frames the current domain of headship in North Cyprus within the external system infrastructure in which head teachers operate, illustrates the national framework for building head teachers' capacity to lead, and looks at how the existing opportunities for leadership capacity building can be enhanced, along with the system infrastructure, to provide a context within which the enhanced capacity can be realised. The study employs a mixed­ method design with an inductive drive, where the qualitative paradigm has a dominant and the quantitative has a supplemental status. Surveys, qualitative interviews, and documentary analysis were used to answer the research questions the study explores. Findings clearly show that the case of North Cyprus is an instance of 'vernacular globalisation'. Implemented in a very 'glocal' context in response to very particular problems, the reforms are influenced by local histories and narratives of the nation as much as by such global imperatives as the heightened need for up-skilled citizens. The study reveals that head teachers operate within a highly centralised system, which lacks infrastructure, a strong focus on teaching and learning, and credible monitoring and evaluation systems. It is common for heads to spend a significant amount of time dealing with bureaucratic and operational matters, and questions of instruction and professional development seem to be beyond their remit. This is a condition that needs to change. There are also significant problems with the professional development opportunities for head teachers that must be addressed. Keywords: Educational Reform, Educational Change, Educational Leadership, Capacity­ Building, Education Policy Acknowledgements I would first like to thank the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus for granting me the permission to carry out this study, and I would like also to thank to the senior policy officers for their help in securing access to critical participants, sharing key policy documents with me, and hosting me in the Ministry of Education and Culture when I needed a base to carry out document analysis. Without their support, this thesis would be incomplete. Special thanks also go to all the head teachers, teachers, union leaders and government officials who have contributed to this study wholeheartedly by sharing their thoughts and experience with me and helping me understand the 'realities' of their everyday life. Without them, this thesis could not have been written. My gratitude also goes to my supervisors, Professor Pat Thomson and Professor Simon McGrath, for all their invaluable feedback and guidance on this study and their encouragement and support in establishing a publication repertoire. I would also like to thank Professor Simon McGrath for giving me invaluable feedback on the papers I submitted for publication and for agreeing to submit an ESRC proposal with me, and Professor Pat Thomson for co-authoring with me, and for her support during the conferences I attended. Working with them has been an experience of a lifetime and I cannot express enough here how deeply grateful I am for their trust. I would also like to thank Dr. Dorothy Turner, a long-term friend from whom I learned a lot - to think critically, to research passionately, to listen quietly, and to observe enthusiastically. I am grateful for her determination to help me learn to look at my country differently and to give back to my country. I will feel myself very fortunate if this study contributes to the efforts to reform education in North Cyprus and to making Turkish Cypriots' voice heard in distant lands. Special thanks also go to the University of 2 Nottingham staff, Jacqueline Stevenson in particular, for helping me with all the enquiries I made whilst in and away from Nottingham. Without her, my time at the university would have been much more complicated. I would like to thank my parents for their support, love, and care and for putting up with me when I thought I could go no further. Special thanks also go to my mother for long and enlightening telephone conversations on educational and socio-political changes in North Cyprus. Above all, I am most indebted to my daughter, Su Mertkan-Ozunlu, who is my pride and my biggest joy. Her hugs and smiles took the pressure off me, and made it possible for me to complete this dissertation. I would like to think that she developed a love for reading watching me struggle with mountains of books, while she taught me how much fun life is from a toddler's perspective, pulling me into her world when I needed to take a break from mine. .., -' Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDy................................................ 8 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 8 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ......................................................................................... 9 SOME COMMON THEMES: A SINGLE CYPRUS EDUCATION SYSTEM? ................................. 17 A Developing Cypriot Education System Post 'Independence' ............................... 18 Increased Demand for Higher Education ............................................................... 21 Improvement in Initial Teacher Education and In-Service Training ......................... 22 Influence of Greek Education and the Orthodox Church ........................................ 23 The EU and Pressures for Change ........................................................................ 24 Creating a More Holistic Knowledgebase .............................................................. 27 Focus OF THE STUDY AND OUTLINE OF THE THESiS ....................................................... 29 Focus of the Study and the Research Questions ................................................... 29 Organisation of the Thesis .. '" ................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................. 35 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 35 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 35 PRESSING ARGUMENTS FOR REFORM ............................................................................ 35 Educating Children and Young People for the Knowledge Economy ...................... 35 Educating Children and Young People against the Knowledge Society .................. 37 Equity ................................................................................................................... 39 THE GLOBAL PICTURE: EDUCATIONAL REFORM .............................................................. 41 Travelling Tales: Policy Convergence .................................................................... 42 'G/ocalisation': Policy Convergence Revisited ........................................................ 46 EDUCATIONAL REFORM: LEARNING THROUGH UNMASKING ............................................... 50 APPEARANCES ............................................................................................................ 50 England ................................................................................................................ 50 Performance Driven School Choice .................................................... ······························· 50 Focus on Standards through Performativity ........................... ...................... 55 Collaboration through Networks............................................. ................ 61 Workforce Remodelling......................................................... ...................... 62 Finland .................................................................................................................. 65 Finnish Education Reform Package................................. ... ................ 67 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 76 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................
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