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UNIVERSITE Mcgill LA CONCENTRATION DES UNIVERSITE McGILL LA CONCENTRATION DES TRANSPORTEURS AERIENS REGIONAUX AU CANADA PAR c @ JACQUES P.AJOTTE INSTITUT DE DROIT AERIEN ET SPATIAL FACULTE DE DROIT THESE PRESENTEE A LA FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES EN VUE DE L'OBTENTION DU GRADE DE 0 MAITRISE EN DROIT (LL.M.) SEPTEMBRE 1980 ii SOMMAIRE Au cours des annees 60, la situation economique des transpor­ teurs aeriens regionaux etait telle qu'une solution drastique s'imposait pour assurer leur survie. En reponse a ce probleme de rentabilite, le gouvernement a emis en 1966 une politique intitulee "Politique pour les transporteurs aeriens regionaux" qui fut completee en 1969 par une politi­ que de clarification. Cette politique de 1966 a permis aux transporteurs regionaux de penetrer le marche du jet et a assure leur evolution et leur prosperite au cours de la decennie suivante. 0 Les effets positifs de cette politique ont toutefois ete passa­ gers, et vers la fin des annees 70 les transporteurs regionaux ont du chercher de nouveaux moyens d'assurer leur rentabilite economique et/ou leur evolution. La concentration fut la solution adoptee par certains d'entre eux. Les objectifs de cette these sont precisement d'etudier les aspects juridiques et theoriques de ce phenomene de concentration et d'analyser les cas de concentration de transporteurs aeriens survenus au Canada de­ puis 1977. iii ABSTRACT The economic situation of regional air carriers during the sixties forced the federal government in 1966 to issue the "Regional Air Carrier Policy" which was completed by the 1969 policy. The policy of 1966 enabled regional air carriers to enter the jet market and was the basis of their evolution and prosperity for the next decade. However the positive effects of this policy came to an end in the late seventies. At this point in time the regional air carriers sought new means to ensure their viability and/or their evolution. To achieve 0 this end a number of air carriers merged. The purpose of this thesis is to study the legal and theori­ cal aspects of air carrier merger as well as analyse merger cases which took place in Canada since 1977. c c iv TABLE DES MATIERES page RE~RCIE~NTS .•••.....•..••.••....•..••••..•....•.....•...•....•••. viii PREFACE ..•...•.....•.•••...••••.......•...•......••.........••..•.. ix INTRODUCTION ...•.•..•...••..•.•.•..••.•.•.....•..........•.......•. 1 CHAPITRE I EVOLUTION DES TRANSPORTEURS AERIENS REGIONAUX •...•.•.. 5 1.1 Situation economique des transporteurs regionaux avant 1966 .................... ~....................... 8 c 1.1.1 Instabilite .................................. 8 a) fluctuations des revenus ••.•........•...••....• 8 b) amplitude des fluctuations saisonnieres ...••..• 12 c) desequilibre directionnel du trafic •...••...••• 14 d) le desequilibre economique des routes a courte distance . • . • • . 14 1.1.2 Autres problemes des transporteurs regionaux . 19 1.2 La politique de 1966 : plaque tournante de leur evolution . 20 1.2 .1 Ses buts ..................................... 20 1.2. 2 Son con tenu .................................. 21 V I« 1.2.3 Comm.entaires ................................ 24 1.3 Les effets de la politique de 1966 et la situation economique actuelle des transporteurs aeriens regionaux . 2 6 1.3.1 La croissance des services offerts par les transporteurs aeriens regionaux •...•...••• 27 a) les services interieurs a horaire fixe en direction sud . 31 b) les services interieurs a horaire fixe en direction nord . • . • • • . • • . • • . • • • . • 32 c) services d'affretement interieurs ••..••••..•••• 33 d) services d'affretement internationaux •••.•.•••. 34 0 1.3.Z Evolution de la situation financiere ••....••.. 37 CHAPITRE II LES ASPECTS JURIDIQUES DE'LA CONCENTRATION DANS LE DOMAINE DE L'AVIATION CANADIENNE .•..•••..•••••••••• 43 2.1 Cadre juridique qui regit la concentration des transporteurs aeriens au Canada • • • • • • • . • • . • • . • . • • • . • 45 2 .1.1 Les lois applicables ..••....•.••...•...••....• 45 2 .1. 2 Les autorites administratives competentes et le processus d'approbation ....•..•••••..••• 51 2 .1. 3 Les criteres decisionnels .••..••••.•••...•.••. 54 2.2 Analyse theorique du principe de concentration ...••.•. 61 vi CHAPITRE III ETUDE DE LA CONCENTRATION DES TRANSPORTEURS AERIENS REGIONAUX DANS L'OUEST DU CANADA............. 66 3.1 Le cas de Pacific Western Airlines Ltd .••.•••••.•.••••• 67 3.2 Le cas de Transair 73 3.2.1 Les faits ..................................... 73 3.2.2 Les arguments invoques .•••.••••••••.••..••..•.• 74 3.2.3 La decision du Comite sur le transport aerien . 76 3.2.4 Conunen taires ...... • ..•....•.................... 78 CHAPITRE IV ETUDE DE LA CONCENTRATION DES TRANSPORTEURS 0 REGIONAUX DANS L'EST DU CANADA : LE CAS DE NORDAIR 85 4.1 Presentation des faits et des arguments invoques •••••.. 86 4.2 La decision du Comite sur le transport aerien 90 4.3 L'appel au ministre de la decision du Comite sur le transport aerien • • • . • • . • . • • . • . 96 4.4 Analyse de la decision du Comite et des alternatives ••• 98 CONCLUSION .•.•.•.•••....•..•.............•.....................•...• - 106 RENVOIS . • . • . • . • . • . • . 109 0 ANNEXE "A" Historique des transporteurs regionaux 114 vii ANNEXE 11B 11 Texte de la declaration de principe de 1966 ..•...••••••• 125 ANNEXE "C" Discussion Paper : Structure of the Domestic Air Carrier Industry ....................................... 133 BIBLIOGRA.PHIE . • • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • • . • . • • . • . 15 6 c 0 viii REMERCIEMENTS La realisation de ce projet de recherche n'aurait pas ete aussi agreable sans la collaboration etroite et devouee des personnes suivantes : Mme Lovelock de la Commission canadienne des transports, MM. Look et Gattuso de Quebecair et M. Louis Haeck de Nordair. Je tiens egalement a souligner !'assistance technique tres precieuse de M. Raymond Lorange. A toutes et chacune de ces personnes, je desire adresser mes remerciements les plus sinceres. Je me permets egalement de remercier le Docteur Nicolas Matte­ esco Matte, man directeur de these, de m'avoir si aimablement et fidelement 0 soutenu dans la realisation de ce projet de recherche. Le Docteur Matte a ete pour moi une source continue d'inspiration et de motivation. En dernier lieu, je desire remercier le Ministere des transports (Quebec) de m'avoir soutenu financierement dans la realisation de ce projet, en m'accordant une bourse d'etude pour l'annee academique qui vient de s'e­ couler. ix PREFACE La concentration des transporteurs regionaux est un phenomene nouveau qui date de 1977. Les seules recherches approfondies qui discu­ tent de cette categorie de transporteurs ont ete effectuees et publiees avant cette periode et par consequent, ne traitent malheureusement pas de leur concentration. La presente recherche a done le privilege d'aborder pour la premiere fois une etude des transporteurs regionaux sous l'angle de leur concentration et des effets de celle-ci sur la structure du transport ae­ rien au Canada. c Etant donne le caractere recent et actuel de ce phenomene de la concentration, plusieurs donnees techniques sont encore difficiles d'acces, pour ne pas dire actuellement inaccessibles. Consequemment nous tenons a nous excuser aupres du lecteur des quelques inconvenients que pourront lui causer ces absences occasionnelles d'information. L'actualite du phenomene et les developpements prochains qu'il connaitra, nous oblige aussi a mettre le lecteur en garde et a l'inviter a verifier aupres des autorites competentes si de nouvelles decisions ont ete rendues ou si d'autres gestes significatifs ont ete poses. 0 1 INTRODUCTION Le 23 fevrier 1909, Alexander Graham Bell envoyait le telegramme suivant en provenance de Baddeck Bay en Nouvelle-Ecosse : "First flight of a flying machine in Canada occured here today when Mr. Douglas McCurdy, native of Baddeck in Nova Scotia, flew a distance of about half mile at an elevation of thirty feet above the ice on Baddeck Bay in an aerodrome of his own design named the Silver Dart." (1) Il est surprenant de constater que peu d'annees apres ce premier exploit, naissait deja un service aerien canadien. C'est grace a la hardies- se et a la temerite de ce que l'on appelera les "bush pilots" que cet em- 0 bryon du reseau aerien canadien a vu le jour et qu'avec lui on a entrevu la possibilite d'etendre nos frontieres demographiques et, d'exploiter les ri- chesses d'un territoire jusque la inaccessible. Considerant que le Canada s'etend sur une distance de 3,000 milles d'est en ouest et de 3,000 milles du sud au nord, il va sans dire que le transport aerien est au coeur du developpement de l'economie cana- dienne. En consequence son evolution et son orientation ne peuvent lais- ser place a !'indifference. Toutefois pendant nombre d'annees on s'est peu soucie de planifier sa croissance; on se preoccupait davantage de met- tre sur pied une ligne aerienne transcanadienne, laissant tous les autres transporteurs aeriens combattre les aleas d'un developpement desordonne. c Jusqu'en 1966, le gouvernement federal a adopte une attitude 2 tres protectionniste a l'egard de Trans-Canada Airlines. Bien qu'il con­ naissait !'existence et !'importance des transporteurs regionaux, il n'a­ vait pas jusqu'a cette date cru bon de leur accorder un statut particulier, preferant ainsi assurer la viabilite et la rentabilite du seul transporteur transcontinental existant. Cette absence de reglementation en faveur des transporteurs regionaux rendait leur developpement difficile pour ne pas dire qu'elle mettait leur existence en peril. En octobre
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