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Lifestyle Medicine – a Faith-Based Perspective

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Lifestyle Medicine – a Faith-Based Perspective Lifestyle Medicine – a faith-based perspective Hans B. Juneby Örebro University School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro, Sweden Degree Project in Medicine, 30 ECTS, December 2012 Supervisor: Hans A. Diehl, Clinical Professor of Preventive Medicine Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA 2 Lifestyle Medicine – a faith-based perspective Hans B. Juneby Abstract Lifestyle medicine is the use of lifestyle interventions in the prevention, treatment and management of disease. A faith-based community, which is the subject of much health lifestyle research, is the focus of this study. The Seventh-day Adventist church has promoted a healthy lifestyle, including a plant-based diet, since its foundation in 1863. Research shows that Adventists are much healthier and live significantly longer than the general population. Adventist vegetarians are even more healthy, and live about five years longer than non-vegetarians. The present study was designed to investigate how church leaders relate to the Adventist health lifestyle, and to what extent information about the benefits of adopting this lifestyle is communicated to church members in Sweden. Survey interviews with specific health-related lifestyle questions were used to collect the data. 60% of the respondents reported being vegetarian or vegan. Many agreed that pastors should be health educators as much as gospel preachers, but a majority did not have any academic or other education on health. Only a minority stated that they often preach or share the Adventist health message, but most respondents agreed that every church should be a school of health. The educational program for pastors and other church leaders should include adequate training and experience in health and lifestyle medicine from a faith-based perspective. Seventh-day Adventists should be the first to take full advantage of an evidence-based healthy lifestyle and live as examples to others. Key words: Adventist, health lifestyles, lifestyle medicine, public health, plant-based diet, vegetarian, vegan. Lifestyle Medicine – a faith-based perspective © Hans B. Juneby, 2012 3 Contents Introduction …............................................................................................................. 4 Adventist Health Studies ….................................................................................. 5 Adventist Mortality Study …................................................................................ 5 Adventist Health Study 1 …................................................................................. 5 Adventist Health Studiy 2 …................................................................................ 6 Purpose and Limitations ….................................................................................. 8 Research Questions …......................................................................................... 8 Methods …................................................................................................................... 9 Survey Questions …........................................................................................... 10 Why These Questions? …................................................................................... 11 Results …..................................................................................................................... 14 1 Sex ................................................................................................................ 14 2 Marital Status …............................................................................................ 14 3 Age …............................................................................................................ 15 4 Self-Reported Health …................................................................................. 15 5 Diet …............................................................................................................ 16 6 Self-Reported Physical Activity …................................................................... 16 7 Education on Health …................................................................................... 17 8 Learn More on Health …................................................................................ 17 9 Pastors should be Health Educators …........................................................... 18 10 Pastors should be Good Role Models …....................................................... 18 11 Preach or Share the Adventist Health Message …....................................... 19 12 Every Adventist Church a School of Health ….............................................. 19 Further Comments …......................................................................................... 20 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 21 Conclusion and Recommendations ….................................................................. 22 References ….............................................................................................................. 23 Appendix …................................................................................................................. 28 Lifestyle Medicine – a faith-based perspective © Hans B. Juneby, 2012 4 Lifestyle Medicine – a faith-based perspective Hans B. Juneby Introduction Lifestyle medicine (LM) is the use of lifestyle interventions in the prevention, treatment and management of disease. LM interventions include diet (nutrition), exercise, stress management, smoking cessation and a variety of other non-drug modalities (ACLM, 2012). LM is supported by research on health lifestyles, especially the significant health differences that can be found between various social groups (Cockerham, 2011; Siegrist, 2011). A faith-based community, which has been the subject of much health lifestyle research, is the focus of this study. Seventh-day Adventists are known for living long, healthy lives and for promoting a natural vegetarian diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains (Buettner, 2005). A number of scientific studies conducted since the late 1950's show that Adventists enjoy better health and live six to ten years longer than the general population. Vegetarian Adventists are even more healthy, and live about five years longer than non-vegetarian Adventists (Fraser, 2009). The Seventh-day Adventist church has 17 million members, 17 000 active ordained ministers, and 70 000 local churches in more than 200 countries. 7 800 Adventist schools, colleges and universities educate 1.7 million students. 700 Adventist hospitals, clinics and other health institutions have more than 16 million outpatient visits a year (Adventist.org, 2012). The Adventist church has advocated a healthy lifestyle since its foundation in 1863, and this special emphasis on health is reflected in one of its Fundamental Beliefs (2005): Because our bodies are the temples of the Holy Spirit, we are to care for them intelligently. Along with adequate exercise and rest, we are to adopt the most healthful diet possible and abstain from the unclean foods identified in the Scriptures. Since alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and the irresponsible use of drugs and narcotics are harmful to our bodies, we are to abstain from them as well (22. Christian Behavior). Ellen G. White (1827 – 1915) was the single most influential person in establishing the importance of a healthy vegetarian lifestyle in the Adventist church. She was a prolific writer on health and many other subjects. Her books and other publications are often referred to as the Spirit of Prophecy (Fundamental Beliefs, 2005). Health practices promoted by the church include the proper use of sunlight, fresh air, pure water, a plant-based diet, regular exercise, rest, temperance, and trust in divine power, which are called natural remedies. (White, 1942). Lifestyle Medicine – a faith-based perspective © Hans B. Juneby, 2012 5 The Adventist church has about 40 congregations and 2 800 members in Sweden (Adventist.se, 2012). There was an early emphasis on health education and medical missionary work (Svenska Sjundedags Adventisternas historia, 1928). The church has operated two health centers, Nyhyttan (1905–1997) and Hultafors (1926–2004), and a health food company, Svenska Nutana (1968–2006). It published a number of books on health and two health magazines, Sundhetsbladet (1927–1967) and Liv i Nutid (1968– 1993). The church also had a Health Ministries Director until the early 1990's (L–G Larsson, Personal communication, 2011-07-14). Adventist Health Studies Researchers at Loma Linda University in California have subjected the Adventist health lifestyle to scientific scrutiny in three major studies. About half of the Adventists in these studies were vegetarian and the other half were non-vegetarian, which made it possible to discover significant health advantages of a plant-based diet. (Fraser, 1999a, 1999b; Loma Linda University, 2012a). Current research shows that ”the closer you are to being a vegetarian, the lower the health risk” (Loma Linda University, 2012b). Smaller Adventist Health Studies have been conducted in Norway (Waaler & Hjort, 1981; Fønnebø, 1985, 1988, 1992a, 1992b, 1994; Ringstad & Fønnebø, 1987, 1988; Fønnebø & Helseth, 1991), Denmark (Jensen, 1983), Poland (Jedrychowski et al., 1985; Slociak & Bartnikowska, 2009), Holland (Berkel & De Waard, 1983) Australia (Webster & Rawson, 1979, Kent & Worsley, 2009a,
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