The Relationship Between Crystal Structure
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Paolovite Pd2sn C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Paolovite Pd2Sn c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. As irregular grains embedded in other minerals. Twinning: Polysynthetic. Physical Properties: Hardness = n.d. VHN = 329–378 (10 g load). D(meas.) = n.d. D(calc.) = 11.08 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Lilac-rose. Luster: Metallic. Pleochroism: Dark lilac-rose to pale rose. R1–R2: (400) — , (420) 44.4–46.5, (440) 44.6–47.2, (460) 45.0–48.2, (480) 45.5–49.1, (500) 45.9–50.3, (520) 46.7–51.6, (540) 47.7–52.8, (560) 49.0–54.1, (580) 50.9–55.4, (600) 52.9–56.7, (620) 55.3–57.7, (640) 57.7–59.2, (660) 59.8–59.5, (680) 61.5–60.3, (700) 62.7–60.6 Cell Data: Space Group: P bnm. a = 8.11(1) b = 5.662(6) c = 4.324(2) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Oktyabr deposit, Russia. 2.28 (100), 2.16 (70), 1.955 (50), 2.36 (40), 1.397 (40), 1.315 (40), 1.120 (40) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Pd 64.8 64.3 64.19 Pt 2.5 Sn 35.5 35.0 35.81 Sb 0.3 Bi 0.2 Total 103.3 99.3 100.00 (1) Oktyabr deposit, Russia; by electron microprobe, corresponding to (Pd1.98Pt0.04)Σ=2.02Sn0.98. (2) Western Platinum mine, South Africa; by electron microprobe, corresponding to Pd2.02Sn0.98. (3) Pd2Sn. Occurrence: In Cu–Ni sulfide ores; in cubanite–chalcopyrite, cubanite–talnakhite, and cubanite–mooihoekite assemblages (Oktyabr deposit, Russia). -
Biofilm Adhesion on the Sulfide Mineral Bornite & Implications for Astrobiology
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2019 BIOFILM ADHESION ON THE SULFIDE MINERAL BORNITE & IMPLICATIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY Margaret M. Wilson University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Wilson, Margaret M., "BIOFILM ADHESION ON THE SULFIDE MINERAL BORNITE & IMPLICATIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY" (2019). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1517. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1517 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIOFILM ADHESION ON THE SULFIDE MINERAL BORNITE & IMPLICATIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY BY MARGARET M. WILSON A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2019 MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE THESIS OF MARGARET M. WILSON APPROVED: Thesis Committee: Major Professor Dawn Cardace José Amador Roxanne Beinart Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2019 ABSTRACT We present research observing and documenting the model organism, Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens), building biofilm on a natural mineral substrate composed largely of bornite (Cu5FeS4), a copper-iron sulfide mineral, with closely intergrown regions of covellite (CuS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). In examining biofilm establishment on sulfide minerals, we investigate a potential habitable niche for microorganisms in extraterrestrial sites. Geochemical microenvironments on Earth and in the lab can also serve as analogs for important extraterrestrial sites, such as sheltered, subsurface microenvironments on Mars. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Copper in South Africa-Part 11
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., vol. 85, no. 4. Apr. 1985. pp. 109-124 Copper in South Africa-Part 11 by C.O. BEALE* SYNOPSIS This, the second and final part of a review on the subject(the first part was published in the March issue of this Jouma/), deals in detail with the 9 copper-producing companies in the Republic of South Africa. These are The Phosphate Development Corporation, Prieska Copper Mines (Pty) Ltd, Black Mountain Mineral Development Co. (Pty) Ltd, Rustenburg Platinum Holdings Ltd, Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd, Western Platinum Ltd, The O'okiep Copper Co. Ltd, Messina Ltd, and Palabora Mining Co. Ltd. The following are described for each company: background, development, geology, mining, concentration, and current situation. The last-mentioned company, being South Africa's largest producer, is dealt with in greatest detail. SAMEVATTING . Hierdie tweede en slotdeel van 'n oorsig oor die onderwerp (die eerste deal het in die Maart-uitgawe van hierdie Tydskrif verskyn) handel in besonderhede oor die 9 koperproduserende maatskappye in the Republiek van Suid- Afrika. Hulle is die Fosfaat-ontginningskorporasie, Prieska Copper Mines (Pty) Ltd, Black Mountain Mineral Develop- ment Co. (Pty) Ltd, Rustenburg Platinum Holdings Ltd, Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd, Western Platinum Ltd, The O'okiep Copper Co. Ltd, Messina Ltd, en Palabora Mining Co. Ltd. Die volgende wQfd met betrekking tot elkeen van die maatskappye bespreek: agtergrond, ontwikkeling, geologie, mynbou, konsentrsie en huidige posisie. Die laasgenoemde maatskappy, wat Suid-Afrika se grootste produsent is, word in die meeste besonderhede bespreek. THE PHOSPHATE DEVELOPMENT CORP. CFOSKOR)' This Company was formed in 1951, on Government Foskor concentrate contributes significantly to the load initiative, to exploit the apatite (phosphate) resources of on Palabora's smelter and refinery, and also the annual the Phalaborwa Igneous Complex (Fig. -
PHASE CHANGES in Cu 2 S AS a FUNCTION of TEMPERATURE 1. PREVIOUS WORK
National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 364, Solid State Chemistry, Proceedings of 5th Materials Research Symposium, issued July 1972. PHASE CHANGES IN cu2s AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE William R. Cook, Jr. Gould Inc., Gould Laboratories Cleveland, Ohio 44108 and Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106 The high-'copper phase boundary of Cu2s deviates from stoichiometry above 300 °C, first becoming copper deficient, then above - 1075 °C becoming copper rich. The maximum copper content occurs at the monotectic temperature of 1104 °C. The strong effect of oxygen on the hexagonal-cubic transition in Cu2S was confirmed; the transition was also found to be sensi tive to the type of pretreatment of the material. The high temperature tetragonal "Cu1 96s" phase is stable between Cu1.95S and Cu2s, at temperatures of - 90° to - 140 °C. The tr~nsi tion to the tetragonal phase is extremely sluggish. The true composition of djurleite has been shown to be approximately Cu1.93S. The phases near the chalcocite-digenite region of the diagram may be grouped into those with hexagonal close packing of sulfur atoms and those with cubic close packing of sulfurs. This is important in understanding rates of transformation among the various phases that occur in this area of the diagram. Key words: Chalcocite; cu2s; digenite; djurleite; nonstoichiometry; phase relations. 1. PREVIOUS WORK Fairly thorough explorations of the Cu-s phase diagram between cu2s and cu1• ,shave been made by a number of previous workers [1-8] 1 The resulting diagram may be seen in figure 1 taken largely from Roseboom [7] and Riu [8]. -
Leaching of Pure Chalcocite with Reject Brine and Mno2 from Manganese Nodules
metals Article Leaching of Pure Chalcocite with Reject Brine and MnO2 from Manganese Nodules David Torres 1,2,3, Emilio Trigueros 1, Pedro Robles 4 , Williams H. Leiva 5, Ricardo I. Jeldres 5 , Pedro G. Toledo 6 and Norman Toro 1,2,3,* 1 Department of Mining and Civil Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; [email protected] (D.T.); [email protected] (E.T.) 2 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad Arturo Prat, Almirante Juan José Latorre 2901, Antofagasta 1244260, Chile 3 Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Minas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile 4 Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; [email protected] 5 Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Procesos de Minerales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; [email protected] (W.H.L.); [email protected] (R.I.J.) 6 Department of Chemical Engineering and Laboratory of Surface Analysis (ASIF), Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Correo 3, Concepción 4030000, Chile; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +56-552651021 Received: 21 September 2020; Accepted: 24 October 2020; Published: 27 October 2020 Abstract: Chalcocite (Cu2S) has the fastest kinetics of dissolution of Cu in chlorinated media of all copper sulfide minerals. Chalcocite has been identified as having economic interest due to its abundance, although the water necessary for its dissolution is scarce in many regions. In this work, the replacement of fresh water by sea water or by reject brine with high chloride content from desalination plants is analyzed. -
Chapter 11 Applications of Ore Microscopy in Mineral Technology
CHAPTER 11 APPLICATIONS OF ORE MICROSCOPY IN MINERAL TECHNOLOGY 11.1 INTRODUCTION The extraction of specific valuable minerals from their naturally occurring ores is variously termed "ore dressing," "mineral dressing," and "mineral beneficiation." For most metalliferous ores produced by mining operations, this extraction process is an important intermediatestep in the transformation of natural ore to pure metal. Although a few mined ores contain sufficient metal concentrations to require no beneficiation (e.g., some iron ores), most contain relatively small amounts of the valuable metal, from perhaps a few percent in the case ofbase metals to a few parts per million in the case ofpre cious metals. As Chapters 7, 9, and 10ofthis book have amply illustrated, the minerals containing valuable metals are commonly intergrown with eco nomically unimportant (gangue) minerals on a microscopic scale. It is important to note that the grain size of the ore and associated gangue minerals can also have a dramatic, and sometimes even limiting, effect on ore beneficiation. Figure 11.1 illustrates two rich base-metal ores, only one of which (11.1b) has been profitably extracted and processed. The McArthur River Deposit (Figure I 1.1 a) is large (>200 million tons) and rich (>9% Zn), but it contains much ore that is so fine grained that conventional processing cannot effectively separate the ore and gangue minerals. Consequently, the deposit remains unmined until some other technology is available that would make processing profitable. In contrast, the Ruttan Mine sample (Fig. 11.1 b), which has undergone metamorphism, is relativelycoarsegrained and is easily and economically separated into high-quality concentrates. -
Supergene Mineralisation of the Boyongan Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit, Surigao Del Norte, Philippines
Supergene Mineralisation of the Boyongan Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit, Surigao del Norte, Philippines by Allan Maglaya Ignacio B.Sc. Geology, National Institute of Geological Sciences University of the Philippines Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Masters of Economic Geology Degree Centre for Ore Deposit Research, University of Tasmania December, 2005 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree of diploma by the University of Tasmania or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and contains no previous material previously pub- lished or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is given. Allan Maglaya Ignacio 01 December 2005 _________________________ STATEMENT OF AUTHORITY OF ACCESS This thesis may not to be made available for loan or copying for 1.5 years following the date this statement was signed. Following that time, the thesis may be available for loan and lim- ited copying in accordance with Copyright Act 1968. Allan Maglaya Ignacio 01 December 2005 _________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page (s) LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………….. i - iii LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………… iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………………………………………………. v ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………... vi - vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………. 1 - 8 1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Aims and Objectives ……………………………………………….. 1 1.3 Methods Employed …………………………………………………. 2 1.4 Location and Accessibility …………………………………………. 3 1.5 Climate ……………………………………………………………... 5 1.6 Previous Work ……………………………………………………… 5 2.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTING ………………………………………………. 9 - 37 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………. 9 2.2 Regional Tectonics …………….…………………………………. 9 2.3 Regional and Local Stratigraphy ………………………………... 11 2.3.1 Basement (Cretaceous-Paleogene) ………………………. 11 2.3.2 Bacuag Formation (Oliogocene-Miocene) .…………….. -
Effects of Copper on Fish and Aquatic Resources
Effects of Copper on Fish and Aquatic Resources Prepared for By Dr. Carol Ann Woody & Sarah Louise O’Neal Fisheries Research and Consulting Anchorage, Alaska June 2012 Effects of Copper on Fish and Aquatic Resources Introduction The Nushagak and Kvichak river watersheds in Bristol Bay Alaska (Figure 1) together produced over 650 million sockeye salmon during 1956-2011, about 40% of Bristol Bay production (ADFG 2012). Proposed mining of copper–sulfide ore in these watersheds will expose rocks with elevated metal concentrations including copper (Cu) (Figure 1; Cox 1996, NDM 2005a, Ghaffari et al. 2011). Because mining can increase metal concentrations in water by several orders of magnitude compared to uncontaminated sites (ATSDR 1990, USEPA 2000, Younger 2002), and because Cu can be highly toxic to aquatic life (Eisler 2000), this review focuses on risks to aquatic life from potential increased Cu inputs from proposed development. Figure 1. Map showing current mining claims (red) in Nushagak and Kvichak river watersheds as of 2011. Proven low- grade copper sulfide deposits are located in large lease block along Iliamna Lake. Documented salmon streams are outlined in dark blue. Note many regional streams have never been surveyed for salmon presence or absence. Sources: fish data from: www.adfg.alaska.gov/sf/SARR/AWC/index.cfm?ADFG =main.home mine data from Alaska Department of Natural Resources - http://www.asgdc.state.ak.us/ Core samples collected from Cu prospects near Iliamna Lake (Figure 1) show high potential for acid generation due to iron sulfides in the rock (NDM 2005a). When sulfides are exposed to oxygen and water sulfuric acid forms, which can dissolve metals in rock. -
MENDELSOHN (F.), Editor. the Geology of the Northern Rhodesian Copper- Belt
996 BOOK REVIEWS instance 'pits', ' anisotropy', ' cellular texture', ' native iron', are fol- lowed by a 'text-card' with a more detailed description of the sections concerned in English and German. The price is DM 0.75 per photo-card, DM 0.45 per text-card. These prices are reduced by 10% for University departments and academic staff, by 15% for students. The great value of this unique publication is self-evident and does not need further appraisal. Ore-microscopists will welcome the card index as a high-quality source of reference, and university staff will find it a great help in teaching. Economic geologists and nfineralogists will appreciate the straightforward and clear approach, which provides an excellent introduction for research workers less well acquainted with the subject matter. Ore dressing workers and metallurgists will be able to Use the card index for the solution of their problems without having to go into details of ore mineralogy. The authors should be warmly con- gratulated on this first part of a very fine piece of work. A. F. H. MENDELSOHN (F.), editor. The Geology of the Northern Rhodesian Copper- belt. London (Macdonald & Co. Ltd.), 1961, xvi+523 pp., 185 figs. Price 8r Twenty-three authors have contributed to this comprehensive volume. Part 1 provides a general account of the physiography, stratigraphy, structure, metamorphism, and ore deposits of the Copperbelt together with a history of mineral exploration and an account of the methods employed. Part 2 gives detailed descriptions of the individual deposits. In addition to synthesizing the considerable volume of published work on the subject the authors draw extensively on material from unpublished company reports. -
Thtr CRYSTAL STRUCTURE of TALNAKHITE, Cursferossz.' S. R
A:merican Mineralooist Vol. 57, pp. 368-380 (1972') THtr CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF TALNAKHITE, CursFeroSsz.' S. R. Helr, AND E. J. Genn,' Department of Energg, Mines and, Resontrces,Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada KIA 0G1 Assrnect Talnakhiteis a Cu-Fe sulphidefirst reportedby Bud'ko and Kulagov (1963)as having a compositionof CuFeSr.eand a cubicunit cell with o : 5.28i" They pro- posedthat this wasthe naturalequivalent of synthetichigh-temperature chalcopyrite (a : 5.26A). Subsequentwork by Genkinet al. (1966)-andCabri (1967)suggested that tatnakhitehas a largercubic unit cellwith o : 10.6;', similarto that of slmthetic B-phase(IIiIler and Probsthain,1956). This study showstalnakhite to have a cell with o : 10.593A, spacegroup I43m and a partially-orderedstructure which is consistentwith both the p-phaseand the metal-richstoichiometric composition of CursFeroSez(Cabri and Harris, 1971). INrnooucrtoN Talnakhite is a Cu-Fe sulphide occuffing, in concentrations of up to 70 percent, in the vein ores of the Noril'sk and Talnakh deposiis, Western S beria, U.S.S.R. The new mineral was firct discovered by Bud'ko and Kulagov (1963) following difficulties with the extraction of chalcopyrite by the flotation process.They reported that talnakhite was distinguishable from chalcopyrite (CuFeSr) by its different optical properties and X-ray powder data, and the sulphur-deficient com- position CuFeS1.s. Bud'ko and Kulagov described the crystal cell as cubic with o : 5.28A and considered it the natural equivalent to the synthetic high-temperature form of chalcopyrite with a = 5.264 (Donnay and Kullerud, 1958). This conclusion was of minerz16*1.u1 importance as high-temperature chalcopyrite is generally considered unstable at room temperature unless rapidly quenched from above 550'C (Yund and Kullerud, 1966). -
Silver-Rich Central Idaho
Silver-rich Disseminated Sulfides From a Tungsten-bearing Quartz Lode Big Creek District Central Idaho GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 594-C Silver-rich Disseminated Sulfides From a Tungsten-bearing Quartz Lode Big Creek District Central Idaho By B. F. LEONARD, CYNTHIA W. MEAD, and NANCY CONKLIN SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 594-C Study of a low-grade tungsten deposit whose associated suljide minerals, extracted as waste, are rich in silver and contain some gold UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1968 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Page Abstract __________________________________________ _ C1 Mineralogy and paragenetic sequence-Continued Introduction ______________________________________ _ 1 Alteration products ____________________________ _ C15 Location and operation _____________________________ _ 4 Paragenetic sequence ___________________________ _ 16 Geology __________________________________________ _ 4 Geologic thermometry __________________________ _ 18 Ore deposit _______________________________________ _ 5 Classification and origin of hypogene mineralization ____ _ 19 Mineralogy and paragenetic sequence ________________ _ 6 Oxidation and enrichment ___ ------------------------ 20 Typical ore ___________________________________ _ 6 Economic considerations ____________________________ _ 21 Gangue indicated by mill products _______________ _ 7 Acknowledgments ___________________ .:. ______________ _ 23 Tungsten minerals _______ ,______________________ _ 8 References ________________________________________ _ 23 Sulfides and related minerals ____________________ _ 8 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates follow page C24f - PLATE 1. Drawing and X-ray micrographs of acanthite and copper sulfides on galena. 2. Drawing and X-ray micrographs of electrum in pyrite. 3.