.Ank.r •

TURKEY

IRAN

Mediterranean Sea

• Cuy ,l town

4 队也 Mountainrange EGYPT o 200 m.les SAUDI ARABIA

MMWU 1. Traditional MωAW

Lake Urmiya

• Ushnavia .Miandoab Mt. Dalanpur \ .Mahabad A.Mt. Handrin Ga!ala I \ Ruwanduz 4 1\111. Zoz;c

、.I':IIHaiOmran A Betwahta. _町'飞、 Jebal • t13mya、飞 • Saqqiz • Arbif ~. Oaia-Diza

• Baneh Dukan ,I • .Mahvout_ Malouma ~ ~ • Pishdar ..时， Cha卧 Razan"Chwarta. • .l IRAN • ~anjwin . Suliemaniyeh .Sanandaj

…… h回 rnationalboundary • C;ry I阳 wn . 050miles o 1∞ kilometres .

2. Northern Italy • Erzurum .Sivas .Erzincan .Agri

TURKEY .Dersim 也飞鸟 .M 副 atya Md?" Tabriz D,varbaki,• / 气、 . .Siirt Marash Batman

Mardin

• Urfa .::m6!f1Ulnll飞 '..J J 、 ,•----- ~因 .. ‘ b IRAN

SYRIA

IRAQ

3. South -eastern Turkey Mω Mω ∞ . Sírnak -Hakkari ∞ . Sírnak -Hakkari

• Erzurum .Sivas .Erzincan .Agri -Amadiya TURKEY-Amadiya Dersim . Oohuk ..Oo huk 也飞鸟 IRAN IRAN .M 副 atya Md?" KAR KAR Tabriz D,varbaki,• / 气、 . .Siirt Marash Batman

0 Mardin 360 PARALLEl PARALL • Urfa .::m6!f1Ulnll飞 '..J 36 El J 、 ,•----- ~因 .. ‘ b IRAN Non-Kurdish Territory Non-Kurdish Territory

International houndary …-International houndary SYRIA …-• Clty I lown • Clty I lown I(irkuk I(. C=J KAR刷刷 h阳阳n川同叼圳 . irkuk C=J KAR刷刷 h阳阳n川同叼圳

∞ k，lometres IRAQ 01 ∞ k，lometres 01 Halab,a Ò sOmiles Halab,a Ò sOmiles

3.4. SouthKurdish-e asternAutonomy Turkey Region 4. Kurdish Autonomy Region 可 Bibliography

The following works are among 由e many 1 have read with profìt and pleas• ure, and 1 would like to record my thanks to the authors, editors or com• pilers. Where material has been used in 由 is book, due acknowledgement is made within the text.

Adamson, Da由1 (1964) The Kurdish 阴'ar (London: Allen & Unwin). Arfa, H孤鼠n (1 966) The (London: Oxford University Press). Bois, Thomas (1965) TIIe Kurds (Beirut: Khayats). Bull时h.John and Harvey Morris (1993) NoFriends Imt the Mωn刷刷(London: Penguin). Chalia时， Gerard (1993) People luithout a Countη( London: Zed Press). Dann, Uriel (1969) Iraq Under Kassem (New York: Praeger). Eagleton, WilIiam (1 963) TIIe Kurdish Rψublic 011946 (London: Oxford Uni- versity Press). Ghassemlou, Abdul Rahman (1 965) Ku呻stan and the Kum.s (London: Collets). Guest, John S. (1 989) The Yez.idis (London: KPI). Kinnane, Derk (1964) The Kurds and Kurdistan (London: Oxford University Press). Kurdish Library, Kurdish Life (periodical - New York, USA). Kutschera, Chris (1979) Le mouvement 110tional kurde (Paris: Edition Harmattan) . McDowall, Da'功d (1 985) TIIe Kurds, Minority Right~ Group, Report No. 23 (1ρndon: Minority Rights Group). Mauries, René (1967) Le Kurdistan ou le Mort (Paris: Robert Laffont). Schmidt, Dana Adama (1964) 10u m。仰umg Brave Mm (Boston: Little, Brown).

The following periodicals, news agencies and so 011 were also cOl1sulted.

UK: Guardia饵 ， Daily TelegmPh, Middle East Economic Digest, ObserueJ", Reuters, 缸nday TelegraPh, TIIe Sunday Times, The Middle East, TIIe Times.

USA: Inηt阳er仰m阳111削t Nelll.ω'sd彼4α句JY ， Nelll Y0忱1:k ηm阳eJ民， 阴也旬伽u矶hin~♂伊严阳0佣n PO:ω冒吮t， US扭:A Today, Time.

France: Agence France-Presse, Le Monde.

Turkey (extracts in translation): Anatolian News Agency, Gunaydin, Huniyet, Milli如't， Q喀U1. Gundem.

Iran: Islamic Republican News Agency. Knyall, Tehmn ηη'tes.

Iraq: Bnghdad Tim肘， Iraqi News Agency. Radio Baghdad, Voice of .

239 Index

Note: the following are omitted 豁出ey appear on most pages - Kurd(s)• (ish) (s田吟， lran(ian) (吟， Iraq(i)(s) and Turkey(ish) (s)

Abdul Hamid, Sultan 9 Amsterdam 165 Acikyol 162 Anatolia 1, 6-7, 10, 14-16, 19, 44 Adamson, Da'功d 61 Anglo也nerican 29 Adiyamen 117 Anglo-lraqi Treaty (1930) 20 Aegean 222 Anglo-Russian Entente 9 Mghanistan 3, 107, 119, 120, 182 Ankara 45, 80, 104, 106, 146-7, Mrica 188 151-2, 154, 157-8, 167, 173, Ahmad, Ibrahim 36-8, 40-3, 49, 181, 194, 202, 204, 206, 217, 74, 85, 87, 90, 92, 99 221-4, 227, 229, 232, 234 Ahmad-Talabini-KDP 84-8, 90, Antalya 46, 215, 222 103 Apocular (Apocus) (Apo) 106, Ain zallah 60 146, 207 Ajina, Rajim 1 佣 Aqrawi, Hashim 100, 102, 135 Akbulut, Yùdirm 156 Arab(s) 1, 3, 12, 18-19, 36, 39, Akda 40 43, 51 , 59, 63-4, 68, 73, 75-6, Akra 27, 66, 230 85, 90, 92, 110, 121-3, 141-2, AlA 118 153, 176, 184-5, 188, 202, 207 Albania 147 'Arabisation' 129 Aleppo 25 Arab-Israeli War (1967) 85 Alexander the Great 5 Ararat, Mount 15-16, 34 Algeria(n) (s) 71 , 97, 104 Atas, river 34 Algiers 97 Arbil 3, 23, 35, 40, 58-60, 66, 69, Algiers Agreement (Treaty) 97-8, 75-7, 85, 88, 90, 96-7, 104, 123 129-30, 137, 143-4, 172, ‘Ali Firkat' 151 185-6, 189, 191-2, 195-6, Alinak, Mahmut 209 200, 202, 205, 229, 231 Ali归，Karim 140 Aref, Abdul Rahman 82, 84-5 Allied(s) (Alliance) 10, 12-14, 19, Aref, Abdul Salem 64斗， 68-70 ， 21 , 36, 182-3, 185-6, 190, 73, 76-7, 82 196-9, 202-4, 208, 212, 219, ARGK 154-7, 159, 162-4, 166-8, 229-30 173, 178-83, 203-4, 206-7, Alvand, Mount 33 210-25, 227-8, 231-2 Amadiya 50 Arkou, tribe 42, 47, 49 America(n)(s) 12, 14, 19, 30, 48, Armenia(n) (s) 3, 8-10, 12-14, 64, 93-5, 97, 114, 118, 128, 17, 118, 226, 234 152, 174, 182-3, 190, 192, Armenian Massacres 7, 165 200, 215, 219, 222, 224, 231-2 Asian 179 Amir Khan 29 Asian毛aucasian-European 228 Amnesty Intemational 117-18, Askari, Ali 99, 103, 106 1 钊， 145, 157-8, 164-5, 206 A部ad ， Hafez 121, 212, 218, 227

241 242 Index

Assyria(n) (s) 1, 3, 8, 10, 17, 20, Barzan 20, 24, 26-7, 33-4, 47, 47, 58, 199 57, 66, 84 ASU 73, 76 , tribe 20, 27 ，钮， 31-5 ， Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) 14-16, 42, 47, 78, 132, 141 , 187 19, 44, 167 Barzani, Ahmad, Sheikh 20, 33-5, Athens 165 37, 39, 43, 57, 68, 74-5 Australia(n) (s) 215, 221-2 Barzani, Idris 90, 103, 115, 137, 144 Austria(n) (s) 10, 128-9, 189 Barzani-KDP 143, 169-70 Axis Powers 21 Barzani, Lokman 43, 74 Azsai, newspaper 23 Barzani, Masoud 90, 103, 115-16, Azerbaijan 3, 10, 32, 110, 114-15, 137, 143-4, 172, 186-7, 191-2, 234 194-200, 202, 207-8, 131 Azir, newspaper 23 Barzani, Mohammed Khalil 35 Aziz, Othman Abd al 199 Barzani, Mullah Mustafa 20, Aziz, Said 75 23-4, 26-8, 30-2, 34-8, Aziz, Tariq 100 40-3, 47-68, 70-9, 81-100, 102-3, 108, 111 , 115, 132, B抽出 (ist) (Party) 64, 69, 73, 76, 137, 187, 208 85, 92, 97, 129, 134, 139, 177 Barzani, Obeidullah 95, 100, 132 Baba, Ali 37 Barza时 i ， Mahmoud, Sheikh Badinan 98-9, 103, 137, 141 19-20, 35 Baghazasi, tribe 125 Barzani-PRF 39 Baghdad 9, 18, 20-1, 23-4, 34-6, 'Basque-lype' 224 38-9, 41-3, 47, 49, 51-2, 57, 38, 117 62, 64-6, 68-9, 72-4, 76, 78, Bayar, Celal 44-5 81 , 83-6, 90, 92, 94, 96-100, Batman 223 102, 105, 108, 116-17, 123-6, Bazyan 47 129-30, 134-5, 137-40, Beirut 55 142-3, 155, 15~ 162, 170-5, Bekaa, valley 146, 151 , 154, 157, 185-6, 189, 191-2, 194-200, 167-8, 179, 208, 210, 212, 203, 205, 208 224, 226-7 Baghdad Pact 46, 64 Berlin 172, 178, 228 Baker, James 194 Berne 221 Bakhtaran 169-70 'Besir' 158 Bakhtiar, Shahpour 107, 126 Betwahta 56 Bakr, Ahmad Hassan 85-90, 97 Bingol 164, 173, 215, 219 Baku 37 Biroki, Said, Sheikh 24 Balisan 172 Bitlis 9, 16, 216, 220, 222 Balkan(s) 3, 203 Blackhawk, helicopter 230 Baluchi(s) 110 Bokan 43, 124-5, 127, 131 Balourian, Abdul Ghani 126 Bonn 164, 181 , 215 Baneh 30-1, 74, 110, 127, 132, Bosnian 203 140-1 Bosphorus 208 Baneh, tribe 75 Boumedienne, President 97 Bani-Sadr, Abdol Hassan 114-15, Britain(ish) 9-10, 12, 17-20, 23, 123, 126 27-8, 34, 48, 60, 78, 93-4, Baniyas 60 128, 138, 175, 186, 188-92, Baqer, Mohammed 139 200-1, 204, 214-15, 221 , Baradosti, tribe 27-8, 39, 42 230-1, 233 lndex 243

Brussels 193, 215 Cyprus 117-18, 206, 231 'buffer zones' 189 Czar(ist) 14, 17 Bulgaria(n) 140, 208 Czech 117 Burkay, Kemal 105 Burda 46 Dalanpur, Mount 25, 34 Bush, George 184, 188-90, 193, Damascus 9, 103, 146, 151 , 153, 205 157-8, 163, 179, 183, 212, 227, 231 Cairo 76 Dardani Khan, Dam, lake 135, Cape Malc，ω208 169 Carter, President 128 Dawa 132, 139, 142, 229 Catak 181 DDKD 105, 147, 156 Caucasus(ia) 10, 17, 179 DDKO 80, 105 CENTO 64, 88 Declaration of Neutrality (Iran) Central Powers 10, 12 107 Cetin, Hikmet 209, 221 de Cuellar, Ja讯er Perez 170 Cevizsali 216 de Gaulle, President 73 CDKPR 63-4, 71 Dehbokri, tribe 29 Chaldean(s) 3 Delgaii, Imam Mohammed 175 Chaldiran, Battle of 1-2 Demirel, Sulieman 118, 203, Chami Razan 56, 65, 69, 85 208-11, 213, 218-20, 225 Chemical warfare, weapons 145, Democratic Party (Turkey) 44-5 169-72, 174-6, 186-7 Denmark 158 China(ese) 65, 139, 141 , 147, DEP 223, 229 230 Dersim, revolt 16 Chouman 89, 98 Dev Genc 106 CHP 210 Dev Yol 148 Christian(s) 8, 10, 12, 14, 18-19, Dicle, Hatip 223 140, 199 Diyana, ambush 24 Christopher, Warren 221 Diyarbakir 9, 15, 79, 104, 117-18, Chwar Chura 29, 33 124, 148, 153, 166, 173, 211 , Chwarta 56, 74, 77, 85-6, 141 214, 224 CIA 93, 96-7, 101 , 121 , 183, 194, Doab, pass 113 228 Dohuk 50, 66, 90, 137, 141 , 144, CiIler, Tansu 220-5, 227, 229, 172, 186, 192, 204 231 'Dr Baran' 181 210 Dutch 19, 138, 165 Clinton, President 224, 227, 229 Durji, valley 210 Cobandere 164 阳明akya 181 C..ode of Media Ethics 45 DW 208, 218, 220, 225 Cold War 64, 117, 120, 206 Cologne 150-1, 165 East Europeans 139 Communist Party (French) 128 Eastern RevolutionarγCe l1 tres 80 Cossack(s) 7-8 'Eastism' 44, 62 Cossack Force 7, 11 , 17 EC 160-1, 165, 170, 181 , 189, Council of Europe 165-6 197, 221 Crusade(s) (ers) 1 Ecevit, Bulel1t 116-18 Cudi, mountain 213 EEC 117, 152 Cukurca 155, 173, 190, 192 Egypt(ian) (5) 64, 72, 76, 176, 183 244 /ndex

Elmali 215 German(s) (y) 10, 175, 189, 197, 'Emperor of Oil' 94 222-3, 226, 228, 230, 232 ERNK 150, 165-6, 221-2 Ghassemlou, Abdul Rahman Eruh 154 108-9, 111-15, 125-7, 131 , Erzerun 7, 9 139, 142-3, 177-8 Erzincan 220 Ghotbzadah, Sediq 127 Euphrates, river 13, 121 , 157, Grand Bazaar, Istanbul 232 168, 179 Grand National Assembly (Turkey) Europe(ean)(s) 3, 9, 12, 71 , 107, 45, 152, 155, 182, 205, 117, 173, 177, 179, 181 , 184, 209-12, 220, 223, 229 190, 200, 206, 226 Greater Kurdistan 25, 29 Evren, Kenan 152-3, 155, 164, Greater Zab, river 68, 83 180 Greece(k) (s) 1, 14, 165, 206, 222, 232 Faili, Shia Kurds 92 Greek Cypriot 208 Fao 141 Grey Wolves 148 Farhm, Abdul Karim 72 'guest workers' 150, 179 Farsi 109-10, 113 Gulf region 87, 94, 145 Fedayeen Khalk 1-9-10, 115 Gulf War (crisis) 184-5, 188, 193, Feisal, King 36 199, 203, 295-6, 208, 229 Fethiye 233 Guler, Hasan Hayiri 158 Fifteen Point Peace Setùement 90 Gunesli 164 F证'th Kurdish Congress 41 Gures, Dogan 204, 216 ‘ F证th Offensive' 86-7 Gursel, General 45 Filipinos 145 Fisk, Robert 115 Haftan, region 204 ‘ First Offensive' 48, 66 Hague (The) 138, 215 First World War 10, 12, 14, H苟 Omran 89, 98-9, 127, 131-4, 17-19, 29, 123, 206 136, 138, 141 , 143, 170 Fourteen Point Programme 12, 14 Hakim, Mohammed Bakr 132, Fourteen Point Setùement 114 140 'Fourth Offensive' 82, 84 Hakkari 20, 46, 117, 149, 154, France (French) 10, 12, 18-19, 159, 181 , 221 21 , 71 , 73, 104, 108, 126, Hakurk, mountain, valley 203-4, 128-9, 138, 175, 186, 188-91, 210 197-8, 200, 221 , 226, 230-2 77, 169-70, 175-6 Frankurt 150 Halefogli, Vahit 155 Freedom Party 26, 36 Hamadan 33, 75 'free fire zones' 65, 133, 144, 176 Hamadi, Sadoun 191 Free Officers Movement (Iraq) 64 日 amidye ， regiments 8 Free French 21 Handrin, Mount 83-6, 96 Hanover 165 Galala 77, 89, 98-9 H部san ， Kamel 186-7 GAP 212 Hawraman 136 Garna 113 Hawsizei, Amir 199 Geneva 171 , 196, 215, 227 Helsinki Human Rights Accords Geneva Protocol (1 925) 170 164 'genocide' 187, 189, 216 HEP 209-10, 215, 223 Georgia (SSR) 17 Herki tribe 3, 30, 32, 41 , 52, 125 Index 245

冒 iaaa{LHroulEEh--4时由 l6u7mm Heva 23, 25-6, 36 EJ m 曹 aJ 町阳现阳 Hezbollah, Islamic 216-17, 222-3 冒 3l ·Jι MKME1 Hind, helicopter 230 e511blo 机 创刊·amel-08!尸川阳@31γ'户 00 讪川，队 .00 Holy Land (PaIestine) 1 ‘冒， Mmm 嘎 唱 地忧ae咀 民 1 A Ho配ini ， Ezzedin, Sheilk 109-11, iEirL 」 3 113-15, 124, 126, 136, 140 omm ·un •• 川 比山mmm1 目 'hot pursuit' 133, 150, 157, 159, J ]-L ‘ 163, 174, 179 ，， 『， House of Representatives (US) J 118 'human shielrls' 224 KaIar 194 'human waves' 123, 131 , 135, 145 Kalishnikov (weapon) 141 日usavi ， Hussein 156 Kani 39 Hussami, Abdul Karim 126 Kani Masi 145 Husseini, Feisal (King Feisal) 18 KAR 195, 198, 202, 219, 228-33 Karaj 115, 130, 132 ICO 122 Kardu 1 ICP 38, 105, 127-8, 130, 176, Karim, Said 137 191 , 199 K掘sem ， Abdul Karim 36-40, IKF 176-7, 183, 191 , 229 42-3, 47-52, 61 , 64, 68 I1am 114 Kawa 147, 156 IMIK 176-7 Kaya, Tasar 223 INC 202, 229 KCP 147 Incirlik 152, 183, 193, 200, 203, KDF 197-8, 200 205, 212, 231 KDP 26, 28, 36, 40-4, 49, 51 , India(n)(s) 19, 24, 128 55-7, 59-61, 75, 67-76, 78-9, Integration Party (Turkey) 210 85, 89-90, 94-5, 99-100, Inter-Agency Humanitarian 102-3, 110, 116, 125, 127-30, Programme (UN) 196 132-3, 137-8, 140-2, 144, 'Intifada' 180 147, 157, 169, 172, 176-7, Iraqi Association Law 49 179, 183, 185-7, 191 , lraqi Leadership Commiuee 142 198-201, 203, 207-8, 229, Iraqi Mujahideen 139 231 Iraqi Petroleum Company 94 KDPI 28, 33, 43, 79, 107-13, Iraqi Revolution (1 958) 43 115-16, 125-7, 130-2, 136, Irbid 176 138-40, 142, 144, 147-8, 172, IRC 108, 110 177-8, 228 Isikeren 190 KDP-PL 103-4, 106, 116 Islam(ic) 1-2, 7, 113-14, 116, KDP-ProvisionaI Commiuee 103 123-4, 126-7, 148, 179 KDPS 121 Israel(i) (s) 76, 180, 183 Kececiler, Mehmet 182 Istanbul 9, 12, 45, 80, 147, 167, Kermanshah 29, 114, 136, 171 214, 217, 222, 228-9 K加剧， newspaper 42 ltaly(ian) (约 145 ， 222 Khairallah, Adnam 174 Izmir 46, 147, 1 前， 232 KhaIkhaIi, Sadiq 113 Khaniqin 58, 69, 77, 196 Jabul Sanjar 78 肋anjar (dagger) 4 Jaf tribe 35 Khei 32 Jaffati 172 Khiti 84 246 Index

Khomeini, Ayatollah 107-14, 119, Kurdish Revolutionary Command 124, 126, 132, 139, 142-4, Council 98 170, 177-8 Kurdish Revolutionary Council Khoristan 2 (Committee) 109, 112 Khormal 169 Kurdish Revolutionary Party 135 Khorman 84 Kurdish Uprising (1991) 185 Khoy 115 Kurdistan, newspaper 28 Khoybun, revolt 16, 18, 23 Kurdistan National Assembly 198 Khuzistan 123 Kusadasi 222 Kifri 194 Kuwait 94, 182-4, 187, 196, 202, Kilmaz, Yani 232 219, 229 Kirkuk 19, 23, 40, 43, 47, 56, 59-60, 64, 66-7, 69, 75-7, Lausanne 63-4 85-6, 92, 104, 130, 133-5, Lausanne, Treaty of 14, 71 141 , 160, 172, 174, 185-7, League of Nations 12-13 189, 192-3, 195-6, 201 , 205 Lebanon(ese) 16, 18, 55, 75, 87, Kissinger, Henry 103 128, 146, 152, 154, 157, 208, ~A 200-2, 204-5 226, 228 Komala 107, 109-10, 115, 126, Lenin 120 136, 139-41, 152, 172 ‘ liberated areas' (zones) 73, 120, Komala-Azadi 152 126, 128-32, 135, 140-3, 211 Komar 150, 165 Libya(n) (s) 141 , 143 Komola 22, 25-6, 28, 33 Liege 165 Konya 167 Lolani, tribe 39, 47, 78 Korea(n) (s) 139 London 78, 103, 127, 142, 172, Koreh 187 215-16 Korucu 154斗， 162-3, 167, 179, Lufthansa airline 165 181 , 211-12, 224 Lurs, tribe 17 Kozarcloglu, Hayri 167 KPDP 116, 176, 191 , 199-200 Maasum, Fuas 200 Krak des Chevaliers 1 Mahabad (Republic) 22, 25 , KSP 128, 130, 134, 145, 176, 191 , 27-34, 43, 49, 52, 109-12, 199-200 114-15, 124-7, 131 , 150 KUP 200 Mahvout 70, 74, 77, 85-6, 88 ‘Kurd Aid' 189-90 Mahwat 143, 145 Kurdish Assembly-in-exile 216 M笔jlis (Iran) 61 Kurdish Autonomous Regional M习 or ， John 189 Council 129 Maku 32 Kurdish Autonomous State 8 Malouma 56 Kurdish Clubs 9 Mamashah heights 31 Kurdish Committee 226 Mamesh tribe 29, 32, 34, 61 Kurdish Deliverance 25 Mangesh 142 Kurdish Democratic Independence tribe 29, 32 Party 200 Maoist 147 Kurdish Islamic Party 199 Mao Tse-tung 106, 146 Kurdish National Flag 25 Mardin 162-3, 210 Kurdish National Movement 70 Maraghah 17 Kurdish Revolutionary Army 54, Margasur 27 56 Marivan 11-12, 132, 136, 139 lndex 247

Marmand, Mount 131 Nakshabandi归 (order) 7, 15 Marmand, Rasoul 191 NAP 148 Mar Shimun 10 Naqadeh 32-4 Marxist(s) 105-6, 120 Nasser, President 40, 44, 72, 76 Marxist-Leninist 146 Nasserites 40 Maysan 194 National Assembly (Iraq) 42 Meatese, Nahit 226 National Council of the Mecca 8 Revolutionary Command Mediterranean (Sea) 25, 60, 104, (Iraq) 78 130, 162, 193, 222, 232 National Progressive Front (Iraq) Memorandum of Understanding 105 (UN-Iraq) 200 National Security Council (Turkey) Mendares, Adnam 44-6 152, 163, 180, 213, 219-20 Miansoab 32, 112 National Unity Committee Middle East(em) 14, 73 ，邸， 148 ， (Turkey) 46 153, 161 , 193 NATO 44-5, 64, 93, 117-18, 152, MiG (aircraft) 83 158, 183, 206 Military co唱rdinating Council NDPF 130 (UN) 196 Nejaf 139 ‘ministerial council', Kurdish 200 Nestorian(s) 3, 8 Mìtterrand, Danielle 175, 201 ‘ new world order' 189 Mobil Oil Company 224 Nixon, President 93 Moftiz槌eh ， Ahmad, Sheikh NlA(I) 142, 171 109-10 NLF (Algerian) 71 Mohammed, Abbas, Sheikh 39, 47 'no-fly zone' 189, 193, 198, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (Shah) 202-3, 205, 229-31 93 'No Go areas' 211 Mongols 1 North Mrica(n) 157 Mongolia 122 Nowdesheh 125-6, 131 , 135 Moscow 37, 41 Nowruz (Kurdish New Year) 110, Mosopotamia(n) 1, 3, 12-13, 18 210, 213, 215, 229 Moss揭egh ， Mohammed 93 NPF (Iraq) 134 9, 13-14, 18-19 ，钮， 40 ， NRC 126, 139, 142, 171 43, 71 , 78, 105, 142, 176, 189, NRM 126 192, 203 NSP 148 Mosul Vilayet Coundl 203 Motherland Party 152, 165 Ocalan, Abdullah 106, 146, 149, Mui时， Sulieman 116 151 , 153-4, 157, 163, 166-8, Mujahideen 120 179-80, 207-8, 212-13, Mukhabarat (Iraqi) 200, 205, 230 217-22, 227, 232 Musavi, Hussein 167 Official KDP 102 Mush 9 OHRI 174 Muslim(s) 14, 119-20, 210, 220, OPEC 97 225 Operation Comfort 154-5 Mustafa, Omar 49, 56, 65, 67, 70 Operation Poised Hammer 189, 193, 212, 230 Nabì 39 Operation Provide Comfort 189, Nag;ωeh 99, 111-13 212 Nakshbandi, Khalid 31 Operation Sun 155 248 Index

Operation Tiger 70-1 PKK 106-7, 120-1, 146, 148-59, Ortabag 159 163-7, 172, 179-80, 182, Oslo 215 202-8, 210-11, 214-19, Osman, Mahmoud 103, 128, 221-9, 231-2 149 Polish 104 Osman, Niran, Sheikh 42 Powell, Michael 128 Ottoman(s) (Empire) 8-9, 12, Prague 37 25, 105, 161 President's Council (Turkey) Ozal, Turgut 152, 155, 159-60, 153 162-3, 165, 170, 173-4, 180, Prevention of Torture 166 183, 194, 202-3, 205, 213, PRF 38-40 218-19 Princilik 193, 200, 231 Ozdep 209, 228 ‘ protection zone' 191 Ozgurluk (Freedom) 147, 150 Pro观 sional Council of Kurdistan 句ur Gundem, newspaper 213 28 PUK 103-4, 106, 116, 127, Pakistan 64 129-35, 137-40, 142-5, 176, Palestinian(s) 180, 183 178-9, 183, 185-6, 191 , Palme, Olaf 158-9, 164 197-201, 203-4, 231 Panjwin 56, 79, 81-2, 86-8, 132-4, 136, 141 , 145, 169 Qasiriya (order) 7 Pan-Kurdish 207, 233 Qajar, dynasty 17 Paris 13, 126, 166 Qala Dasht, ríver 135 Partnership of Arabs and Kurds Qala Diza 77, 79, 86-8, 96, 176 36 Qazi, Mohammed 25, 28-30, Pasdaran 111-13, 115, 119, 32-3 124-7, 130-1, 136, 140, 144, Qasr SheIÏn 123, 135-6 169-70, 177 Qoraysha, tribe 152 Paveh 112 Peace Conference (1919) 13 Rndio Baghdad 89 Pecenek 163 局Jdio Kurdistan 83, 89, 99, 137 Pentagon (US) 118 RAF (British) 20, 27 Persepolis 94 Rahman, Sami Abdul 116, 191 , People's Party (Turkey) 44-5 199 Persia(n)(s) 1-3, 6-11 , 16-17, R骂ja况， Masoud 171 21 , 91 R且madan 217-18 Persian Revolution 9 Ramadan, Taha 230 Pesh Merga(s) 54-5, 57-9, Ran iya 钮， 49, 56, 67, 73, 75-7, 66-70, 74, 76-9, 81-3, 85-8, 82, 85, 88, 96, 176 90-2, 95-6, 98-9, 108-9, Rashid (Baghdad) 68 112-13, 125-7, 131-2, 134-8, Rashid, Hama, Sheikh 钮， 75 143-4, 169, 176-7, 185-7, Rashid, Mohammed, Sheikh 39 193-7, 200-1, 203-4 RCC (Iraq) 85, 90, 190-1 Pike Report 103 RDF 193 Pinarcik 162 Reagan, President 128 Piran 75 Red Army (Soviet) 17 Piranshah 124-5 Red Crescent (Iraqi) 188 Pirincilik 118, 205 'Red Kurdistan' 17 Pishdari, tribe 24, 35, 39 Republican Guard (Iraq) 200 Index 249

Revolutionary Command Council 'second offensive' 65-70 of Kurdistan 89 Second World War 21 ，饵， 33-4 ， Revolutionary Guards (Iran) see 36 Pasdaran Semdinli 154, 213 Reza Pahlavi (Khan) (Shah) 21 , 'seventh offensive' 96, 98, 100 23 Sèvres, Treaty of 13-14 Richard, King of England 1 Sezgin, Izmet 211-12, 216-17 Rizgari 148 Shaklana, tribe 42 RP 229 Shalikashveli, General 190 Russia(n)(s) 6-10, 14, 17, 29, Sharif Pasha, General 13 206, 230 Shatt al气Arab ， waterway 87 斗， 97 Russian Revolutiol1 11 Shawis, Nur 116 Ruwanduz 19, 39, 58, 67, 77, 83, Sheik Said organisation 152 86, 88-9, 96, 129, 131-2, 143 Shia(s) 2, 8, 109-11, 114, 132, Ruwal1duz Gorge 67-8, 71 , 83 142, 167, 185-6, 192, 202, 228-9 Saddam Hussein 90, 97, 104, 123, Shikaki, tribe 3, 10, 17, 29-30, 32 132-5, 137-8, 142, 145, SHP 209-10, 224 170-6, 182-3, 186-94, 196-9, Siirt 117, 164, 178, 224 201 , 205, 219, 229-30, 233 Silop 173, 190, 192-3, 212 Safa由t ， dynasty, Empire 2 Silvan 79 'safe havens' 185, 188-90, 193, Simko (Ismail Agha) 10, 17 196, 204-5, 219, 230-1 Sincar, Mehmet 223 Said, 8iroki (revolt) 24 Sinjar 116 Said, Sheikh 15 Sirnak 154, 162, 182, 212-13, 221 Sait, Ater 159 Sirwar, river 135 Saladin (Sala a坠Sin al气A叽lbi) 1 Sitak 141 ‘Saladin Force' 68, 85, 87 Sivas 46 Salahuddin 202, 229-30 'six 由 offensive' 88-9 Salim, Jawhar Namiq 200 Society for Progress and Mutual SALT 118 Aid 9 SAM-7, weapon 141 Society for the Recovery of Sa l1 and剑 29 ， 31 , 110-11, 113, Kurdistan 12 124-5, 127 Solham 215 Saqqiz 22, 29, 31-2, 75, 112, 114, South East Anatolia Project 161 125, 127, 131 s。由 t(s) 17, 21-2, 25, 28-33, 37, Sar Merga 54 41 , 48, 59, 65, 96, 105, 113, sar对kandi ， Sadegh 178 117-20, 140-1, 147, 152 Sardasht 31 , 74, 112, 114, 127, Soviet Union 116, 170 136, 138, 141 State Deparunent (US) 93, 170, Sardasht-Zanian Line 21 183, 226 Sarsank 192 Stockholm 158, 165, 215 Saudi Arabia(n)(的 94 ， 182, 186, Suliemaniyeh 19-20, 23-4, 39, 202 47-9, 56, 59-60, 66-7, 69, 71 , SAVAK 93, 95, 108, 116 74, 77, 79, 82, 85, 90, 95, Schmidt, Dana Adam 190 129-30, 132, 137, 141 , 144-5, SCIRI 132-3, 140, 142, 202, 229 169, 172, 174, 176, 185-7, SCUD, missiles 145 192-4, 201 , 205 'security zone' 189 Sunni(s) 2, 109-10, 148, 202 250 /ndex

Surchi, tribe 钮， 41 ， 52 U-2, aircraft 118 Sweden(ish) 158 Ubeidullah, Sheikh 7 Switzerland (Swiss) 63, 75, 221-2 UK 145, 228 Sydney 222 UKDP 36-8, 40 Sykes-Picot Treaty 19 Uledere 159, 182, 213 Syria(n)(s) 9, 12-13, 16, 18, 21 , U1usu, Buent, Admiral 120 25, 33, 41 , 55, 60, 75, 87, 91 , UN 81 , 118, 122, 144, 170-2, 98, 102, 104, 107, 117, 121 , 175, 184, 186, 190, 192-3, 130, 138, 141 , 143, 145-7, 196-8, 200-1, 203, 205, 222, 157-8, 162-3, 166-8, 171 , 228, 230-1, 233 179, 181 , 199, 202, 204-5, UNHCR 174, 188, 194, 196-7, 207-8, 212, 216, 218, 226-8, 200 234 United Arab Republic 40 Szimkus, Helmut 228 ‘United Kurdistan' 20 UN Resolution 598 145, 170 Tabriz 10, 32 UN Resolution 687 186 Takrit 1 UN Resolution 688 189, 230 Talabani, Jalal 49, 56, 64, 68, 70, UN Security Council 189 73-5, 78, 81-2, 84-8, 90, 98, Uppsala 158 102-3, 106, 116, 134-5, Urmi归 3 ， 8, 17, 21-2, 29, 32, 34, 137-8, 143, 145, 172, 183-4, 124-7, 135-6 187, 191-2, 194-6, 198-200, USA (US) 65, 78, 88, 93-5, 97, 202, 207-8, 217-18, 231 103, 114, 119-21, 128, 138, Talali, tribe 33 141 , 152, 170, 175, 182-3, Taswasrab 176 186, 188-9, 191-4, 199, 204, Tehran 2, 9-11, 17 ， 22 ， 29 ，但斗， 208, 212, 220, 228, 230-1 43, 52, 61 , 73-4, 79, 81 , 89, Ushna讯 a 115 93, 98, 107, 109, 111-14, USSR 14, 16, 21-2, 33-4, 37-8, 123-6, 128, 130, 136-9, 41 , 44, 52 , 55, 64-5, 71 , 78, 142-4, 152, 157, 159, 167, 91 , 93, 97-8, 104, 113, 120, 170, 172, 177-8, 196, 201 , 138, 147, 207 216, 227 Uzbek(s) (istan) 2 ‘ third offensive' 76-9 Uzunde 173 33rd Parallel 205 扭曲 Parallel 202 Van 7, 16, 46, 71 , 124, 181 36th Parallel 189, 195, 198, 320 Varna 208 Thrace 14 Vichy French 21 Tigris river 1 Vienna 178, 202 TKSP 105 Troup曾's specìales du Levant 18 ‘war of genocide' 172 True Path Party (see also DYP) 'wars of the cities' 145 209 Washington (USA) 饵， 115, 183, Tudeh 22, 32, 115 193-4, 224 Turkish Peace Association 164 West(ern) 14, 44, 48, 55, 59-61, Turkish Tourist Board 222, 232 64-5, 88, 114, 117-18, 120-3, Turkish Workers' Party 80, 105 128, 151 , 175, 187-8, 191 , Turkoman(s) 40，钮， 110 197, 201-2, 206-8, 210, 214, 'Twelve Point Programme' 84, 86, 216, 219, 221-2, 225, 229, 90 232-4 /ndex 251

Western Allies 185, 188, 192 Young Turks 9 Western Europe(n) (s) 45, 62, Yugoslavs 128 64, 72, 126, 128, 136, 138, Yuksekoua 173 143, 150-1, 158-9, 163-5, Yumurtalik 104 167, 169-70, 179, 181 , 189, Yussufan ，町ibe 152 193, 195, 211 , 215, 226, 228, Yuvali 163 232 West Berlin 150 48, 50, 66, 77, 88, 95, 137, West Gennany(n)(s) 128-9, 150, 141 , 144, 172, 186, 190, 204, 161 , 164-6, 177, 181 230 Western Turkev 179 Zala 227 Wielsputz, Siegfried 116 Zibar 66 Wiesbaden 226 Zibari, tribe 27-8, 39, 42, 47 Wilson, President (USA) 12, 14, Zibari, Hushier 177 19 Zohab, Treaty of 3 Zozic, Mount 83, 96 Yezidi(s) 78 Zulfiqar (brigade) 125 Yilmaz, Mesut 173 Zurich 165