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Ready for Printing Magmatism and Metallogeny of the Astaneh-Nezam Abad Area, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, West-Central Iran Doctoral Thesis (Dissertation) to be awarded the degree of Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) submitted by MOHAMMAD ALI NEKOUVAGHT TAK from Tehran, Iran approved by the Faculty of Energy and Economic Sciences Technical University of Clausthal Date of oral examination 19 February 2008 Chairperson of the Board of Examiners: Prof. Dr. H. Y. Schenk-Mathes Chief Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Bernd Lehmann Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Kurt Mengel This dissertation was undertaken at the Economic Geology Group of the Institute of Mineralogy and Mineral Resources of the Technical University of Clausthal. The children of Humanity are each other’s limbs That share an origin in their creator When one limb passes its days in pain The other limbs cannot remain easy You who feel no pain at the suffering of others It is not fitting you be called human Die Kinder Adams sind aus einem Stoff gemacht, als Glieder eines Leibs von Gott, dem Herrn, erdacht. Sobald ein Leid geschieht nur einem dieser Glieder, dann klingt sein Schmerz sogleich in Ihnen allen wieder. Ein Mensch, den nicht die Not der Menschenbrüder rührt, verdient nicht, dass er noch des Menschen Namen führt Saadi (1184-1283 AD) To my family and memory of my father Table of contents Content Page Acknowledgments IV Abstract V Chapter 1 1 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Objectives 1 1.3 Methodology 1 1.4 Regional geology 2 1.5 Economic geology 4 1.6 Geology of the Shazand quadrangle 5 Chapter 2 8 2 Magmatism 8 2.1 Petrography 8 2.1.1 Astaneh intrusion 8 2.1.2 Nezam Abad-Malmir complex 8 2.1.2.1 Granodiorite 9 2.1.2.2 Quartzdiorite-tonalite 9 2.1.2.3 Pegmatites 10 2.1.2.4 Aplite 10 2.1.3 Gousheh intrusion 11 2.1.4 Shirmazd Mountain 11 2.2 Geochemistry 11 2.2.1 Rock classification 11 2.2.2 Petrogenesis 11 2.2.2.1 Variation diagrams of major elements 14 2.2.2.2 Variation diagrams of trace elements 15 2.3 Classification of magma series 18 2.3.1 Alkalinity 18 2.3.2 Aluminosity 18 2.4 Tectonic setting 18 I Content Page 2.5 Spider diagrams 18 2.6 Magnetite-ilmenite series and I-S type classification 22 2.7 Isotope data 23 Chapter 3 27 3 Nezam Abad tungsten ore deposit 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Mine geology 28 3.3 Vein mineralogy 29 3.4 Comments on scheelite, tourmaline and arsenopyrite 36 3.4.1 Scheelite 36 3.4.2 Tourmaline and the source of boron 40 3.4.3 Arsenopyrite 47 3.5 Hydrothermal alteration 47 3.6 Geochemistry of the ore deposit 51 3.7 Oxygen isotope data 52 Chapter 4 54 4 Astaneh gold prospect 54 4.1 Introduction 54 4.2 Geology of the prospect 55 4.3 Alteration 57 4.4 Mineralization 57 4.5 Ore mineralogy 57 4.6 Paragenetic sequence 64 4.7 Geochemistry 64 4.8 Isotope data 65 Chapter 5 67 5 Deh Hossein Sn-Au-Cu prospect 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Geology of the prospect 67 5.3 Alteration 68 II Content Page 5.4 Mineralization 70 5.5 Ore mineralogy 70 5.6 Paragenetic sequence 76 5.7 More comments on sphalerite 76 5.8 Geochemistry 78 5.9 Isotope data 80 Chapter 6 81 6 Conclusion and proposed genetic model 81 References 86 Appendix 1 94 Appendix 2 97 Appendix 3 100 Appendix 4 101 Appendix 5 104 Appendix 6 105 III Acknowledgments This Ph.D thesis was supported by a research grant of German Academic Exchange Services (DAAD) for stay in Germany and studies at the Institute of Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Technical University of Clausthal. I would like to thank, Prof. Bernd Lehmann for constructive comments throughout this research. I am obliged to express my gratitude for his careful scrutiny of the manuscript and patience to conduct this research to the end. This research has benefitted scientifically and logistically from the following individuals: Special acknowledgment must be made to Dr. Eike Gierth for his valuable support during ore microscopy study. Prof. Kurt Mengel is appreciated for constructive scientific discussions. Fred Türck and Ulf Hemmerling are thanked for computer assistance and sample preparation, respectively. Helga Vollbrecht is thanked for administrative support. I wish to appreciate the patience of Klaus Herrmann for his help with electron microprobe analysis. Special thanks must go to Prof. Kamal Bazargani at Department of Geology, Tehran University, for his motivation and scientific discussions during the last 16 years. I wish to thank Eng. M. T. Korehee, chief of the Geological Survey of Iran, for providing necessary facilities during field work. Much credit is due to Eng. Hojat Jahangiri, expert of Geological Survey of Iran for immense help during field work and elucidating local geologic aspects of the study area. Eng. Ahmad Kazemi, former expert of the Remote Sensing department of the Geological Survey of Iran is acknowledged for processing of satellite images, collaboration during field work and constructive comments. I am sincerely grateful to my Ph.D colleagues who did not deny their kind assistance wherever and whenever it was needed. Last but not least, I would like to express my everlasting gratitude to my wife, Arefeh, for her unlimited supports throughout our common life. Without her sacrifices, motivation and kindness this research would not have been materialized. My son, Dana, gave me energy and motivation by his birth, laugh and cry to overcome difficulties and fulfil this research. IV Abstract The Astaneh-Nezam Abad area is located in the NW-SE trending Sanandaj-Sirjan continental arc of west-central Iran. Mesozoic low-grade regional metamorphic rocks are intruded by Mid-Jurassic, Late Cretaceous and Eocene I-type, calc-alkaline, peraluminous to metaluminous felsic intrusions of ilmenite-series affinity. The dominantly crustal nature of 87 86 this magmatism is indicated by initial Sr/ Sr ratios and εNd values of 0.705-0.711 and -0.4 to -6.3 for the Astaneh granite/granodiorite and 0.707-0.712 and –3.2 to –6.4 for the Nezam Abad quartzdiorite, respectively. The study area hosts three ore deposits/prospects: (1) The Nezam Abad tungsten deposit is of vein type with quartz-tourmaline W±Sn ± Au mineralization hosted by Eocene quartzdioritic units of the composite Nezam-Abad-Malmir intrusion. Ore minerals include scheelite, cassiterite, and a variety of sulfide minerals with locally high amounts of invisible gold. (2) The Astaneh gold prospect consists of gold-bearing quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite- arsenopyrite veins and disseminations in altered microgranite of the Eocene Shirmazd 87 86 intrusion. The mineralized microgranite has initial Sr/ Sr around 0.705 and positive εNd of 1.7 to 2.0, i.e. displays more mantle input than the other intrusive rocks. (3) The polymetallic (Sn-Au-Cu) Deh Hossein prospect is characterized by quartz-sulfide veins and their gossans in Jurassic meta-sedimentary rocks. Gold, cassiterite and a variety of sulfide minerals occur in quartz veins and disseminated in the meta-sedimentary host rock. The sulfide assemblage of chalcopyrite-arsenopyrite-pyrite-pyrrhotite defines a relatively low oxidation state of the hydrothermal system. Hydrothermal alteration is not pervasive and, apart from strong tourmalinization at Nezam Abad, is characterized by weak sericitization, chloritization, silicification and minor carbonatization. Overall, the sulfide content is low. Gold occurs as free visible Au in quartz and in alluvial deposits, as well as invisible in arsenopyrite. Bismuth minerals, including, bismuthinite, native bismuth and Bi-Te-Pb-S phases in arsenopyrite, are common. Sulfur isotope data on arsenopyrite (-0.7‰ δ34 S) and chalcopyrite (0.4‰ δ34 S) support an igneous sulfur origin for the Astaneh system. The δ18 O values of hydrothermal quartz from Nezam Abad (11.9 to 13.6‰), Astaneh (11.5 to 13.3‰) and Deh Hossein (15.5 to 19.4‰) confirm the magmatic or magmatic-metamorphic origin of the hydrothermal fluids. The mineral deposits studied have a geochemical Te-Au-Bi-As-Sb-Ag signature in common, are relatively low in base metals, low in oxidation state, and are associated with granitic intrusions of relatively reduced nature (ilmenite series). These are features typical of intrusion-related gold systems. The Nezam Abad and the Astaneh systems are intrusion- hosted, while the Deh Hossein prospect is of proximal type. The mineralization in the study area is derived from Eocene collisional magmatism during the Alpine orogeny and interaction of magmatic fluids with metamorphic country rocks, and represents an intrusion-related Au mineralization style in the Sanandaj-Sirjan magmato-metamorphic belt. V Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1.1 General Iran is a rich country in terms of natural resources. Since at least the first millennium BC, metals were explored, mined and metalurgically extracted. The study area, i.e. Astaneh- Nezam Abad is situated in the northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic-magmatic belt, west-central Iran. This area has long been recognized for Au and W mineralization of hydrothermal origin, but recent exploration of the historical Deh Hossein Sn-Au-Cu prospect with important archeometallurgical aspects, has increased the importance of this area for more detailed studies in order to present a genetic model for finding other similar deposits in Iran. This area covers the Shazand quadrangle (49 o00´-49 o30´ N, 33 o15´-34 o00´) with a surface area of about 1100 km 2, of which the main intrusions together with three ore deposits/prospects, including Nezam Abad, Astaneh and Deh Hossein were examined in detail.
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