DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 389 199 FL 023 406

AUTHOR Gastellum, David; And Others TITLE A Historical Odyssey: Research of the Opposing Perspectives of the Battle of San Pasqual. A Specially Adapted Unit Plan for Secondary Educational Sheltered/Bilingual Programs.[A Fully Integrated Instructional Unit.] PUB DATE 23 May 95 NOTE 278p.; For related instructional units, see FL 023 405-410. Photographs and illustrations may not reproduce clearly. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Bilingual Education; Community Involvement; Elementary Education; English (Second Language); *History Instruction; Lesson Plans; *Limited English Speaking; Parent Participation; Poetry; *School Community Programs; Secondary Education; *Secondary School Curriculum; Second Language Learning; Self Esteem; State Departments of Education IDENTIFIERS *Sheltered English

ABSTRACT This lesson plan uses a poem about a specific battle as the starting point for a secondary educational sheltered/bilingual program for limited-English-proficient (LEP) students in San Diego, California. The plan is to use primary and secondary documentation to view both sides of the battle that prompted the writing of the poem. Goals of the program include greater student self-esteem and greater understanding of a historical event through improved reading, writii.g, and overall expression in the English language. Homework and parent/community involvement activities are suggested, and photos and drawings of relevant places which help to explain the situation are included. Much historical background is provided, including an actual bullet (not included here).(NAV)

*********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. * ****************************************************************

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A HISTORICAL ODDYSEY: RESEARCH OF THE OPPOSING PERSPECTIVES OF THE BATTLE OF SAN PASQUAL

A Specially Adapted Unit PLAN For Secondary Educational Sheltered/BilingualPrograms

Presented to Dr. Carmen Sadek of San Diego State University

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TO THE EOUCA TIONA, RESOURCES INFORMATION c,ENTI-R PLC 651

by

David Gastellum, JulieJacobson, Angela Shaw,Barbara Shreves

MAY 23, 1995

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!1 Table of Contents

1.The Battle of San Pasqual Poem 1

2. Introduction 2

3. Outline of Content-Sources For Unit (See Reading Packet) 4

4. Homework Assignments & Parent/Community InvoIvement 5

5.Self-Esteem Objective And Goals 6

6. English Language Development/Primary Language Instruction/Specially Designed Academic Content In English Day 1 7 -Day 2 11 Day 3 16 Day 4 21 Day 5 26

7. Scene Of The First Battle At San Pasqual/Mule Hill 15

8.San Diego Mission/San Carlos Mission 20

9.Twelve-Pound Bronze Mountain Howitzer 25

10.Additional Vocabulary 31

I 1. San Diego Mission 33

12. Art Coloring Handout Of Howitzer/Lancer And Dragoon 34

13. Reading Packet 35

14. Recommended Reading:Californio Review of 36 "The Battle Of San Pasqual" By David Gastellum

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THE B.R.fiti:LE OF SANTASCULAL

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I. Introduction A.The goal of the California State Program for Students of Limited English Proficiency isto produce Fluent English Proficient (FEP) studentsthatwillfunction successfully inmainstream English-speakingclasses. B.There have been many historical accounts of the Battle of San Pasqua] and just as many different or disputed 'factualinterpretations' of this same conflict. The battle of San Pasqual continues to rage even in the twentieth century as historians are engaged in open debate on many of the details that surround this intriguing event.Historians continue to maintain diverse assessments of the recorded facts.However, one dominant fact prevails:few historians have been able to agree on the circumstances surrounding the battle.The basic issue of whether the victory was the American's (Kearny's) or the Mexican's (Pico's) remains in debate. Available accounts emphasize Kearny's trek across the continent and his 'debatable' victory at San Pasqual.

II.Outline of Content A.Geographic content of the battle of San Pasqual. B. People/Groups involved in the battle. C. Desert/Mountain environments. D.Timeline of march and battle. E. Goals, motivation and results of the battle.

III.Unit Goals A. Student will understand the hardships endeavered traveling from Missouri allthe way to the west coast. I) Given pictures, students will be able to name and identify geographic locations and diverse landformations. 2) Students will be able to verbalize the effects of shortage of food and water in relation to the distance and terrain. B. Students will be able to draw their own conclusions from opposing primary and secondary documentation. I) Students experience that there can be diverging opinion on the same historicalincident. 2) Students understand the idea of seeing thesame incident from a different perspective.

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Introduction(cont.)

IV. Description of Assessment Student will develop a portfolio including allthe weeks work from the various classes.Items will be collected daily and returned to the students for their portfolios.The portfolios will show that the student'sare'conscientious' and 'participative'.

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ReadingPacket Outline of Content SourcesforUnit

SecondarySource

1. "Silver Dons; The History of San Diego" by Richard F. Pourade

2.California View Of "The Battle of San Pasqual",by David R. Gastellum.

PrimarySources

3. "Memories of an Old Man"; abstracted from Pablo Vejar.

4. "San Pasqual" Notes of Benjamin Hayes.

5.Roman Asuna:An Interview by Edgar Hasting.

6.Pioneer data from 1832:From the Memories of Don Juan Foster.

7. Feticita, from Escondido Times-Advocate November 3,1916.

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HomeworkAssignments

On day1, students will be assigned homework for the entire week.The assignments are expected to be completed by the end of the week.One activityis for the students to go out into their community and interviewa Veteran of War. Possible sources could be family members, teachers, church members, neighbors, and any armed forces agency.Another day's assignment is for students to write about a personal experience where their perspective of the incident differed from someone else who also experienced.it.

Parent/CommunityInvolvement

Parents will be encouraged throughout the weeks activitiesto participatein preparation and performance of culminating activities.These activities include construction of musical instruments, development and performance of plays.

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SELF-ESTEEM OBJECTIVE AND GOALS

1. Dedicated Continue working when others give up.start early, stay late, work for quality.

2. Courteous Students work in cooperative groups and demonstrate courteous behavior by acknowledging needs of others by helping, sharing, and supporting the academic needs of classmates.

3. Self-controlled When others are acting out, set an example rather than joining in with the inappropriate behavior. When confronted by a peer in a negative manner, react positively.

4. Participative Students work in cooperative groups and volunteer to help others complete assignments.Checks with teacher for correctness of work.

5. Cooperative Work in cooperative groups, comply with the teachers requests, and your peer requests (if appropriate).

6. Sensitive Be attentive to others needs, listen well so you know how others feel.

7.Creative Use all your resources and abilities as well as your peers.Be open minded to suggestions which may lead to new ideas.

8. Efficient Finish work in a timely manner.Don't waste unnecessary time. Utilizeallmaterials that are available.

9. Conscientious Work is neat and complete.Student follows directions and tries to do best, stay on task, select positive role models.

10. Hard working Students remain on task for entire time allotted.Students do not stop until goal is achieved.

11. Analytical Look for alternative ways to resolve problems, complete tasks, and deal with peers.Be able to self evaluate and accept others suggestions.

12. Persistent Don't give up.Keep working on tasks until completed.If you have a good idea, continue with it.

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DAYI ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Refer to Vocabulary for DayI

PRE-PRODUCTION Show students a map of the United States, and map on P.98 of the test.Have students point to different geo- graphical locations when teacher names them (See. Voc Day 1).Students will make a list of all cities and rivers.

E, iRLY PRODUCTION 1) Instructor shows pictures from magazines of differentgeologicalformations. 2) Label pictures (rivers, valleys, plateaus, etc.). 3) List geographical names under categories.

SPEECH EMERGENCE Have students state in a sentence: using theproper names & category, from the talking chart. Example: California is a state in the United States.Students then form groups, and share work (Seevoc Day 1).

INTERMEDIATE Have students look at map & answer questions based FLUENCY on geographical locations & terms.For example, have the students compare and contrast different geographical land formations.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY 1 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

LANGUAGE Discuss voc of "Western The students are provided with ARTS United States" that the relevant quotes from the text. Dragoons marched throughIn cooperative groups, they read the on their way to Californiaprovided sentences and develop (see map on page 98) a list of geographic locations and enter them on a prepared map.

MATH Instructstudents about Chart, on a U.S.map the 1600 mile the concept of an average military march of Gen. Stephen Watts and practice with Kearney.Figure total mileage examples. Discuss con- (exactly) using a key or legend, and cepts of legend & key. estimate average mile per day.Chart Stress vocabulary to see if an alternate, shorter, and relatedtomathematical move navigatable route was possible. terms.

SOCIAL Students learn about the Only international battle the U.S. STUDIES importance of San Pascual.ever lost on its own territory. Teacher gives overall story & discuss importance.Teacher's lecture to include geographical vocabulary.In cooperative groups students share experiences with each other and then with entire class.Hand out voc. list of geographical locations. Using brainstormingtechniques,teacher encourages student torelate personal experiencesinrelationship to travel & geographical locations from vocab.list.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY I INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

SCIENCE Students learn about & Teacher discusses general geological explain terms relatedto terms of the Southwest.(See voc. thevariedcharacteristicsDay 1) of different land forms.

ART Students color in a map ofIn groups, students using clay make a a river, lake or plateau. model of a geographical land form. A Teacher explains SDAIE plateau, mesa, passages, rivers or activity to be performed. lakes.

MUSIC Students practice and Students locate setting on a learntitle of the Ballad topographical map. Students will of San Pasqual. listentodifferent compositions from the era composed or from similar battles and written about thishistoricalincident.

Students review concept Each student tries on backpacks with of weights & its physical varying weights loaded with sand to toll on the body. simulate travelof soldiers.

DRAMA Drama students discuss Teacher reviewslistof geographical listof geographical termsterms. Students write a monologue of monologues. based on a personal experience of travel.Students must include vocab. fromlist of geographical locations.

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VOCABULARY

DAY 1 Countries/States Mountains/Passes

UnitedStates Sierra Nevada New Mexico Cuyamaca Mountains California Donna Pass Missouri San Felipe Pass

Cities/Areas Rivers/Lakes San Diego Colorado River Los Angeles Lake Hodges Indiana San Louis Rey River Sonora Cariso Creek Mason Lake Henshaw Agna Caliente Los Penasquitos Creek Santa Ysabel Alamo Mocha San Pasqual NalleysICanyons Seely Temecula ImperialValley Stockton Soledad Valley Gila Junction Earthquake Valley Vallecito San Pasqual Valley Mexicale El Cajon Valley Santa Maria Ramona Valley Torrey Pines Mission Valley Currizo Corridor Clevengo Canyon Rose Canyon

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DAY2 ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Refer to Vocabulary for Day 2

PRE-PRODUCTION Show pictures of historicalfigures and clothing from the time period (early to mid 1800's).Students will identifythe historicalfigures and clothing using pictures or authentic items (clothing, weapons, etc.).

EARLY PRODUCTION Using pictures and models, students will label items and compare and contrast past weapons & clothing to todays.

SPEECH EMERGENCE Students in pairs will review Social Studies historical figures and choose one to writea short summary on.

INTERMEDIATE Students in pairs will review Social So Wits FLUENCY historical figures and choose one to writea short summary on, and present to the class.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY 2 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

LANGUAGE Students will discuss voc. In cooperative groups each group ARTS from the Day2 voc (Peopleof students is provided with text Involved & Clothing sec). excerpts about the different -parties Teacher will discuss involved in the story from which characters & different grpsthey will put together as much of people involved in the knowledge as possible about those story "The Silver Dons". parties.Then they will identify with that group or person and present their character/groupto the class.

MATH Students review voc. Estimate per day how much food and related to estimation of water was needed for the company supply & demand. for the entire month of March. How many supply wagons were needed and how often did they have to restock their supplies.Was there adequate water sources along the way?

SOCIAL Review names of historicalStudy & research major characters & STUDIES figures in voc. list, and theorganizations.Students will be importance of each.Show provided in the lecture with a short pictures of clothing they history of The Lancers, A. Pico, Gen. may have worn and suppliesKearney, Kit Carson and the used during that time Californio's.Have students break period. into groups & discuss these historicalcharacters. Each student is responsible for writinga 1/2 page summary cn a chosen character.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY 2 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

SCIENCE Students review what Discuss group dynamics and decide emotionalstrengths and what physical and emotional weaknesses are and give strengths would be needed to endure an example of each. this trip.Interview each other to see if they would be a viable candidate for the journey.Begin sharingresults.

MUSIC Teacher will explain the Practice & locate voc from Day 1 lesson'sobjective which rivers & lakes, and Day 5 battle will be to identify the actions. Students will then listen instruments which are used to arrangements depicting a battle for battles as opposed to as well as arrangements depicting instruments that the rivers & waters.Using the voc, composer used to create studentswilldescribe the the impression of moving differences between both. water.

ART Students review the Discuss & compare shields of concepts and purposes of different eras.Design a shield that shieldsinbattle and theirthe major characters might have personalsignificance. used.

P.E. Studentsdiscussarchery. Discuss games and activities from lances, concepts of that time period and play a select activities from that few, like "Mark your target with historical time period, the lance" where students play a Teacher modelsactivitiesstick-on dart game, or "Archery", to be performed. usingarrows.

DRAMA Teacher to discuss Students dress up in costumes from clothing voc. and help that time period and read their students revise,editor personal monologues. practice monologues.

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VOCABULARY

DAY 2

PEOPLE/GROUPS

UnitedStates Arm Army of the West First Dragoons -Gen. Kearny Kit Carson -Gen. Castro Major Swords -Cap. Abraham Johnson -Cap. B. D. Moore Gillespie & his volunteers Californios

Mexicans Senoran horse thieves Dons Jose Joaquin Ortega Jose Antonio Pico

Don'sCostumes

Traditionalrich, ornamented costumes Leathern Cairasses to protect bodies Serape over one shoulder Leather shield with Castilian herald Gay pennants fluttered from their lances.

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DAY3 ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Refer to Vocabulary for Day 3

PRE-PRODUCTION Show pictures of desert and mountainous regions. Provided with labels, students match labels with pictures, within cooperative groups.

EARLY PRODUCTION Students find own pictures in magazines of desert and mountainous .regions and label pictures. They will produce a sentence for each label.

SPEECH EMERGENCE Students will find pictures in magazines, as well as bring photographs to class. Students will describe animal and plant life in these areas as well as depict lifein these areas.

INTERMEDIATE Students develop and dramatize a short skit based on FLUENCY possible experiences traveling through theseareas. Students will develop questions which be used for Friday's jeopardy game, related to voc-Day 3.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY 3 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

LANGUAGE Brainstormallfacts. As class develops a talking chart of ARTS feelings,knowledge desert/mountain/valleyenviron., students possess consultingspeciallyselected regarding environ. voc. sentences of the text.In cooperative Draw pictures of their groups the student picks one of the favoriteenviron.habitat. environments and create a story crossing theirselected environment.

MATH Show pictures of travel Create a travel brochure charting brochures and explain the trail and many of its stops along concepts of charting. the way.List costs then and now for Discuss varied brochures travel, entertainment & meals. and the deiails each Compare & contrast.Figure total contains. mileage, using key or legend, and est. average mileage per day.Chart to see if an alternate, shorter, and more navigable route was possible.

SOCIAL Discuss and show picturesBrief lecture on weather & STUDIES of areas in the world wheretopographical conditions along the weather does change journey with major areas of the noticeably, and contrast journey anditssurroundings. them with areas that Students are to coordinate and plot don't change as noticeably.Gen. Kearney's trek.Color and design coordinating legend.Be creative!

SCIENCE StudentswilldiscusstheirStudents begin making a iiagram or experiences or knowledge trail of desert or mountain of the desert and mountainenvironment. Label externally using regions and generate theirvoc from Day 3. voc.list.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY 3 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

MUSIC Students review voc. Teachers will bring in pictures of Students will learn and funerals & students will generate practice vocabulary wordsvoc list of related emotions. from the firstfive lines of(sorrow,grief,sadness,etc.) the ballad.Teacher will Teacher plays ballad to students explain forthcominglesson.repeatedly until students are able to recognize & produce every word of firstfivelines.

ART Students analyze the Using water colors, students create differentpicturesof their own picture of a desert or mountain & desert scenes,mountain scene.Teacher models practicing voc. related to different techniques and brush artistictechniques. strokes.Many examples are displayed.

P.E. Explain the purpose of theWalk around the track with weighted activity and practice voc. packs (representing the desert) or relatingtodesert mountainup the stadium steps with weighted environment. packs (representing the mountain trek).They choose which environ- ment to experience, and they convince each other as to which environment was theharshest.

DRAMA Studentswilldiscuss Start formulation of play reenacting objective of the assign- the Battle of San Pasqual, ment and will explain implementing, majorcharacters, each major component costumes, hardships & ordeals. to be included in the drama.

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VOCABULARY

DAY 3 DesertDescriptions MountainDescriptions white drifting sand dunes mountain edge bed of a lost sea whitegranite 200 feet below sea level saltlake MountainConditions saltyfeats dry canyons slow rising climb heavy sand impassable drearydesert rocky & difficulttrail covered with rocks & DesertConditions stones ascent the mountain worst stretch of marsh difficultclimbs water receded to a pool down the mountain diminished to one half thick, soapy quagmire Plant1; wholly unfit for man alid brute Mesquite trees Drenopodiaceous shrub Accessories Oakes Sycamores of great Trapper size & age Guide Wild Oats Willow tree RelatedWeather

poured intorrents drenching the party heavy rain cold, wet night cold,frosty morning much rain had fallen in the cold of the San Diego Mountains

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DAY4 ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Refer to Vocabulary for Day 4

PRE-PRODUCTION Instructor will model a personal timeline for the students describing each major event.Students will practice how to express years (in1994, 1993, etc.).

EARLY PRODUCTION Instructor will model expressions of times relationto an event.Students will within groups make 10 sentences about any major events intheir life including day, month and year.

SPEECH EMERGENCE Given a timeline including specific dates and events, they will verbalize the information and in groups work on eight sample sentences.

INTERMEDIATE Given a blank timeline, student will work in FLUENCY cooperative groups to depict the life and major events of afictionalor non-fictional character. Teacher provides Bibliographies of persons from diverse cultural backgrounds. Students will develop questions from voc-Day 4, to be used for jeopardy game which will be played on Day 5.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY 4 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

LANGUAGE Discuss the concept of a Students develop a timeline of their ARTS timeline & review pertinent own lives, and write their lives vocabulary from talking story in an essay. chart.

MATH Continue travel brochure Continue working on travel brochure. discussions and ideas.

SOCIAL Students review voc. Short intro & description of what a STUDIES pertinenttotalking timeline consists of, how itis chart & discuss map on diagramed as well asits advantages P.99. for learning historical events. Class breaks up into groups with the following items: butcher paper, colored pencils, crayons and documents. Students are to create their own time line of the important activities of the journey. Students willfind important dates and activities from their primary source material.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY 4 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

SCIENCE Review voc. again related Continuing to work on and complete to desert & mountain diorama's. regions, plus any life forms indigenous to the regions.

MUSIC Teacher explains that theTeacher shows video clips of fare- ballad will be completed. well scenes from news, commercials Students willlearn or movies.Students generate voc meaning of voc from lineslist about feelings & actions related six through nine and to good-bye scenes.Teacher plays practiceit. recording of ballad & students recognize & produce all words of ballad lines 6 through 9.Students sing words to song to a known tune of teachers choice. ART Students willdiscuss theStudents will draw & color pictures objective of the assign- of the main events from their time- ment, combining pictures lines.Pictures should be of with the timeline, & each appropriate size to attach to the student willpresent a timeline. Attach pictures to verbal summary of what timeline. they plan to demonstrate intheir timeline.

P.E. Explainactivity The track is now developed into a timeline and at each stage of this timeline they will perform an activity.

DRAMA Review voc. students needContinue to work or play and to complete drama.Each complete. Prepare for tomorrows student gives an oral performance. Invite parents. description of their play.

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DAY 4 Numbers] Dates Activities

1846 Camp on November 25 rest The second camp resume the march 2nd day rested for a day 4th Camp trudged for 2 days 9 O'clock

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DAY5 ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Refer to Vocabulary for Day 5

PRE-PRODUCTION Students play bingo with vocabulary from entire unit.

EARLY PRODUCTION Students use words, which are previously matched, in sentences of their own.Students then participate in matching voc.test.

SPEECH EMERGENCE Students match words written on vocabulary cards with 3 other words in same category, and use the word in a sentence.

INTERMEDIATE Students play jeopardy with all vocabulary from the FLUENCY unit's "talking charts".The categories also include questions about the journey, battle,the motivations, and the result.One side of room plays against the other. Teams accumulate points as students answer questionscorrectly.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY 5 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

LANGUAGE Discuss concepts of In cooperative groups the students ARTS motivation.Play bingo read preselected sections of the text with Day 5 vocabulary. and create a semantic map, showing interrelated concepts and ideas,to demonstrate how different groups in the story interact and relate to each other. Share with class.

MATH Discuss vocabulary. Determine if transporting the Howitzeractivity. howitzers the entire way was worth Discuss problem solving it,(small cannons which needed and analyticaltechniques wagons to pull them, gunpowder, and in their own lives. 12 lb. balls to fire out of them) was worth it, or would it have been less costly and more advantageous for battletotransportrifles and pistols with the appropriate ammunition (gun powder & pellets).Howitzers could do more overall damage, but was it worth it for the extra days of travel and extra wagons.12 lb. balls as opposed to powder and pellets.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY 5 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

SOCIAL Discuss the background ofShort introduction and discussion STUDIES the motivation behind the on U.S. motives for the Mexican- war, and the concepts of American War.Teacher hands out diverse opinions. Relate controversialstatements & opinions this with students' of political opinions of Mexican- personalconcrete American War.Students review experiences. hand-outindividually.Class breaks up into groups, and comes up with a group opinion for the motives behind the Mexican-American War.Each group presentstheirinterpretations and class then questions each others opinions in an open class discussion. Groups will generate an impromptu dialogue and read it out loud.When another group says "FREEZE", this group takes the places and postures of the original group, and then acts out their own opinions about the motives of the Battle of San Pasqual.

SCIENCE The instructor discusses The instructor uses hair spray the cannon and the cannon to demonstrate power of the Howitzer as the most parabolic arceffect. powerful weapons of that time period.

MUSIC Students will receive In heterogeneous cooperativegroups, instructionsaboutcreatingstudents willselect from 5 possible their own interpretation ofmusical styles (opera, rap,pop, etc.), the ballad.Together, to create their own interpretation of students will do a choral the ballad.Students will perform reading of the ballad. their composition for the class.

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SPECIALLY DESIGNED PRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT IN DAY 5 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

ART Students discuss the Using 'the diverse mediums avail- aspects of a battle, able, students will create a paint- focusing on voc.Brain- ing, or piece of art entitled storm possibleart "Battle". Teachers give examples projectsrelatedtothat of modern art or past students' topic. work.

P.E. Instructor willexplain theStudents are divided into two teams, various aspects to be the Dons and the U.S. Army. They accomplished inthe relay participate in relay races through an race, and itsobjective. obstacle course, simulating the week'sactivities. Self-esteemwill be enhanced through participation and peer encouragement.

DRAMA Teacher answers questions, The students act out their plays. refinesskits,practice andParents are encouraged to attend. rehearselines.

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DAY 5

RELATED TO WAR - RELACIONADO A LA GUERRA

Actions-Acciones Objects-Objetos People-LaGente tosurround-rodear spears-lanzas officers-oficiales toretreat-retirarse rifles-rifles captain-capi tan topierce-perforar I ance-lan za enemies-enemigos captured-capturado cartrig es- cart u ch os leader-lider todivide-dividir swords-espadas chief-eljefe to take command-mandar guns-pistolas commander-comandante battered-batir,batido firearms armas victims-victimas burried-enterrado charger attacker-asaltador striking -pegando Results-LosResultadosrifleman-matador toconceal-esconder hardshi ps- di fi c ultades volunteers- vol un tari os torescue-rescatar victory-victoria the wounded-los heridos fleeing-huyendo masacre-matonza conquerors-conquistadores towarn-avisar dangers-peligros pri son ers- pris ion eros todie-morir privations-privar,despojarinmates-prisioneros toseize-agarrar su ffering- su fri mi en to soldiers- soldados toreward-recompensar tragedy -tragedi a fellows-hombres tosetfree-liberar attacks-ataques servants-si -vientes tomarch-marchar losses-lasperdidas women-mujeres tomourn-lamentar deserter-des ertor tofire-disparar Feelings-Sentimientos captive-uncautivo tocombat-combatir panic-panico todart-echar sadness-latristeza Kind tothrust-empujar desperate-des esperado heroic- heroico tostab-apufialar sorrow-pesar,dolor unidentified- todefend-defender no identificado, pursuit-lacazar o sin identificacion toforce-esforzar bra v e- val i ente wounded-herido toscoure-buscar tofight-luchar

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APP -ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY IN SPANISH VOCABULARIO ADICIONAL

Vocabulario-SanPascual(Traduccionalespanol)

CLOTHING-LA ROPA LAND-LA TIERRA Kind-Clases Types-Tipos shoes-loszapatos valleys-losvalles belts-loscinturones hills-lascolinas ravine-precipicio ANIMALS-LOS ANIMALS battlefield-batalla campo de Kinds-Clases horses-caballos Kind-Clases mules-mulas muddy-lodoso wolves-lobos saturated-saturado sheep-ovejas chickens-pollos BODY - EL CUERPO cattle-elganado buffalo-bit falo Parts-Partes coyote-coyote head-la cabeza lungs-los pulmones Actions-Acciones heart-elcorazo'n a stampede-una estampida ribs-lascostillas tograze-pastar,rozar neck-elcuello face-lacara COMMUNICATION- limbs-brazos,piernas LA COMUNICACION lip-ellabio arm-elbrazo Kinds-Tipos fronttooth-eldiente messages-mensajes eye-elojo letter-unacarta report-in forme FAMILY-LA FAMILIA memoirs-diario Members-LosMiembros Action-Acciones son-elhijo to send-enviar, mandar brother-in-law elcunado totransport-transportar relatives-losparientes People-LaGenie inessengers-mensajeros

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SanPascualVocabulary

BUILDINGS-LOS EDIFICOS TRAVEL-LA TRANSPORTACION

Types-LosTipos Actions-Acciones hut-lachoza houses-lascasas totransport-transportar fort-lafortaleza toride-pasear,montar Parts-Partes Plank floors-pisos de madera room-cuartos Materials Materiales abode

PLACES-LOS LUGARES Cities-LasCiudades towns-pueblos cummunities-comunidades

DISTANCES-DISTANCIAS

Miles-millas feet-pies league-tresmillas

NUMBERS-NUMEROS

forty-two cuarenta y dos fifteen-quince a few-unos

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Memorial sorrow grief remember lay to rest die farewell have left thee joyful/joy Participants brave men companions in arms foe

Participants'actions marched over the land barely spied the land suddenly died to draw nigh peacefulsleep

Setting

lonegrave/graves lone willow tree (see also voc Day 3) zephyrs softsigh

Battleequipment lancers chargers (see also voc Day 5)

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P.1-( Volume Three of a Series on the HistoricBirthplace of California THE HISTORY OFSAN DIEGO SILVERDONS

Written By: EcRICHARD F. POURAD4 EDITOR EMERITUS, THE SAN DIEGO UNION

Commissioned By JAMES S. COPLEY CHAIRMAN OF THE CORPORATION, THE COPLEY PRESS, INC.

Published By The Union-Tribune Publishing Company

C.at ;1_) THE BLOODY LANCES

A cold December wind was whipping off the snow on the Cuyamaca Mountains when Gerk. Kearny and his weary Army of the West arrived at Warner's Ranch, dragging their two mountain howit- zers along the ground as they had done since leaving New Mexico. It was while they Were approaching the Colorado River that they learned that the situation in California had changed dras- tically since they had met Kit Carson and been assured by him that the Californios would never fight. First they encountered a group of Mexicans with a large band of horses, which, it turned out, belonged in part to a band of Sonoran horse thieves and in part to couriers of Flores on the way to Sonora to plead for help in the war against the Americans. Next, they captured a Sonoran in whose saddle bags were found dis- patches to Gen. Castro describing in detail all that had transpired in California since his flight. Kearny and his men were not discouraged. The First Dragoons were one of the proudest units of the United States Army and vet- erans of the frontier, and Kearny himself was a respected and proven commander. They had originally set out for California to fight the enemy, and now, no matter their tired and tattered con- dition, theywere anxious to get about it. They forded the Colorado River a mile anda half south of the Gila junction on November 25, where itwas 1500 feet wide, camped, and the next morning, wrapping bundles ofgrass behind their saddles, and taking "the

THE AMERICANSSUFFERED HEAVY LOSSES in the Battle of San Pasqual. How the actionswere fought is shown in Lt. Emory's sketch of the battlefield.

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ONE OF THE WORLD'S LONGESTMILITARY MARCHESwas that of the Army of the West which GeneralKearny led all the way to San Diego.

great highway between Sonora andCalifornia," rounded the base of the white drifting sand dunesjust below eastern Imperial Val- ley, and began crossing the bed ofa lost sea at places more than two hundred and fifty feet belowsea level. It was the worst stretch of their march of 1600 miles. The second campwas made at Alamo Mocho, twenty-four miles from the river, south andeast of Mexicali, in Lower California, where they had to dig forwater. The night was made horrible by the cries of hungry mules. Thenext day they headed fora salt lake thirty or forty milesaway, despite the warnings of the captured Sonorans. The lake evidentlywas one of the salty flats which occa- sionally filled with floodwater from the Colorado. Emory wrote:

The heavy sand had proved too muchfor many horses and some mules, and all the efforts of their drivers couldbring them no farther than the middle of this dreary desert. About 8 o'clock,as we approached the lake, the stench of dead animals confirmed thereports of the Mexicans and put to flight allhopes of our being able to use the water. The basin nf the lake, as wellas I could judge at night, is about three-quarters -of a mile long and halfa mile wide. The water had receded toa pool, diminished to one half its size, and the approach to itwas through a thick soapy quagmire. It was wholly unfit forman or brute, and we studiously kept the latter fromit, thinking that the use of it would butaggravate their thirst. One or two of the mencame in late, and, rushing to the lake, threw them- selves down and tookmany swallows before discovering their mistake; but the effect was not injurious except thatit increased their thirst. Well in the Desert A few mezquite trees anda chenopodiaceous shrub bordered the lake, and Alamo Mocho on these our mules munched till they had sufficientlyrefreshed themselves,

98 when the call to saddle was sounded, andwe groped silently our way in the dark. The stoutest animals now began to stagger, and when daydawned, scarcely a man was seen mounted. With .the sun rose a heavy fog from the southwest,no doubt from the gulf, and sweeping towards us, enveloped us for twoor three hours, wetting our blan- kets and giving relief to the animals. Before it had dispersedwe came to a patch of sun-burned grass. The weary column hadswung north and crossed into what is now the United States, probably just west of Seely, and finally entered the wide gap that led to Carrizo Spring, thefirst step in a slowly rising climb through the mountains. The short way to the port of San Diego lay directlyover the mountain ridges, but they were impassable for militaryequip- ment and wagons. The route for Kearny leda long way around through the Carrizo Corridor, which took them ina northwesterly direction up through drycanyons into a broad green pass that lifted up to Warner's. Here, several circuitous anddifficult trails led to San Diego. From here alsoa trail led northerly through a series of rich, comparatively flat upland valleysto lush Thmecula, from where the trail again branched,one southwest, back toward the San Luis Rey Mission and downto San Diego, and the other going north through open country to Los Angeles. Emory continued: When the fog had entirely dispersedwe found ourselves entering a gap in the mountains, which had been beforeus for four days. The plain was crossed,

THE LONG ,W EARY ROUTE of Gen. Kearny's Armyto San Diego was sketched in detail by Lt. William E mory, of the U S. TopographicalEngineers. His descrip- tions formed the basis of San Diego's hope of being theterminus of the first trans- continental railroad. The dream faded andso did San Diego for many years.

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99 but we had not yet found water. The first valley we reached was dry, and it was not till 12 o'clock, m., that we struck the Cariso (cane) creek, within half a mile of one of its sources, and although so close to the source, the sands had already absorbed much of its water, and left but little running. A mile or two below, the creek entirely disappears. They had made fifty-four miles in two days. Many animals were left on the road to die of thirst and hunger, in spite of the generous efforts of the men to bring them to the spring. More than one was brought up, by one man tugging at the halter and another pushing up the brute, by placing his shoulder against its buttocks. Our most serious loss, perhaps, was that of one or two fat mares and colts brought with us for food; for before leaving camp, Major Swords found in a concealed place one of the best pack mules slaughtered, and the choice bits cut from his shoulders and flanks, stealthily done by some mess less provident than others. On November 29 they followed the dry sandy bed of Carrizo Creek, riding many miles through thickets: The day was intensely hot, and the sand deep; the animals, inflated with water and rushes, gave way by the scores; and, although we advanced only six- teen miles, many did not arrive at camp until 10 o'clock at night. It was a feast day for the wolves (coyotes) which followed in packs close on our track, seizing our deserted brutes and making the air resound with their howls as they battled for the carcasses. They reached the "little pools" of Vallecito, where they refreshed themselves on water that was slightly salty, killed a horse for food, and rested for a day. Gen. Kearny conducted the last review of the Army of the West. Capt. Abraham Johnston, who had not long to live, wrote in his notes that("Our men were inspected today. Poor fellows! They are well nigh.naked some of them bare- foota sorry looking set. A Dandy would think that; in those swarthy sun-burnt faces, a lover of his country will see no signs of quailing. They will be ready for their hour when it comes." There were no complaints from such men as Capts. B. D. Moore and Johnston, Lts. Thomas Hammond and Davidson, all of the First Dragoons; or from Lts. Emory and W. H. Warner, of the Topographical Engineers, or Maj. Thomas Swords, of the Quarter- William H. Emory,as a brigadier general master Corps, and Dr. John S. Griffin, an assistant Army surgeon. The desert and the enemy held no fear, either, for Antoine Robidoux, the trapper and guide, and four other Mountain Men. For the next two days they trudged through dry Mason and Earthquake Valleys, always over rising land, and drew up into San Felipe Pass, between snow covered mountains. The winter had brought unusually heavy snows, and far to the north, in the Sierra Nevada, the Donner party of immigrants, who had left Independence, Missouri, without knowledge of the start of war, were trapped by blizzards. Thirty-four out of seventy-nine died.

100 Many of the survivors fellto eating the dead. On the nightof December 2, Kearny and his forcearrived at Warner's Ranch. At that time Warner lived ina house, which may have been begun by Silvestre de La Portillaor José Antonio Pico, when they had claimed the valley,and it stood a short distancefrom the hot sulphur springs. Emory wrote:

Our camp was pitchedon the road to the Pueblo, leadinga little north of west. To the south, down the valleyof the Agua Caliente, lay the roadto San Diego. Above us was Mr. Warner's.backwoods, American-looking house,built of adobe and covered witha thatched roof... Warner grew hiscrops in the vicinity of his home andgrazed his cattle down the valleyalong the upper streamof the San Luis Rey River, on landsnow partly covered by Lake Henshaw. Warner was not there. Hewas in custody at San Diego, and Bill Marshall, the deserterfrom a whaling ship,was in charge and provided the Army with thefirst fresh meat and vegetablesthey had had inmany weeks. The Englishman Stokeswas summoned from Santa Ysabel; and though he proclaimed himselfa neutral Leather Shield in the war, agreed to takea message to Stockton asking that reinforcements be sentto meet Kearny somewherealong the road to San Diego. Sixty miles away andnear the coast, Andres Pico led h is seventy to seventy-five men out ofSoledad Valleyon the road to San Pas- qual. They wore the traditional rich and ornamentedcostumes of the Dons, with leatherncuirasses to protect their bodies,and serape over one shoulder, anda few perhaps carried the old leather shields with theirCastilian heraldry. Gaypennants fluttered from medievallances. The sight alwayshad awed the Indians, and a little nativegirl, Felicita, whowitnessed the Battle of San Pasqual, related years later to Elizabeth J. Roberts,how they feared the Californios: When I was a child I lived here in San Pasqual. Ourvillage was by the Lagunas and the river. Therewere days when the Mexican soldiers through San Pasqua] rode on their beautiful horses. Theycame from the Presidio at San Diego and carried swordsand lances. At sight of them dren ran to hide in the brush women and chil- and rocks of the hills, for thesemen counted our lives of little worth, andwe feared them. In a clear and coldmoonlit night Gillespieand his Volunteers pushed their horses andmules over the rollingmesa between Mis- sion and El Cajon Valleys. He, as Kit Carson,had little respect for the Californios as fighters, and had informed theSecretary of the Navy that they had a "holy horror of theAmerican rifle" and "will never expose themselvesto make an attack."

101 Much of what is known about theevents of those days is found in his official report to Commodore Stockton. At 3 o'clock A.M. of the 4th,we arrived at the Rancho in the Cajon Valley, where we encamped to rest and await daylight,to commence the ascent of the mountains, the trail being rocky and of difficultpassage for a Field piece. Al- though it had been reported that theenemy were in considerable numbers about this place, we sawno signs of them, and at 9 o'clock on the 4th,com- menced our march for the hills. For the first threeleagues, our road passed through pretty valleys, covered with wildoats, here and there interspersed with Oaks and Sycamores of great sizeand age; it then crossed a ridge of high mountains, completely covered with rocks andstones, a species of white gran- ite. Towards sunset we descended theeast side of the mountain, and entered upon the pretty valley of Santa Maria. They camped that night at the ranch homeof Stokes situated on the east side of the valley. Kearny left Warner'son December 4, in a heavy rain, camping that night at Santa Ysabel, thesite of the abandoned asistencia of the San Diego Mission and of theranch home of Stokes' father- in-law, José Joaquin Ortega. TheIndians from neighboring tribes met with Kearny and offered to aid theAmericans. He told them it was best for them to remain neutral.Whe march was resumed the next morning, with the majordomoof the ranch, a "Sailor Bill," pressed into unwilling serviceas a guide. "Sailor Bill" was Bill Williams, the former Englishsea captain who had been em- ployed by Capt. Fitch in 1841 andlater became an Indian agent and was a claimant to Viejas Valley.In the cold of the San Diego mountains "Sailor Bill" preferred hisliquor to a long march. On. the same morningGillespie leftSanta Maria Valley, headed east into the higher mountains: Much rain had fallen during the night, andas we began the ascent of the mountains, with direction for Santa Isabel, it pouredin torrents, effectually drenching our party. When about half the distancebetween Sta. Isabel and Sta. Maria, the weather cleared; and atone o'clock, one of the advance returned, reporting that Lieut. Rhusan had met with Gen'lKearny's advance, & had pro- ceeded forward to report my approach. Our Flagwas immediately given to the breeze, and displayed for the first timeupon those distant mountains; cheering the way-worn soldiers with the sight of the"Stars and Stripes," where they least expected to meet them. I soon joined Gen'l Kearny,was received with great kindness by himself and officers, and reported to him whatyou had ordered; giving him all the informa- tion in my power, in relation to the state andcondition of the Country, and also, said to him, that a force of insurgents underAndres Pico, was reported to be at San Pascual, and that you advised him "to beatup their camp," should he feel so disposed. This propositionwas received with great pleasure by all parties, particularly, Capt. Moore of 1st Dragoons,who was extremely desirous to meet the Enemy as soon as possible. While Gillespie grazed his horses, Kearny'smen moved down into Santa Maria Valley and campedin a grassy, oak-covered val-

102 rec.,

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THE ROUTE TAKEN BY GEN.KEARNY through San Diego County is shown by the solid line. Dotted line indicates the route of Capt. Gillespie,whose Volun- teers joined with Kearny's men and took part in the Battle of San Pasqual.

ley, presumably at the head of Clevenger Canyon,through which now descends the highway into San Pasqual Valley. Gillespie found them there at night:

.. .many of the soldiers were lying upon the wet ground, notwithstanding the heavy rain, almost exhausted by their longand arduous march; indeed, the whole force, save the officers, presentedan appearance of weariness and fatigue, rarely, if ever, met withupon any other service. The men were without any exception sadly in want of clothing; that which theywore was ragged and torn; they were almost without shoes; andalthough we were constantly accustomed to much privation and suffering,my men considered their own condition, supe- rior to that of theseway-worn soldiers, whose strength and spirit seemed to be entirelygone. Far below them, in SanPasqual Valley, Pico's men slept around camp fires at the squalid Indian village,located along the edge of the hillson the north, convinced that a report of American forces being in thevicinity was false, and that Gillespie hadgone out to

103 capture horses and cattle and would drive them back alongthe San Pasqual road to San Diego, where theycould be intercepted and the enemy engaged. Not all of the Californioswith Pico have been identified, though it is known that theyincluded Leonard Cota and Tomas Sanchez,as officers, and Ramón Carrillo, Lean- dro and Ramón Osuna, and Jose AntonioSerrano. There were two routes from Santa Mariato San Diego. One led over the lower mountains to Lakeside and Santa Monica,or El Cajon Valley, and then down throughMission Valley, the route over which Gillespie had come. The other leda half dozen miles across rolling hills to the edge of San Pasqual Valley, down the valley to the presentarea of Lake Hodges, then south across San Bernardo Rancho to Los Penasquitos Creek,west into Soledad Valley, and then up over Miramar Mesa backof Torrey Pines and down Rose Canyon to the pueblo. Althoughboth routes had been in use for some time, the San Pasqualroute was preferred to the Lakeside route because itwas less rocky. Both routes had difficult climbs, the San Pasqual route at SanPasqual hill and the Lake- side route in the last mile before reachingthe Ramona Valley. Gillespie reported the hill covered withrocks. Rocks were hardon horses' feet and broke the wheels ofwagons. On this cold, wet night,one route was open, the other blocked by an enemy force. Kearnysent a small detachment under Lt. Thomas C. Hammond anda native scoutz_Rafael Nlachado, attached to Gillespie's command, toreconnoiter Pico's camp and determine the number and dispositionof his men. The bark ofa dog alerted a guard and his shotsaroused the sleepingcamp. Ham- mond and his men, swords clankingin the still night, galloped back up the hill. The element ofsurprise now was gone, but Kearny was determined to move out and engage theenemy and "beat up his camp" as Stockton had suggested.The order to mountwas given at 2 o'clock in the morning. HisDragoons went to the head of the column, and Gillespie'sVolunteers, to their disgust,were ordered to the rear, to help guard thebaggage. gillesRietells the story of what followed:

The weather had cleared, themoon shone as bright as day almost, but the wind coming from thesnow covered mountains, made it so cold,we could scarcely hold our bridle reins. Our road lay over a mountain which dividesthe valley of San Pascual from that of Santa Maria, and is about six milesin length. The ascent is quiteregu- lar, the road smooth, and has been used bythe native Californians for carts. As day dawned, we arrived at the top of the hill,which immediately overlooks the Valley of San Pascual; a haltwas ordered and preparations made toengage the Enemy. General Kearny addressed the Dragoonsand Riflemen, telling them to "be steady and obey implicitly theorders of their officers; that their Country

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JEEP TRAIL now follows in part old carreta road from Ramona to San Pas- qua/ (wer which Gen. Kearny's Army descended to face Californians' lances.

expected them to do their duty: and that one thrust of the sabre point, was far more efl'ective than any number of cuts." The General told me. that Capt. Moore would direct the charge, and had orders to surround the Indian Village: in the performance of which duty, he ished me to cooperate all in rny power: to follow Capt. Moore, and if possible capture every man: to shoot any who might resist or attempt to escape, but make exertions to capture man and horse. Lieutenant Davidson. 1st Dragoons, in command of the Howitzers, was ordered to follow in the rear of' my command. NI:Oor Swords with his command had not yet come up. The order to march is en. We proceeded down the mountain. The clang of the heavy Dragoon sa- I echoing amongst the hills upon this cold frosty morning, and reverberating 11.o11 t lie mountain top back upon the Valley seemed like so many alarm bells

I I i notice of our approach. The grey light of morn appeared as we approached he valley. We were marching by twos: and as the advance, commanded bz apt. Johnston had reached the plain, the General gave the order to "Trot,' %1/4 h ich Capt. Johnston misunderstood for "charge:" a shout, and off dashed the )rat400ns at the charge,as fast as their tired, worn out mules and horses could

rAt Page,THE LANCES OF THE CALIFORNIA HORSEMEN took a terrible toll uf (;en. Kearny's Army of the West,as shown in painting by Walter Francis.

REST COPYAVAILABLE be urged; whilst my commandwas still upon the hill side, and more thana half mile from the Indian village; the boundariesof which, were clearly shown by the fire that was openedupon the advance, by the Enemy posted ina gulley at the side fronting our approach. The charge led downa long hog-back ridge that slopes into the valley to a point about two mileswest of the bridge across the Santa Ysabel Creek which becomesthe San Dieguito Rivera few miles further west. In the valley the alarmedCalifornios had roundedup their horses, and in a disorganizedstate awaited what mightcome. Fel i- cita, the little Indian girl,saw the start of the action:

...we heard the sounds of voices shouting on the mountainside toward Santa Maria; we ran out of our huts to find thecause. The clouds hung so low that at first we could see nothing for the mist, butsoon there came the figure of men, like shadows, riding down the mountain.As they drew nearer wesaw that they too were soldiers, wearing coats of blue. The Mexican soldierswere sitting on their horses, holding their long lances in their hands; they now rode swiftlyto meet the soldiers in blue, andsoon there came the sounds of battle. But theIndians, in great fear, fled againto the mountains. When we had climbed highabove the valley, we hid behind the brush and weeds. Thenwe looked down and watched. One of ourmen who had lived at the mission, toldus that these strange soldiers from the hillswere Americans and that theywere fighting to take the land away from the Mexi- cans. The Mexicans had not been good to the Indians,so we were not sorry to see the new soldiers come against them.

The first man to fallwas Capt. Johnston who had led the charge down the hill. A bullet from thegun of Leandro Osuna struck him in the forehead and he fell deadfrom his horse. 'The Americans Kit Corson driving down the hill virtually'moved over their dead and wounded and slammed into thelances and bullets of the Califor- nians. Kit Carson's horse, plungingdown the hillside, stumbled and threw Carson to the ground,breaking his rifle. Though Kearny realized a mistake in commandhad been made, he knew itwas too late to change it, and he followedhis men into the swirling battle in the half-light of themorning. After a brief but bloody encounter the Californians suddenlyturned and retreatedacross the valley and reorganizedbehind the little hillon which the San Pasqual Battle Monumentnow stands. Capt. Moore, believing theenemy to be in retreat, ordereda second charge. As the Americansfollowed in a long disorganized line, the Californios sweptout from their hiding place. The Ameri- can Dragoons were cut to pieces. Alonein front, Mooreran up against Andrés Pico, firedone pistol shot and then slashed outat him with a sabre. Leandro Osunaand Dionisio Alipas closedin on Moore and pierced him withtheir lances. He fell from hishorse and was finished off witha pistol shot by Tomas Sanchez.

108 Lt. Hammond, following close urion Moore, went down with lance thrusts between his ribs. The rifles of the Americans failed to fire because of wet cartridges. Some of the Dragoons were las- soed and hauled from their mules and horses, to be stabbed to death. Their tired mounts could not cope with the fresh and spirited California horses. Gillespie tells the story: After a pursuit of over a mile and a half, the Dragoons came upon the Enemy in the open plain, where they made a stand, evidently having observed the scattered position of our force. As we came up, I saw a party of some twenty-five or thirty Dragoons, slowly turning before a superior force of the Enemy. Sword in hand I dashed forward to them crying, "Rally men, for God's sake rally, show a front, don't turn your backs, face them, face them, follow me," but to no effect; their brave leader had fallen, pierced by many lances; their travel worn horses being incapable of any more exertion, themselves chilled by the cold, their limbs stiffened by their clothing, soaked by the rain of the night previous; and being almost surrounded, they were completely panic stricken; the best men of this command, having already fallen in unequal combat. Instead of the Dragoons heeding my efforts to rally them, they passed my left, when I fell in up--n the center of the Enemy, and was immediately surrounded and saluted with the cry of recognition, "Ya, es Gillespie, adentro hombres, adentro." "There is Gil- lespie, at him men, at him!" Gillespie was recognized as the American commander who had made life so unpleasant at Los Angeles for the pleasure- loving Californios. Four lances were darted at me instantly, which being parried, the fifth and sixth quickly followed, accompanied by the discharge of an Escopeta, almost into my face. At this moment I noticed a lance "in rest" coming from the front and when leaning over the neck of my horse, parrying the charge, I was struck on the back of the neck by another lance, at the collar of my coat, with such force, as to be thrown clear from my saddle to the ground, with my sabre under me. As I attempted to rise I received a thrust from a lance behind me, striking above the heart, making a severe gash open to the lungs. I turned my face in the direction of my assailant, when, one of the Enemy riding at full speed, charged upon me, dashed his lance at my face, struck and cuttingmy upper lip, broke a front tooth, and threw me upon my back, as his horse jumpedover me. In the panic of those few minutes, Kearny, fighting alone,as were most of his men, was lanced three times, in an arm and in the buttocks, andwas 'saved from certain death by Emory who drove off another attacker. One of the two howitzerswas lassoed and hauledaway. The Sutter gun and the other howitzer were brought into play and Gillespie managedto fire one himself by using his cigar lighter, before he collapsedon the field. The Ameri- can retreat was halted, and the Californios temporarily scattered. As day dawned, the smoke clearedaway, and Emory wrote: ...we commenced collecting our dead and wounded. We found eighteen ofour officers andmen were killed on the field, and thirteen wounded. Amongst the

109

,-. killed were Captains Moore and Johnston, andLt. Hammond of the 1st Dra- gams. The general, Capt. Gillespie, Capt. Gibson, Lt. Warner, and Mr. Robi- deatm badly wounded.

The Indian village was scoured for :he dead andwounded:

The first object which met myeye was the manly figure of Capt. John- ston. He was perfectly lifeless, a ball having passed directlythrough the centre of his head. The work of plundering the dead had already commenced;his watch was gone, nothing being left of it but a fragment of the gold chain by which itwas suspended from his neck. . . Captain Johnston and one dragoon were the only persons either killed or wounded on our side in the fight by firearms. Gillespie reported that of the total American force of153 men, not more than 45 had borne the brunt of the fight. Onlyone Cali- fornian, Francisco Lara, had been killed, though twelvehad been wounded, one of whom later died. Onewas captured by Philip Crosthwaite, a volunteer whocame with Gillespie's force. He was Pablo Vejar. The Americans movedover to the north side of the valley, up on a long hill, and in the notes of Stanley, the artist-draftsman with the Kearny force,we find: At first General Kearny thought tomove on the same day. The dead were lashed on mules, and remained two hoursor more in that posture. It was a sad and melancholy picture. Wesoon found, however, that our wounded were un- able to travel. The mules were released of theirpacks, and the men engaged in fortifying the place for the night. During the daythe enemy were in sight cur- veting their horses, keeping ourcamp in constant excitement. Three of Captain Gillespie's volunteers started with dispatchesto Commodore Stockton. The dead were buried at night and ambulances madefor the wounded... Late that night, the deadwere buried in a single grave. Emory wrote:

When night closed in, the bodies of the deadwere buried under a willow to the east of our camp, with no other accompanimentthan the howling of the myriads of wolves attracted by the smell. Thuswere put to rest together, and forever, a band of brave and heroicmen. The long march of 2,000 miles had brought our little command, both officers andmen, to know each other well. Community of hardships, dangers, and privations,had produced relations of mutual regard which caused their loss to sinkdeeply in our memories. Kit Carson escaped the lances, andyears later, when his ex- ploits were ridiculed ina cynical age, Lt. Beale came to his defense and wrote that "I remember whenwe lay side by side on the bloody battlefield all night, whenyou mourned like a woman, and would not be comforted, not for those who had fallenbut for the sad hearts of women at home when the sad talewould be told." The "wolves" to which Emory referredso many times were coy- otes. With Kearny in great suffering, Capt.H. S. Turner, his

110 aide-de-camp, took command and sent three couriers from theVol- unteers to Commodore Stockton at San Diego, informing himof what had happened and asking assistance. Two ofthose sent were Alexis Godey and Thomas Burgess. The thirdprobably was an Indian. Duvall in the log of the Cyane mentionsthat the Indian who had gone out and brought back the sheepfor the besieged Americans at San Diego alsowas the one who later carried a mes- sage to Kearny, was captured by the Mexicans and badly treated. The first inkling.. of the tragedy, however,was taken to San Diego by Capt. Stokes, who had heardreports while enroute back to his ranch. But hewas vague as to details, and no alarm was sounded. Stretchers, or ambulances, tocarry the wounded were made of willow and buffalo robes, in frontier fashion,with one end sus- pended from a mule and the other draggingon the ground. In the morning the march toward San Diegowas resumed, with Kearny back in the saddle and in command, thecolumn passing alonga route taking them over the hillson the north side of the valley. It was a painful day for the wounded. That mid-afternoon,after a trek of about five.miles, they turnedback toward the valley and reached Rancho San Bernardo and the ranchhome of Edward Snook. It was deserted except fora few Indians. The site is just east of Highway 395 at the north end of theLake Hodges cross- ing. Here they killed chickensto feed the wounded and rounded up some cattle. After a short rest they moved into thevalley. The enemy re- Er1111.-ANIMP/_ appeared from a ravine, attemptedan encirclement, which failed, and thirty or forty of them thentook positions on a small hill commanding the road. Emory and sixor eight men were sent to dislodge them, which they did, amidconsiderable gunfire. But the Army of the West couldgo no further. The cattle had been stam- peded, and the woundedwere in dire need of rest and treatment, and unless help arrived, theysurely would all be lost. They dragged themselvesup on the rocky hill, which can be Mule Hill, where Army seen from Highway 395, and barricadedthemselves behind battle- of West made last stand ments erected with rocks. Theybored holes in the river bed for water and killed the fattestof the mules for food. This rocky point now is known as "Mule Hill." Thefollowing morning amessenger with a flag oftruce appeared and disclosed that AndrésPico had captured four Americansand wished to exchange them fora like number of Californians.The three couriers to Stockton hadgotten through buthad been capturedon attempting to return. As the Americans heldbut one captive, only Burgess the Volunteers was able to rejoin on Mule Hill. Pico also passed alongsome

111 t.1 goods for Gillespie which had been sent out fromSan Diego with the couriers. The message asking for help had been oddly matter-of-fact,lack- ing a sense of urgency, and while Stockton later said he hadbegun immediate preparations to send assistance, all availablehorses had been taken by Gillespie andsome delay was necessary. On their way back to San Pasqual Valley, and just beforetheir cap- ture, Godey and Burgess committed the contents of themessage to memory and cached the paper inan oak tree. It was found years \:^4 later by one of Juan Bandini'svaqueros, and what is believed to be a copy is in the Huntington Library. Itreads: Sir: Your letter by Lt. Godoy communicating tome the sad Intelligence of the fight which took place yesterday at early dawn, reachedme last night, and I would have instantly sent a detachment to aidyou but unfortunately every horse that could travel had been sent with the riflemen, andleft us without any means to transport our Artillery. We have not an Animal in the Garrison Rocks formed defensive that can go two leagues, besides barricade on Mule Hill we have no conveyances or means of any kind to transport the wounded. Under these circumstances and especiallybecause Mr. Godoy says you have effective force enoughto defend yourselves in camp or to march to San Diego, I have thought it most wise to postpone the march of my men till I can hear from you again as they will onlyconsume provisions without being of any use. Mr. Godoy returns toyou Immediately with this. Faithfully, Your obt St. R. F. Stockton. To H. S. Turner,Captain U.S.A., Cmdg at Camp Near San Pasqual. With the situation on Mule Hillnow desperate, it was decided to send another plea for help. Kit Carson, Lt. Beale andan Indian volunteered to try and get through theenemy lines to San Diego, twenty-nine miles distant. An Indian had accompaniedBeale from San Diego as a servant, and Frémont in hismemoirs identifies 2t him as the one who went with Carsonand Beale. Under xiver of night they slipped out throughthe enemy lines. *Jo.. Carson's own story follows: As soon as dark we started onour mission. In crawling over the rocks and brush our shoes making noise, we took them off; fastenedthem under our belts. We had to crawl about two miles. We couldsee three rows of sentinels, all ahorseback, we would often have topass within 23 yards of one. We got through, but had the misfortune to have lostour shoes, had to travel over a country cov- Lt. Edward F. Beale ered with prickly pear and rocks, barefoot. During the day they remained in hidingin a gorge, perhaps Pefiasquitos Gorge, and at night, when withintwelve miles of San Diego, separated, to multiply the chancesof getting in. The cus- tomary evening ball was underway at the Bandini house, and the band of the USS Congresswas playing in the Plaza when the In- dian servant reached Old Town with thesad news of Kearny's perilous situation. Carson arrivedsoon after. Beale came in later, in such a condition he had to be carried beforeStockton.

112

: t) it .1'

A On Mule Hill, meanwhile, Sgt. John Cox died of his wounds and was buried on the hill and his gravecovered with heavy rocks. The enemy attempted to drive a herd of wild horses throughthe camp and cause a stampede. Theherd was turned aside but sev- eral were killed to provide a happy change of diet. Thebaggage was ordered destroyed to keep it fromfalling into the hands of the enemy. At the end of three days onthe hill, Dr. Griffin thought the wounded had progressed enough where all but two could ride, and the order was given to resume the march the next morning. They were certain that Beale and Carson had not gotten through. During the night a guard heard voices English voices. Emory wrote: It was a detachment of 100 tars and 80 marines under Lt. Gray, sent to meet us by Commodore Stockton, from whom we learnedthat Lt. Beale, Carson and the Indian had arrived safely at San Diego. The detachment left San Diego on the night of the 9th, cached themselves during the day of the 10th, and joined us on the night of that day. These gallantfellows busied themselves till day, distributing their provisions and clothes to our naked and hungry people. In two days, on Dec. 12, the battered Army accompanied by Lt. Andrew F. V. Gray of the USS Congress and 180 men arrived at San Diego, and Emory wrote: At this place we were in view of the fort overlooking the town of San Diego and the barren waste which surrounds it ...the town consists of a few adobe houses, two or three of which only have plank floors . .. the rain fell in torrents as we entered the town, and it was my singular fatehere, as in Santa Fe, to be quartered in the calaboose, a miserable hut, of one room, some 40x30 feet square. A huge old gun was mounted in this hovel, looking through an embras- ure to the westward ... wepreferred the open air and the muddy plaza, saturated with all sorts of filth, to this wretched hole. ... The "calaboose" probably was the town hall in the Plaza. A dif- fent view of their arrival at San Diego was given by Dr. Griffin: We all arose freshened with the idea of reaching St. Diego today, and thus finishing this long weary march. We left and marched into St. Diego around 4 p.m., where we receiwd the warmest welcome and kindest attention from our naval friends. I found everything so far as it was in the power of the sur- geon's post prepared for my wounded men, and every attention that a warm and generous heart extended to the poor fellows. The Congress and Portsmouth were laying at anchor in the bay and the town of St. Diego garrisoned by the crew and marines from these two ships. To Gen. Kearny, San Pasqual had been a victory. The enemy had fled and the battlefield had been cleared. Two more Dragoons died in San Diego making twenty-one in all. One Volunteer also was listed as having been killed. As for the Californios, they di- vided into small bands and faded into the hills, a few of them giving up the fight and entering San Diego under flags of truce. Felipa Osuna Marrón tells how her husband became so embittered

113 t) with his own people that he askedto be allowed to returnto Sar. Diego from his ranchat Agua Hedionda. WithFelipa and her husband, under theprotection of a white flag,came a number of men who had participated inthe Battle of San them was her brother, Pasqual. One of Leandro Osuna, whohad killed Capt. John- ston, and another was Jesus Machado. She saidthe flag of her brother's lancewas stained with blood andat first the Americans seemed hostile, butnothing happened. But, as Dr. Griffinwrote. The "enemy havethe country and have no communication we with our friends inthe north. The Sono- rians are running off all the cattle andhorses, and the factis the country will have nothingin it after thewar is over." There was a sad aftermath to the tragedyof San Pasqual that left a legacy of sorrow in a little divided community.Hayes wrote: Some families of San Diegoyet mourn for the relatives the San Luis Rey Indians who were killed by in 1846. The day isremembered only as betweendia de la Virgen (December8th) and that of Guadalupe (December 12th). Itwas immediately after the Battleof San Pasqual. it is unknown and inexplicable what may have led the Indians to strike this terribleblow at persons living amongst them, on terms ofgreatest confidence. Men who hadwet their lances withthe blood of American diers themselves sol- were slaughtered and certainlyin a moment of savage retribution by Indianswhose lands they hadtaken. Fleeing from the fieldof battle, with theappearance of Lt. Gray's rescue expedition,a number of the Californios Pauma Valley, in the went to shadow of PalomarMountains about forty- two miles northeast ofSan Diego,on the upper San Luis Rey River, four miles west of the Pala Missionand about fifteen southwest of Warner's. miles This was the ranchof José AntonioSer- rano, though a number of otherCalifornios, including Osuna, José Aguilar Juan Maria and Bonifacio Lopez,had sent cattle there for grazing to keepthem from fallinginto the hands of A report reaching Americans. San Diegoa few days later that Indianshad killed eleven Mexicanswas discounted, and Dr. Griffin noted that "the best in his diary versed in Californiaaffairs believe these were killed in the action of men the 6th, and that theMexicans com- plained of the red skinsto conceal theirown loss." Little by little the details began tocome out. A small tribe of Luisetio Indians lived in the valley, withManuelito Cota chief. Serrano, who as their understood a little oftheir language,over- heard twowomen discussing an attack, and while hewarned his companions whowere resting at the ranch, take it too seriously, he evidently didn't and left that day withhis son, Jesits, andhis brother-in-law, José Aguilar,to join his family at Pala.

114

1 Eleven men were left at the ranch. Hayes wrote: The well-known General Manuelito Cota, was supposed to have been at the head of this sudden movement of his people. The inmates of the ranch house were asleep, when he knocked at the door. Recognizing his voice, José Maria Alvarado opened the door, against every remonstrations of the rest. The Indians rushed in, seized their victims, took them ... toPotrero and Agua Caliente, and put them to death in the most cruel manner. It is to be hoped the imagina- tion of surviving kinsmen has exaggerated the terrors of this scene as it still is related by them. The captured men were first put on exhibition at Agua Caliente, for the benefit of the Cuperios of Warner's, the Cahuillas of the eastern mountain and desert areas, and the Luiserios of the San Luis Rey Mission lands. Manuelito, in a change of heart, wanted to set the captives free. His companion, Pablo Apis, was against it. Here the story becomes more murky, obscured by legend and old hates. Counsel was sought from two persons, an American, Bill Marshall, the seafaring deserter of Warner's, and a Mexican renegade named Yguera who had married a Cuperio woman. It was Marshall who is believed to have influenced the Luiserios to kill their captives, by arguing that the American conquerors would be greatly pleased. The disbelief that had failed to alarm Serrano and Aguilar turned to fear when they returned to Pauma and learned what had transpired. They picked up the trail and followed it to Agua Caliente, from where they sent an appeal for help to Bill Williams, at Santa Ysabel, and the chief of the Santa Ysabel Indians, Ignacio. Williams first sent an Indian with an offer to ransom the prisoners with cattle but, that failing, went himself and saw them lying bound around a fire. He was warned to be off, or he, too, might die. There are two versions of the manner of their deaths. One is that they were forced to stand and then were shot full of arrows. The other is that they were lanced to death with spears heated in the fire. The story is told that young Santiago AlipAs, only thirteen years old, alone remained calm in the face of death, and was re- warded with execution by gunfire. The bodies were piled in a heap and the Indians danced around them all night. The bodies, except those of Santiago Osuna, youngest son of Juan Maria Osuna, and Alvarado, were secretly buried. The persistence of legend is that the bodies of Osuna and Alvarado were turned over to an old In- dian woman, who had been a servant for their families, and she buried them separately, and then walked to San Diego with the sad news. The others who died were Manuel Serrano, brother of José An- tonio; Ramón Aguilar, José Lopez, his son-in-law, Francisco

115 Basualdo, two men from Los Angeles named Dominguezand Estacio Ruiz, Juan de la Cruz of Lower California, andan uniden- tified man from New Mexico. There were attempts to link Kearny with themassacre, in re- gard to advice he had given to representatives of the Indiansat Santa Ysabel, when they expressed a willingness to aid the Amer- ican cause. He told them to remain neutral, though Manuelito insisted years later that Kearny also said they hada right to defend themselves from any acts on the part of the Mexicans. Marshall's part in the affair emerged only slowly, and his punish- ment was yet a few years away.

116 THOSE ACCURSED HOWITZERS

by

29 WILLIAM L. PERKINS

There is little doubt that the wheel is responsiblefor many of the marvels of today. Yet there have been times when itmight have been better if this contrivance had not existed. TheAmericans who fought in the Battle of San Pasqual had good reason toreflect about 35 this premise. In the history of war, many disasters havebeen the result of some, perhaps minor, factor of error. But ittook a pair of mountain howitzers literally dragged across the deserts of the Southwest to wreck the plans of the Army sent to California in1846. When the Mexican War broke out, the UnitedStates had mili- tary units in California and in Texas. Betweenthese two points lay nearly 1500 miles of virtually uninhabited country. Theonly settle- ment of any size in this wilderness was theMexican stronghold of Santa Fe, the gateway of the southern route to California.This war, which cost the United States some 13,000 casualties, wasviolently felt in Southern California. Previous works on the San Pasqual affair have been,for the most fort, studies of the battle. Scant attentionhas been paid to the event- ful days leading up to the conflict, and yet, it wasin these pre-battle days that the tragedy began. A close look at the troublesencountered ived volume by the Army on its march to California makes the wheel suspect as official news- the true villain of San Pasqual! ot issued, the To overcome the Mexicans at Santa Fe, to aid inthe conquest ['embers cur- of California, and to secure the lands that lay in between werethe Society ney'llz mations and 'objectives of the force called the Army of the West. Commanded by the functscm Stephen Watts Kearny, then a Colonel, the force was organized at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in the summer of 1846. Nearly 1,000 men left Kansas in August, on what would become a most trouble- 'Plagued march.

e d Mr. Perkins, a native Californian, has lived in San Diegosince 1939. Pteau" He has held a life-long interest and study of the application ofgeology, ommum- peuology and paleontology to historical studies related to SanDiego 416oe Bon County. This article marks his 6zst appearance in thisQuarterly as a contributor.

4 confusion,of a celebration and itsthan military a fight. in The flight, city, literally with itsAs hung officialshistory has in documented, the conquest of Santa Fe out the bunting wasa statemore of wasthe "Stars thebitter order newsand to Stripes" fortake him. charge flew Among ofin affairsevery his instructions porton arrival on the in fromCalifornia San theDiego. President shores Now, a month,ney:ofjourneyfor General. the Lieutenant soldadossetting to the Pacific.up Americanos.William a government At SantaH. Emory, The Fe, and troopers Kearny resupplyinga topographicalTwo stayedwas advancedmen forat Santa withthe engineer; overlandtothe Fe the Armynearly rankand kept excellent chronicles of the jour- returnproceedonhisKearny whichcommand. to was toCalifornia. he Washington, fearfulhad just thatHis come. one Fremont,but qualification,Carsonunder already threat hesitated,Kearny orcourt-martialhowever,in that forordered city, he was hadwould hisCarson agreedhoped wish usurp to toto guide the Army back over the trail potfacedtheuponDoctor which Valley thewith John boiledwritings theof S. the task Griffin, over Rio of of theseGrande.movingat an San Armymen. Pasqual hisHere, surgeon.forces the were acrossfirst OnThis mixed.ingredients September the article wild The finds and of25,general, the desolate itsthe basis Army left Santa Fe, heading southwest for stew- onbeforeahead.abandonThe the DoctorrouteCarsonturning the wagons.to recordedalso west.take. insisted KearnyCarson in his that feltkept diary the they his troopsthat wagons,wereAs the travelthetoo troops menandheavy farther Carsonweremoved for down-river onthe hissouthward, thedeserts wish worst the travel became more difficult. ChihuahuaandthatThisarea, well-used.the wasoverloaded wagons his City first Thishadpassed his error seen routewagons overin much judgment,which this with traffic section linked supplies for in ofSantalegalitThe theof survival ChihuahuaFe with andEl PasoTrail warfare. andover which the men traveled was 'with great difficulty as well route.as contraband was ancient stretchGrandeingmaderoad after isof 111/2 unbroken, soonroad their miles, yetproved day's encountered. obstructed and work." Carson the teams toby Emoryhave bushes, came been intonoted Theand correct camp so deepon bad October blownabout sand the wagons theandof 9, the wagons.stagger-"The onlyriver terraces in the Valley of the Rio gestedcouldmountedhetrade. realized that Kearnynot theupon make he citizens had anticipatedmules." it beenam, How thesold little deserts, acould poor trouble this stockand have but traded Onof quickly mules been?September him It found muleshas 26,been it for thewhen his doctor reported that "All the Santa Fe convinced Kearny that horses at Santa Fe. men were sug- available.fourdoneightThese theni. daysmules transports theA per party men wagon. averaged wasreturned, Onsent 5,000 the back dejected 10th, pounds for the Earlier,pack that decisionloaded, animalsno Kearny other andwas and requiredanimalshadmade saddles. determined to sixwereaban- Into to leave two-thirds of his com- conscience.GriffinconcernWhethercavalry commentedstock. toKearny these This townspeople.made isthat an itthe interesting to peoplethe Morecoast of thought, Santaorlikely, notOne Fewould buttheir of certainly motivethehave many been was unexplained of profit. little mysteries of the march was the were not afflicted with not logical. decidedcavalry"K"themand Army of into the were Santareduce ofFirst pressedthe Fe Dragoons. hisWest to wait strength,into with forpack-duty. All thePhilip keepinganimals Mormon St. GeorgeexceptonlyRid Battalion. atCompanies thoseCooke,last of mountedAgain, the who mule-killing"C" followed Kearny byand the wagons, Kearny felt that the force themdownheavymulesdecision arethe toll.purchased nearlyRio of KearnyGrande. given by to the Onout...." use Quartermaster September his '1draft.animals he wheel 27, GriffinOn October observed, 3, 1846, "... the after one week on the trail, Emory noted are extremely weak. Many of to pull the heavywas wagons starting to take its gunsbreakinguptwocase,could the of downexcept move wagonshis toil howitzers!* the thatwith and wasGila he thea minimum madelostRiver expenditure Whatever ten another sealed times of trouble. mighttheoffatefulover mules fate byhave decision. Thisof theinvolved the been howitzers.would First Hegained in Dragoons havechose getting Theby been to giving back- thesekeep andthe theplannedSocorro,thefullthat mountains sand daythe to a wagonsleaveforhillsMexican them. bybut the wayhad with Rio villageThe notof Grande.great nextthe come on roaddifficulty. day,the Theyup, river.to he and thehad said By AtthatSanta originally thethat the 5th, Ritathe the meant to cross a place near here they troops had waited a wagons mounted troopscopper reached mines. contributedstockgestedwouldkeep theof thatput animalshowitzers heavily aKearny terrible carrying to sawwhen their drain his it lossespacks. cavalryseemson the atDid apparent aninylls. Sanmounted theHistorians Pasqual. General that Someon anythingmules thinkare authors dividedand the with his howitzershave wheels privatein sug-opinions as to why Kearny chose to Thehodgallopedhis 5th men. ended of October,into in California,Socorro. however, Kearny and wasthat learned Carson fromIn thismid-afternoon Kit Carson, the celebrated a day of destiny for Kearny and was bound for Washington groupscout, that and the his war men would at least give his troops some military appearance?*The Armyonof thewheels fieldOthers First pieces roughly Dragoons, were three described as feet being: in bydiameter, short-barreled Capt. Abraham three heavyfeet it. apart. Johnston, guns, They mounted fired with the news. Kearny should have been joyous, but the word that ) 30 a 12-lb. ball. 31 l) quencesousnot soattempt kindly were to disposedtragic. show who to wasKearny bossi claim Whatever the choice theFive reason, was days a later,vain-glori- the conse- the Army left the Rio Grande. Travelling over itzerstorenewed get havethere in beenCalifornia.before left hostilities in theThe mountains. General ended. TheAt the end of a toilsome November was more determined than ever 6, Griffin wrote, "The how- I e endThedays.well-troddenwheeled oneasy The the travel passagevehicles.Gila Indian ofRiver. thewas The trails, mountain made howitzers the "without men trails, were crossed however, adventurenot particularly theAgain mountainscame worth the to heavy, Army mention."an inabrupt butfourbecame the bogged down in sand because of the Coloradodevilsknowsanything to get whenRiver. along the they cursedKit with willCarson wheelsthings arrive, had ahead."*caused earlier the been lossFifty-seven of another days out of Santa Fe, the though I know the men worked like ragged greatArmy difficulty reached ofthe getting quoted as saying that day. ... Lord wheelsainto smallbeen the upon astonesand hard which atcaused day every they on them theturn, were animals. to and mountedswing so shortThe about. were howitzers in circumference soToward narrow did notthe they thatreachend sank evenof camp the day October 21, Emory wrote, "This has wereradofoodKearnyno one andandstill everwere pushedroundingno kinderleftno exception. northwestthe to Gila the force. Trailtoward withClouds, Warner's a full heavy stomach.After with a restrain, The of two days up fresh animals a part of which was spent gathering the Army crossed the Colo- Hot Springs. The deserts troops of them."broken,itzersat rations;all...." came and, The more up indeed, following at than 9 o'clock, half everything ofday havingthe he men addedthat in were thewas this previouson possibleOn postscript,foot. October The day, to howitzersbreak their'"rhe 26, theshafts abouthow- troopsused struggled along the trail on short theirthewasThe mountainsGulf," water scarce.only savingholesand An ontheir unusualthey their arrivalcould left, fog, find atbut reported the this by Emory as grace. were salty and forage forsprings the animals of Vallecito, was probablyonly frustrated the troops more. "rolling in from hung over becameAsdiscouragementforup theEmorythe mules hauling gullied put so it, ofonfast,on "Soon the boththe that guns. march sides afterthe Thecavalry andbybreaking deepdiaries complete was arroyos. camp, reflect forced disgust the We ato growing banksgive forcovered the up of howitzers.feeling the16 milesriver of its mounts oak-dottedthisimaginationarrivedthe headtime! on ofvalley Despite the San to plain feel ofFelipe the Buena theof cold whatValley,relief Vistawind is these now turnedCreek,from men LakeSome and must Henshaw. after time have during the day of December northwest by west into the 2, the Army reached a shortexperienced march, atIt takes little downfast...."predictionsschedule.Somein 81/2 the did hoursmen Onnot of and Octoberofreach impending incessant mules. camp 30, Each atthedoom,toil all." entriestoday the"... the menthein Army both mules andBy diaries fellmisery now, are further breaking itcontained to had the behind become mules. down dire evident that the howitzers were wearing able.andFloreshaveing mules. There at seemed theirwere Once worngrazing like again paradiseclothing, fatenearby. would to this Thethe sectionFirst ofUpon the backarrival at Warner's, Kearny hoped to obtain fresh horses were, however, reports that some belonging to General deny this.men No who animals needed were rest, avail- were in-early DecemberDragoons. snows finger- country must uphill,case!SanFe.this According Diego Instead, time, downhill; took two-thirds theto 55 Carson, armyover days. ofwassandy On thethe locked this averageway trail basis, to inand San crossinga Kearny strugglerocky Diego. between Novembertrail.should withBut Their suchthe have Santa howitzers; 1, wasprogress been,the Fe not troopsand at the were now thirty-five days out of Santa ment,troopscriticalstead,found lackadaisicalputat of Santhem thisto thePasqual and in task the complained, scouting, haveofsaddle...." rounding been and "Tiredblamed bad the timing.animals onThe The unfortunate decision circumstances which overtook as our people were, nightfall many things: poor judg- up. Emory was quite Kearny and his to attack theofhowitzersthisforward the heart rueful howitzers. slowed out ...statement, ofwhich theto The aArmy. arecrawl. struggle"As impeding dayEmory Emory's todawned move putour entry into progress."themwe wordsof looked OneevenNovember whatcould aanxiously mile was conclude 2 was contained probably fortaking thethat even Kearny would have had enough whenmuchfactorstroopshas been theredeeper onwere thelaid was nightthan to a the war theseof December to human be characteristics.5, 1846. ItIn retrospect, in August 1846, the present, but the real cause for defeat quite possibly vanity of Kearny and over-indulgence of his won. The glory of a conquest at Santa Army of the West left Kansas may be true that all these goes didthepower."been mostnot travellingreach prevalent camp with thought last incredible night. in camp Since labor when the and 1st he great ofwrote,Despite November expenditures "The the howitzers terriblewe of have mule toll of animals, Kearny drove his Army Fe was taken from them *Added to the woe these by a retreating foe. Next came the incredibleweapons caused the men is the ironical fact harder than ever, for he had learned that warfare had been openly I 32 bythat Pico, neither and proved of the toother, he of nothing was ever heard again. any use at San Pasqual.3 3 One was captured their graspbehaustivefacedmarch, surprised and fatigue, during strugglelater at privation,whichtheoffered to turn pull the ofagain. thirst,the fatevents plumhowitzers While and of of Sanstarvation. Californiaon toPasqual! the California. march, Add was to snatched theOne these need the from met, notex- drawgreat.ablyof the Decemberblood, The understatement needand 6,if to necessarymust accomplish ofhave the been times! the greeted Thetask need they withTheThat to hadmixed sound facethe set troopsan emotions ofout enemy "Boots to may do was in tohaveand the Saddles" been "spoiling at 2 o'clock for a infight" the morning is prob- te bleed, was by now most important. AN EARLY SAN DIEGO PHYSICIAN: DAVID HOFFMAN by wascampeningbeingbodies at of last! arousedheart-beat thestiff ADragoons. with fight! in fatigueasthe A the middleWithcontact wordand eyelids cold,of spreadwith the theheavy anight. foethrough men theyfrom probablyOne thehad needed can camp traveled feel,felt sleep, thatirritated when 1500here and reading atit the accounts of the battle, the quick- CLIFFORD L. GRAVES, M.D. adventure."scrawledmiles'oattletiny to with meet.in in the anRighthis best"... diary or ardortraditions wrong, that of morning,anticipated ofthey the approached military, "... victory." weThese even are their thoughoffTheymen date in knewfoughtsearch withmany des-the unex- theirof job they had been sent to do. Griffin "I'lltifulLomaaboard gosight on theback ain littlefine theEast Novembersteamerworld," and start assaid itdayall toileda over handsomein 1853. itsagain." way "If ButAyoung laboriously thisvast Dr. isn't man andDavid the atsweeping around themostHoffman taffrail, beau-Point panorama had little intentionunfolded of itself going for back the East.men thewhichpected pressurelop-sidedclamor stillproblems surrounds ofof casualty battlebrash arose. haste,diedthe list, Mistakes violence awaybut which it was thatwere hadat San onlythe beencommitted, Pasqual.furor after Thethe themetheof mistakes criticism asdust evidencedof settled the of marchbeganthe and bybattle were justified as committed under patient.startgraduatedhisinAfter the way in Evst,all, theAmbitiousthrough hehe practicehe hadwas had Toland worked25, comeand of an medicine.inquisitive, Medicaltheage long long when and CollegeoverlandBut hemost hard wantedDr. young to in Hoffmantrail getSan to as menwhere seeFrancisco. a boy,the wasare he world thenimpatientnot was. When thatworked before Born im- heto known,contactcautioussince its withbut beginningappraisal quite the enemy. possibly hadin August. been they thrown By began December, over with in irrevocable theThe the struggle needexact finalityto causes toact make with onof the Battle of San Pasqual may never he couldgentleSantheMailit swallowed West Diego Steamship anybody shoreline, Coast impressed him. ask in Company. a allSofor? sheltered itshehim ruggedtook the For amost.bay, jobthebeauty. aasbetter Not purple ship Of the part surgeonall town,backdrop. theof two placesbut with years, the What thehe setting: visited,hePacific more saw a Kearnythe 10th chose of October, to keep those1946: accursed the moment howitzers. General Stephen Watts andstrifethatthehe ofcharm, had andsouth, any lessIndians. young and all to wasSango doctor In by vacantFrancisco the because whonorth, and is southerowas Montereytryingimponderable. pushing to CaliforniadecideDr. was hard Hoffman's a Sanwhere city for was Diego? ofstatus. to some still positionsettle, ItaBut gracelandlooked but inin of 1853 was not greatly different from about as inviting as Tecatein 1924. does He today.earned his With hacnelor's its dusty degree streets at Columbia, andDr. Graves, and hisa native medical oF The Netherlands, came to the United States HostelsSurgeons,DiegoSurgeon,ondegree Omaha County atorganization. nowthe Beachand University out Medicalpresident onof print.D-Day Society,of of HeMichigan. iathe is1944, locala a past fellow he chapterlie editor later is of a thewroteofsurgeon of the Americanthe aBulletin Americanbook, in La Front Jolla.Collegeof the Youth LineCast San of 34 35 . 0 v.%

Abstracted From Pablo Vejar, "Recuerdos de un Viejo," Dec.13, 1877: 0 co V' 0 "From Dominguez Rancho cm Vejar marched withsome 25 men in co 3 roV'i his command with AndresPico to San Pascual, along with part o o of the second cp company under Bautista Moreno andpart of the 7a fifth company under Nicolas Hermosillo,or some 112 men in all. Qpm. They went to Rancho LaSoledad, about fourleagues from San Diego. From there, Pico sentsome men to San Diego Mission to scout around. They found out fromsome Indians that somemen under Gillespie passed the Mission going towardthe sierra. A sister of Pico's, Margarita,wrote him that Gillespiewas try ing to join another American force in thesierra, and she knew that they were to go around by way of SantaMaria to arrive at San Pascual. Pico then divided hisforce, sendinga part of the force to El Cajon and the rest toSan Pascual. Vejar , 4 accompanied Pico to San Pascual. They arrived ona Friday, which Vejar believes was December 4th, or two daysbefore the battle. Vejar and Moreno felt it was necessary toinspect their men tefore the battle in order toknow how well theycould fight. Pico left the horses in care of the Indians,who told the Mexicans that the Americans were atRancho Santa Maria,five or six leagues away on a steep.rocky road. Vejar felt that they themselves and not theIndians should takecare of the horsesr but to his surprise the Indians tookvery good care of them. Had it not been for the Indians the Americans'would have caughtus like so.many sheep,' for 'later itwas learned that Picowas planning to surrender us.'. The Indians,on their own account, were exploring and spying for the Mexicans,without being told , to do so. Vejar says he told Pico that they shouldprepare for

t For educational use only -2.- cont. "Recuerdos de un Viejo,"

an attack, but Pico replied that the road was worse than the Cuesta de Santa Ines, that the Americans could not possibly

make it over the road bringing cannon at night. 'I felt that this was due to his lack of experience rather than some in-

trigue.' It was Vejar's turn on watch as officer of the day. He stood his watch, turned it over to Jose Alipas without any incident occurring during that time. Vejar sent Alipas to the foot of the grade, for it was there that the enemy was expect- ed to appear. Soon an Indian came to see Don Andres and tell

him that the enemy was approaching with its cannons. Pico asked if the force were as big as his own, and the Indian re- plied 'Que! Ustedes no valen nada; ellos son mas muchos.' (1What! You aren't worth anything; they are more mucher') rs /leo told him to say nothing to the others. When the Indian left the jacal where Pico was staying, Juan Lobo and Vejar came upon him, asked if the enemy were coming, and he said yes. When asked how many he said he didn't know, as it was night

and he only heard their approach, butthey had heard what he had told Pico. Vejar claims he entered Pico's jacal and told him they should be getting the horses.They had an argument

because Pico say no reason for doing so, etc. Vejar and Moreno took a corporal and four soldiers each and.went for

the horses, but they couldn't find them until an Indian

showed them where they were, in a hidden spot with very good pasture. The officer of the day, Jose Alipas, had begun his watch when a dog began barking, whereupon Pico shouted,

'Sentinel, who is officer of the day?" The sentinel, who was

Jose karia Ibarra, answered it was Jose Alipas. 'Tell him to

For educational use only cont. 3 "Recuerdos de un Viejo,"

mount, because that dog is barking at people!' Alipas mounted,

went in the direction of the barking dog, whichwas in the enemy's direction. He had gone about 50 paces when hiscompan ions heard his 'Quien Vive?' When Vejar heard his voice he gave the order 'To arms!' to his company, and Morenodid like Wise. Vejar made a quick inspection, found threemen had no ammunition, so he ran to Pico's jacal, toldhim to give him three cartucheras, but Pico refused.Vejar says he told Pico

he'd take them by force,so Pico gave them to him. Alipas, seeing that the enemy had pulled back,came back, came back

and reported. Moreno took a patrol and found theirtrail for there was a good moon (ed. note:wasn't it raining?) and he

figured the enemy force to havebeen eight or ten men. He followed to the foot of thegrade and there found a-bundle of

very good blankets which he gave to those whoneeded them. During this time the horses arrived,and Pico said to leave them alone until further orders. Vejar gave orders to his

men to mount up, contrary to Pico'sorders, he claims, for

the Indians had told themthat the enemy was almostupon them. Vejar called the alferez of hiscompany and asked if he knew

the saying of Ochoa. The alferez, DoloresHiguera, known as

'Guerol Higuera, replied 'Si,un tiro y a la lanza'. ('Yes,

one shot and then the lances'). He (Vejar) says Picogave no orders and he had to do everything,etc. Alipas was sent

to the foot of the grade withorders to fire a pistolshot if he saw theenemy akiroach. He went there, andas he was ar

For educational use only 1

cont. 4 "Recuerdos de un Viejo,"

ranging the saddle of his horse, hewas about to mount again

when he saw the enemy, so he fired his pistolin warning. The enemy was on the 'plan de la cuesta' about 500 to600 yards away, so the order was given, 'al centro,un tiro, y a la lanza.'

1 (1To the center,one shot, and lances ready').One of the enemy

was rid.Ing ahead, a certain Captain namedMorin, they learned later. (ed. note: Thiswas in reality probably Captain Johnston,

not Captain Moore). He was a brave man and the firstto die. He met with Andres Pico, fireda pistol at him and missed, then

Pico gave him a blow with hissaber, but he turned aside to

avoid the blow. Leandro Osuna then struck him withhis lance, throwing him forward and knocking himoff his horse. As he fell, fo-N he took a bullet from TomasSanchez, the same man whowas later Sheriff of Los Angeles County. The shooting between the two fortes continued; Vejar mettwo companions in the battle and

told them to go off to theside. The Americans heard his voice, in Spanish, and four of themcame at him. He tried to escape and took off; theywere in pursuit, so Vejar held his lance ready, trying to get to tEetop of the arroyo where he could

turn and charge theenemy with his lance. He had not foreseen a hole made by a burrowing animal whichhis horse tripped into

and fell. Vejar's spur was stuck in the cinchunder the horse and he couldn't get loose. The four men rode up to him and

all fired a shot, coming closeenough to him to Spray him with

dirt, but missing. They then returned to the battle. Another four men came by, and they too firedat him. His horse moved

For educational use only -5- cont. "Recuerdos de un Viejo,"

enough for him to move his leg and rise with the aid of his

lance. Two more riders apc,roached, one took aim, fired, and missed. The other said 'God damn' took aim, but his pistol

did not fire. They then informed him he was prisoner in a

mixture of English and Spanish. Philip Crosthwaite conducted him to the rear, where there was a Canadian mestizo whom Vejar-

feared might kill him, but no such thing happened. He was taken to where the wounded were lying, including Gillespie andAntonio Rubidoux. Gillespie as'Eed him how many Mexicans were killed.

Vejar admitted he didn't know, as he had been takenprisoner iuring the fight. Dr. Griffin said, 'why don't you tell the

truth? Ten died and thirty were wounded.' Inas much as there

had been but 75 men who entered the action, of whomonly 30 had firearms, Vejar said he guessed it wouldhave been more. Judging from all the shooting, he really thoughtso, but later he found out that only rancisco Larwas killed in the battle,

. and Casimiro Rubio later died of woundsat San Juan Capistrano.

The wounded were.Juan Alvarado, RomualdoYon, Jose Aguilar, Joaquin Valenzuela, Santiago Lobo, Jose Duarte,and Antonio Ibarra. Vejar doesn't remember who else. The troop which came in earlier and was spotted by Jose Alipas,was guided by cligluiziat212)as he himself later admitted. In one incident

of the battle GabrielGarcia had his horse killed andhis lance

splintered, dragged his adversary out of thesaddle, grabbing his sword and licking awai at him.Pedro Perez came by, lanced

the man, and said, 'Asi, se hace.' ('That's theway it's done'), The Americans had a cannon 'obust(in thiscase, a howitzer, no

a mortar) which was surrounded by men armed with sabers. The ito For educationaluse only -6- cont. "Recuerdos de un Viejo,"

Mexicans charged, lanced some, knocked down others, then took the cannon off the field. In this action Kearney was wounded. After this action (the battle of San Pascual) tfie Americans retired to the rancho of San Bernardo, after having interred their dead in a cactus patch at that same rancho of San Pascual. The Mexican forces began to harry them again in San Bernardo, staying there a day or two skirmishing with the enemy. They a took 200 horses and mules from the Americans during this time. Vejar was exchanged on the 85 of December, Tuesday, for the American prisoner, Godey, or Godoy."

For educational use only This is a transcription of handwritten documents in the Bancroft Library. Spelling and punctuation are as written; words in [] are those which I was unable to decipher with certainty. Words which appeare.li to be lined out in the manuscript have been lined out in pencil. Inserted pane numbers in 0 refer to manuscript pages.

Benjamin Hayes Notes, *SR: San Pasgual In the Spring of 1056I visited this place,for no other purpose than to see 'the battle ground' and verify ha_ facts I might. Mr. Phillip Crosthwaite (who was in the battle) and Mr. Willie B. CouLs accompanied me. Upon understanding my object, the old Indian captain, Panl/o,at. once led me to a spot some fifty yards toward the hill, from the rocky elevation on which his own house stands, and at the edge of ,i, IL..: -Dr.,-al., nda.r- whi:h the cows were gra:Lir...7 This he pointr,:d .... :': ,:i.,.'- .1.::.re -_:',-, 17.tr-. mc,,c- r'l. `-,' y.....1L Lc- ,.7. c....-:1!.1,:.. thid, Yorl, the fact that nothin 1:

9-'_, t,..1' ..1. stil?, ::.Trie r_::;lifornians and TrithaDs, than the b:a,c- , displayed by thi...t officer. Directly opposite to the southeast, at the distance of half-a-mile, p-!.-1,...I mustard ni.1 weapds and the dry river bed intervening, thr .c.,:.J :=F-1 descundin thr_.: dt..,:.T.1 San racual h3.3.,pre,:ipiceL c.n Eil.'Ir:,: F,id. To the 3rt nc.rtheastward is the c-,11sTad.-, thruah wh;ch

..7.: -2',._.., r-;er:-.Erd r.i.i., and which a iihrt ihY:-nce. 'h, Ca:,f..1 had thcLi horSes qrazin,- on that night. The:-.- horses F-Ici all been tui me.; out, witih the exception of thrce or four: evidently without anL, suspicion of a _hostile force so near them. (pg 2)_The_general'Opinion of the Carif6rnians is, that Llandro. tpsuna-VCII6-d-t:apt. 116ore;-wi-th a lance. Senor Lopez adds Pablo-Api's V.Indian Captain 6T-Temecula) to the number of his assailants. Common Rumor makes. Don Andres Pico, the,k1a.412.o.fthi.s.bloody_day._ ne4ccount _ 4 115V-ahOSOMMOIVT7C07173rnian) places Don Andres Pico and 'is: two -'.

..principal-offlavrsona?doCota and Thomas Sanchez, snug1`7-fvld2 ,-. mile off Qa_the_Soto.hill; and makes Juan Lobo, a corporal, the actLal :.11-wria hdry hi.fierce example, rather than by vc..rd in this'famou,:.

;nelee. Hc wa.:, about tk,ienty three years old, from Mia.a%ion ViC_JF-,., 1.....,.

i"ii;1( ...:.:. (.....:..1- 4.1.; wl- o.:.:i.. ...H.:i.DC.71 :1 C?n ,... n 1 ! I ..:.:C. , 0 ] C: 1 : ,,, : L., .. : :-; 1 i.cr,:i 1'c:., t he ....; '

CCII:ni:, a ans. aliallaSA7fitiiiiUe'r-vzi --"Mtii-~tr- Thari'Si xty;',, ounc, iro.:. ...hL -11,- 61- cien:':Kearny tho4oht. Some ten'of them' were from San Diedb e :..rtlfrit'y ,- 'ttid-'ft"''-fi7:iiiiL75s 4kritieIet-,;'"7------*6- 17---6b.71L-6-c5xEla and Francisc'W Higuera carried off theAmerican howit.zc-,-. TV' ::: :A:I.4, fornian :version insist,:,., th'slonly one Californial i''E.'2 !-J.] I d, !ory the name of .and th,:.-A fey (_,f1-572M haVThrir------

fire-Jirm.7, TI-i-i.-:,,,11-i:.--Jil 11,2t t!me tO form int:: :ii.':. M.f . Costhwaite ahd other dn not think thzAt the actual battle was of over fi...ye minute!:'

durtion a runninn skirmish. The Californians ,,1: first fleeing, then a portion of them turnir.g u;:on and routing thE- Amricans. -roste

rairthe-iffe-6f -Doh-Pablo Vejar 4119mrilkwaxio0eyr_ii ...wat--- korrralroAkikt..7-1!apt. -eill'espie. was lanced by Higuera, and mighthave been killed, but for the iat4.r_4!.'ztions_.w1*c4,_4E4-idhPu.bamGLleibsikiapPfmaiagi -::er.,.i.:,,p.friitr&e.i-i-Ayted--74,-crr-h.i-s--7arrt'arrorri-s-b7pirwhc, t: p: ci 7 ) hurried away wi th '- hCill. bn little Orrkin, -lc.; we:A of the C_Ling ,:, thp river whc:,1( IhE- figh2, began, is the lone tree at which Lt.Hi, mmo nd wao, surrounded &17,r1 m,:wtally wounded. 1 Lcid fiCIM the unpublished journal of Pc.Tohn P. Griffin, E',urgn

"The mornino wa,.7'excessivel/ cold, and we felt '.-1, the more, as r of us were wet to the sJin. The light wa.c.E not sufficient for me to,.. r

4. :. AVAILABLE For educational use only -4! ELK COPY sdie qbe; V distinguish any thine like a line of the enemy...Hammond was the first wounded manI saw. He had been in the advance with Moore, and got a lance wound on the left side between the eiehth and ninth ribs. I told him to go a litt]e further to the rear andI would attend to him. At th:,s time I was sepaated from him: when the General saw me and toldme he was wounded and wanted my services. Shortly afterward the devils got aroun d me. I dropped my gun which I had snapped at a fellow and drew an empty pistol. Warding off his lance, this answered the purposes of a loaded one, till the fog separated us. I then met Capt. Gillespie. He was bleeding most profusely...More was killed far in the advance, leading the second charge; and Hammond,I was told, received his wound, in attempting to rescue Moore. I should thinL there was not fifty men who saw the enemy." I am satisfied, it will require considerable attention and labor, to ascertain all the truth of this lamentable affair. Enough appears to br ehadowed forth, to leaee strona doubt ifmore would, in the words c,f Ke-ry, ",,-.s7istin formlnn the we,I.l4k our natjonal ,J1Dcy. ( of them that fell and the

; fc..-titi_.de an :7: r, thr The battle was folACIht on December 6th, 1846.

Of the officers. engded f.n bati]e, GererLl Wflliam H. Emor.., and General J.W. Diwidson aro stillin the service (1875.) The last named in 1846 wi:1- 17;,.,Y-. P. S. 17urner was Gen. KparnI,'',. aid. He now Lives at LtY.J.LL, MC., HE resigned,I thinL, lh 1849 or 1050; and was a partner in the Danking Houseof Lucas, Turner & Co., of which Gen. Sherman was the manageron this coast. Col. Thomas Swords was Kearny's Quarter master; is believed to benow on the retired list. He was Deputy Quartermaster General. Lt. W.H. Warner, who was wounded at San Pascual,was killed by the Pitt river Indians, in 1649. Dr. jehn S. Cliffin, As:istant Surgeon,U.S.A., was the Medical Officer of Kearny's command. He resigned in 1854, and in thesame year tool: up his4residence at the-City of 1=Angeles, engaged ever since in the successful practice of his profession; andis amenest the foremost of its citizens i7; e'.ery useful enterprise.

(S Pascua])

Gabriel Garcia and Francisco Higuera tookthe cannon. Gabriel Garcia rode up to thecannons tgle American shot killed his mule ,_hclt it in the hed. He seized the cannoneer, & killeJ him. Near the cannon. Hinera had lanced Capt.Gillespie, and iLight have easil killed him: but attracted by hiL; fine whitehorse a splendid scrape, he occupied himself first with seizing Alese,then joined Garcia, and the twe carried off thecannon. When Don Tonitoarrived at Soto house, foundPico, Sanchez & Cota there. Shortly afterward the cannon arrived, in charge of Garcia F., Higuera. As De-,n Tonito n7,s making his way from the Indian village it \,7.s not yet clear he found Americans all around him,running awa.,. the Californians behind them killing them. Before arriving the point where now is the Church,he thre Americans leading off Lara. He then ascended the hill. He could s;,,, very plai!Jy. About 100 yards above the Church, theykilled him he

For educational use only BEST COPYAVAILABLE heard the shot, & saw Lara fall. Don Tonito saw Lara deliver up his gun. Then two of the Americans left. The other killed Lara, and left too. Don Tonito then went down the hill to -about whereMoses Manasse's house now ia. There he saw that the Californianswere killing the Americans. A few reached the heuse of Moses Manasse. Don Tonito then went on to the hill of Soto. At Manasse's, it was clear very clear no fog at all. The cannons

After Don Tonito left i71 house of Manasse, the cannon arrived soon after Garcia took it. The Americans camped at the place wherenow is the house of Manasse there is a patch of trees back of his house there they camped. The Californians retired below [and] that night went down the San Dernardo River, to an Encinal thatsame night. (pg 2) Jean Lobo & Mariano F.lva foughtthe Amu.(icans EMixed] in vir-h them, fightno. carno,., thc the Cil ieht n. flArthe the-, ar. offi 'okc: 7' [fighting] commanding rather by Er.ample, than t,-;. word.

Lcandro Onuna did not enter to submit to Stockton,till aftei the battld of San PasdcuJ,CI Don Tor.ito then .:ame in fiop: Pa]a and submitted. with Commr,dord Ste..crton to family wau 61-id remainc!d there: he was not willing to Lateup arms against his own county men.

The Ca].ifornians were actually still saddling theirhorses, when the Americans came down the San Pascual Hill &charged: it was not [yet a] clear day. The Californians did not have time to forma line before the attack began.

Frmos.i116-c-OMM;deironWipa Cli:f-c;;-Wi'i-An;7, who went by Mt Cajon-2---ArTT-r-es-rient-on-to-Sar---The-6-xpectationwas to in on both sides the Americans who had been sent out byStocrton to the rtulic-,:f of Leacril': to "in me,dio", betweeh tYo

--c-V\ I. %-k

Q\..y.c.NiNcAtn; cc& (Dx-64 r -'0-vt42-

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

For educational use only 'Benjamin Hayes Notes, #40, in whatI believe to be chronological order. Hermosillo commanded one party of Californians, who went by Mt rajon. Andres Pico went on to San Pascual. The expectation was to hem in on both sides the Ameyicans who had been sent outby Stockton to the relief of Kearny: to catch them "in medio",between those two Californian forces. t11 The Californians were actually stillsaddling their horses, when the Americans came down the San PascualHill & charged: it was not [yet a] clear day. The Californians did not have time toform a line before the attack began. Juan Lobo & Mariano Silva fought theAmericans [mixed] in with them, fighting. As Don Tonito was making hisway from the Indian village it was

not ys.1-. _ found e%mericams r:11aro'Jmd him, -.1Jrninp the -1 1 _ L-'-' e gwiving at4Vepoint'here nowfrilleChurchhe saw-Thre0 *t.! r r 11hr,fl ery plainly. About 10C yards above the Church, theykilled him eard the shiat S-D'AY Lara f-t11. D,an Tenito saw Lara deliver up Filgs hen two of the Amer i cans 1 eft. --The --ofherkilTed-ra-ra, 1.6 d-3.-e Don Tonito then went down the hill to aboutwhere Moses Manasse's The that thri: wc c A fec, rcched the houf.ie of Moces Don Tonito.then went on to the hillof Soto. At Manasse's, it was clear very clear no fog at all. The cannons After Don Tonito left the house of,Manasse, the cannon arrived soon after Garcia took it. Gabriel Garcia and Francisco Hiqueratook the cannon. Gabriel Garcia rode up to thecannons the-Ame,r-iean shot killed his mule shot it in th& hed. He seized the cannoneer, & killedhim. .4,11,01A141/144wilaav.copmft *Lesafti-.141~11.3Thrttr.S.11411diliiik r ItiVrofietviitrvig t=f1-4",evinettAit *14",°11,00`1.4t4ceNiqltirtimmliC'othimrcifttruzimai When T:hlto 11:;) L. Higuera. After taking the cannen, at thehouse of Menasse, the Californians went no further they were without an officer Lobo only led in the [fighting] commanding rather by example, thanby word. The Americane camped at the placewhere now is the house of Manasse there a patah of tree:: Lack of his house there they camped. The Californians retired below [and] that night went down the San Bernarde River, to an Encinal thatsame night. t2) Leandro Maine did not enter tosubmit to Stoc[ton, till afterthe battle of San Pascual Don Tonito then came in fromPala and submitted. Don Tonito went with CommodoreStockton to San Juan, where family was his and remr,aned there: hewas not willing to take uparms again:et hir own ceunt men.

(13 Se}ly Johns states that on Dee. 5 Pico sent some of hismen to El . Cajon so the plan would be tehem in Gillespie's.group, not t21 An Encinal ie c Californialive oak. C3 San Juan is probably San JuanCepietrane.

BESTCOPYAVAILABLE For educational use only Jo/

" Edgar Hastings:interriewing Ramon .0suna, Oct.-17; 1958, at hia sIace26th.and E Sts/

--0-V7R '14 .'es ;,5,. ;',71! .ttX. tA3tb'vbr: . .

'f .-frk 're; .. , . ; .

wy gteatmgreate4rendiother.!Her, name was Alt./Jana . A, -, .....r..--1,-,-7.,1,- ..---1,1...... -:. -:.-. ..- .-..--,....-. -..,.4.2.-.. -: .:7;. -%--:.7.-.- .1- :-.;.7 - -,...-- :, 'A.,' 4% ...-.:7- .% '.... ' t :.:i..-. , .- -4*:- Lopez- she was married Feb. 25, 1806. In a book, °irty...twoTh Adobe Houses of Old . # , .., .. ..,,,...... t ra.t '-'2..- . - California*, which has a record of the family, the title page states-that the pictures

...... were reproduced from waUr-color paintingsby Eva Scott Haynes, and the descriptive

text is by Isabel Lopez De Fages. It is aspecial publication of the Southwest Mu-

seum, Los Angeles, California, in 1950.

My great...great-grandfather's name was JUan Maria Osuna.All my folks were bo

in San Diego County.My grandfather on my father's side was Leandro Osuna and my

-grandmother was FranCisca Maron.My grandmother on my mother's side was josefa Lopez A and my grandfather was Philip Crosswait.MY father was Julio Osuna and my mother

was josefa Grosswait. They were married in 1872.I had a sister, Leonitas, who passed

away about four yaars ago. Mary, my next sister, was born about two years after Leon..

itas. I came next, in 1882; then there was Charlie Osuna---he has passed away. Ruth

was older than Charlie; she is 68 now and is living at Delmar.Her name is Bertonsenzi.

Marcos was the youngest; he was born at Rancho Santa Fe and is the only brother I

have left.

I went to the San Dieguito school four miles from the ranch. I rode horseback.

I quit at the end of the fourth grade and went to work to support my mother and the

shildren. My father was separated from my mother and I took care of the family. I

was 14. We had cattle; I was in the cattle business all the time, working with cattle

all the time between the ranch and San Diego.

I got married in Los Angeles. My wife was one of the Abalus family of Capis..

.trano; they were old-timers in Capistrano, they came there from Spain, my wife's folks.

I met her in Los Angeles. I was driving teams for quite a few fellows and I worked for

a fellow named M.P.Fealy for five years.He was an Irishman, a contractor;

roads and Pauled gravel and sand in Los Angeles. DEST COPYAVAILABLE: For educational use only Osuna 2

I was married in Los Angeles about 46 years ago. My oldest son is Ramon,.born

in 1910. Ralph is next, born in 1919. Robert was born in 1922, in San Diegov.it

Twenty...third and 'Market Streets. My first wife died, and I was a widower for fifteen

years. Then.I married again and we have a little girl, Rose Marie. I married Isabel

Case of San Diego,' about 1954.My wife and I are separated. /My grandfather, Jhlio Ciuna, fought in the_ battlo- of San Pasoal, I remember eery well, for my greatgrandmother used to tell me. rEe was in the battle of San L-- rasqualp. in the Mexican army.* What tickled me was that when my grandfather was beating

Kit Carson over the head with a rifle, my other grandfather fell across the reach and

throwed him off the horse---thatPhilip Cros/wail.; add when my'other iiindfathii. he

. V igot.,up4why.he,met.Captain Moore face to face, and my,grandfaIher_killed_Captain Moorq.

Then he went to reach for his horse and he met Ramon Carillo, who was fighting with

them, and he said that he had a prisoner by the name of Soranno, from Old Town---had

him tied to a tree. This Sorrano said, *I hope the American people will hit me in the

right place, so I wontt suffer."Sp Carillo reached for his knife and turned Sorrano

loose and let him go. He run down the San Pasqual river just as fast as he could.

After the battle was over my grandfather rode his horse, El Apache (that was his

favorite horse) and when the battle was all over my grandfather, Leandro,Osuna, and

Ramon Carillo took all the people to Los Penasguitos, at Francisco Alvarado's ranch,

and they doctored them there and helped them all night to get to San Diego. They went

down the San Dieguito River, right through the present Lusardi ranch and right through

to Psnasquitos; an old trail is still there. They stayed all night and brought them

in to San Diego the next day. That's the way the Americans came in from New Mexico to

Arizona to what is called Imperial Valley now---right up the Mountain Springs grade;

they come up that trail there. They cut across from Descanso---thare's an old trail,

and they went up that trail to Warner's. They come down the old trail by Ramona,

where there's a road that goes down to San Pasqual that used to be a trail; th WEIS

no wagon road. It comes down into Bandini Canyon.

BEST COPY/AVAILABLE ') For educationalusc only Osuna 3

One of the old settlers in the San Dieguito Valley when I was a youngster was

C.V.Smith. He bought part of our ranch at San Dieguito. That was way back when I was a kid. And.all the Kellys---I knew the Kellys very well.Frank and Charlie

Kelly---I knew them all. The Ortegas were in there, and Lusardi, and Hookton. And there was a Wilson there; they came from Santa Barbara in the early days to that country there. There was the Doaks and the Higgins---they came in the early days.

That Higgins got killed.They lived next to Lusardits ranch, and the whole.

Higgins family got killed; the Indians killed them. He homesteaded in a place they called Los Luceros; that means "the morning star". He homesteaded there and then he was killed, and his wife and three children, by an Indian they called Blanco. The

Indian and his mother they were going in a wagOn to the Indian reservation and they camped right close there. The Indian left in the night; he told his mother he would be right back.He hit the door and when Mr. Higgins came to the door he hit him over the head with an axe and killed him, and then he killed his wife.And then he got hold of a little girl by the feet and hit her head over the table and killed the little girl. A week after Father Mach, all the time the priest, went to go to say mass, and he found those people there laying dead.The Indian got shot himself afterwards.

And then hIs mother told the law that her boy killed that family. They called him

Blanco, but his right name was Kanaka. He had a brother named Jose La Lotus Kanaka.

Kanaka raised the boy by the name of Louis and they called him Louis Kanaka.He dot

to be an outlaw.And he stole my uncle Ramonts horse named Siccum, 8nd he was riding

that horse when Sam Morrano and my uncle Leandro found him and they shot him; they

killed the Indlan.

I knew Yankee Jim, but that weentt his real name. I don't know his real name

but he came to this country and there was two brothers by the name of Juan and Ramon

Rodriguez. They came from Spain and they started the goat ranch on Goat Island...

that was North Island, where the Coronado Hotel is. They had a boat to transfer the

goats going across to LaPlaya, and this fellow by the name of Yankee Jim a 4 bout. My grandfather , Philip CrosOwait, was the sheriff then, but there w For educational use only Osuna 4 for stealing boats. But they got them for stealing a horse from Zamarano and they hanged them to a tree in Old Town. They got him for that, and that was a horse stealing and my grandfather Crosswait said,"hang him to a tree in OldTown." He put them on a cart and motioned for the driver to go and when the driver wentYankee Jim was hanging on the tree.And there was no more Yankee Jim. If.we had some of them laws now it would be better.

When I was a boy fifteen years old my Dad and my uncles andmuself and three

Indians took some Cattle to Algadonies, this side of Yuma,Arizona. We drove hem

right through the desert. We had about 250 head. We picked them up at different places

in San Diego County, picked them up all over, and myuncle took them to Algadones, right

below Yuma on the California side.We drove them right acrods the desert---we went

to what they call Carkiso Creek; we left Julian to theleft, a little bit. We went

through Carriso Creek, watered the cattle there, and then we didn't waterthem until

there was a Blue Lake, a place where Seeley is now. There was a big lake of water;

we wateree. them there. VN My grandfather, Philip Crosswait, and his nephew, William JeffersGatewood, grandfather started the San Diego Union down in Old Town.My =MU was sheriff and he held quite.

a bit ofofficer's work in San Diego. Then he went down to Mexico and bought him a .

cattle ranch; he owned from Rosarita Beach to Ensenada, he owned all that country,the

old man, at one time; he was in the cattle business.But he spent most of his time in

San Diego. He came here a little before Kearny's army came; he was here when Kearny

came in with his people. He volunteered, my grandfather volunteered, and went to

Warner's ranch and got some horses for the baAles; he brought them downwith him.

And when my grandfather Crosswait was coming back he met the Pico troops,and that

Irishman fought them all---he went right through. They wounded him on the finger but

Crosswait made it through.He died hero in San Diego. He had quite a ranch up there

and he gave all his boys the ranch and came back to San Diego and diedhere.

For educational use only This is a transcription of an 1878 manuscript dictated to a member of H.H. Bancroft's staff. It begins on page 37 and inserted page numbers in() correspond to manuscript page numbers. Spelling, punctuation and insertione are as written. Words which are lined out in pencil were lined out in the manuscript; words whichI am not sure of are in []. PIONEER DATA FROM 1832 FROM THE MEMORY OF DON JUAN FORSTER Capt Jose Ma. Flores as Comandante General, and evacuated Los Angeles with his few men, retiring to San Pedro to take ship. Tne Californians were then again masters of their town. Preparations were then made to proceed to San Diego and retake it frem the Americans that expedn. was unjer command of Leonardo Cota and Jose` Alipaz, who held a council of war under a sycamore tree still existing in front of my house here in Santa Margarita ranch, to fix e,-ee fpt,trrJ movempnt-... Th,% S7an sme timn and were the 'f they their b1.11. f:oeind an Ameri-._an th the f2ee. Tt Fr:::hc%c Pla-va) they had to retire They then about this time, learned thet Gillespie had secretly left San DiECIO with 4G men, and gone off towards was despatched C;31e....,pie,\cpeci..f to meet Genl- Fia.rny fores help them to reach San Diego. The Californians pg 38) were not ,,...ware ef In pul-E.uit of Gillepje 1-1T: Th,:.y didn't e_a-c,ch up with him until he had joined Kearly. t Imo NowI come to think of it,I believe the council of war held under the Aliso in my ranch was after they had learned of Gillespie having left San Diego. It w- Andres Pico then came down & took command of the whole California fbrc:e This had previously been divided into two parties,.each of wa:. to go into San Diego by a different route, and at same time cut off all resources that the Americans might make available Among other things driving away the stock. marched Don 4.ndres Rice hie forceKc,f toward:, San Pascual with th view of oif re'u,n to S:-1:-1Died,o, for itwa:E believd that -

. . . . anything of Gialespie was attacked by the enemy. Capt. Stokes, an Enolishman, learned where the Californians were encamped, and gave information to Gen. Kearny who immediately planneda r,ieht attack. This would in all orobablilty have been successful had not been for a noisy poodle dog It raining in torrents that Dec. 5th 1845 The Califernians' encampmt wae at the Indian village some Kearny sent on4e,Amen te reconnoitre the enemy's position &a followed by some Indian docl: little poodle dogAmade such a tremendous noise that it aroused the suspicions of the Californians. Patrols were immediately sent out who a circuit of the camp in the directic GI where the alarm appeared to bt., and altho' they saw no party they came across some blankets which aftc.r carrying into camp, they noticed .on them the mark U.S. Then the cry wae to horse!, but before they Lad got into position the Americans (pg d(1..) came upon them pell-mell The Californians (whose whole numher was of 72 men)ran in diserder, and got mixed up with Kearny's Dragoons who used their

For educational use only BEST COPY LI AVAILABLE_ asr.-aaltouri fire-arms, and the Californians their lances. They ran together so mied up for half a mile (the ground-where the attack was commenced was very unfavorable for cavalry) till they reached a point 6f rocks below which there is a large plain Thus far the Californians seemed to be the fact was in retreat & the Americans going in pursuit but^I -believe that the former were running for a favorable position, and when they got to it just below the point of rocks, turned upon their pursuers and then the fight became general. I believe that Kearny's force sustained a loss of 22 officers & men Kearny was severly wounded by a lance thrust. by the [huero] (Dolores)-Higuera Gillespie was hur3ed down from his horsei\and escaped being killed by feigning that he was dead. He was wounded though by the thrust of a lance and left for dead.

!-i n retre6ted t o (pn ) the point OCks f , ,F,cf t he !I?est manner p-.2ssi!::c amorT,

+ 171..i 7 or. t he Am eric.--r capts Moc.ur a & Johnston who were held in high estimation for their gentlemanly proficiency & deportment,A& gal]antry. The American fc,rce at the becinnin-1 of tFp eng=idemt. war of SO dragoons under Kearny, some 30 or 40 men under Gillespie, and a few ornj ans. that had i neci said Gill p e .indge t he tota] to have.heen 120 men. The Americans held that position until that night or the following when one,unt-i--1- an opportunity occurred during the night to affect a retreat, which they did, taking possession of a rocky hill at San Bernardo, from where they sent in Aleander G-Ddey to San Diego to The report from whence a return answer was give information. Us,- reached San Di eaoAClayc the 4n-f-e+.4rsat sent them in charge of Alexander Godey, but before he got cn his wa.y.-ba.e-444-1-t-ht.u,r41--a-RSW-e*, bG.f-cw-e-Qetting into camp, was and cz,,ptured by the Californians,---conducted to Los Angeles. He was allowd. to remain during that night at my house in San Juan Capistrano,

d ', ' ' ,u 1 -I attempt to es :ape

-Q4'4`":;\-\., \P- BEST COPYAVAILABLE

For educational use only A CALIFORNIO VIEW OF THE BATTLE OF SAN PASQUAL

A Research Paper

Presented to

EDUCATORS

CF

CALIFORNIA

FOR EDUCA110NAL USE ONLY

Created At

San Diego State University

By David Ross Gastellum 11325 Canyon Park Drive Santee, CA 92071 May 10, 1992

Created by David R. Caste llurn For educational use only 41, 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 2

CHAPTERS

1:CALIFONIA: A CLASH OF CULTURES 3

2.KEARNY'S JOURNY WEST 8

3.THE BATTLE OF SAN PASQUAL 14

Created by David R. Gastelhau d For educational use only 2

Introduction

There have been many historical accounts of the Battle of San Pasqual and just as many

different or disputed 'factual interpretations' of this same conflict. The battle of San Pasqual

continues to rage even in the twentieth century as historians are engaged in open debate on many

of the details that surround this intriguing event.Historians continue to maintain diverse

assessments of the recorded facts. However, one dominant fact prevails: few historians have

been able to agree on the circumstances surrounding the battle. The basic issue of whether the

victory was the .American's (Kearny's) or the Mexican's (Pico's) remains in debate.Most of the

available accounts emphasize Kearny's trek across the continent and his 'debatable'victory at

San Pasqual.

This essay will concentrate on the accounts of the Battle of tan Pasqual by analyzingthe

political climate, the events happening in California from 1844 to 1846, andthe prevalent

cultural attitudes existing in California prior to Kearny's arrival.This approach to history is

important as it both describes relevant conditions and chroniclesevents which had a great

impact on the Battle of San Pasqual. Having developed a Californio setting,the essay will then

focus on the importance of Kearny's journey to the actual battle and finallythe consequences of

the battle.It will cover Gillespie's behavior toward the Califomios,assess the Califomio's

actions prior to war, and examine Stockton's decision tomove his base of operation south to San

Diego instead of north to Monterey. Another aspect thisessay will address is the effect that Kit

Carson and Archibald Gillespie had on Kearny as his guides and advisors.Finally, this essay will demonstrate why the Battle of San Pasqual was unnecessary.

Created by David R. Gastellum For educational use only se 3

CHAPTER ONE

CALIFORNIA: A CLASH OF CULTURES

In the Transition Period of California, Thomas 0. Larkin, appointed consul for

California in 1844, argued that California had been divided into two political factions. In the south was Pio Pico, the Governor of California with his seat of power in Los Angeles. The other faction was led by "General Castro, the military chief residing in Monterey." These two factons were known as the Picoians and the Castroians.

Castro .had the advantage of controlling the entire state revenues of two to three thousand dollars.1The issue of the treasury, specifically the control of the treasury, created mounting tension between the Picoians and Castroians. Castro had already squandered the entire treasury for his own purposes, without providing protection from corruption and bandits.In the spring of 1846, with the repository of the treasury depleted, the Picoians and the

Castroians "were about to resume the struggle and were lining up troops and horses for that purpose."2

With the onset of the Mexican-American War and a possible Yankee takeover, the

Californios found themselves in a precarious position.First, they saw the opportunity for a brighter and more prosperous future as residents of an American territory.Second, they dreaded the possibility that Mexican armies would cross over the southern mountains andbring retaliation against American sympathizers during the war. Even if they tooka neutral stance, the risk of losing life and property was great;should they "remain Mexican subjects at wars end they would open themselves to Mexico's thunderous wrath." For the mostpart the

Californios possessed and retained genuine Mexican patriotism, and here it isimportant to note that California was technically still a province of Mexico.However, the ruling Spanish-

Created by David R. Gastti;om .071 For educational use only wrik

-visatiorrisimmatismit- 4 speaking population of California did not regard themselves as Mexicans. At that time California was considered somewhat of a 'Siberia' by central Mexico, and accordingly many ofits derelicts were 'exiled' to California. As generations of Spanish descendants evolved on the Californian rancherias, the "men became conscious of their Californian birth." These Californios learned to

defend themselves so that "from their youth' they 'were reared in the school of adversary . . . . who loved their country most dearly."3It was this love which transformed these dedicated youths to the graceful, deadly, master horsemen who became the "Las Lanzers" (The Lancers).

The Customs House, which was the only source of income for the Californio government, was located in Monterey.It was over the division of the Customs House money that suspicion and strife arose between Pico and Castro. This caused sucha split between their forces and the overall power of California that "the clumsy and incompetentmanagement of military affairs"4 caused California to fall to the Americanforces. Had Pico and Castro been able to show a unified resistance they could have "raised a force of some three or four hundred of their countrymen [for the purpose of] expelling the immigrants, but they could not unite in anything."5 One begins to question ifwar in California was really necessary when the combined forces of Pico and Castro, could not have maintained a unified front. This isevident in Pico's reluctance to carry the war aggressively against the Americans.

Many scholars believe that the war in California was not onlya serious blunder but was quite unnecessary.In The Decline of the Californios John Leonard Pitt quotes Professor

Hawgood who stated, "California would have become a part of the United Statesin the long run, but of her own free will, at her own initiative and in herown good time." This seems to be quite evident by the initial acceptance of Stockton's establishment ofa civil government in Los

Angeles. Had it not been for Captain Archibald H. Gillespie's harsh rule andhis garrison's abuse of California wine and its people, the battle at San Pasqual may have beenavoided.

There are many local historians who glorify John C. Fremont's BearFlag Rebellion as

American heroics.However, the truth which is supported by scholars suchas Hubert Howe

Created by David R. Gastellm For educational use only 5

Bancroft and Bernard De Vote is "that the United States connived rather cynically to acquire

California, provoked the native Californians into a dirty fight, and bungled a simple job of military conquest." Commodore Robert F. Stockton arrived early in August of 1846 with a force at San Pedro and took the Los Angeles Plaza without opposition.6 He remained a few days and left a guard under the "regrettable command of Captain Archibald H. Gillespie."7 Then in early

September Commodore Stockton sent Kit Carson to Washington D.C. with a dispatch outlining the situation in California. Stockton's dispatch was reproduced in the Congressional Globe wherein he stated, "in September I ordered an express mail to be sent in charge of Carson from the

Cuidad de Los Angeles to the city of Washington to inform the President that the territory of

California has been conquered and a civil government established therein."8 What Stockton

lamentably failed to mention was that he left an incompetent Gillespie in charge in Los Angeles.

While in command of Los Angeles in August, 1846, Gillespie provoked trouble,

exhibiting the typical "Hispanophobia" of many Anglos during this time.Gillespie repeatedly

used his military regime in an effort to squelch the Catholic traditions, native family pride and

the Californio customs of Castilian dancing and entertaining which the Californios held dear to their hearts. Gillespie closed stores and outlawed the most innocent of social gatherings. He put the town under a curfew and searched several houses, confiscating the arms that were found. In

doing so he humiliated the noble Los Angeles Californios of Castilian blood.It was no surprise

that the Californios took up arms, and under the leadership of Cerbula Verlas, overwhelmed

Gillespie.Gillespie was then forced to sign terms of surrender and on "October 4 the Guerrillas

lined the streets and gloated while Gillespie's dejected men marched out of town."9 Although

Cerbulo Verlas led the attack against Gillespie, it was decided he was a hothead, so he wassoon

replaced by Captain Don Maria Flores.10 After the attack on Gillespie, the calvary under Flores

was divided into three squadrons of 133 men each." The squadrons were commanded by Don

Andres Pico, Manuel Garlias, and Jose Antonio Carrillo.Respectivly, each squadron was given a

nickname: "Pico's was Los Galgos (The Greyhounds), Garfias's became known Las Aranas (The

Cteated by David R. Gastellum For educational use only 6

Spiders), and Carrillo's was known somewhat derisively as Las Hilachas (The Ragged Ones)."12

All of these groups were armed with lances, the blades of which were made of scrap iron.It would be the Galaos upon whom Gillespie would want to take out his revenge.

As Jauna Machado de Ridenton described the incident, "Gillespie was compelled by the

Californians to abandon Los Angeles and retire to San Pedro where he went aboard ship."13 This episode caused great hardship in California by prolonging the war. However, this victory also served to bolster the Californios spirit.With rebellion in the air, Stockton desperately needed a

location with a sparsely settled Californio population.

Early in November Stockton could have marched his forces north to Monterey but fortunately he led them south to San Diego. This decision was providential for Kearny, for when

Kearny arrived in California he received the help and reinforcements he desperately needed.

Without them Kearny surely would have been swallowed up by Pico's forces.14 Lieutenant

Edward Beale described Stockton's arrival in San Diego in this manner: when "the ship was soon

safely anchored in the harbor of San Diego... .webegan active preparations against [the enemy

in] Los Angeles. The men were drilled as infantry, the officers were ranked as infantry and

artillery officers.Everything had been improvised in anticipation of the horses."While

Stockton's men prepared harnesses out of rawhide, Beale was put in charge of roundingup the livestock.15

Meanwhile, the Californios located northwest of San Diego were also making

preparation for their assault on San Diego. Relying on the few firsthand accounts of these

activities, we know that on the November 22, 1846 Captain Andres Pico was ordered southto

San Luis.16 Captain Flores had received word that an expedition of Americans had been foraging

for horses and cattle in the interior areas around San Diego, so he issued Pico orders "to proceed

with a hundred men to San Luis"17 in an attempt to cut off Stockton's menon their return trip.

Captain Cota had also been given orders by Gen, Flores to cooperate with Pico. This planwas

designed to crush the Stockton forces between the Pico's and Cota's Californio armies. However,

Created by David R. Gastellurn For educational use only 7 before the two captains had reached their rendezvous point the enemy, probably under Beale or

Gillespie's command, had already returned to San Diego.18 Pico was ordered to remain in the

San Diego area, so Pico made his headquarters at San Luis Rey and Santa Margarita.

An interview with Don Juan Forester describes a council of war which took place at his

Santa Margarita rancho: "preparations were then made to proceed to San Diego and retake it from the Americans. That expedition was under the command of Leonardo Cota and Jose Alipaz, who held a council of war under a sycamore tree still existing in front of my house here in Santa

Margarita Ranch." This interview did not occur until 1878, and it now appears that Forester may not have been quite sure of the exact date or time of this event as he later states, "now that I come to think of itI believe the council of war held under the Aliso in my ranch was after they had learned of Gillespie having left San Diego." Forester states that Andres Pico "thencame down and took command of the whole California force- This had previously been divided into two parties,"19 with an originalpurpose of going into the San Diego area by different routes in order to cut off .Aipplies to the American forces.After this encounter little information was recorded or is known of Pico's activities up to the date of 5 December, 1846.

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CHAPTER ll

KEARNY'S JOURNEY WEST JUNE 5, 1846 TO DECEMBER 5,1846

Kearny began a 2,000 mile cross-country trek when President James K. Polk declared war against Mexico and ordered him to lead the armies of the West in conquest of the Mexican states, then known as New Mexico and California.20 On April 30 Kearny left Fort

Leavenworth, Kansas with 1,750 soldiers, and by August 18 he had seized Santa Fe, New Mexico without firing a shot.2iAlthough the Mexican forces were twice his number, when Kearny approached them they retreated. A few miles outside of Santa Fe "the lieutenant governor, informing the general [Kearny] of Armijo's flight, and of his readiness to receive him in Santa

Fe, and to extend to him the hospitalities of the city,"22 undoubtedly caused Kearny to lower his guard. For it was this easy capture of Santa Fe that would later cause the overconfident Kearny to misjudge the Californios.

The effortless manner in which New Mexico was brought under American control was one of the major reasons Kearny decided to leave most of his troops in Santa Fe, starting his march to San Diego with just over 300 men.William Emory wrote on September 25,1846, "I received notice that the general was to march at 2 p.m., for California. His force consisted of

300 dragoons."23 From the beginning Kearny's march was plagued with trouble. Dr. John S.

Griffin wrote on September 25 that Mexican horse traders swindled Kearny with mules that were "devilish poor at that and that two had died on the first day."24 He described as a "bad prospect for California to have the animals give out on the first clay."25 They soon realized there was not sufficient stock to last the duration of the trip, so three days later on September

29 "a grand trade in mules and horses" took place at a rancheria just below Zandia.26 There the

Createci by David R. Gastellum For educational use only 9 scene looked more like a horse market than an army camp. With fresh mounts Kearny proceeded on the last 800 mile journey and toward his dubious encounter with Kit Carson.

Fourteen days outside of Santa Fe, Kearny and Kit Carson crossed paths. This encounter brought both good and bad fortune to Kearny's future, indeed, causing severe ramifications to the posterity of all those involved. Yet at the time it seemed a simple and fortuitous meeting for

Kearny.Dr. Griffith described this encounter on the October 6 "some 8 or 9 men [the actual number of men was 15] came charging up to us with an Indian yell." This turned out to be "Kit

Carson, the celebrated mountain man."27 This meeting took place "below Socorro on the Rio

Grande del Norte, where Carson had travelled 800 miles in thirty days; Kearny had travelled

150 miles in 11 days."28In other words, Carson's men travelled almost twice the distance every day compared to Kearny's dragoons. Kearny's slow progress was caused by his precious howitzers, and because Thomas Fitzpatrick, Kearny's guide up to that point, was unfamiliar with the Gila Route to California.

From Carson's subsequent statements to Senator Thomas Hart Benton it was revealed that Carson had heard on the trail of Kearny's approach and upon their meeting Carson "told them they were "too late - that California was conquered, and the U.S. flag had been raised in all parts of the country."29 Although in August this information was true, it was now November and this information was false and misleading.In reply Kearny announced that he would go on to establish a civil government. Carson informed him that "a civil government was already established, with Colonel Fremont appointed Governor, to commence as soon as Colonel Fremont returned from the North, some time that very month [October]."30 This information was also outdated and therefore false.

At this meeting Carson told Kearny that in August all of California had fallen easily to

Fremont and Stockton and there was no opposition to American rule.31 He also reported that

"Stockton was engaged in organizing a civil government, and that Fremont was to be made

Governor."32 Having taken Santa Fe from the Mexican forcesand now receiving this news of

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California already flying the American flag, Kearny made a serious mistake. Confident that he could take California as easily as he took Sante Fe, he sent 200 of his dragoons back to Santa Fe.

After much argument and under the threat of a court martial for Carson, Kearny finally

persuaded Carson to return with him to California as his guide and for Thomas Fitzpatrick to

continue on to Washington D.C. with the dispatches.33

Later Kearny would be accused of a military crime by Senator Benton, because in

military or state communications it is a crime "for one officer to turn back the messenger of

another."34 This line of reasoning did not holdup in a military court nor in the halls of

Congress. With the information available and the surrounding circumstances most historians

agree that Kearny made the right decision to take the unwilling Carson as guide.

It was not until several weeks later that Carson and Kearny learned that everything

Stockton had accomplished had been undone by the incompetent Gillespie, and that a sizeable

portion of California was back under Californio control.Having Carson's report, obsolete since

September 5 and by now filled with much erroneous information;Kearny believed he had more

than atiiple forces to complete his mission. He decided to order 200 of his remaining 300

dragoons back to Santa Fe under the command of Major Sumner.35 Kearny continued marching

westward with Companies "C" and "D", the 100 residual Dragoons, and employing the reluctant

Kit Carson as his guide.36

One burden greatly affecting both the strength and disposition of the army was the

seemingly pointless hauling of two enormous howitzers on this wilderness journey.37 Kearny

stubbornly insisted on dragging them along without regard to their military valueversus the

unavoidable penalties. One only had to survey the number of dead and wounded at the end of

Kearny's 2,000 mile trek to genuinely ascertain the price of his stubbornness.Observation of

the troop's low morale and sense of utter exhaustion, combined with the worn-out livestock,

portrays the ultimate sncrifice paid by these troops.

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Finally on October 9, 1846, after the wagons had only made eleven and a half miles and

"the teams came into camp 'blown' and staggering after their day's work,"38 did Kearny determine to leave the wagons and send back for pack saddles. October tenth, eleventh, and twelfth were passed in camp waiting for the pack saddles.39 On October 22, 1846 Emory finally wrote, "The howitzers came up at about nine o'clock, having, in the previous day's work, their shafts broken, and, indeed, everything that was possible to break about them."413

Unfortunately, Kearny decided to keep his 'precious' howitzers, to the detriment of his men for it sealed the fate of the dragoons and contributed heavily to their losses at San

Pasqual.41William L. Perkins, author of Those Accursed Howitzers, stated that historians were divided on "why Kearny chose to keep the howitzers,"42 for it was quite obvious that

"anything with wheels would put a terrible drain on the animals"43 and slow the Army of the

West's progress considerably.Perkins, like many historians, believed that Kearny's intransigence in keeping the howitzers was caused by his "martinet, petty, and prideful personality." Perhaps he thought these guns gave his weary and ragged Dragoons the appearance of a strong military facade that they were, in fact, sorely lacking.Whatever his original reasons might have been, his guns at journey's end were useless and were never a deciding factor in the battle.44

It was the last part of the Army of the West's journey that would bring about tile most difficult circumstances. Having to ride 500 miles down the canyons of the Gila River withno more than a bridle path and "over a very rough and barren country"45 was one of the most arduous parts of the journey.Another entry from the journal of Captain Turner described the march as a constant state of toil and deprivation and even "anxious friends at homecan form no idea of the trials and fatigue that we undergo each hour in the day- wading through streams,

clambering over rocks and precipices or laboring through the valleys of streams where . . . . our animals sink up to their knees at almost every step."46After sixty miles of desert without water or food for the livestock, Kearny's bedraggled dragoons arrived half or nearly naked,

Created by David R. Gastellum 9.8 For educational use only 1 2 many without shoes. The date was 2 December 1846, their immediate destination: Warner's

Ranch in the mountains northeast of San Diego. 47

After many days of deprivation and hardship Emory described the Aqua Caliente valley:

"the evergreen oak grew luxuriantly . . . . we sawwhat would even here be called large trees.

Emerging from these we saw in the distance the beautiful valley of the Aqua Caliente."48 Upon their arrival in the lush valley they shot and ate ten Mexican cattle, then proceeded to Warners rancho.49 While theywere there "an Indian came in and told [them] that Pico was camped at

San Pasqual.50 Mr. Warner had been placed under arrest by American forces because he had been accused of leading American soldiers into an ambush. The real reason for his arrest was

"lack of enthusiasm for the political party then in charge of the government of the United States

[and because] he was in sympathy with the paisanos in their fight to preserve their lands."51

After the men devoured a sheep at Warner's rancho, and quenched their thirst, they then sent for Edward Stokes at his rancho Santa Isabelle.52 Stokes, an Englishman, told Kearny that he was a neutral. But he did agree "to carry a letter to Commodore Stockton at San Diego."53 This letter contained Kearny's orders from the President of the United States to establish "a Civil government . .and secure order, peace, and quietness,"54 and it requested Stockton's assistance in opening up communication with him as soon as possible.After being resupplied with more unbroken horses and mules on December 3, Kearny brokecamp and marched thirteen and a half miles to the valley of the Rio Isabelle. Here Kearny's dragoonswere well provisioned, courtesy of Stokes who had given orders to his majordomo Senor Bill to entertain the Army of the West.55 They camped that night at Stokes's rancho, which was located forty miles fromSan

Diego.56 The Indians in the neighboringarea offered to help Kearny, for many of them had a deep hatred for the Californios who had taken from them their land and freedom.57 At Santa

Isabelle Kearny and his men dined on the more refined larder of the Isabelle rancho.58Kearny, his officers, and Senor Bill generously drank from Stokes's reserve of wine.59 Thiswas probabably a once in a lifetime opportunity for Senor Bill to drink his fill of Stokes'swine. On

Created by David R. Gastellum 99 For educational use only 410.

. . December 5, 1846, with a drunk Senor Bill as guide, who had to be held up by two dragoons,

Kearny set off for Santa Maria.60

Back in San Diego on December 3, 1846 Rafael Machado had left the ranks of "Andres

Pico and his 'Galgos'."6iActing on the advice of his family, Rafael had surrendered himself to

Stockton.62 While questioning Machadoas to the size and location of Pico's lancers, a message arrived from Kearny. Whereupon Stockton ordered Gillespie that to take Rafael as guide and informer and proceed to Kearny's position with reinforcements.63 Because of this strange turn of events the unfortunate young Rafael Machado would be known as a deserter to his people.

Kearny rode to Santa Maria where he met up with Gillespie, his thirty seven men and the "four pounder 'Sutter' gun."64

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CHAPTER III

The Battle of San Pasqual November 1846 to 11 December 1846

Prior to December 5 Pico was ordered by General Flores, commondante of the

Californio army, to move his lancers from Don Juan Forester's Santa Margarita Rancho to the

Dominguez Rancho, and then later to the Rancho Soledad.65 This rancho was about four leagues

(approximately 12 miles) from San Diego.66It was here, according to Pablo Vejar, that Pico had received word from his sister, Mariquita, that Gillespie was riding into the northern mountains to meet with another group of Americans.67 Prior to this message Pico had received information from an Indian scout that "Gillespie was on the move, bound for the Sierras."68

Pico disbelieved his sister's account of an American army deep inside the interior meeting

Gillespie's troop.69 For his own reasons Pico preferred to believe that Gillespiewas out to steal more livestock for the "starving gringos in Old Town."70 But with the knowledge that his old advetsary was within reach, Pico sent one part of his force to the El Cajon valley and the rest to San Pasqual to cut off any possibility of Gillespie's retreat.7

Pico's superior, General Flores, had also received word from Sonora of American military movement, and this would have been Kearny's movement towards San Diego.72The westward journey of Kearny's dragoons was a real mystery to Flores, for he couldnot understand how such a force could pass the vicinity of Pico and Cota without being seen.73Pico and his superiors were aware of a large American force in the surrounding mountainsof San

Diego. With Pico aware of that, we have to question why he did not explorethis vital information more, and why did he not believe the confirming accounts givento him. Perhaps the civil government of California was not eager to confront American armies. PerhapsPico had no

Created by David R. Gastellum 101 For educational use only 1 5 real desire to fight American forces.It is very probable that Pico was doing the best he could to avoid a direct confrontation for as long as possible with the United States.Also, the more aggressive Verlas was replaced with the milder Flores by the governing class of California.

After the war, it was claimed by Botello, another contemporary, of Pico's who claims that Pico afterwards told him that "he had not wished to fight, but was forced to it by circumstances which made it impossible to do otherwise."74 This attitude would show itself in further events leading up to and during the battle.It was to this battle that Pico now rode in company of Vejar and his

'Galgos'.75

They arrived at San Pasqual where they hoped to intercept Gillespie on his return to

San Diego.76 Their arrival on December 4 at San Pasqua{ was witnessed by a young Indian woman, Felicita, who remembered the event quite well.In an interview with Elizabeth J.

Roberts, she stated "Mexican soldiers, riding beautiful horses, came through our valley quite often, and at last a company came and camped at our village. They took some of our huts, and we crowded into those that were left for it was the winter time"77

Once at San Pasqual, Pablo Vejar and Juan Bautista Moreno took charge of setting up

Camp. Vejar thought it would be wise to assess their men, horses, and equipment to fairly estimate their fighting capabilities. A disagreement broke out between Vejar, who wanted to keep the horses close by, and Pico, who had turned the horses' care over to the Indians. These

Indians had been watching Kearny's and Gillespie's movements without being instructed to do so.78 This information was voluntarily passedon, by the Indians, to the Californios.

Although Pico had been moved into the San Diego area in response to reconnaissance information of American military movement along the Gila, by all evidence Pico was still unaware of Kearny's position until the night of December 5."Mr. Osio, a California journalist stated that Pico had no idea of the proximity of Kearny when he camped for the night at San

Pasqual."79 Yet Vejar stated that the Indians who tookcare of the horses had told Pico on his arrival that "the Americans were at Rancho Santa Maria five or six leagues [approximately 18

Created by David R. Gastellum 102 For educational use only tit. I 6 miles] away on a steep rocky road.Vejar gave praise to these Indians for saving the lancers, for he claimed that "later it was learned that Pico was planning to surrender us." There seems to be some truth of this description of Pico's intent for by many accounts he had been reluctant to have a direct confrontation -with the American military forces.

Upon hearing the news from these reliable Indians, Vejar advised Pico that they should make preparations for an attack.In response, Vejar states that Pico could not believe the

Americans could "make it over the road bringing a cannon at night [and] that the road was worse than the Cuesta de Santa Ines (Hill of Saint Ines)."After Vejar pulled his watch as officer of the day he turned the duty over to Jose Alipas. About this time an Indian rushed into the camp and reported to Pico that Americans with cannon were approaching. When asked how big the army was, the Indian replied, "Que! Ustedes no valen nada; ellos son mas muchos (What ! You aren't worth anything;they are much more)."After this report and much argument with a reluctant

Pico, Vejar and Juan Lobo retrieved the horses the Indians had put in a hidden spot.

At this time a dog barked from the direction of the enemy camp, and Vejar gave the call

" to arms! to his company, and Moreno did likewise."After a. quick inspection, Vejar discovered that three of his men had no cartridges, and he went to Pico and requested ammunition. Pico refused, and it was not until Vejar threatened "to take it by force, that Pico gave some to him."

Here again Pico showed reluctance in taking strong action and in his decision-making which impaired the lancers' battle-preparedness.

A patrol was finally sent out, and at the "foot of a grade they found a bundle of very good blankets." This was proof that their location was known to the enemy. Vejar claimed that as the horses arrived Pico was still indecisive, because he gave his men orders not to mount up. This was very disturbing to the lancers, for though they were trained effectively with the lance, their greatest skill was horsemanship;they were not professionally trained killers.Vejar gave the order for battle, later saying that Pico gave no orders, which left Vejar to do everything. As the enemy was spotted five to six hundred yards away, a pistol shotwas fired and

Created by David R. Gastellum 103 For educational use only I 7 the "order was, Al Centro, un tiro, y a la lanza (To the center, one shot and the lance)."8°Still, with all the warnings, Pico and his men were barely, mounted when the battle was engaged.

To say that Kearny had been poorly advised would be a gross understatement.

Gillespie's original prejudice against Mexicans only increased after his humiliating disaster in

Los Angeles. As Kearny made his plans, it would be advisable to consider the factors that affected his decisions.First, Kearny had already taken an entire Mexican province without firing a shot.

Second, he had fought a Mexican army, not the skilled lancers of California. Third, as the

Mexican army was twice his number, he allowed these misleading events to bolster his personal image of his own military success and impair his future judgements.Fourth, Carson, his guide and advisor, had little respect for the Californios as fighters, for he described them as havinga

"holy horror of the American rifle and would never expose themselves to make an attack."8i

Add to this the hispanophobia of his adviser Gillespie and there is potential ingredients for a slaughter. Kearny was also in need of good horses for a prolonged campaign could take him to many parts of California.Kearny's horses were in the poorest possible condition. Carson was quoted by Charles L. Camp as saying that "the chief objective [for Kearny]was to the California animals."Another factor was the wine that circulated among the officers82 at Rancho Isabelle the night of December 5.After 800 miles of desert and deprivation, it would only be natural for

Kearny's men to fill canteens and jugs to provision themselves against the cold, dreary weather.83 Though there isno proof that anyone was drunk on the evening and morning of the fifth when plans were being made for battle it is not unreasonable topresume that wine was present at Kearny's camp. This could have impaired Kearny's judgement regarding thecondition of his men.In a message from Stockton, Kearny was advised to "beat up"84 theircamp, but after Lieutenant Edward F. Beale and Phillip Crosthwaite saw the starved condition ofKearny's men, they advised him to take the road to San Diego by way of Lakeside, Rancho El Cajon and

Mission Valley.85But witlStor.kton and Fremont's claims to a civil government and governorship, Kearny was also determined to show his presence bya military victory. Judge

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Hayes believed if Kearny had waited and "appeared in open daylight and in a compact force, San

Pasqual might have had as happy a result as that of Cahuenga, without striking a blow."86 Like

Pico, Kearny refused to take the counsel of his cautious subordinates87

Determined to fight,.Kearny sent Lieutenant Hammond, Raphael,Machado and several dragoons to survey the position and strength of the enemy."88 During the night at 11:00 P.M.,

Hammond descended the mountains to San Pasqual. The noise from his saber alerted a camp dog, and when the reconnaissance team arrived it was hailed by the lancer's camp with Quien Vive

(who's there). The rain had been pouring down all night but it ceased when a cold and chilling wind blew down from the Sierras.89

Pico's lancets, on fresh mounts, were considered the best horsemen in the world.90

They were well acquainted with the lay of the land and were armed with six to eight-foot-long razor-sharp lances with blades "nine to ten inches in length and one-half inch in width at the base;" each of these blades bore, a "gay, red, white and green pennon, fastened at their base."91

With lances raised upright, these lancers stood ready to defend themselves, their families and their homes.

On the other side of the battlefield, high upon a "hog-backed ridge, was the Army of the

West," half starved men who were weary and fatigued beyond comprehension.92 The dragoons, cold, stiff, and wet from sleeping outside in the rain, were mostly mounted on worn-out unbroken mules, and the dragoons' arms and ammunition were rain-soaked from the torrential downpour of the previous night.93Gillespie describes the men as "sadly in want of clothing."94

Yet Kearny would have his battle, his horses, his glory and his contentious military victory in

California.

The first to die was Captain Abraham R. Johnston, who led the charge down the mountain with his guard behind him in double file.95Behind them came General Kearny,

Lieutenant Emory and a guard of fifty dragoons, who were mounted on mules. The noise from their sabers and equipment destroyed all hopes of a surprise attack.96 Gillespie with the

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"Sutter Gun" and the best of mounts was ordered to the left rear flank to help guard the baggage train.97 A mile behind the frontal assault, this baggage trainwas under.the command of Major

Thomas Swords, with a guard of fifty dragoons.98 When the order to trot was given, it was believed that Johnson mistook it for charge, and galloped far ahead of the rest of Kearny's company. He received a bullet in his forehead from the gun of Leandro Osuna in the first volley of fire from the lancers.99 Johnson's advanced charge was most unfortunate, for when Picosaw the number of Johnson's advance guard he mistook the size of Kearny's army. Had Pico been confronted by Kearny's entire force it is believed he would have withdrawn, being content in just harassing the Army of the West by short dashes and driving away their livestock. As the

Army of the 'West strung itself out in a vulnerable, extended line, the actionwas being mentally recorded on the .hillside by a young Indian girl named FelicitaM.

When the Indians heard the clang of sabers and the rattle of equipment from the direction of Santa Maria, they "ran out of their huts to find the cause." Through the low-lying fog Felicita saw "soldiers wearing coats of blue. The Mexican soldierswere sitting on their horses holding their long lances. .. .they now rode swiftly to meet the soldiers in blue."ln great fear the Indians escaped to the mountains where they watched the battle "behind brushand weeds."101 As the Indians ran to the mountains, Pico'scamp was somewhat in disarray. As

Johnston fell, Captiah Benjamin D. Moore took the lead. He thought the lancerswere in retreat so he ordered a second charge. This charge led him face to face with Pico and his guard. Hewas able to get off one shot and was then lanced off his horse by Leandro Osuna.Captian Moore was then slain with a bullet from the gun of Thomas Sanchez.102 Foryears after this battle Moore would be posthumously praised by the Californios for his gallant bravery. Theycalled him

"valiento Morin (valiant Moore)." When Hammondsaw Moore fall, he tried desperately to come to his brother-in-law's aid, only to be mortally wounded by the same razor-sharp lanceof

Osuna. When the Californios saw Gillespie, the ruthless leader of martiallaw, a cry of "jAqui esta Gillespie!, jAdelante!, jMatale!, IMatale!, 'Aqui esta Gillespie! (Here isGillespie!,

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Forward!, Kill him! Kill him! Here is Gillespie!") went up. Then a charge of eager lancers did their best to sink their lances into the man they knew well. 103Gillespie received a lance wound in the face cutting his mouth and breaking a tooth, in the neck, rInd one through a lung.

The lancers left Gillespie for dead and went after his horse and prize saddle.104 As the battle

moved on, Gillespie was able to retreat behind the American lines, where he managed to get off a

load of grapeshot from the "Sutter gun". This shot he claimed later is what turned the tide and

caused the lancers to flee.105

General Kearny was wounded in his arm and in his buttocks. William Burden Dunne

said that many of the men felt "that it would have been better if they killed him." His men felt

he was responsible for the disgracfull fiasco, for if he had waited till daylight" they would have

seen how to defend themselves." These men said their fingers were so doubled up from cold that

'they were unable to use their fire-arms, "except for the officers who were well penetrated with

the strength of Santa Maria wine."1°6

In the half-light of the battle, Vejar drew attention to himself by shouting orders to his

companions in Spanish. Vejar was soon surrounded by dragoons. He tried to evade them, and in

doing so his horse stepped into a gopher hole, broke stride, and Vejar fell from his mount. This

caught the attention of four dragoons who fired upon him but missed. One man fired again and

missed, but this shot caused his horse to move enough for Vejar to pull his leg out from

underneath his horse. To gain his feet Vejar had to use his lance as a crutch. One of the

frustrated men said "Damn You!" took aim and tried to shoot him, but the pistol didnot fire.

After these numerous attempts to shoot Vejar, he was finally informed by Philip Crosthwaite

that he was a prisoner.107When Vejar delivered up his bloody lance he thought his fate was

sealed, for a half-breed named Patitoux looked at it, raised his gun and would have shot Vejar if

not for the protest of Philip Crosthwaite. The indignant Crosthwaite informed Patitoux that

Americans did not kill their prisoners.108Later Vejar, the only prisoner,was questioned as

to the number of killed and wounded.His description of this interrogation, with Gillespie

Created by David R. Gastelluni 10 7 For educational use only 21 badgering him and Dr. Griffin supplying numbers, seemes to suggest that the Americans were trying to get a false number for the official records in order to justify their actions. " Why don't you tell the truth ten died and thirty were wounded,"109 when they knew that Vejar had been taken prisoner during the battle, and could not know the exact numbers.

Not all of the Californios were as eager for battle as Vejar. As mentioned earlier, some

Californios had mixed feelings and thought it wiser not to get involved in a meaningless conflict.

One of these unwilling participants was Jose Antonio Serrano. Serrano came to battle armed only with his reata.When the battle broke out, Serrano was "at the rancheria of Panto the

Indian leader for the San Pasqua! Indians." Removed from the center of battle Serrano stated that he saw three Americans in the Indian village "lead Francisco Lara away from one of the

Indian huts . . .. twoAmericans rode away, leaving Lara in the charge of the third who shot the youth then rode off."Lara, a young man, was terrified of the battle and had decided to stay in the

Indian village.Because he was the only mortality on the Mexican side this version is highly contested. Later it was claimed, common knowledge, that some Indians that were with the

Americans had killed Lara.110 Because of the confusion on the battlefield, little else but these explanations are known about the only death on the Californios side.

The crippled army of Kearny was now in possession of the field. By order of Kearny, the men gathered and lashed the dead to the mules that were left, in preparation to march

Kearny's wounds became so serious that Captain Turner had to assume command for a short period of time, while Kearny's wounds were being cared for by Dr. Griffin.After regrouping, the weary dragoons discovered there were not enbugh mules left to carry all of the dead, and it was decided to bury the dead on the battlefield that night in secret. Kearny sent Alexis Godey,

Thomas Burgess and another volunteer to Stockton for reinforcments. Reduced in their number by a third, the "Army of the West" made a forced march off the battlefield under the constant harrassment of Pico and his lancers. On the way, Kearny and his dragoons rested at Rancho San

Bernardo, and gathered some chickens for the sick to eat. They continued thci march until

Created by David R. Gastellum 108 For educationaluse only confronted by lancers on a rocky hill which blocked their advance. They gained the hill and safety, but in climbing the hill they lost their livestock. On December 8 Pico came forward under a flag of truce and exchanger:I his prisoners Godey and Burgess for Vejar. Both Godey and

Burgess had been captured on their return trip.111Godey's news was not helpful, for Stockton had no spare horses for a relief party. That night Kearny sent Lieutenant Edward Beale, Carson, and an Indian to gain assistance from Stockton.112 Three miserable nights were spent on this hill which was renamed Mule Hill after the principle diet of its occupants.Vejar, a prisoner during some of this time, went hungry, for he refused to eat the flesh of a mule. On December

10, Kearny in desperation, burned all of the army's baggage,for a possible rapid march. 113

Finally, on the morning of December 11, Kearny was rescued by Lieutenant Gray and

200 marines and tars (sailors).114Christopher Jaret, a marine under Gray described

Kearriy's position as "surrender or be annihilated." Jaret described Kearny'scamp as a "sad sight indeed [there was] no water except what little muddy water they caught in holes dug for that purpose- although a nice stream ran at the base of the hill" Jaret continued,"so closely did the cordon of the enemy draw around them that no man dared to venture to that little stream,"115 as death would be theirmeasure.

If not for this relief from Stockton, Kearny would have met deathor been sent to

Mexico in chains.It was an auspicious turn of events for Kearny when Stockton decided to regroup from Gillespie's debacle in San Diego instead of Monterey.

By all accounts the initial battlefield was a mixture ofmen in utter confusion. There were no regular lines, trenches or fixed positions.116 The entire battle only lasted fifteen minutes and in these few minutes it was obvious that wet cartridges and .four-foot-longdull sabers were no match for the longer razor sharp lances of the Californios.117 At theend of the battle, out of twenty dead and nineteen wounded only one death andone wound was caused by gunfire."With a total of thirty-nine dead or wounded each body hadan average of three wounds.118

Created by David R. Gastellum 1 09 For educationaluse only 2 3

Eighty percent of the American forces engaged in the actual battlewere either dead or

wounded.119 With the rest of the American forces approaching, the lancers decided to leave the

battlefieldthat was littered with American casualties. Most historians agree that when the

Californios left the field to the Americans, they lost claim to the victory.Another point, most

historians believe, is that had the lancers so desired, they could have annihilated the entire

'Army of the West.120 Most authorities also agree that the death toll could have been much

higher , but for Castilian chivalry which stayed the. hand of the lancer.121It was reported that

when Pico saw an American wounded he "called upon his men to spare the life of the wounded

soldier."122 At the end of thewar both Kearny and Gillespie sought out individual lancers who

had spared their lives.123 The chivalry of the Castilian culture was even hailed in the halls of

Congress when Senator Benton praised Pico for his humanitarian actions during the battle, his

care of the prisoners under his control, and for the fresh supplies he sent under a flag of truce to his old adversary Gillespie.124

The controversy continues over who won the battle. We must consider the factual

information presented.First, the battle was not strategically necessary, due to the fact there

was another route available to Kearny. Second, there were a number of motivating factors for

the battle: one factor was the insatiable desire for revenge on the part of Gillespie; another

factor was Carson's low opinion of the lancers' fighting capabilities.Most important was

Kearny's greed for the prized horses the lancers rode upon, for Carson continued tourge Kearny

"that it was a good opportunity to supply themselves with fresh horses.125

Finally, scholars need to consider if anyone was victorious at San Pasqual.It was not

necessary for Kearny to charge into the deadly lances with men who were half-starved and

physically wasted from a 2000 mile journey.126 Then, itwas absurd for Kearny to still claim

victory while positioned in the battlefield surrounded by dead, dying and woundedmen. There

was no claim to victory for the proud lancers when they faded into the landscape, losing their

dignity, their lands, and their rich culture.

Created by David R. Casten= 11 0 For educational use only 2 4

In conclusion, historians and scholars must consider the price of victory bought and purchased with the blood of subdued, worn and weary soldiers, when the peaceful alternative of negotiation could have been achieved.

Created by David R. Gastellurn li i For educational use only 2 5

WORKS CITED

BOOKS

Bancroft, Hubert .Howe. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft.VoI.22.History of California, Vol. 5, 1846-1848. Santa Barbara, Wallace Hebberd, 1963.

Clarke, Dwight L.The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner: With Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California 1846-1847. Norman University of Oklahoma, Press, 1966.

. The Soldier Of The West. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press,1969.

Colton, Walter. The California Diary.Oakland: California, Biobooks, 1948.

Coy, Owen C The Battle of San Pasqual. Sacramento: California StatePrinting Press, 1883.

Davis, William Heath.Seventy-Five years in California. 3rd ed., San Fansisco: J.Howell Books, 1967

Emory, Lieut. Col. W. H. Notes of a Military Reconnaisance from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California. 30th Congress, 1st Session, Executive Document No. 41. Washington: Wendell and Van Benthuysen, Printers, 1848.

.Lieut. Col. W. H. Lieutenant Emory Reports: Notes of a Military Reconnoissance. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,1951.

Estergreen, M. Morgan.Kit Carson A Portrait in Courage. University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.

Griffen, John S. A Doctor Comes to California. San Fransisco: California Historical Society, 1943.

Givas, Theadore.Military Governments in California 1846-1850.Glendale: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1963.

Marti, Werner H. Messenger of Destiny:the California Adventure, 1846-1847 of Archibald H. Gillespie. San Fransisco, J. Howell-Books, 1960.

Peet, Mary Rockwood. San Pasqual: A Crack in the Hills.Culver City:Highland Press, 1949.

Pitt, Leonard. The Decline of the Californias: A social history of the Spanish-Speaking Californois, 1846-1890.Berkley: University of California Press, 1966.

Created by David R. Gastellum 112 For educational use only Pourade, Richard F. History of San Diego: The Silver Dons, San Diego: The Cop ly Press, Inc.1963.

Todd, Charles Burr. The Battle of San Pasqual. Pomona: Progress Publishing Company, 1925.

Turner, Henry Smith. The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner: with Stephen Watts Kearney to New Mexico and California 1846-1847.Dwight L. Clarke, ed., Norman, University of Oklahoma Press: 1966.

Willey, Samuel Hopkins. The Transition period of California, from aprovince of Mexico in 1846 to a State of the American Union in 1850. San Fransisco: The Whitaker and Ray Company, 1901

Created by David R. Gastellurn 113 For educational use only 2 7

PUBLICATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT AND HISTORICAI SOCIETIES.

Perkins, William L."Those Accursed Howitzers," San Diego' Historical Society Quarterly,10 (July1964),29-34.

Streeter, David."Recollections of William Streeter, 1843-1878."California Historical Society Quart ly,18,(April1939): 166-169.

U. S. Congress, Senate. Senator Benton "The Speech of Mr Benton of Missouri, on the Nomination of Brigadier General Kearny for the brevet of Major General," Conressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., New Series 62, Washington,(July, 1848), 977-87.

Woodward, Arthur. Lances at San Pasqual. San Fransisco: CaliforniaHistorical Society, 1948.

NEWSPAPERS

Felicita.Times-Advocate, 3 November 1916.

Gunn, D, Guard. "The Battle of San Pasqual," The Southern California Rancher, November 1946.

Weland, Gerald G. "Rescueing The Mighty Conqueror," Leatherneck, November 1986.

114 Created by David R. Gastellurn For educational use only 2 8

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Beale, E. F. Statement dictated to a staff member of the H. H. Bancroft Library, 1878.

Bowler, M. Asa.Vigilance Comittee in San Fransisco, H. H. Bancroft Library Collection, 1888,

30 - 31.

Hayes, Benjamin. San Pasqua! Notes 38 and 40 of Benjamin Hayes, 1891, Bancroft Library Collection.

Jarret, Christopher.Letter to John W. Davis, 3 February 1891, Washington, D.C.

Dunne, William Burden.Interview by John W. Davis 18 Feburary1891, Dunne's Notes on San Pasqua!, regarding the Battle of San Pasqual, Bancroft Library.

Forster, Don Juan.Interview by a member of H.H. Bancroft Library, 1878, From the Memory Don Jaun Forster.

Osuna, Juan Maria.Interviewed by Edgar Hasting, 17 October1958, San Diego Historical Society Collection.

Machado, Jauna de Ridengton. Translated By Winifred Davidson in April 1943, Times Gone By in Alta California.Bancroft Library, 1878,14-17.

Vejar, Pablo.Interviewed by a staff member of H. H. Bancroft Library, 13 December 1877, Recuerdos de un Viejo, Bancroft Library Collection.

UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATIONS AND THESIS

Rust, Majorie McMorrow.San Pasqual: Rancheria to Greenbelt. M. Thesis, San Diego State University,1968.

Adema, Thomas, Joseph.San Diego's Oldest pioneer, Philip Crosthwaite,1825-1903. M. Thesis, University of San Diego, 1988.

115 Created by David R. Gastellum For educational usc only 2 9

1 Samuel Hopkins Willey, The Transition period of California, from a province of Mexico in 1846 to a State of the Ameriaan Union in 1850 (San Fransisco: The Whitaker and Ray Company, 1901),11.

2 Leonard Pitt, The Decline of the Californias: A social history of the Spanish-Speaking Californois1846-1890 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), 25.

8 Pitt, Decline Californias, 24.

4 Theadore Givas,Military Governments in California 1846-1850 (Glendale, California,The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1963),63-4,

5 Willey, Transition California,11.

6 Pitt, Decline Californias, 22.

7 Jauna de Machado Ridengton (Wrightington), Translated By Winifred Davidson, April, 1943 Times Gone By in Alta California, 1878, Bancroft Library, 15.

8 Congress, Senate, "The Speech of Mr Benton of Missouri: On the Nomination of Brigadier General Kearny for the brevet of Major General," Conressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., New Series 69, (Washington,July, 1848), 978.

9 Pitt, Decline Californias, 14.

10 Richard F. Pourade, History of San Diego: The Silver Dons (San Diego:The Copley Press, Inc. 1963), 28.

11 Pourade, Silver Dons, 28.

12Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 28.

13 Machado, Times Gone By, 16.

14 Gerald G. We land, "Rescuing The Mighty Conqueror," Leatherneck: (November1986), . 69.

15Edward F. Beale, Interviewed bya staff member of the H. H. Bancroft Library, 1878, 7.

16 Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft (SantaBarbara,1912), vol.22, ed. Wallace Hebberd, The History of California, vol.5, 330.

Created by David R. Gastellum 116 For educational use only 3 0

17 Bancroft, The Works, 5: 330.

18 Bancroft, The Works, 5: 331.

19 Forster, Memory of Forster, 37.

20 Charles Burr Todd, The Battle of San Pasqual (Pomona: Progress Publishing Company, 1925),5.

21 William H. Emory, Lieutenant Emory Reports: Notes of a Military Reconnoissance (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1951),55.

22 Emory,Emory Reports, 56.

23 Ibid., 77.

24 John S. Griffen, A Doctor Comes to California (San Fransisco: California Historical Society,1943),17.

25 Griffen, Doctor to California, 17.

26 Emory,Emory Reports, 79.

27 Griffen, Doctor to California, 20,

28 M. Morgan Estergreen, Kit Carson A Portrait in Courage (Universityof Oklahoma Press, 1962),153.

29 Benton, Conressional Globe978.

30 Ibid., 978.

31 Emory, Emory Reports, 87.

32 Bancroft, Works, 5: 336.

33 Griffen, Doctor to California, 20.

34 Ibid.,20.

Created by David R. Gastellum 117 For educational use only 3 1

35 William H. Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaisance from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California 30th Congress, 1st Session, Executive Document No. 41. (Washington: Wendell and Van Benthuysen, Printers, 1848), 7.

36 Bancroft, The Works, 5: 336.

37 Arthur Woodward, Lances at San Pasqual (San Fransisco: California Historical Society, 1948):4.

38 Emory, Emory Reports, 91.

39 Ibid.,91.

40 Erno,ty Notes Reconnaisance, 63.

41 William L. Perkins, "Those Accursed Howitzers," San Diego Historical Society Quarterly 10 (July,1964),31.

42 Perkins, "Accursed Howitzers," 83.

43 Ibid., 31.

44 Perkins, "Accursed Howitzers," 31.

45 Clarke, Soldier West, 185.

46 Ibid., 184-5.

47 Juan Maria Osuna, Interviewed by Edgar Hasting, 17 October 1958,San Diego Historical Society Collection. 2.

48 Emory, Notes Reconnaisance, 7.

49 Asa M. Bowen, Vigalence Comittees in San Fransisco, 1888, H.H. Bancroft Library Collection, 1.

50 Bowen, Vigalence Comittees, 1.

51Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 18,

52 Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 165.

53 Griffen, Doctor to California, 44.

54 Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 19.

Created by David R. Caste Hum 118 For educational use only 4f.' 3 2

55Emory, Emory Reports, 167.

56 Todd, San Pasqua!, 10.

57 Pourade, Silver Dons, 102.

58 Griffen, Doctor to California,44.

59 William Burden Dunne, Interviewed by John W. Davis,Dunne's Notes on San Pasqual, 18 Feburary 1891, Bancroft Library,1.

60 Griflen, Doctor to California, 45.

61 Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 20.

62 Machado, Times Gone By, 14.

63 Bancroft, Works, 5: 328.

64 Bancroft, The Works, 5: 340.

65 Pablo Vejar, Interviewed by a staff member of H. H. Bancroft Library, Recuerdos deun Viejo, 13 December 1877, Bancroft Library Collection,1.

66 Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 28.

67 Ibid., 19.

68 Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 1.

69 Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 20.

70 Ibid., 20.

71 Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 1.

72 Bancroft, The Works, 5: 334.

73 Ibid., 334.

74 Owen C. Coy, The Battle of San Pasqual (Sacramento: California State PrintirPress, 1883),6-7.

Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 1.

Created by David R. Gastellurn 119 For educational use only 3 3

76 Woodward, Lances Pasoual, 28.

77Felicita, Times-Advocate (3 November 1916), 7.

78 Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 1.

79 Coy, Battle Pasqua!, 6.

80 Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 1.

81 Pourade, Silver Dons, 10.

82 Griffen, Doctor to California, 45.

83 Woodward, Lances Pasoual, 33.

84 Pourade,'Silver Dons, 102.

85 Joseph Adema Thomas, "San Diego's Oldest pioneer, Philip Crosthwaite,1825-1903" M. Thesis, University of San Diego, 1988, 36.

86Majorie Mc Morrow Rustvold, "San Pasqual: Rancheria to Greenbelt." M. Thesis, Special Collections, San Diego State University, 1968, 76.

87 Woodward, Lances Pasqua!, 25.

88 Emory,Emory Reports, 168.

89 Pourade, Silver Dons, 104.

90 Woodward, Lances Pasqua!, 25.

91 Ibid., 28. 92 Clarke, Soldier West, 185.

93 Rustvold, "Rancheria to Greenbelt." 76.

94 Werner H. Marti, Messenger of Destiny: the CaliforniaAdventure, 1846-1847 of Archibald H. Gillespie (San Francisco, J. Howell-Books, 1960), 94.

95 Emory, Emory Reports, 168.

Created by David R. Gastellum 120 For educational usc only Or: . neeur, - - . 3 4

96 Thomas, "San Diego's Crosthwaite, 38.

97 Marti, Messenger of Destiny, 97.

98 Bancroft, Works, 5: 343.

99 Pourade, Silver Dons, 108lbid.

100 Bancroft, The Works, 5: 345. 101 Felicita, Times-Advocate (3 November 1916), 7.

102 Pourade, Silver Dons, 108.

103 Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 31.

104 Bancroft, Works, 5: 347.

105 Marti, Messenger of Destiny, 98.

106Dunne, Notes on San Pasqual, 3.

107 Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 4.

108Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 36.

109Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 4.

110 Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 37.

111Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 5.

112 Griffen, Doctor to California, 47.

113 Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 45.

114 Bancroft, The Works, 350.

115 Christopher Jarret, Letter to John W. Davis, 3 February1891, Washington, D.C., 1.

116 Thomas, "San Diego's Crosthwaite, 40.

117 Woodward, Lances Pasqua!, 31.

118 Bancroft, The Works, 346.

119Pourade, Silver Dons, 108.

120 D. Guard Gunn, "The Battle of San Pasqual," The Southern CaliforniaRancher (November 1946),1.

Created by David R. Gastellum For educationaluse only 121 3 5

121William Heath Davis, Seventy Five years in California 3rd ed.,(San Fansisco: J.Howell Books, 1967), 281.

122 Davis, Seventy Five, 281.

123 Ibid., 285.

124 Benton, Conressional Globe. 983.

125 Dwight L. Clarke, The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner: With Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1966), 205.

126 Emory, Emory ReporL170 .

122 Created by David R. Gastellum For educational use only f

.

.

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SAN PASQUALBATTLEFIELD STATE HISTORICPARK

... ) )0.1 Ct ::-011)4 ) )31100 -)").)1) )54 t_C4 CC54 3 3 .7) o ) ) » 04 (( 011/41 ;1-1-; )") ):11w )1115 , J )) _)Joel ___wessow

1 3 4 THE HISTORIC PARK

The purpose of the Sari Pasqua] Battlefield State Historic Park is to honor those who participated in the battle between the United States.forces and the California forceson December 6, 1846; to set straight the facts surrouriding the battle; to fairly represent both sides involved; to tell the story of the Native Americans in the valley at that time and to relate the history of the valley since 1870. The Visitor Center/Museum serves as an information center for the battle, the valley and the California State Park System. The San Pasqual Battlefield Volunteers Association sells educational and interpretive materials, conducts tours of the facility, gives talks by reservation andstages living his- tory programs. Membership in the Voluntetrs is open to all.

Loc.ation: 8 miles east of Escondido on Highway 78

Hours of operation: Friday through Sunday, 10:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Closed Monday through Thursday

Address & Phone: 15808 San Pasqual Valley Road Escondido, CA 92025 (619) 489-0076 or 220-5430

Ammoill

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135 THE BATTLE OF SAN PASQUAL

The Battle of San Pasqua] took place on December 6, 1846 between.United States forces led by Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny and Californios led by MajorAndres Pico. This battle was only one of the military encounters in California in the Mexican- A merican War but it proved to be the bloodiest and most controversial as to its outcome. To conquer California for the United States, the Army of the West.had marched in June. 1846 from Fort Leavenworth, in what is now Kansas, across the southern desert where they endured the lack of water, lack of food and poor condition of their cavalry mounts. A few days out of Santa Fe, in whar is now New Mexico, Brigadier General Kearny received err.oneous word that California was in American hands and all was secure on the Pacific Coast. :- Because of this misinformation, he sent two-thirds of his men back to Santa Fe and continued westward with a force of 100 men. The western scout Kit Carson was pressed into service as a guide for the army troops as they progressed onward. The journey across the barren desert took its toll of the men and their mounts. When they finally encamped at Santa Maria (now Rarnona) on the night of December 5, 1846, they were hungry, exhausted and stiff from the.cold and rain. Nearby, a Californio force, led on a scouting mission by Major Andres Pico, had encamped at the Native American pueblo of San Pasqual. News of the Califomios' presence was brou2ht to Brigadier General Kearny who sent a nighttime reconnaissance patrol co investigate the Californios' camp. Unfortunately the presence of the patrol became known because of noises it made. Alerted to the possibility of attack, the Californios prepared for battle. At dawn on a cold rainy December 6th, the U.S. troops rode over the hills between Santa Maria (now Rarnona) and San Pasqual to face the Californios in the valley below. In the resulting battle, the Californios' lances proved to be an overwhelming advan- tacze over the U.S. troops' short swords and rifles with dampened gunpowder. Eighteen soldiers wert killed during the battle; four others died later of wounds. Only one Cali fornio is known to have been killed. That nic.tht, the U.S. forces buried their dead, bound up their wounded then tried to continue to San Diego the next morning. They were stopped just past the San Bernardo Rancho at what came to be called Mule Hill (just above Lake Hodges). There they were besieged by the Californios until the morning of December llth when additional troops arrived from San Diego to rescue them. The Californios departed when they sighted the U.S. relief column. The Army of the West, wounded and bedraggled, finally reached San Diego on December 12th.

.3

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rtt RAMADA ' Take9. Ilisterical the time Characters to stop and we of the (Reit Stop) theso1: Hari samplestaple Tack carried a piecelistit by of the Hard Dragcons Tacit. and Hard Infantry Tack on was their ACTIVITIES (imemAtt--) dressedand their in period role in attire.the history Ask themof the goutperiod. their ckthing P4 10)=4= MUSEUMVISITOR CENTER ladtheirj:erney se meals dont.west as ta litsitl aSan filler. PasquaL Bs &Mg It was Hard usually Tack addcd is snly to SanyouVisit9. Museum interestedPasqua' the Saa as Pasqua'andin well learning Bakst= as Battlefield the more people detail* Musuctn. of the area For heft= than and ci about the Battle of146 10 andHusks.Jr&2. Cornhusk indiansPark Enjty Aid ci Dolls Annthisthe aimplicitypericd.Ulm in making at the a dolltoys from of the Can pica= lat hasaafter 10the an minuteths Mexican/American excellent battle, video thecollectice presentatice. museum War of cars literatureand The theseveral Museum history revolving exhibits of Broke* California. mod and OL TRAILHEAD 3. Weavers and Potters YI ta and pots being made This10. is "Spoona dramatic and play shine that generatesLiving Eatery an intent Preductien iu hc.b1- di& 0 i!II 1HWY 781 AMPHITHEATER ThebySee artisans KumeyaayKumeyuy including andIndians Pal Gloria werePat Casteneia. indigenous and to Celiathe San Silva. explorersand undestanding and their Wades*of America's with Native early. Potpies. 19th century 040 ' I!1! , The California Department of Parks and Recreation - WELCOME - Pasqual Valley during this paid. .DemonstratingentphasizingStm,MountainUsing cover stain authentic Manhistorical, the and Burnt value frontierguitaraccanpanied cultural Span cl Native skills and and his Amerkanlikeecological wife, fin-starting earning,Shinto contributicas. concepts, Like the I. , variousearlyTake(SPBVA)and the 1800'sthis Sanlocations opportunitywelcomes PasqiialCalifornia indicated Battlefieldyou to History. observeto inLiving this VolunteerPlease various brochure History stop aspects Association Dayto at figlythe 1995. of watchVent"'Prick4. Cannon theandare SPBVA aPrime', few Drill of Cannon °Wormthe terms Crew the you Bore, demonstrate will and learn "Thumb asthe you proper the language,withAmerica's a wad their tow, western characters making his* presentasp te from all a ags. newa plant, perspective and sign ci enjoyargankationstamplocation your of checked visit.completion. and If youoff any andchoose, Tbodenatiens after SHIVA youcompleting may Is a have nosi-protit 4 stopsthe get a Wd be gristly firingExparrancaWander5. Military pending up totheciEncampment thean spartan 1841small conditionsMountain mili Howitzer.under which the encampment. approciatod.San15803Volunteer Pupal San Pasqual lissoclatIon Battlefield Valley Rad Kumeyaay6. Humeyasy Gloria Songs Casteneia will share traditional &cgs. ci the Army ci the West lived during their c,X, Eaccedido, CA 92025 utilizedmakeJoin7. Bullet craftsman musket molds Molding bills.and Nick molten This Buskirk teclinique lead. as Duehe demonstratesused to the in potential the field how rue ta Individual event times aro posted on the mantra DEPARTMENTState ci California OF PARKS AND RECREATION allift 139 hazard in the Park, electric heat will be used. BEST COPY AVAILABLE schedule available at ths membership table: 141) 1995 CALENDAR OF EVENTS

DAY DATE EVENT

Thursday Ju.y 27 HISTORY DISCUSSION - 7 Pm Pioneer Room, Escondido Community Center Topic Joaquin Murietta; Leader- Jim Saturday & August TBA SAN PASQUAL FIESTA Sunday San Pasqual Ind:an Reservation

Thursday August 24 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PM Pioneer Room, Escondido Community Center Topic TBA; Leader Carol Wallace TBA September TBA VOLUNTEER RECOGNITION DINNER

Saturday September TBA LECTURE Location & Topic TBA

Thursday September 21 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 pm Pioneer Room, Escondido Community Center Topic TBA; Leader Bruce Leonard

Saturday October 7 FIELD TRIP Mule Hill

Tuesday October 17 FIELD TRIP Command Museum Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego

Thursday October 26 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PM Pioneer Room, Escondido Community Center Topic Life of George Armstrong Custer Leader Ken Wi semann

Saturday November 4 ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP MEETING 11 AM Location TBA

Saturday November 11 MEMORIAL SERVICE 11 AM Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, San Diego

ThursdaY November 16 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PM Pioneer Room, Escondido Community Center Topic Battle at Little Big Horn Leader - Joe Weseloh

Sunday December 3 REENACTMENT -10 AM San Pasqual Battlefield St. Historic Park

* * * h * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * BOARD MEETING 3RD FRIDAY OF EACH MONTH 10 AM Joslyn Senior Center, Escondido

BULK MAILING LAST MONDAY OF EACH MONTH 10 AM BATTLELINES CUTOFF DATE FOR SUBMITTING ARTICLEs:

Jan. 3, Apr.3, July 3, Oct. 2 + + + + ++ + + + + + + + ++ + + ++ + ++ + + +++ +++++++ * DETAILED INFORMATION WILL BE MAILED PRIOR TO EACH SCHEDULED EVENT. * + + + + + + + + + +++ + + + ++ + + +++ ++ + + + ++ ++ + + + 1/31/95 141 BEST COPYAVAILABLE SAN PASQUAL BATTLEFIELD STATE HISTORIC PARK

1995 CALENDAR OF EVENTS

DAY. DATE EVENT

Tuesday January 24 FIELD TR:P "Id Town. San .717

Thursday January 26 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PM Joslyn Senior Center. Esc:n:: Topic & Leader TBA

Thursday February 23 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PM Pioneer Room. Escondido Com7unity:en*el Topic SPBVA Library; Leader Ron Hinr ons

Tuesday March 21 FIELD TRIP Bowers Museum, Santa Ahna

Thursday March 23 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PM Pioneer Room, Escondido Comn-unity:ente: Topic Early Women of North SD County Leader Shirley 12_,skirk

Saturday March 25 FLOWER WALK 7 AM Leader Jim ^:Ilane San Pasqual Battlefield S:. HIsoricPa

PM Monday April 3 MEMBERSHIP DINNER MEETING Sizzler, Escondido Program TBA

T-y...rsday AprIl 27 HISTORY.DISCUSSION 7 PM Pioneer Room, Escondido CommunityCentel Topic Golden Images; Leader Joe Wese.on

Satuiday April 29 TRAIL DAY -10 AM San Pasqual Battlefied St. H:storIc

Sunday May 21 LIVING HISTORY DAY 10 AM San Pasqual Battlefield Qt Hist lc ParK

Th:rsday May 25 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PM Pioneer Room, Escondido CommunIty :en:er Topic They Saw the Elephant Leader Nan Gentile

Friday June 16 AN EVENING AT THE PARK 5:30 PM San Pasqual Battlefield St Histori:- r: Bring your picnic dinner Program begins at 6:30 PM

Thursday June 22 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PM Pioneer Room, Escol;dicic Comr-unity Cen*: Topic TBA: Leader Ra.ph Rei..

Saturday July TBA LECTURE - Location & Topic TBA

* * BEST COPYAVAILABLE San Pasqual Battlefield Vascular Pla-nts

143 San Pasqual Battlefield Vascular Plants Revised accorcing to the 1993 Jepson Manual James Dillane July, 1993

Growth Habit Status. t tree h herb N California native $ shrub ffern I introduced vine g grass planted p perennial + native to site with additional plantings

Scientific Name Common Name HabIt Status Amaranthaceae Amaranth Family Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate Amaranth Anacardiaceae Sumac Family Malosma laurina Laurel Sumac Rhus ovata Sugar Bush Sdiinus molle Peruvian Pepper Tree Apiaceae Carrot Family Bowlesia incana American Bowlesia MUCUS pusillus Rattlesnake Weed Asclepiadaceae Milkweed Family Sarcostemma cynanchoides ssp. hartwigii Hartwig's Milkvine II Asteraceae Aster Family Acourtia microcephala Sacapellote Artemisia californica California Sagebrush Baccharis pilularis Coyote Bush N+ Baccharis sarothroides Broom Bacchans Bebbia juncea ssp. aspera Sweetbush Orickellia california California Bri ck el buth Centaurea melitensis Star-thistle/Tocalote Chaenacbs arternish fobs White Pincushin Chaenactis glabriuscula San Diego Pincushion Cirsium occidentale Cobweb Thistle Conyza canadensis Horseweed Encelia cab fomica California Encelia Eriophyllum con fertiflorum var con fertifforum Golden-yarrow Filago colifomica California Filago Gnaphalium bicolor Bicolor Everlasting Gnaphalium fomicum California Everlasting Gnaphalium canescensssp. benedens Fragrant Everlasting Gutierrezia sarothrae Broom Matchweed Hozardia squarrosa ssp. grindelioides Sawtooth Goldenbush Heclypncks cretica Hedypnois Hefianthus annuus Western Sunflower Heterotheca granthflora Telegraph Weed Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's-ear lsocoma menziesii var. vernomoides Goldenbush Lactuca serrida Wild Lettuce Lessingia Maginifolia California-aster Machaeranthera juncea Rush-like Bnstleweed N List 4 Chamornilla suaveolens Pineapple Weed Senecio vulgaris Ccxnrnon Groundsel Sonchus war Prickly Sow Thistle Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow Thistle Stephanomena virgata ssp. virgata Wreath-plant Stylocline gnaphaboides Everlasting Nest Straw Boraginaceae Borage Family Amsinckia menziesii var. intermeda Fiddeneck Cryptantha intermecia Nievitas Cryptantha Pectocarya Imeans ssp. ferocula Slender Pect ocary a Pectocarya penicillata Winged Pectocarya Plagiobothrys nothofulvus Popcorn fl ower

144

BEST COPY AVAILABLE Scientific Nemo Common slime Habit State. Brassicaceae Mustard Family Capsella bursa-pastons Shepherd's Purse Caulanthus heterophyllus var. hetercphyfius Jewelflower Hirsch felcia incana Wild mustard Lepidiurn virginicum var. robinsonii Peppergrass Sisymbrium altissimum Tumble Mustard Sisymbrium irio- London Rocket Cactaceae Cactus Family Opuntia demissa Hybrid Prickly-pear Opuntia ficus-indica Mission Cactus Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family Sambucus mexicana Elderberry Caryophyllaceae Pink Family Carcionerna ramosissimum Tread Lightly Stellaria media Common Chickweed Olencpociaceae Goosefoot Family Chencpoctum album Pigweed Chenopocium califomicum California Goosefoot Sa Isola tragus Tumble Weed/Russian Thistle Caivolvulaceae Morning-Glory Family Calystegia.macrostegia ssp. tenuifolia Wild Morning-glory Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family Crassula connata Pygmy-weed Ducleya pulverulenta ssp. pulvengenta Chalk-lettuce p N Curcurbitaceae Gourd Family Curcurbita foetidissima Calabazilla Mara macrocarpus var. macrocarpus Wild Cuamber/Manroot Cuscutaceae Dodder Family Cuscuta califomica var. californica California Dodder Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family Chamaesyce maculata Spotted Spurge Chamaesyce polycatpa Sandmat Eremocarpus setigerus Doveweed Stillingia linearifolia StIllingia Fabaceae Pea Family Lathyrus vestitus var. alefeldii Canyon Pea Lotus hamatus Grab Lotus Lotus scopanus Deer Weed Lotus strigosus Bishop's Lotus Lupinus bicolor Miniature Lupine Lupinus hirsutissimus Stinging Lupine Lupinus succulentus Arroyo Lupine Lupinus tnincatus Collar Lupine Menlotus indicus Sweet Clover Robinia psuedoacada Black Locust Tnfolium hirturn Rose Clover Fagaceae Oak Family Quercus agrifolia var. agn folia Coast Live Oak N Querais engelmannn Engelmann Oak N Gentianaceae Gentian Family Centaurium venustum Canchalagua Geranaceae Geranium Family Erodium acutarium Red-stem Filaree Erocfum mosohatum White-stem Filaree Pelargonium sp Garden Geranium Grossulariaceae Currant Family Ribes viburnifolium Evergreen Currant s N Hydrophyllaceae Waterlear Family Eucrypta chrysantherni folia var. ctuysanthemifolia Eucrypta Phacella ciartaria var. hispida Caterpillar Phacella Phacelia panyi Parry's Phacelia

1 4` BEST COPY AVAILABLE Scientific Nemo Common Nome neelt Statue Larniaceae Mint Family Larrmum smplewcaule Heribit h I Marrubium vulgare Horehound P I Sa Ms apiana White Sage s N Sa lwa columbariae Chia h N LiliaCeae Lily Family Dicheiostemma captatum ssp. captatum Blue Dicks h N Yucca whipplei Our Lord's Cancie p N malvaceae Mallow Family Malacothamnus fasaculatus Chaparral Mallow s N Ma lva parvi flora Cheeseweed h I Myrtaceae Myrtle Family Eucalyptus spp. Eucalyptus t I Nyct agnaceae Four-0'0W( Family Mirabilis cal, form ca Wishbone Bush P N Cifeaceae Olive Family

Olea evropea Olive t I Cracraceae Evening-Primrose Family Carnrssonta bistorta California Sun Cup h N Carrussonia.callfonnca Mustard Primrose h N Clarkia epilobiordes Canyon Godetia/Clarkia h N Papaveraceae Poppy Family Esdischoltzia califomica California Poppy h N Romneya cou/ten Matilija Poppy s N Pmaceae Pine Family Pinus torreyana Torrey Pine t N Pinus sp. Pine t I PlarttagirtaCeae Plantain Family Plantago erecta Dot-seed Plantain h N Platanaceae Sycamore Family Pa tanus recemosa Western Sycamore t N Poaceae Grass Family (Partial listing) Achnatherum coronatum Giant Needlegrass 9 N Avena barbata Slender Wild Oat 9 I

Ekornus mackitensis ssp. nibens Foxtail Chess 9 I Brornus dandros Ripgut Grass 9 I Cynodon dacryon Bermuda Grass 9 I Hordeum munnum ssp. leponnurn Hare Barley 9 I Mulenbergia nurcosperma Littleseed Muhly 9 N Penntseturn setaceum African Fountain Grass 9 I Nasseila lepda . Foothill Needlegrass 9 N PO em oniaceae Phlox Family Enastrum Rh lohum Thread-leaf Woollystar h N Oka angelensis Grassland Gilia h N Linanthus dianthifidUS Ground Pink h N Navarreba hamata ssp. leptantha Skunkweed h N Polygmaceae Buckwheat Family Chonzanthe procumbens (var. albiltora) Prostrate Spine-flower h N List 4 Chonzanthe statkoides Turkish Rugging h N Enogcnum fasacvlatum var. fasocula turn California Buckwheat s N Errogonum fascicvlatumvar. polifolium Rosemary Flat-top Buckwheat s N Enogonurn graple var. gracile Slender Buckwheat h N Pterostegia drymarioides Thread-Stem h N PteridaCeae Brake Fern Family Cheilanthes newberryi Cotton Fern f Pellaes anctromedifolia Coffee Fern f N Pel/aea mucronata v a r. cahrornica Bird's Foot Fern f N Pentagramma tnangulans var. tnangulans Goldback Fern I N Pentagramma triangulansvar. wscosa Silverback F ern I N PcrtulacaCeae Purslane Family Calanckinra ciliate Red Maids h N Calyptrldrum rncnandrum Common Calyptricium h N Oaytorna per follata Miner's Lettuce h N

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I 4 Scientific Name Common isms Itablt Status Punicaceae Pomegranate Family Punica granatum Pomegranate S I Ranunculaceae Crowfoot Family Delphinium parryi esp. parryi Parry's Larkspur Rhamnacese Buckthorn Family Rhamnus ilicifolia Holly-leaf Redberry Rosaceae Rose Family Prunus ilici foha ssp. lyonii Catalina Cherry N Rubiaceae Madder Family Ga hum angustifolium ssp. angustaolium Narrow-leaved Bedstraw Ga hum aparine Common Bedstraw/Goose Grass h Rutaceae Citrus Family Cnecrictum clumosum Coast Spice Bush Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family .lepsonia parry, Coast .1epsonia Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family Antirrhinum nuttallianum Nuttall's Snapdragon Castilleja exserta Purple Owl's Clover Racine Ila antirrhinoides ssp. antirrhinoicles Yellow Bush Penstemon Linana canadensis var. texana Toadflax Mimulus aurantiacus (M. puniceus) Bush Monkeyflower Mimulus brevipes Wide-throat Monkeyflower Penstemon spectabilis var. spectabihs Violet Penstemon Scrophularia californica var. flonbunda California Figwort Selaginellaceae Spike-Moss Family Selaginella bigelovii Bigelow's Spike-moss Solanaceae Nightshade Family Datura wnghtii Jimson Weed Mcotiana quadhvalvis (N. biglovn var. wallacei) Wallace's Tobacco hacotiana glauca Tree Tobacco Physalis crassifolia Ground-cherry Solanum americanum White Nightshade Solanum douglasii Douglas' Nightshade Urticaceae Nettle Family Hesperocnide tenella Western Nettle Parietaria hespera var. call fornica Western Pellitory Urtica urens Dwarf Nettle

Chorizanthe procurnbens var. albiflora and Machaerantherajunceus are on List 4 of the Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California.List 4 is a watch list of plants of limited distributions.Chonzanthe procumbens var. albiflorais found only in San Diego County; Machaeranthera junceus ranges from San Diego County south to Baja Californiaand Sonora. Much of the natural vegetation within the mcriument is called coastalsage scrub, a habitat type which is fast disappearing as Southern California is urbanized.Rare animals restricted to this habitat and found within the monument include the CaliforniaGnatcatcher, the San Diego Cactus Wren, and the Orangetkroat Whipt ail Lizard.

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_ SU3-11HO Noa AEI Ca1VEL1S(1711 33111d11313e1A9r") N311.111M INTRODUCTION Thestrangein U.S.onlySan battleCavalryDiego conclusion: that County. of thelater The United Asfrontier surviving battles States fame, goDragoons, lost wereit was in rescuedthe a who minorMexican were by tragedy, the War U.S. was Navy forerunners of the but it had a and thefought ThankshistoricalFronteranotably Joannealso events,District to Ann Nash however, Superintendent Jaggard and Ron has and Hinrichs,been Dave at solely SanDuffy volunteer theDiego. for responsibility setting helper, The the interpretation and manuscript of Ed the Navarro, author. into of firstThisMarines. publication book of the in Battle 1975. ofIt hasSan been Pasqual expanded has been to include totally arevised synopsis since of the its Thetype.with Russellpeople thanks: who Bowen, Jack helped Bradley, Doctor launch ThorntonClifford the first Graves, Jordan, editioi andIthe are Genethe again staff Townsend acknowledaed of the California family, strugglewieldinghave been for of California, redrawn;lances, etc., many with suggested anincorporate additional by correctionsexperts. map. All the to uniforms,story the proper Mick Bradley, illustrations housingTheRoom explosive at estates the San growth lapping Diego of to Public San the veryDiego Library. edge County of Mule in recentHill, on years historic has and brought once- Thisa walkingStatehavesecond beenof encyclopediaeditionCalifornia supportive owes Ranger its on and birth the Staff helpful inBattle, partat the into and proof-readingStatethe to enthusiasm Historical the of TEXAS,Jack Brussel. CALIFORNIA, Many others AND THE MEXICAN WAR Park in San Pasqual, manuscript: The frontwild ground to warn where rattlesnakes in 1974 ofGene our Townsendapproach. advised us to roll a boulder in succumbedtheNinety-nine war with percentto Mexico disease, of from the died 1846roughly on soilto 1,7001848, which Americanand the theUnited six servicemen timesStates as many did not keep who fell in who northernAlthoughMexico's continent,the self-destructive clashes control in California immigration had been put policy slipping an end which awayto hadMexican for recently years rule lostTexas. due in the to at yieldedatthe MexicanSan wars notPasqual end. onlyterritories The California and one the which percent twobut would allmuch who of the inweresmaller westernfuture killed actionsyears continent or become near south the of States of who died of wounds Los Angeles, Oregon: whichtogetherfromAsrule in theirTexas, wasfrom for adoptedalready Mexicoprotection, American tornCity. country and andby The internal eventuallyEuropean bysettlers language disagreement were de-stabilizedsettlers helpedand in religion. Californiaand by the peopledissatisfaction local were government, in high isolated placeswith They banded California,ofNevada, cattle,percentageWyoming Utah,crops, they and Arizona,of and comprised Colorado,Mexican timber. New landThe Mexico,over spoilswhich 40% and of receivedof thewar Mexico, southern were sufficient richand and indeed.an westernrainfalleven Including greater toedges raise establishBritainin the U.S. or footholdsFrance, Government mightin North takewho America. advantagefeared that of European Mexico's powers, weakness especially and re- (-Published, NoCopyright:electronic, part of thisPeter mechanical, publication Price and photocopy,may Don beChilders reproduced, recording, 1990 stored or otherwise, in a retrieval without system, the prior or written by: Pembroke Publishers, P.O. Box 371428, San Diego, CA 92137-1428 transmitted in any form or by any means, permission of the copyright holders. , 152 1 153 AmericanShortly before settlers Mexico in the wonarea Mexico honored and freedomknown from as Texas Spain had in legalized them two obtained 1821, riskthebeen openingappeared in dispute days for over of the the Oregon for decades;United (later,struggle States. for The California, U.S. the and Britainin had1846,British during warship there, theyearsSpanishTexansover Mexican later. land land were titlesBut government grants; slavesoon owners. and Mexico's 1829 law the trickle of settlers became alarmed. FrictionIn 1830, to the fury outlawing slavery; many became a flood, and of the settlers, developed theCollingwooddevelopingaction). Savannah, Now sailed between Congress, the into United TexasMonterey Statesand Cyane,in watched North cleared Americaand diplomatic Britain; the long-feared pos- Harbor; the U.S. frigates seemed real. To the decks for bonds tionedwithinMexico troops Mexico. Citypassed forin Their the permissiona law plea was territory. In restricting1833 the further immigration to form a self-governingrejected and their beloved Texans petitioned provinceand sta- leader, thwartsibilityTexas.Later it,of TexasDiplomatnewthat yearinterference was JohnMexico admitted Slidellindicated was dispatched a willingness to to the Union on March with added secret negotiate over 1, 1845. StephenAntonioreinforceMatters Austin, Santa came Mexican thrownAnna to a authority.head became President and sent morein jail.in 1835 when the The settlers resisted and ruthless and despotic routed thetroops to thatinstructionsRiver.boundary the MexicanThe ofto U.S.A. Texas,offer Government to considered whichbuy further south.CaliforniaMexico Slidell's claimedand New ended Mexico. at wouldthe discuss boundary only theto be on mission was a the Neuces He founddisputed the Rio defendersmassacringgarrisonsmany Americans at at Go 400the liad Alamo.prisoners and held for Mexico and its ThisSan Antonio.savagery Santa confirmed Anna taken at Goliad and people. Texas declared wiping outthe theprejudicesstruck back, failure.GrandetroopsIn January overfrom 1846, 100the Neuces,miles General across Zachary Taylor was ordered to the disputed territory, all the way take independenceTexasthe Mexican petitioned onArmy March to at be 2, the Battle of San Jacintoannexed on to the United States 1836,refused and a fewmainly weeks because later Aprii 21. inclusion of in Augustdefeated ondownbeen AprilMay to shed 25,the13 andwarRio on Grande.wasAmerican 11 Americansdeclared. were The war was not Americansoil!," declaredand Mexican President cavalry killed. "American blood has universally popular Polk, and on clashed of Congressathe newofMexico samewar. Mattershad ofyear, slave stated but draggedand wasthat on slave-owning state would non-slaveannexation States; but would also be regarded as for , ight years, and then a have upset the balance in partly because greateran act the othersAbrahamwithspan the sawthe AmericanLincoln. continentit as a Somestep saw between the Atlanticpeople and nor theirtowards legislators, the nation's Manifest it as imperialistic land-grabbing, Pacific Oceans. Destinyincluding to but 154 2 expectedoccupyworthTheKearny, war at New thewith by veteran headPresidentMexico, Mexico ofof thethen thewas Polk ArmyWar marchsix to ofweeksreachof 1812,onthe to before West.old California,set when out Hiswinter. from Stephenmission which Fort he was Leaven-Watts was to mountainvictoryBrigadiergovernment.August expected,18. General,and For Then desert a monthand heon trailssetproblemsSeptember Ke off ahead,..ny for wasCalifornia.of 25,foodhis busy newlyarmy and organizing Because waswaterpromoted slimmed supply of a totheterritorial Brevetondown easy the AsaofferingGovernor heshot entered being resistance. that the fired, he Mexican came Hisand force the"seeking province, Starsof 1,700 union," andKearny entered Stripes and announced Santa warned was Feraised to againstwithout the on thetobeforeunderDragoons, his longest personal Lieutenantthe and batteredtwo moststaff, guides, William remnants grueling300 and men Emory. a marches limpedparty of his Eleven of intoown Topographicalin U.S.San regimentweeks militaryDiego were after the Engineershistory. to First one pass of

MIIMMIM. slowmulesMountedNavajoNorte. progress pulling Almost mostlyand the Comanche down daily onwagons well-worn thethey andsoft Indians learned twobanksmules howitzers,in of andtheof murder the smalla fewRio the and Mexican horses, Grandeforce plunder made with com-del by TenAmericansCarson, Californiaheadedmiles belowthe for andwas frontiersman Washington Socorro Indiansalready the hadconquered, withandcolumn ridden dispatchesscout. was 1000 Carson He startled andmiles from told ato Losinparty meetKearny; 31 Angeles. days, ofKit 15 the munities.mounted When Indians Dragoons disappeared were easily sent ininto pursuit, the mountains. the better- California.wardpersuadedapparentlyUnited to States a reuniondone,the flag very Kearny flew withreluctant over hisfurther everyfamily, Carson, reduced major to who guide town.his was army. the With looking ArmyHe his also for-job to e < " , - -Cs 4 1 5 9 Two-thirdsThomascommandorderedEdwin toSumner.Hammondof returntheof Captain Dragoons Cto and Santawho BenjaminK wasCompanies Fe underMoore's Moore the were brother-in-law; command andretained Lieutenant of under Major both the B, G, and I Companies were Thespent.crashingOctoberFour wagons days Carson 9, over laterandcame estimatedtheyrocksthere into had wascampand covered that anotherboulders; very considering onlylate, change the200some mules miles ofthe damaged plan. terrain in were twoIt was ahead, weeks. fromutterly now Turner.staffmenobjectivessistant-Surgeon waswere Major headed to meetwas Thomas toby Johntheir surveyCaptains deathsSwordsGriffin, the Abraham at theroute,was San doctor. Quartermaster, Pasqual.Lieutenants Johnston Because Kearny's and Emory oneand Henry ownof As- and the forthetakebeginning pack-saddleswagons four monthswith back. the to to climbThey bereach sent over made the down the coast. camp Mimbres from Kearnyfor Santa threemountains, agreed Fe. days, toitwaiting would send ...--r,,"Warner and their staff of engineers stayed .with ' --.- the column. ,...... , - : ---N ,,;:,...... Cr-Z.,.1. --c- .------4,4.. ,3 ....., ' ...; '11..1 :*

160 5 161 OnofGrande, Octoberthe Gila. struggling 15Kearny the columnover tried the each ofmountains about day to 140 maketo findmen contaát the left headwaters the with Rio the thethroughThe first country present-daydays through of November New which Mexico the ArmyGila to Ari2onaRiver was forcedflows is rugged. on to itsleave courseDuring the thememoriesshadowingledBut mining dozenson the ofvillage Apaches, 20th,theirof his of peopleRed tribeSanta butSleeve, into being Rita the the to Indiansluredchief Dragoons'be trapped ofinto thewere the Mimbres campand town-squarewary, slaughtered. to with tradeApaches, old andof times.SomeblingdetouredGila for ledges Thedays higher into backs they before the ground crossedofmountains theslithering when long-suffering and itand backracedre-crossed edged down through mules along tothe rejoinbecame canyons. rivernarrow the a so dozen crum- river.They raw wouldpromise soon friendship follow the andArmy assistance of the West. to other Americans who fromApachesalone,sheeranimals the exhaustion 12constant had was pack to now beanimalsshifting and turnedmore also and werefrequent, loose. had chafing lost. to Other be tradingAlthough ofabandoned. themules forpacks contact preciouscollapsed thatOn one withsome mules from daythe was frustrating; the best day's gain was seven. N , . 'I" I' 11°1 intof 4. :ley ro',4( i e 0 . 11?-, =41. * 14,14. $4. I Milj 1 k :11) in jtt 4 ,id. ir ik4iiI0I' , / .0 ,,\.0/' \\I 4.i 0 I . k' Al , iiilli.htswiii fi, , 162 6 163 - On November 9, the weary column gratefully left the moun- Soon outTo cutacross off the broadMaricopa northerly mountain arc ofrange. the Gila, Kearny struck The column made tains,wasthattheyPima and responsible thewere Indians.stillAmericans passing following forWhen through keepingcame the these Gila, in the friendship,industrious emerged Armyirrigated onto Majorand cotton the happy Swords,plain. people saw in supplies, was invited fields of the who coveredwasmulesit in twosoon had withhard exhausted.been nodays' carried food marches. Theor in watergourds Although for traded the animals. somefrom 45-mile second day had to be his own break-the Indians,water for it the Six of the toPima.Maricopapumpkinscloth, set up anda trading Indians,andblankets molasses. center. who for Exchangescornwere Next andas day honest cornmeal, wentthey andpassedon friendly watermelons, through as all day: beads, the fastmustnycompanionDragoons' ofordered walk.two biscuits mountsthatfor thefor 1,800 tothesuccumbed. his miles own sincemule, Emory Fort gave remainder of the journey, half the men which had beenLeavenworth. his Kear- On November 22, Kearny's own horse failed; most of the men afterLieutenant dark. HammondHe reported and there the howitzers were camp-fires did not catch a few up miles until thelatedthousandcomewere American it nowupon was horses on Generala occupationfoot.camp-site had Towards Josebeen whereand Castro, a fewevening was ithours waswhonow they earlier.had'leading weresomehow Carson an army specu-eluded back estimated that over a shocked to ofleaddistantDragoons. whom a reconnaissance on were the The northcivilians camp-fires side party and of thecouldconsisting proved Gila. pose Emory toof as hisbelong travelers, ownwas men,toordered a and party some 15to of horses.switcheddisadvantage.theto recapture Mexicans Still to later,theCalifornia. andThen idea aattack Mexicansome that at theIndians nightfall horseman tracks were to belonged cover spotted,was spotted,their to and numericalcaptured opinion watch- Kearny announced they would find simplyconnectionleaderswhoseMexicans drivingtracks come in withcharge thethey'dback thehorses withof war,seen about himfrom they earlier. 500to California assuredbe horses, questioned.Emory to Kearny;obviously marketinsisted They inthey that theSonora. had were herdtheir rio sentinelsing them fromwere a posted hilltop. on Kearny the high formed ground. a defensive camp and 1' .4* / '0..:'7:",4?;:.)f' i" s :'',rrs4 " -.1.4 4- '4'./r#47

I.. , , '4'4 VI" v ./ 7 - -;; 4-Nar- , 11j IPto 21-7*- C*Ig), 166 (\iW 8 167 journeybarteredThe Army ahead.horses stayed and Ain scouting campresting next their patrol day, own breakingencountered animals in for some the another desertof the Thenourishedarmy; news the stunned remainder and exhausted, Kearny. was He'd with given mounts up about to enter enemy country ill- two-thirds of his tinythat could barely whichundering,Mexican was madeprotest suspectedwho, clear andfrom thatfound theof being eventswater to havea bottles hadmessenger. messages moved and food dramatically He from hewas was carry- Californiasearched since theintomovesuitablesafest columnbattle. under crossing spotThe trudgedtheir Gilawhere own for had along thethe now weakenedriver the emptied wassouth about animals.into weight, much less carry the Dragoons bank looking for the1500 feetthe wide, Colorado, but and They found a Carson'sonceable Anglo-Yankee again departure. flew proudly There yoke" over hadhad California.beenbeen anthrown uprising; off and the the "detest-tricolor foundwithenough a aseries caved-in water of small to water restore isles hole inthe which mid-stream. men, was but opened little continued on page 17 On the far side theyfor the animals. to provide just -P4144"/"." ). 4 id)

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'r \ I .4: 1 68 9 1 CO nwsakvavazzauszvedogratmosaiarounsaggsmaggigmarmi . CaliforniaWhen Kit wasCarson under THE STRUGGLE met Kearny atwhen he'dthe set American off flag, FOR CALIFORNIA Soccoro and told fromhe wasLos describingAngeles on him that the 0 situationfeelingSeptembernaturalagine asthat superiority, thatit 5.washaving Inthe the quick an so andNineteeth easy victory Century,neither CarsonAnglo-Saxon nor heritage might be temporary. there was a strong Kearny could im- bestowed a It John Fremont Thomas Larkin U.S. Consul wasPolk'sTen similar monthshopes ofearlier, a high-handedness that later bloodless takeoverin December 1845, in California.United States explorer dashed President had California,Castroagreementheavily-armed granted away and from by "bodyguards." Fremont permission to March had quadrupledthe settled areas. Under threat of Fremontspend ignored the winter in the number of his military action the broughtandSutter'sCalifornia, Army his Fort. third andHe had the Topographical Engineer expedition to the 15 armednot men asked permission to enter Monterey. Fremontwesternwith him continent had alarmedJohn Fremont Mexican made into byovertakenand GeneralMarines, then Joseleft byserving for as Lieutenant ArchibaldCastro,Oregon. Fremont At Klamath secret emissary blustered for a few GillespieLakeof theof in the MayUnited US. he was Fremont since States days increasedfrequentManuelVice-Consul Castro, calls Castro's on there, the the concern, in a long-running Civil Prefectbecause at thelocal United U.S. Consul, and it also worried dispute over Oregon, Thomas Larkin. ThisStates and Britain the British which Government.structionsdroppingbe dire consequencesoff were Gillespie new to give a promise to instructionspersuade to the Consul Californios if they alliedhad been following intervene againstthemselves with Britain or Larkin. Larkin's in- that there would Mexico if werebordered involved California to the north. CaliforniaFrance,Gillespie'sNavy and were was messagesto to under agree orders to blockade for Fremont included newsto annexation to Californian ports if war the United States. that the U.S. ....-- .o., Americansbroke out between there seemed no Mexico and the United doubt that their country States. To the two intended -----' ._. . From their northern camp .... k...... ;-er,Tre.'"'''' e. .4.': :11r*A", N:11%...Z.k * "CV. theyto newstake sent Californiaof wordthe of Navy. soonertheir or later.whereabouts to Larkin and asked for jaa,41.4,;6iz4.g.ozzaa:;=4,4z=vvjazt=oclamaimumumm4iSutter's Fort 1 0 10 The Portsmouth, under the command of Captain John 4 "Igf. Merritt,From Fremont's a naturalized camp, Mexican a party citizen of settlers and therefore headed technicallyby Ezekiel ThethenouncedMontgomery, same Civil intenttimeGovernor confirming of had protecting ofin California,fact friendship arrivedthe lives Pio withat of MontereyPico, ,theU.S. Californios.locatedcitizens, with atbutthe Los atan- 4.: theCalifornia,Fivea traitor,Mexican's days surprised later hustled assurances Merritt the him seizedCalifornios offthat to heVallejo Sutter's favored himself, Fort, the whereand he was and took away the horses. annexation of in spite of interpretedhisAngeles,Fremont countrymen had out General for of insome California the Castro'stimenorth been asover ancall in allegiance excusesharp for support disagreement to to establish Mexico. in driving with inde-He theirlejoimprisoneddeclaringprobable and actions looted byCaliforniagrim would Fremont.Sonoma consequences, brand an wasAmong independent them a William asthe Ide thieves settlers talkedrepublicIde. and who the undertraitors, seizedsettlers the Val- Bear Recognizing that withinto topendent Meanwhileagainstconsider military his asking incivil the power. authority Norththe British Itthe widened should activities Navy break thefor of protection rift,Fremont out. and caused and Gillespie, Pico if rebellion disassociatedFlag.In Monterey theharbor, United Captain States Montgomery from the Bear of Flaggers,the Portsmouth and againstsettlers.mentand the and themarrival Rumors speculation by of General the circulated U.S. among Castro. Navy, of the hadimpending Although American created Fremont militaryandintense European had excite-action an- declined"treasonoussettlers.CastroSouth Pio whento He sendPico ralliedadventurers." he wasthem learned to on histhe the ofcountrymen munitions pointInthe the occupation of growing marching they by labelling askedatmosphere of against Sonoma for. the In of un- Generalsettlersby the the Sonoma,learnedstayednouncedpreparation on, that his and anticipating Generalintention for collected expelling Castro of trouble. returning 200them! had horses. visited to the Surely GeneralUnited this States, Vallejo was he atin It came when the settlers capturedaorganizedrest smaller and violence, renegadeaseveral force ofbloodshed Bear 160detachment,without CaliforniosFlaggers was just andto arecapture matter killed oftwo, Sonoma, of Castro's authority, time. Castro them. but fl ::. theCaliforniosSeveralleadershippretense encouragement days atleft of waitinglater deadthe anotherrevolt on forof both settledmostand fight sides.joined Bear conditionsbetween Fremont inFlaggers July Bear toFourth nowreturn heFlagoers dropped celebrationstook home; over and with all Jose Castro General John B. Montgomery Captain t at Sonoma. LtllIlMlaLialltilalaZZiVMCVZ=MMZINVISG=UICZ=Z==rr.MiMrarilr.=ij 11 173 THE STRUGGLE FOR CALIFORNIA ALLFREMONT'S DATES ARE ARRIVAL FOR THE AT SUTTEP'S YEAR 1846, FORT. EXCEPT DECEMBER JOHN 1845

SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES 418 ey 300 MONTEREY -Vit. Co C4 LIr SATTAL1014 c0 COPYRIGHT 1989 PETER PRICE 12 t)r A patchesanchoredfew weeks announcing at earlier the Mexican U.S.that fightingNavy port Commodore ofhad Mazatlan, broken out Johnreceived Sloat, dis- between the reenamerform, . crime.Vallejohis own The remained bodyguards, U.S. flag, locked representingall armed up without to thelaw oeing teeth. and chargedliberty, Back at Sutters, flew over- with any ThistoldinUnited offthe ofnews,the Savannah theStates coast clashescoupled and and and Mexico betweenmightwith entered knowledge takeon theMontereythe advantage settlersRio that Grande. Bay theand of on British theHe July unrest,Californios.sailed 4.Navy He north forcedwas Castro.Sloathead.Pico had and Castro alsothe Assemblyresponded sent a summons in that the heSouth, would to surrender but have if it wereto to consult Pioleft to him, General ashoreSloatCustom into and action.House. the UnitedOn July States 7 he ordered flag was sailors hoisted and over Marines the totheandhe organize wouldAmericans Castro continue metand controlled atthrow Santo resist them Luis only theoutObispo. the Americanof North;California. Castro there occupation. pointed But was out the further lessstill en- time Picothat 3;f' StoatSonoma(San also Francisco), issued and ordersSutter's to hoist to Montgomery,theFort. Stars Even and nowso, Stripes bothat Yerba there, Sloat Buena and and at 'cf.§ thusiasmthewere two tired men they of travelled the found petty for towardssquabbling resistance. Los among Angeles,Southland the their civil and military Californios tY.withMontgomeryBear the Flaggers, Californios were counseling uneasyand to desist about them from the to livingrestore off cordial stolen proper-relations lawless actions of the theirleadersaffairsMany neighbor andadmired moving the to years thein favor U.S.East. of mismanagement ofConstitution Only a takeover; clumsy actionLieutenant from could Mexico prevent City. and the stable ways of Archibald atFremont Montereythe head responded offor a discussions fierce-looking to an byinvitation bandmaking made from a showy up Stoat of entrysettlers to come and to into town foundGillespietheFremont UnitedGillespie would and States; veryGillespiesoon hemuch provide gave visited the Sloat it. close-mouthed Sloat few ondetails the secretSavannah.of events agent preced- Sloat for ingauthorities.Fremontof the occupying Commodore's had Fremont Monterey, had for arrival.made his Stoat itactionsStill clear wanted nervous that against to he know had the notwhat Californian claimed authority to about his own act had been Commodore kg, Robert F. Stockton Commodore.4/41 actspontaneous; for the United he, States. Fremont, The had settlers merely uprising kept it under control. John B. Sloat 17 (3 13 1 7 7 OndroppedRobert BritishJuly 15, Stockton, warshipanchor Sloat's Collingwood,in replacement,in Monterey command Bay.under A of the 54-gun Congress,theU.S. command Navy Commodore of AdmiralThe Britishday later, ship's the sud- 80-gun fordenSircourtesies. action,George arrival but causedSeymour, Nevertheless,within the hours hove American the intomutual commanders view. suspicion were vessels to clear the decks hung in the air. It exchanging - - -.1E4 44; was Stockton's passage from the Atlantic into Pacific waters work his way north, with 6r-4- 4\1. v.4:49 thatJunoOregonthe had atPortsmouth, prompted Sanon his Francisco mind. Seymourhad Similarly, onaroused June to 7,the suspicions in the minds of the just three weeksarrival later of than the British ship againston the United Fremont, States he told them, the local San Francisco (Yerba Buena) (at the Rio Grande). By their actions Mexican authorities Ii Americans.aIn Fremontstrongcontrast supporter theto Sloat, rank ofGillespie Major and and and admirer of their actions. He gave appointed him commander Fremontof found in Stockton formed,people.showedpuzzled When themselvesthe over U.S. they Stockton's forces were a menace replacedwould message: to withdraw.the and didpeace a heproper mean of the CalifornianFriend and foe that governmentthe U.S. :01 mand.U.S.nios troops thatIn a the confusingin California, U.S. occupation proclamation with was a Gillespie as his second-in-com- Stocktonresult toldof Mexican the Califor- attacks flagit meanOnwould July California be 26, pulled Stockton for down the dispatched whenCalifornios, order Fremont orwas for Mexico? and 165 men of hisrestored? Would . California Battalion on the Cyane to San Diego, where they "tt,t.-114;44.< =1- ) arrivedthemarchand port other 3 to daysof Los Californios.San later.Angeles Pedro They a Onto few were meetAugust miles welcomedStockton, 8,away, Fremont with whoby Juan360was had arrived at sailorsordered and to Bandini askCalifornianMarinesmove for assurances whileaboard representatives they the talked. that Congress. the Americansto negotiate General would Castrowith Stockton sent make ho hostile two local and to kikamailleazahoissommmimmismmisearaminsamessammimai 1 14 1 79 U.S. Sloop-of-War Portsmouth fieryAlthoughHouse,adarkness party supporters ofbutGeneral localof were September remainedmen Castrodriven attacked off23, hadin by theone left rifle-fire. Southland. offor them, Mexico What Sebula In Gillespiethe Varela,pre-dawn lacked and Gillespie's camp at Government c..nvpral of his Stockton promised nothing; he responded that Mexico and A-iimiTt.-00-4.44-- fortifiedvertedin wassurrounded,diplomacy, exhausted.four his campold he outnumberedcannon madeforHe aalso siege. toup learneduse for six-to-oneBut home-madein resourcefulness;withinthat another anda few grape-shot his days water hehe supplycon- wasand detachment of delaytheprospectMexico. U.S.A. to hoist Castrowerefor thebeating at U.S. waswar; back flag insultedhe expectedandthe Americandeclare and hethe independence refused, Californiosinvasion, but he without withand from Piono AmericansofferedOnPass September had by who'dbeen the Californios'besieged 30,been Gillespie sent at byRiversidenew acceptedStockton leader, and to theJose were guard generous Floresnow the captives. Cajon (who'd terms 1 AngelesJacobbandPicoMarine leftand Zeilin Stockton Los Corps),a force Angeles.(destined ofoccupiedwrote sailors On to the becomeAugustandundefended Secretary Marines 13, 7th Stockton, headedLosCommandantof the Angeles. Navy by with Lieutenant proclaim- Froma ofbrass the Los embarkfully-armed,brokenFlores his onaccused promise thene marchedmerchant Gillespie to Stockton out vessel of of going Losnot Vandalia. toAngeles back take onup for Four hisarms), San agreement days Pedroand later still to to 1 carryingThisingOn the proclamation September peaceful when he takeover ran3was Stockton into one Kearnyof of California re-embarkedthe anddispatches the for Armythe on Kit United theof Carson the Congress, States. West. was camp.sailsagehad away receivedGillespie asking to Monterey for was,and assistance. would in andfact, respondturning playing San forto histii Pedro le, September into an armed24 mes- hoping Stockton bybound land. for Lieutenant San Francisco, Gillespie leaving was orders left in for charge Fremont of Southern to follow -45 The Merchantship Vandalia California. A few weeks later, Stockton received word that Z.: inimposedwhoGillespie Gillespiepublic, took dbtatorialandmeetingsno rather pains his menthan tobehindlaw: hide werethe no hislocal closedtwo under disdain personsJustices doorssiege. for were administeredcouldtheThe Californios, forbidden,Marine meet and officer,the andhadtalk law. 15 181 Stockton did respond. On October 6, the Savannah, under I theSan commandBut Pedro the Americans and of Captain put 300 were Men on William Mervine, droppedfoot while the Caforniosashore were onto retake Los Angeles. anchor at - . . . horses.toout fire in frontOnback the of into theroad the sailors to column Los Angeles and Marines, stopping every so with an ancient cannon. As the Californios kept well often the ,sormis4 - - le4 - AmericanswoundedtowedSan the Pedro attemptedin gun a few andout hours, ofre-boarded torange. rush Mervine them, the Savannah. With nearly a dozen killed and Gillespie fell back on the Californios easily and _ San Diego SanStocktoninsolent Pedro and Californios on Fremont October aand 14; lesson. his Stocktonafter encountering intended to the teach Vandaliabattalion the sailedBut separately unknown for to Stockton, forbarkedStocktonwas the nowfirst Gillespie arrived timeawaiting that and at FremontSan his volunteers.Diego on his commander's return. With San Diego had put back into Monterey, and October 31 andHere disem- Stockton learned enFremontdeterminedGillespie routeimportant, putand had in learningto atbeen equipadd Monterey more them thrown out of Los Angeles. from her Captainwith horses thatvolunteers Mervineso they could to his force, and more Fremont was match the and Angeles,informationforsafely Monterey. in American so that he On putFremont the hands,about, passage had alreadynorth, Stocktonand arrived and Mervine back in both San sailedDiego on Stockton receivedset wrong off overland for Los takenatCaliforniosarmy San command Pedro, of in mobility. but away was Ignorantfrom Flores, mounted Californios barred deceived by Jase Carillo, who of this, Stockton went ashore into believing that a whole his way. With no had TheNovembergeles series and 12, of San defeatswhere Pedro he inflicted encouragedstayed onto establishthe hisAmericans headquarters.Prefect at Los Manuel An- Castrofrom in a base in San Luis ig knowledgehavere-embark found of and Fremont'sthat sail Carl for lloSan proposed Diego. whereabouts, Stockton felt Had he stayed, he wouldto discuss the end of 6 forced to *.; theforceObispo. North and to He putorganize intended them newon to horses. spoilresistance detachmentFremont's ambushedplans to enlarge ConsulCastro his began by advancing 0 Californios,Bearhostilities.earlier Flaggers by San a and detachment Diegoin the September. town had offirst 7-Hors had been retaken only two been occupiedHe'd by Merritt been ofdrivrn outsent by down the from Los Angeles weeks the ti northbargaininghimLarkinreleased andprisoner. en on route at Novemberchip theLarkin, from infall the of Monterey Castro15 Lospower a Angeles thought, struggle to San two might prove months later).Francisco,ahead. and (Larkintook was a useful LitaraititiZZ;;.=41=UX1215=111===.3CANIMIMINIKONINNOSNOWiiby Mervine. 1 8 2 16 163 force.aboutNext Insixty day, less ofeast than Castro's of half Monterey, an men hour and there of nearlysharp-shooting was as a violentmany clash andof Fremont's hand-to- killed and between conquerBeforeto cut he athe sheaf could desert. of reconquer the On tough November 26 each man was ordereddesert grass to feed theCalifornia, mules on Kearny first hadhis to saddle. At mid-afternoon wounded.handandwouldrealizing fighting,looked be Butthatevidted for both thethere settled majorityfrom sides was conditions their nowsuffered of country. Californios no tochance half-a-dozen return They in that towearied thetheir the farmingNorth andwereAmericansof the fight theirtheeffortfound journey,but route totheanother deepen droppedharsh and old lash desertthe water-hole. down holeit behindgave into20 feetup aIt enough water tookto fill eight each hours man'sand of toexhausting opendried another river nearby,bed where they cameMexican,cattle-raisingmen, from especially or the American under appropriation horses. any . they stable It caredwasof administration:no little. Their everything useful to Fremont's consolation to be told that frommain their grievance fellow Californian, somekettledays. ofand the two animals buckets for each continued from page 9 had not been watered for more mule and horse. By then, than two theofCalifornios. seizures "liberators" were There moved necessary was south great to atrelief protectthe when end them of Fremont November. and his army / drenchingInstruggledsage appalling from Kearny's through weatherWarner's floodsDragoons the to and Sansame 250mud-slides storm miles awaysystem to San on Pasqual Fremont's column Luis Obispo, theirthat pas- was / 1 / - Li \ .... andCohuengaFremont'sKearnyStockton over the and marchwith threemountains his Californios towardsdownfall, days earlier,to Loswho Santamust Angeles, had hisbe Barbara. capitulated toldconflict hisanother strange of to authoritytime.The story with of Kearny and Treaty of 184 17 itrdi 185 thatDay wouldthree onone the day desert become took them through a the lush Imperial Valley. waterless area The soft valley.Nextgreatest day Pools carried need of wasbrackishthem food. into water At least one mule hadCarrizo Gorge and the San gave some relief, already been but the Felipe thesands,and animalsmarch few inadequate remainingnow could took foodbe anhorses. persuaded to keep moving andincreasingly water, and heavy over two toll of pulling,For a while but thissome quickly of the weakermonths theon muleswith onetired the secretlybareDragoons'horse legs. hadslaughtered toBootsuniforms be sacrificed had by hung splitthe inopen to keep the men onDragoons,shreds and and now cactus a precious tore at and had to be bound up to their feet. The their theymen.DragoontheirDragoons fell, Many cries but pushing animalsato fewand the andEngineers.patient were one straggled along behind the animals that ploddedturned loose; most stayed column, adding alongside the where give some protection from the hot stones and sand.

166 18 187 Marshall informed Kearny that 15 miles along the road to San brigands,distanceandlargeOn the soon trees morning thefor they for theArmy the camemenof first Decemberhad could intime the sight see sinceappearance 2, ofIndian theWarner'sleaving Army ranch-hands ofthe ofRanch.a Unitedthelarge West frantically bandFromStates, saw of a thatsituationnamedDiego with was Edward thein theCalifornia. exception ranch Stokes; of When ofan he SanEnglish-born would summoned, Diego, be ableCalifornia naturalized Stokes to clarify was confirmed Mexicanthe indeed war thatdispersingAmericanDiego, Warner on cattle take-over.himself thenamed intogrounds wasthe Marshall. The valleys a that prisonerplace hebehind Afterwas was of inthe theirunsympathetic the Americansranch. charge desert They of journey, atanotherfound toSan the aunder prominentamodoreletter herd the from of controlRobert horses Los Kearny Angeles ofStockton. and the to mules"country theresident, Later American belonging people." that about day to15He the miles agreed Army in learnedtheto carry direc- of commander,Antonio Com- Coronel, a Warners'diaryand at that lasttrees seven there and of wasgrass his menenough deeply ate afood;impressed whole Emory sheep the recorded atAmericans, one sitting. in his , tionbeaboutDragoons ofbroken Lcs75 horses Angeles. andset offserviceable. and at Davidson,nightfall.mules, but They only Carson, returnedabout and 30 nextwere a party dayfound with to of , .11 A 14 r t I 8 2 19 OnwhoEmoryranch.rain, the huddled the4th, Herecommented columnrefreshed naked,they trudgedfound inbyas his nearthe more diary southfood as food they onand for the could andrestStokes' plight butshelter, to thesoaked ofSanta theArmy's and Indians, Ysabelin again icyfires. firstTheofLieutenantcommander thenewsletter Navy, thatof Archibald Kearny's a immediatelyStokes dozen Gillespie, carriedsailors,presence sent andto supportedoff Sanin 26 athe forcevolunteerDiego country. by headed wasLieutenant riflemen TheStockton's by navalMarine Bealeunder newdesecularizationvirtualAt Warners' masters slaves Emorywas undera even decade had harsher. thelearned earlier, mission that their the treatmentfathers, Indians underbut had since been their theStokes'CajonnorthCaptain Americans through Ranch Santa Gibson. followed Mission Maria(present Under Ranch Gorge.the the day San atwatchful Lakeside) TheyRamona. Diego rested eyes riverbed, then ofa fewthe pushed then hoursCalifornios, struck aton the to

1 5 () 20 1' 1 spottedrainGillespie'sIt began lifted the toabout column Army rain one heavilymoving continued o'clock towardsin theinnortheast tne night them afternoon andinfrom a downpour. nextSanta and morning aYsabel. scout The GillespiethatofCalifornios San the gavePasqual. army were Kearny commander campedHe thealso fateful sixpassed could miles news "beat onwest, Stockton'sthat up at theira theparty camp"Indian suggestioof arme villagshoul toGillespiechangedbreeze" meet fellow toordered warm hearten Americans greetings the the Starsweary at so Ballena. andtroopers. deep Stripes in Thehostile to two be country,forces, "given excited theex- winningwasclashthehe feelfitness unthinkable. by disposed. useable deliberately of his mounts men Also,Kearny retracing for being was battle.could irresistible.a Gillespie's horse-soldier, haveBut equally had route no true, illusions to Santo avoid Diegabot the chance - eli-re.7"--- .4i*t:b t k k"4IC1.1

19'2 135ST COPY AVAILABLE 21 I 93 Gillespie too had his doubts about the battle-readiness of InsteadMachado. he sent On Lieutenantthe valley floor,Hammond Machado and six Dragoons withleft the soldiers and fallDragoonsKearny's asleepenthusiasm force.in in theirextremes mounted. Later sodden that of He exhaustion nightragged sent at his aide, Rafaeltheir Machado campsite, to accom- he watched uniforms.drop to theBut ground Kearny's and Captain Johnston, to caughtofblanketscrept one up ofscent to aroundthe the friendlyof village thethe Dragoonsfires. Indians, where He he managed butand began to to could see figures huddledjust at in that moment a dog catch the attention bark. Machado panyaskstealth,wouldsuggested for a Gillespie'sparty be but better that Kearnyof Dragoons a youngsuited, few dismissed of guide Captainbeing on athe able to moveidea. withreconnaissance.Gibson's greater "mountain Gillespie men" challenges.meltedblanketa moon-lit into marked theOnebreak darkness of "U.S.in them the Army". caughtas the Surprise a glimpse was gone. clouds, and running forward, found a Californios began shouting of riders through . , ".."-4r - ; *-. - -'14sts:ss - - - - ;et 4s4:.- St ..: - .- - s 4. 3 '41 e Y. Ft- ' ; , #0. ; a. , `3.% d . 14- V '1 .1 t11..2 ) r e A I I 1 .:4- A 1 W.. " .... 0, . '11.. . I % '. ., 1 194 22 . * 195. V ... V s...... I two-thirtycombinedformedBack at up,Santain American the Gillespie Maria,morning forces hadrain of been gaveDecember saddled irritatedway toup 6. cold by andWhen Kearny's moonlight moved they'd orderoff asfirst at to the andtheBeforeexpectedimplicitly column spirit beginning into theirthemto addresshis officer's tothe army. do descent theirthe Theyorders, Dragoons duty; to were San hethat toldtoPasaiial andone be them. breathethruststeady Their of anda the'saben little Countn obe lit( v., ,.- leaverawhidecontrast,outMajor histhat Swords small and gun the looked field-gun andArmy's thecrew ready baggageandhowitzers were to most fall in train.apart of excellentwere his Theat men theheld Marine infirst order. togetherthe shot. had rear In toKearny withsorry point with theirremnantsdazedpoint mounts. was with ofworth fatigue their any uniforms, and number chilled could of cuts.to scarcelythe In bone truth grip inthe thethe Dragoons frostecreins c theycanyonsreconsidered retraced and gulleys Hammond'sand Gillespie's that would route force risk to bring thefell chanceinto them line. to theAvoiding valley of ambush, - rim high above the Indian village. - -7-, 1,4\ - - A -- I \ \\ No ,v_ \ 23 V) Kearny took Gillespie aside to lay out the strategy. Captain The 75 men under Andres Pico were ranchers, not soldiers, gents"skyresistedlespieMoore behind were waswould or to triedrequestedthem, be lead tocaptured; the escape.the combined tocharge assist theyAs aand were inpaleforce this. surround dawnto in If be twopossible lightshot columnsthe creptonly village; the ifinto began "insur-they Gil-the Gillespie'sthembutsearch,by their messenger. formidable iron-tipped and breakout had Pico cavalry.laid lancesfrom hispresumed San ambush Pico'sand Diego superb Gillespie ownin andhopes horsemanshipsister had was that senthad onthe a watcheda Americanwarning livestock made theirtoenemy.Gillespie descend scabards it ,into seemed would the still-dark thatbe enough the clanking mist-enshrouded to rouse of the any heavy unprepared valley. sabers To in woulddistancehisrather countrymen make than from aretrace circular the had hiscamp, tourtheir steps. and doubts. and Butpass Pico of Their throughPico's declined horses aggressive San to grazedPasqua!, hand spirit, atout a I h saddleheardhadammunition. forced on with the him their darkNevertheless, into lances slopes action, ready above, so Hammond's when and the guns the Californios sound primed. noisy of reconnoiterhooveswere in was the ,-; "..1114,011ex IG, , :-/ in .6..: ..:,4774.,,,,;,_.. ,...... - /' .. -1.1''- -", .r., ....,4- ./ ' -414. ,, / . -I- , .--/.-,,,,i , , . ,. --1 / -',.. .-- /-'- / / , / , / 204 27 gi)4?144\ Johnston'scartridgesusingMoore's their troop squad. were Hall reached carbines,swollenIf any oflevel withthe groundDragoons damp, andit was gave began dark, a thought to and jog theirafter to it was quickly dismissed. The Americans'GillespieAsof he graduating brought could attack athe seecharge was San through disintegrating, to Diego the slowestthe contingent lifting but mount, adheringdarkness off he the kept to hillside,that the his ruletheforce theirsionmounts capcarbines were in the tooas breech. clubs.unsteady They to drewallow theirthem sabers to insert or a grasped percus- Oneoutdocomegrouped, so,several of into Moore them working line Californbs was on themthe Pablocharging left attempting towards ofVejar, Moore'saway. thePico's to Gillespie's south outflanksquad. lieutenant, rim Before the ofaction theAmericans. who he valleyflushed could was to 7";?"4:";;:.1:.;:. . . takenlespie prisoner. rode after Then, the Dragoons.with Captain Gibson at his side, Gil-

2 0 G 28 After the first clash Pico had wheeled his men and galloped Davidson'spulling one ofhowitzers them balked. came Before down ontothe frantic the field driver could get but the mule surprise.Americanwestdrew(just down away beyond Onforce, the fromtheir andvalley. the theirsuperior their site pursuers The strangeof mounts,the sheer andbattle uniforms, number stoppedthe monument, Californios had afterof takenmen about close him a tomile quicklyin the theby shelterupontheprobing terrified him. under lances. The animal the Dragoon Thegun moving Californioslimber, slid again, but shotwas two thean of easymule, cut off the mule and tried to find Pico's men were target for the the traces, entrance to the San Diego Wild Animal Park). and hauled the gun away with their lariats. ...-If...e-71"`-" - r -

IN 0 j 29 209 theirPico's pursuers. regrouped The menDragoons could nowstill came see the on tattered doggedly, condition but the of whosethe"Rally Dragoons men!horse For had were God's fallen demoralized. sake heavily rally! in theFace Both first them! Gillespie minutes Face ofand theml." the Carson, charge But withofsmallerfading upthis theirfrom onslaughtstrength groups. leaders,the opposite Theof and thetheir Californios bewilderedDragoonsside mounts of the swept spaced turned valleyby the down sawaway. suddenthem onthis Gillespie,intothem. was loss smaller Inof thecontactcoming faceand certain death. backwouldand was like flee outwell-drilled when of the attacked. combat, regulars. had Yet assuredhere were them adversaries that the Californios fighting ..\`` a qv, .L.,e% - ,,r ,11 e,-;; ;I /. / ?;,(.- St. , 210 30 211 withoutwithCaptain Pico. effect.Moore, He fired At well that his out pistolmoment in front and two ofmissed, his other troop, then Californios came swung face hisgalloped to saber face theirclearGillespie's enemy view of attemptfrom the Californiosthe to Los rally Angeles the for Dragoonsthe victoryfirst time. hadand They brought four recognized lancers him in pickedfigure.hitslippedup theand ground.Moore'sup fromfelled after the Moore Anotherthehand saddle, battle. still with rider breakingheldHammond their fired fast lances. his histo had hispistol saber sabertried The into at to dying whenthethe intervene hiltprostrate heMoore as was heto facecollarandhislunged saber, triedhis and at attackers tohim. threwGillespie break "Here's him through,a lancepressed out Gillespie of inflicted but the down a men! saddle.blow a on flesh Get from the As him!."wound backbehind he rolled Parrying of to caught hishis over horseback. with his to asave mortal his brother-in-lawwound in the chest.but he too was overwhelmed and took gloom.miraculouslysoblowAnother eager that California slitfor histhe clambered lipkill came and that brokeup they to and his blockeda caughttooth. feet and Witheachthe escapedMarine many other, assailantsa Gillespie glancinginto the --- -7 _ A I III '' ,4 4:Vol" .. .. .1111. f k., A . 10171 -1,4! 1,\ ," ti F. 31 213 scatteredDragoons across and Gillespie's the battlefield. men fromThe DragoonsSan Diego had were met now the tackedThe individual were one-sided clashes that and developed the outcome as alwaysthe Californios the same. at- anotherCalifornios.heatthem.San Diegans and Gibson's almost confusion One only brainedmen was the wereofalmost day bythe abeforenot fight wildlycleaved in military were andswung by had easily a uniformcarbine. Draaoon'slittle mistaken contact arid saber,in with thefor thetoThe behindfend man's Dragoon off the back.the soldier's wouldlance butdesperately tottering the Californio mule swing and would his thrust carbine swing his his orlance saberhorse into ' sAle.te' .2:--;;;;;`

2 1 4 32 2 1 rai thatTheonengaging unequalPico,the field still and withfight ignorant beating, atended least of andastwo the abruptly seeingbig full guns, size moreas of it the began.Americans force It decided his luck could seemedhearriving was DespiteoversitlashedKearny the temporary hissaddle.to at mules, firstwounds wantedWisercommand but and many counsel to the tofollow of Captainhavoc the prevailed the wounded wreaked Turner.enemy. and were TheonKearny his toodead army,weak were to Turner prepared turned valleynotmenAmericans hold. toand theHe two west,gathered had officers comeleaving hiswere face men only dead. to andone face canteredprisoner. with the away Fewerenemy. Lieutenant Hammond would down the thanSixteen 50 days a provisionsaskedconsiderableletter tofor Stocktona forceand Mexican transport to meettelling force" them forhim theandon the wounded. listing route the to SanAntoinecasualties. Diego, (Alex) of the battle with a "very with He succumbCaliforniosonelater.wounded man Sixteen within so leftremains seriously otherstwo no deadhours. includinga mystery.he on Sergeant the Kearny battlefield. Cox himself would The were numberdie four would die later in San Diego. The wounded, of their Godeyhelp. and three others from the San Diego force set off for 5- s - ---- 1r: - r4.-014101 - 471re 10048. 4." ii'l 1 k ; I.Ii k''\ I. , .,..=/ fr../.<-,... /,.., A ....':. r . ,,_...... Ili ' 7? 7ifiliiff. Ilij'i' -Pols ,:141 0, i All' li ' I 21C 1% 33 21 Watched from across the valley by the Californios, the The morning after the battle Kearny was recovered enough transportingAmericansdressingrobes.preparation Surgeon andformed the for binding woundedGriffinthe a fortified march wounds. worked using campnext allMost willow day,dayaround of withsleds thepoles the meagerinjured were wounded. and madeboresupplies,buffalo mul-In for woundedto offollowinghoveringremount another and Californios,andthe charge valleytheresume pack in which fullthe command. animals force,column would Kearny haveinmovedStill the under givenfollowed center. slowly thePico west,theeyesInstead the cart withofchance thetrack of the tothetiple keep 19 injuries; dead the coyotes wereone man buried from had in diggingbeen a mass pierced up grave the eight corpses.heaped times. with After stones dark that kept close to the northern hillsides. - 'Yldr r r41(0 p.

218 34 210 Aroundforsealow a hillscaptain, few two andIndians, in the Josephturning afternoon who southSnook. told theythe came The Americans emerged placeon the was ranchfrom that deserted thebetween of Californiosan English except the theyThey'dmadesuddenly came. moved what gallopedThe haste only Americans, athey up few from could hundred behind,encumbered towards feet splitting when the by protection theintothe Californiostwowounded, linesof a hillas hadsick.briefly, only What wateringrecently few cattle departedthe mules could with andbe roundedtheir taking wounded. some up were chickens They taken rested foralong. the to down.oftheirdrovescathed about left The the 30but by DragoonsenemyCalifornios beforethe previous off they firedthe mounted could dayssummit, back makeconflict and to wounding the Lieutenantthe took top base, anda several. detachment one beganEmory, group un- and firing

220 35 29 toThemomentboulders the American small the rearranged plateau Americanswounded on toandtop, were form theand safe, aguns somedefensive but were theof thecattlepainfully position. many had dragged For the been lost smaller TheyTwotheCalifornios' passed8th more anxiously mulesa miserablycamp scannedhad came to cold be riders the -sacrificednight, horizon bearing and onfor for a thesigns flagfood. morning of of From truce. rescue. ofthe The andin the starving. skirmish. The On only the hopehill the was Army rescue of the by West Stockton. was trapped forrodeexchange.Californioshimself San off Diegowith with Kearny announced him forThomas to help had neutral afterof Burgess,they course ground the had battle! only fourone where one, Americanof the hePablo metfour Vejar.prisonersAndres who'd Emory setPico to off

1J '11\ V4k0 ($11 222 - 36 e) ') theyTurner'shelpBurgess had could letter. hidden told be themJust spared.Stockton's beforethat allStockton being four response had captured was got which inthrough onfact toldtheir putting and Kearny way delivered aback relief no Atscoopedhillhour. the its American On name, aout diet of andcamp, ofthe stringywhat ground, the littlesituation mule-meat, evenwater was the that which deterioratingfittest seeped was were tointo growinggiveby holes thP the virtuallytransportforceerableall, Stocktontogether, all force"for the the wondered,horsesof woundedbut the he enemy? and was and what mules hampered theHe did factoncould Turner the that not byfirst Gillespie mean lackmarch mission. of by intohadwheeled a Above"consid- ataken trap. washundredcavalryweaker.especially on chargePico's Whileentrenched now itside:up wasthat the hemen,true hill hadcould thatinto it foundwas aPico starve hail equally Stockton's was of the fire unlikely obvious Americansfrom reply. wellto that mount over time a Out,

37 t anotherKearny,the Army attemptCarson of the toandWest convince Gillespie and Gillespie's Stockton agreed force faced further heavy that withoutthat his there help, must be Beale of the Navy, thatVirtuallygallantKearny was every officerlefthimself into scrap declined adirected loaf of foodto and thesustain in instead cookcamp to Beale onscraped his journey.bake ahad few the already Theburnt handful peas been of eaten.flour casualties,darknessKithadreluctant Carson, to bepossibly fellto taken. and let at Carson theanannihilation. Indian end go of but scout the Lieutenantwas persuadedsecond day. it wasvolunteered Kearny a risk that was to try when Indianand grains scout of took corn a from few sliversthe campfire of mule meat. ashes. Carson and the

22G 38 4r7 40 *"i At first light, the three hundred rescued and rescuers slowly EPILOGUE Herevaradodescended they ranch stayed Mule at the Hill forwestern and the bynight end evening ofand the over Penasquitoswere the at proteststhe canyon. Ruiz-Al- of shown."'This was Coming anAssistant-Surgeon action only where two years decidedly Griffin's before moreobservation Kearny's courage death, neatly summed up San Pasq opened thirty-four yl than conduct the debacle Sanlivestock.Lieutenant(Mission Diego Bay)Down Grayin pouring the thethrough column famished rain Rose ploddedat 4 Armyo'clock Canyon on took next in and the aday, large afternoon,by finally False toll enteringof Baythe 78 castenemyconflicts.earlier a shadow with already The aThe mention overquestion alerted, Battle a militaryfor has inpersists: gallantry the engaged careerdark, why at on Queenston militarythat wouldground had historiansa seasoned Heights as in soldier oftenthe as many more that his foe was familiar War of 1, attac tit theirdaysmarchedand livesafter Emory wasleaving north andover, to Santa 57the but DragoonsBattles barely Fe. For of2 weeksmost,San were Gabriel the later,part greatest ofKearny,and the Los ordealforce TurnerAngeles of that andaswithre-mount he a Kearny's fighterwas hisnot? is Dragoonsbehaviorthe Desperation most beforelikely is a topossibility,explanation. or take after. the Supreme enemy'sthough contempt renowned for Kearny knew from Gillespie "desperation" does ni havehis told adver horses to complete their mission to conquer California. abouttheinexperience Californios the the desert, unopposed on were wouldEvidence the farmersmarchseizure have of toblindedKearny's ofon Santa Los horseback. Angeleshim Fe,thinking towhere the Carsonin had possibilityAugust, opposition shown would and itselfof melted real only two weeks earliE Kearny's resistai like s acrossthedisadvantage.planbe Army reinforcements theto of locate tracks the West Intheof Kearny'sa approachedgathered enemyhuge number mindand by California. Generalattacksurprise of horses at Castro.counted Onnightfall November Kearny's for to everything.hide 22 his num( which were first assumi reaction IA they'd c niosButhave Kearny and spelled cost Certainly,delayed, success the brothers-in-law and forthe the Hammond'sstate surprise of their unreadiness attack blunderinglives. advocated of patrol Pico's byalerted men Captain at the San Pasqual c aMI downSanunwieldymounted Diego with forcegun-fire, Alances,his more workcavalry imaginative c'lekeeping their Californioscharge. way them down plan On away wouldinto wouldfoot the from andhave havevalley, defendingtheir been had then horses thequickly pin frontiersmenthemselves the while subduec Calif() in GilIe K( whentheretributionfromfloor. thewasonly andoutset, thea handful placed tragic Kearny ofconfusionhis Dragoons owndeliberately weakened over had the minimizedmade commands,men their and Gillespie's way mounts down in potentialonto front. the' Fi rot!" and "Cho 228 41 90n acceptnewspaperStokes' his wine wordinSan 1868had Pasqualthat playedGillespie there poses wasa vigorouslypart no other in wine the intriguing atArmy's downfall?questions. WritingWhat of to the a story denounced the slur, and while we Santa Maria, he had not been that TitleTheSome RomanticInsurance Old Adobes HistoryTrust Co;and of Sari1947. Ranchos. Diego PhillipCounty Rush; Ranches. San Diego;R.H. Bracket, 1965. Union withitsohave isthem many clear been the morethat filledprevious under facts with thanthenightwine. conditions were atBut Santa knownnow aYsabel,that massacre to modernthose when was research some assured, canteens has might who made the allegations, wineuncovered or no StephenLances at Watts San Pasqual.Kearny. Dwight Arthur Clarke,Woodward, University Calif. ofHistorical Oklahoma Society; Press; 1948. 1961. andremarkedwine..evacuated the Indians that theirDid his at thewounded.offer Snook's Cal to ifornios treat Ranch their emerge toldwounded Kearnyas unscathed was the turned Californios as they down claimed? by Pico, Surgeon had just Griffin Theco;History 1884-1890. Mexican of California. War. Jack Hubert Bauer, Bancroft, Macmillan; The History1974. Company, San Francis- withdrewthe Army from aWhose crushingIn the conflicts field victory defeat;of big battle,was and it?yet small,so In in theterms Kearny's past victory of and casualties, was future, reports, his. the the thefirst Californio casualty ranchers of war is Californios indeed dealt CaliforniaKit Carson's Conquered. Autobiography. Neal Harlow, Edit. University Milo Quaife, of California; University 1982. of Nebraska; Truth. BIBLIOGRAPHY BarryThe1966. Royal Gough, Navy University and the of Northwest British Columbia; Coast of 1971. North America 1810- 1914. LieutenantAMexico Doctor Press; ComesEmory 1951. Reports.to California. Edited John by Griffin, Ross Calif.Calvin, Historical University Society; 1943. of New TheEncylopedia1976. Diplomacy of of American Annexation. History. David Richard Pletcher, B. University Morris, Harper of Missouri; and Row;1973. JournalThe1966. Original of Captain Journals A.R. ofJohnston. Henry Smith Washington Turner. UniversityD.C.; 1848. of Oklahoma Press; ToMexico;Mexico Conquer Views1975. a Peace--TheManifest Destiny War between 1821-1846. the UnitedGene Brack, States Universityand Mexico. of JohnNew PublicDecemberReport Library.) to Commodore25, 1846. (Copy Stockton. in the files Handwritten of the California by Room, San Diego A. Gillespie; dated TheWeems,1963. Cruise Doubleday; of the Portsmouth. 1974. Joseph Downey, Edit. Howard Lamar, Yale; 230 42 Californios

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Mission San Francisco Solano in Sonoma was the last mission founded in California, the twenty- first, in 1823, after this story is over. But our next, Rosie & the Bear Flag, takes place all around it. If you like California adventure, you will surely enjoy that book. This mission was at first called New San Francisco, because Padre Altimira wanted to move the mission of San Francisco to warmer, healthier Sonoma; but powers above him did not allow the closing up of Old San Francisco. So there became two San Francisco missions, the older, of course, named for Saint Francis of Asissi, was called Mission Dolores so it wouldn't be confused with the new mission San Francisco, named for a saint of the Indies. The name Dolores was used because the mission was founded along the Arroyo de Nuestra Seriora de I6s Dolores. La misión de San Francisco Solano, en Sonoma, fue la Ultima que se fundô en California, la veintiuna, en 1823, cuando esta historia habia concluido. Pero la próxima, Rosie and the Bear Flag (Rosie y la bandera del Oso) tiene lugar en torno a ella. Si te gusta la aventura californiana, indudablementedisfrutaris con ese libro. Al principio esta misión se llamó Nuevo San Francisco, porque el Padre José Altimira queria trasladar la misión de San Francisco a Sonoma, mils templada y más saludable; pero la autoridad superior no le permitiO clausurar el Antiguo San Francisco. Asf que hubo dos misiones de San Francisco: la antigua, desde luego, que tomO su nombre de San Francisco de Asis, fue Ilamada MisiOn de Dolores para que no fuera confundida con la nueva misión de San Francisco, que tomó su nombre de un santo de las Indias. Se utilizO el nombre Dolores porque la misiOn fue fundada junto al Arroyo de Nuestra Seriora de los Dolores.

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The next-to-last mission was founded as a hospital in the year before the events that followin 1817. At first it was just the Asistencia San Rafael Archangel, a branch run by the padres frcim Mission San Francisco of Asissi, where the Indians were in unhappy health. But when the Indians went to San Rafael, they became better again. It was also conveniently near Ross, where the Russians bought the padres' produce; it soon became a full-fleged mission with a businesslike future. La penültima misión se fundO como hospital el ario anterior a los sucesos siguientes, en 1817. Al principio era solo la Asistencia San Rafael Arcingel, una dependencia dirigida por los padres de la MisiOn de San Francisco de Asis, donde los indios sufrian de mala salud. Pero cuando los indius iban a San Rafael mejoraban otra vez. Estaba tambien convenientemente cerca de Ross, donde ls rusos compraban productos agricolas de los padres; pronto se convirtiO en una misiOn acabada, tin un futuro alegre y práctico. Mission San Rafael . . founded 1817 as an .; DOS CALIFORNIOS About one of the most important events recorded in the historical annals of Alta California, that cradle of heroes and heroines, in one of the last years of the rule of the King of Spain.

Either I am much mistaken, or this will prove the most famous adventure ever seen.

Inmenso trabajo costó inqui- rir y buscar todos los archivos.

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Copyright 1976 br BELLFROPBON BOOKS, 36 Anaeapa Street, Santa Barbara, Ca 93101. All rights resersed. El suceso mds apasionante de la historia de Alta California bajo el dominio del Rey de Espaila recopilado laboriosamente de polvorientos archivos por Harry Knill e ilustrado verazmente por Gregory Irons 234 One day in October, 1818, a young Californio was riding along the beach near Monterey, the capital of His Catholic Majesty's loyal territory of Alta California. The Spanish Empire forbade its people to trade with anyone not a subject of Spain, and his Majesty's governor, the good Don Pablo Vicente de Sola, had enlisted many Californios to watch the coast for smugglers. The governor particularly disliked the Yankee and Russian ships which cruised off his coast to kill the beautiful sea otters for their skins. Suddenly the boy's horse shied; the boy reined it in, and saw what the horse had seenan old sea otter on the rocks, looking too weak to move, with the broken point of a hunting spear sticking from his leg. The boy thought with rage of the plundering strangers who were doing this, and decided to spite them and help the old sea otter by taking it to an old Indian friend at Mission San Carlos, whose medicines cured men and beasts alike.

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--_, _ r/ti7 Un dia de octubre de 1818 un joven californio cabalgaba por la playa cerca de Monterey, capital de Alta California, el teal territorio de su CatOlica Majestad. El Imperio Espanol prohibia que su gente comerciara con alguien que no fuera sUbdito de Espana, y el gobernador de Su Majestad, el buelm de Don Pablo- Vicente de Sola, habia reclutado a muchos californiospara guardar la costa contra los contrabandistas. El gobernador detestaba particularmente los barcos yanquis y rusos qw navagaban por su costa para matar las bellas nutrias de mar por sus pieles. De pronto, el caballo del chico resping6; el chico lo refreno y vio lo que habia visto el caballo una vieja nutria sobre las rocas, demasiado débil como para moverse; un trozo de arpOn rot() sobresalia de su pata. El chico pensO con rabia acerca de los rapaces forasteros que hacian esto y decidiO mortificarles y ayudar a la nutria llevandola a un amigo, un viejo indio de la misiOn de Sdn Carlos, cuyos ensalmos curaban a hombres y bestias por igual.

235 Mission San Carlos on the Carmel River had once been the favorite residence of Padre Junipero Serra, who founded the missions of Alta California. The old Indian here decided that what the otter needed was Andre's mule ointment, invented to cure sores on pack mules. It was made of kidney tallow, soot, salt, sulphur, and dried horse manure, well ground up and mixed, and had once had the honor of saving Padre Serra himself. The Indian removed the spearhead, then smeared the ointment on the otter's wound. Soon it began to heal. As the boy tried to care for the invalid, he began to learn about the ways of sea otters, which had lived happily in the kelp beds off the coast of California for thousands of years. They are members of theMustelidae family, which includes river otters, skunks, weasels, and badgers.

La mision de San Carlos, en el rio Carmel, habia sido en un tiempo la residencia favorita del Padre Junipero Serra, el fundador de las misiones de Alta California. El viejo indio decidiO que lo que la nutria necesitaba Pra Ia pow ada de la mula de Andn.,. inventadi para curar Ilagas de mulas de carp. Estaba heclia de sel)() dk, estiercol seco de caballo, todo hien molido y mezclado, y en una 1).11,1,1 salvar alpropio Padre Serra. El indio extrajo el arpon y luego unto la pomada en la heridit de 1.1 nutria. Pronto empez6 a sanar. Conforme el chico trataba de cuidar al invalido, comenzo a aprender las costumbres de las nutrias de mar que habian poblado los kThos de algas de la costa de California durante miles de anus. Son miembros de la familia Mustelidae, clue incluye nutrias de rIo, mofetas, comadrejas y tejones. El cielo suele levantar a los caidos.Heaven fre- quently raises the fallen .

Padre Arroyo, most informed of medical lore

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Although sea otters weigh up to 100 pounds, they are the smallest mammal to live in thesea, and the only ones not protected from its cold by a thick layer of insulating blubber. Instead the sea otter has a thick waterproof fur made up of 800,000,000 hairs. The fur traps in a blanket of insulating air, so that the otter's skin is never touched by the water. But this air blanket does not ;' insulate the otter as well as a seal's blubber, so the sea otter needs to eat three times as much as a sealabout a quarter of his body's weight each dayto keep warm. A healthy sea otter hunts its food in the water: it swims with its huge flattened hind feet, and uses its forepaws to gather food and clean its fur. Hunting along the bottom with sharp eyes, it pries shellfish loose from the rocks. Sea otters can use tools, and often use rocks to pry abalones loose, or break shells. A sea otter can store up to 18 clams in the pouch of skin under each foreleg. When he has enough clams, he will swim along the surface on his back, with a rock on his chest against which lie breaks shells to eat his stored clams. From time to time he rolls over in the water to wash off the food scraps, because if his coat becomes matted, it will no longer be warm and water-tight. Sea otters also like octopus, starfish, mussels, and sea urchins, which are full of the chemical biochrome polyhydroxynaphthoquinone. Sea otters eat so many sea urchins that this chemical colors their bones purple!

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Aunque las nutrias de mar pueden pesar hasta 100 libras, son los marniferos más pequefios que viven en el mar, y los Unicos que no estAn protegidos del frio por una gruesa capa de grasa aislante. En cambio, la nutria de mar tiene una espesa piel impermeable compuesta de hasta 800,000,000 pelos. La piel atrapa una cubierta de aire aislante de modo que el agua no toca jamas la epidermis de la nutria. Pero esta cubierta de aire no aisla a la nutria tan bien como la grasa de una foca, asi que la nutria necesita corner tres veces más que una foca, como un cuarto del peso de su cuerpo al dia para mantenerse caliente. Una nutria sana caza su cornida en el agua: nada con sus enormes y aplanados pies traseros, y usa sus patas delanteras para coger comida y limpiar su piel. Cazando por el fondo con agudos ojos, desprende el marisco de las rocas. Las nutrias pueden hacer uso de utensilios, y a menudo usan rocas para desprender orejas marinas o romper conchas. Una nutria puede guardar hasta 18 almejas en la bolsa de piel bajo cada pata delantera. Cuando tiene suficientes almejas nada sobre la superficie de espaldas, con una piedra en su pecho contra la que rompe las conchas de las almejas almacenadas. De cuando en cuando se voltea en el agua para lavarse las subras de comida, porque si su capa se enreda, dejará de ser caliente y hermetica. A las nutrias les gustan también los pulpos, las estrellas de mar, los mejillones y los erizos de mar, que estan Ilenos del producto quimico biocromatico polyhydroxynaphthoquinone. Las nutrias de mar cornen tantos erizos de mar que este producto qufmico colorea sus huesos de pOrpura. 0 - . thoroughly, then settles down to sleep, After a hearty meal,the sea otter washes himself or in large bays.Sometimes he even pulls floating on his back inthe kelp beds, just off rockypoints kelp across his body,like a blanket. Our Californio foundthat the old sea otter would eat from hishand, but needed nearly 20 pounds of food a day,and had to be near the water to keep his fur clean.He preferred to eat in the water. He had learned fromnearby Esselen Indians what to feed the otter.They showed him how to gather shellfish on the beachwhen the tide was out, and he kept very busy findingenough clams to feed his hungry friend.

The sea otter was hunted so severelythat by the twentieth century it wasnearly extinct. In 1911 an international treatybanned hunting them. As the sea otterhas few natural enemies other than man, theyhave increased, and now there are about2,000 in Cruz in California; their number increases about5% a year. They can be seen from Santa extend their range about five miles inboth the north to Avila in the south and `ea,C directions every year. Our old sea otter was so grateful forthe boy's elp that he made him his valedorhisprotector and defender. This common Californiaexpression was used when two persons swore tohelp each other in everything, and to be closer than brothers. In early Spanish days, when cattleand domestic animals were first brought up fromMexico, the set- tlers were so close to their animalsthat they gave each a first name, which was enteredin the mission's account book. Our boy sometimesasked the sea otter what his name was.

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6' zi :14 -. S;' V,-Ar Tras una voraz comida, la nutria se lava completa: mentey luego se dispone a dormir, flotando de espaldas en lechos de algas, cerca de puntas rocosas o en grandes bahias. A veces, incluso se arropa con algas, a modo de manta. Nuestro californio encontró que la vieja nutria cornia de su mano, pero necesitaba casi 20 libras de comida al (Ea, y ten la que estar cerca del agua para mantenerlimpia su piel. Preferia corner en el agua. Nuestrocalifornioaprendiô de unos indios Esselen cercanos con que alimentar a la nutria. Le enseriaron a coger marisco de la playa cuando la marea estd baja, y se afanaba buscando suficientes almejas para alimentar a su hambrienta amiga. La nutria fue perseguida tan ferozmente que para el siglo veinte estaba casi extinguida. En 1911 un acuerdo internacional prohibió su caza. Como la nutria tiene pocos enemigos naturales aparte del hombre, han incrementado, y ahora hay unas 2,000 en California; su nUmero aumenta alrededor del 5% al ario. Pueden ser vistas desde Santa Cruz, en el norte, hasta Avila en el sur, y extienden su ambito unas 5 millas en ambas direcciones cada Nuestra nutria estaba tan agradecida por la ayuda del chico que le hizo su valedorsu protector y defensor. Este dicho californiano se usaba cuando dos personas se juraban ayuda mutua en todo, y estar más unidds que hermanos. En tiempos de los esparioles, cuando el Sustenta la vida, que rnds que a rnf te inzporta. ganado y los animales domesticos fueron trai- dos por vez primera desde Mexico, los colonos estaban tan unidos a sus animales que les daban a cada uno un nombre, que era regis- trado en el libro de cuentas de la misión. A veces, nuestro chico preguntaba a la nutria que cOmo se llamaba. "Si la naturaleza per- mitiera hablar a los animales, como en tiem- pos de Esopo, te lo dir fa."

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240 - But their quiet days were to beinterrupted from the sea.Away in South America the Spanish colonists had declared their independencefrom the King of Spain, who did not like this idea. He sent troops to fight them, asthe King of England had done when his colonies in eastern North America had rebelled against him. The South Americans fought back in as many ways asthey could. Having no navy, they gave sea captains commissions to armtheir merchant ships and attack any ship or territory loyal to the King of Spain. The Captain and the crew got to split any moneythey made from captures, so they were usually more interested inlooting than fighting. One commission went to Commodore Hipolito Bou- chard, a daring seaman born in France. General San Martin sent Bouchard from the Republic of the Rio de la Plata, now Argentina, with two ships, the Santa Rosa, with 18 guns, and the Argentina, with 44, both American-built, to do as much harm as possible around the world to anyone loyal to the King of Spain. In October, 1818, Bouchard's ships arrived at Owhyhee in the Sandwich Islands (as our 50th state was then called). King Kamehameha agreed to let them take on supplies and a crew for their attack on California. TheCommodore visited an old Hawaiian fort which wassurrounded by a double fence of human bones: their owners had been enemies of an earlier king. Here was an idea for California. If f hh 60. as , 2.1,,Ilfg A Ts 'AO

Pero sus tranquilos dias fueron interrumpidos desde el mar. Alla, en America del Sur, los colonos esparioles habian declarado su independencia del Rey de Espana, al cual no le gusto esta idea. Enviô tropas para combatirles, como habia hecho el Rey de Inglaterra cuando sus colonias del este de America del Norte se rebelaron contra él. Los sudamericanos se defendieron como pudieron. Sin armada, dieron licencia a los capitanes para que armaran sus barcos mercantes y atacaran cualquier barco o territorio leal al Rey de Espana. El capitan y su tripulacicin se divid Ian cuanto dinero capturaran, de modo que solian interesarse mas en el pillaje que en la lucha. Una licencia fue para el comodoro Hipolito Bouchard, un osado marino nacido en Francia. El general San Martin enviô a Bouchard desde la RepUblica del Rio de la Plata, hoy Argentina, con dos barcos, el Santa Rosa, con 18 cariones, y el Argentina, con 44, ambos construidos en America, para que hicieran todo el dario posible por el mundo a cualquiera que fuera leal al Rey de Espana. En octubre de 1818 los barcos de Bouchard llegaron a Owhyhee, en las islas Sandwich (como se denominaba entonces nuestro 50 estado). El Rey Karnehameha accediô a dejarles tomar viveres y una tripulaciOn para atacar California. El comodoro visitO un antiguo fuerte hawaiano, rodeado de una doble cerca de huesos humanos: sus poseedores habian sido enemigos de un monarca anterior. He aqui una idea para California.

Rommem:11! iiiUtlfl Meanwhile at Woahoo his crew loaded hogs and vegetables; on October 20th they sailed with a crew of Sandwich Islanders, Americans, Span- iards, Portuguese, Blacks, Manilamen, Malays, and a few English and Scotsmen, bound for an attack on California! Shortlybefore,a Captain Gyzalaer had amealia=r sailed for California, and had brought word of Villififird6=1.,(Zatflig tar Bouchard's plans to his friend Don Jose de la 11.41111111111111110 Guerra in Santa Barbara. Governor Sola warned the four presidioscentral military posts of the governmentat San Francisco, Monterey, Santa Barbara, and San Diego to be ready to withstand attack. Indians at the missions made up a large supply of bows and arrows for the defense and lookouts were ordered to be alert all along the coast. Many, of course, were already there watch- ing for sea otter hunters. Bouchard's ships arrived off California's coast near the Russian settlement ofBodega Bay and Fort Ross, where there were about 100 Russians, mostly convicts from Siberia. The Russians had bought this territory from the Indians for 3 blan- kets, 3 pair of britches, 2 axes, 3 hoes, and some beads. They were friendly people, and were will- ing to sell eggs and oil to Bouchard.

(In early California, the little boys began their riding on piggy-back. En la antigua California, los nilios aprend fan a montar con cerdos.)

At Monterey, unaware of Bouchard's coming, our boy wondered why anyone wouldhurt such loveableintelligentharmlessanimalsasthe otters.The Spanish had never bothered them. But Captain Cook's English sailors had discovered that the Chinese would pay huge sums for the beautiful sea otter skins. In 1812 there were so many sea otters in Monterey Bay that sailors row- ing ashore kept banging into them with t heir oars. But that was the year that Yankee sea captains and Russian adventurers began to pursue the ot- ters. Our old sea otter was hunted 1)%Aleuts Alaskan nativesfrom the Russian ship itusou. These northern hunters wore waterpr lothes made out of seal guts, and masks that I,-.A like sea otter faces, as they paddled alone .!:e coast 4)6 for hundreds of miles in their kayak,. ...1 otter- , ing. General Vallejo guessed, wildly, 'itthose hunters killed 10,000 otters a year at ter 2.

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Mientras, en Woahoo, su tripulación cargaba cerdos y verduras; el 20 de octubre zarparon con una tripulaciOn de islerios de la Sandwich, americanos, esparioles, portugueses, negros, manilerios, malayos y unos cuantos ingleses y escoceses, rumbo al ataque de California. Poco antes, un tal capitan Gyzalaer habia zarpado rumbo a California, y habia contado a su amigo Don José de la Guerra, en Santa Barbara, los planes de Bouchard. El gobernador Sola puso en guardia los cuatro presidiospuestos militaresen San Francisco, Monterey, Santa Barbara y San Diego para que se aprestaran a resistir el ataque. Los indios de las misiones reunieron una gran provision de arcos y flechas para la defensa, y se ordenô a los vigias que estuvieran alerta por toda la costa. Por supuesto, muchos ya estaban alli buscando cazadores de nutrias. Los barcos de Bouchard arribaron a la costa de California cerca de la colonia rusa de Bodega Bay y Fort Ross, donde habia unos 100 rusos, la mayoria presidiarios de Siberia. Los rusos habian comprado a los indios este territorio por 3 mantas, 3 pares de pantalones, 2 hachas, 3 azadas y algunas cuentas. Eran gente amigable y estuvieron dispuestos a vender huevos y aceite a Bouchard. En Monterey, nuestro chico que ignoraba la Ilegada -/1 de Bouchard, se preguntaba por que alguien dariaria a unos animales tan amables, inteligentes, vivaces e inofensivos como las nutrias. Los esparioles jamas las habian molestado. Pero los marineros ingleses del capitán Cook habian descubierto que los chinos pagaban enormes sumas por las preciosas pieles de las nutrias. En 1812 habia tantas nutrias en la bahia de Monterey que los remos de los marinos, al remar hacie tierra, tropezaban constantemente con nutrias. Pero aquel ario los capitanes de mar yanquis y los aventureros rusos comenzaron a perseguir a las nutrias. Nuestra vieja nutria habia sido cazada por nativos de las Aleutas a bordo del barco ruso Kutusov. Estos cazadores septentrionales Ilevaban ropas impermeables hechas con tripas de foca, y mascaras que parecian caras de nutria conforme remaban a lo largo de la costa por cientos de millas en sus kayaks a la caza de nutrias marinas. El general Vallejo calculaba a bulto que los cazadores mataban unas 10,000 nutrias al ailo a partir de 1812. Fort Ross in New Albion, as the English never failed to call it San Frwicisco Presidio, founded 1776 by J. B. de Anza One side of the quadrangle was being rebuilt in 1818.

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Then Bouchard sailed south. Historian Bancroft says he probably did not sail into San Francisco Bay, but Alvarado, who later served twice as governor of California, and the great General Vallejo say he did, that on .November 20, 1818, Arguello, whocommanded the Presidio of San Francisco, was told that the large ships were in the waters between Bolinasand Point Lobos. Arguello ordered all his soldiers and Indians up to the roofs, where they would appear as a large army, and fired a cannon to frighten off the attackers. Commodore Bouchard sailed southward: maybe he was frightened by seeing so many defenders, or perhaps he just thought so small and poor a place asSan Francisco would have no booty worth taking. Mission San Francisco de Asis, founded 1776 by Padre Palou Below: San Jose, founded in 1777 by Lt. Jose Moraga originally on the Guadalupe River, is the oldest pueblo in Alta California. Once there were hundreds of adobe houses there, but now only two are left. The Peralta adobe, or rather the small remaining part of it, has just been nicely restored.

Luego Bouchard zarpO rumbo al sur.El historiador Bancroft dice que probablernente aquel no entr6 en la bahia de San Francisco, pero Alvarado, quien sirvi6 más tarde como gobernador de California por dos veces, y el gran general Vallejo dicen que si , que el 20 de noviembre de 1818 Arguello, que mandaba el presidio de San Francisco, se enter6 de que dos grandes barcos esta ban en aguas entre Bolinas y Point Lobos. Arguello orden6 a todos sus soldados e indios que subieran a los tejados, donde parecerian dn gran ejército y dispar6 un caflón para espantar a los atacantes. El comodoro Bouchavd zarp6 rumbo al sur; puede que se asustara al ver tantos defensores. o quizá pens6 simplemente que un lugar tan pequetio y pobre como San Francisco no tendria botin que mereciera la pena. The Peralta .1,1,)/n? J "1.,41r- You might think, in this age of preservation, that the last thing to be destroyed would be any of the remaining ancient homes of the early Calif ornios. But this is not so. MANY have been destroyed lately, and are gone FOREVER! With luck, California will still be here 500 or a thousand years from now, and there may be children then interested in seeing the abodes of the settlers of their towns. The list of recently destroyed adobe buildings is long enough to !.,,ar- rending.

1 4 Mission San Josi, founded 1797 by Padre Lasuin

Bouchard headed towards the richest parts of Alta California. On the ranchos of Mission San Jose were approximately 7,000 head of cattle, and 12,000 sheep, grazing over an area coveredtoday by cities from Fremont to Dublin to Livermore to Walnut Creek to Concord and Martinez. Further south still was the pueblo of San Jose de Guadalupe, the first town founded in New California (Baja California, settled many years earlier, was called Old California). Still further south was Santa Cruz Mission, with its nearby village of Branciforte, whose only grandeur was in its name. Many Californians could imagine no greater benefit to the province than that the disreputable settlers of Branciforte should be sent somewhere a million leagues away for two-hundred years. When the shady characters there and the six soldiers of the Mission heard that Bouchard was heading their way, they decided to keep him from robbing their rich and flourishing mission by taking everything first for themselves. The local judge, Don Joaquin Buelna, resisted the mob, which accused him of being an ally of the enemy. But the good judge quelled them with poetrya mighty weapon in old California. Bouchard did not attack Santa Cruz afterall; he was heading for the richest prize, the capital at Monterey. Santa Clara Mission, founded 1777 by Padre Pc,w

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i4 fn IP 246 The first mission here was abandoned because of flooding, and a second was only temporary. A third, begun in I: -1 a magnificent buildingwas damaged by earthquakes in 1812 and 1818; a fourth was begun in 1818, and then a in 1822the church shown here. Alas, it burned down in 1926, but was replaced by a concrete replica which should t Here served the interesting Padre Durin in 1818. You can read about one of his adventures after he moved to Santa Barbara inRosie & the Bear Flag.

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Bouchard se dirigio hacia las partes más ricas de Alta California. Tierra adentro, en los ranchos de la misión de SanJose aproxirnadamente hab fa 7,000 cabezas de ganado, y 12,000 ovejas, pastando en un area cubierta hoy por ciudades desde Fremont a Dublin, Livermore, Walnut Creek, Concord y Martinez. Más al sur aim estaba el pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, la primera localidad fundada en Nueva California (Baja Caiifornia, colonizada muchos afios antes era llamada Vieja Calif ornia). Atm mas al sur estaba ia misi6n de Santa Cruz, con su cercano pueblo de Branciforte, cuya Unica grandeza resWia en su nombre. Muchos californios no pod fan imaginar un mayor beneficio para la provincia que el que los despreciables colonos de Branciforte fueran enviados como a un millon de leguas lejos por doscientos afios. Cuando los turbios tipos de alli y los seis soldados de la misi6n se enteraron que Bouchard se dirigia hacia ellos decidieron evitar que robara su rica y floreciente misiOn apoderandose de todo ellos mismos prirnero. El juez local, Don Joaquin Buelna, resistiO al populacho,que le acusO de estar aliado con el enemigo. Pero el buen juez les sojuzgO con poesia poderosaarma en la antigua California. Bouchard no atacO Santa Cruz después de todo:se dirigia hacia la presa más rica, la capital, Monterey.

Mission San Juan Bautista,founded 1797 byPadre Lasun

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Here in 1818 Thomas Doak, the first American settler in California, worked decorating the walls of the mission church. This town and mission are one of the most lovely spots in California, and you will especially enjoy the rodeo there in .luly. 0 .4 4 Mission Santa Cruz,founded 1791 by Padre Lasudn. The first site, too near the river, was abandoned and a new stone and adobe church, with vaulted roof, was built on the mesa in 1793. Earthquakes in 1840 and 1858, sadly, brought it down.

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Captain Corney of the Santa Rosa, Bouchard's lieutenant, described the town of Monterey he saw When there before: it is "most pleasantly situated on a beautiful and extensive plain, nearly half a mile from a sandy beach. It consists of about 50 houses of one story, built in a square and surrounded by a square wall, about 18 feet high; on the south side of the square stands the church; on the west, the governor's house; on the east, the lieutenant-governor's house and the king's warehouses; on the north side is the grand and principal entrance, jail, and guardhouse, while in the middle are two field-pieces, 6-pounders. There are many farm houses scattered over the plain, with large herds of cattle and sheep. On a hill, about one mile to the west, stands the fort. The whole population of the town does not exceed 400 souls." Over these citizens, and all the inhabitants of New and Old California presided Don Pablo Vicente de Sola, who had become governor in 1815. A wise and kind man, he was particularly loved by the children of Monterey, whom he took great pains to look after. He loved all children, perhaps because he had none of his own. Sola took a great interest in the schools; when he first took office, he ordered schoolmaster Archuleta to appear before him with the students. Sola gave the children candy and nuts, then explained to them the advantages in life which their education would some day give them. He would take the best older students into his service, to ifnprove their handwriting by making a copy for the governor's files of the letters he wrote on government business. In those days, anyone who wanted to keep a copy of a document he had written needed someone to copy it for him, so there was always a job for a person with good handwriting. Sola gave the Monterey school a number of books about government, and also a most excellent work by the great Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra named Don Quixote de la Mancha. He explained to them that from this work they could learn much of the soul of man and the soul of Spain, and perhaps, if they read it with great understanding, they might, as they rode down the lanes of California, see ahead of them the gaunt knight on his bony steed Rocinante, listening to fat Sancho Panza, who had a proverb to fit every occurrence, as they looked for adventures and a chance to help the helpless. (A few flowers plucked from this great book have been strewn along the wayside in this story to improve the appearance of our landscape.) Governor Sola also donated money to found two new schools for boys and one for girls in Monterey, and adopted three of the town's boys, who later became great men in California and wrote memoirs which praised the kind governor.

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The Mnnterey Presidio,founded 1770 byGaspar de Porton],as Bum Naw it .....1.,i5utUs..a ,t.,,_.6.,..me.i5e,_.11,MeAi.s.-.,..r.,t2141S Mission San Carlos Borromeo,founded 1770 by Padre Serra whereSan Carlos,the Monterey Presi- dio Church, now stands. The mission was moved a year later over the hill to the Carmel River, where there was better soil and water, and where Indian maids would not be shocked by visiting sailors. This building was begun in 1793, and in it lies Padre Serra.

After Orama Dc* El segundo de Bouchard, capitán Corney del Santa Rosa, describiO la ciudad de Monterey que viô desde el mar: esti "situad... de lo más agradablemente en una bella y amplia Ilanura, una media milla de una arenosa playa. Consiste en unas 50 casas de un piso, formando una plaza y rodeada de una muralla cuadrada de unos 18 pies de alto; en el ladosur de la plaza esti la iglesia; al oeste, la casa del gobernador; al este, la casa del teniente de gobernador y los almacenes del rey; al norte esti la gran entrada principal, la circel y el cuartel, mientras que en el centro hay dos piezas de artilleria de seis libras. Hay muchas casas de labranza esparcidas por la llanura, con grandes hatos de ganado y ovejas. Sobre una colina, como a una milla hacia el oeste, esti el fuerte. La población total de la ciu- dad no excede las 400 almas. Don Pablo Vicente de So la presidia sobre todos estos ciudadanos, y sobre todos los habitantes de la Nueva y Vieja California. Habia llegado a ser gobernador en 1815. Hombre sensato y bueno, querido especialmente por los nifios de Monterey, a los que se afanti por cuidar. Amaba a todos los niftos, quizi porque no tenia ninguno propio. So la se interes6 mucho por las escuelas; cuando tome) su cargo orden6 al maestro Archuleta que se presentara ante él con los estudiantes. So la dio a los nirios dulces y nueces. explicindoles luego las ventajas que les traeria en la vida su educaciOn algim dia. Tomaba a su servicio a los mejores entre los estudiantes mayores para que mejoraran su escritura copiando para los archivos del gobernador las cartas que escribia sobre asuntos de gobierno. En aquellos dias, todo el que quisiera guardar una copia de un documento que hubiera escrito necesitaba que alguien se lo copiara, asi que siempre habia trabajo para alguien con buena letra. Sola dotO a la escuela de Monterey con una serie de libros sobre gobierno, y también con la excelsa obra del gran Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra titulada Don Quijote de la Mancha. Les explicO que con esta obra podian aprender mucho acerca ,del hombre y el espiritu de Espana, y quizá, si la leian con gran inteligencia, podrian, al cabalgar por los caminos de California, ver delante de ellos al flaco caballero sobre su huesudo corcel, Rocinante, escuchando al gordo Sancho Panza, que tenia un refrin para cada lance, en busca de aventuras y de una dportunidad para ayudar a los desvalidos. (Unas cuantas flores arrancadas de este gran libro han sido sembradas al borde del camino en este relato para mejorar la apariencia de nuestro paisaje.) I. '0. II Tanta filosofia sabc, y tmis, que .1rist6teles. lk knows as much philosophy as Aristotle. There were already schools in California, but before the time of Governor Sola they were frightening places, "a collection of horrors and torments for childhood." Monterey's schoolmaster Archuleta, a poor old soldier with a crabbed face and a scowl, wore frayed and filthy clothes, and his scholars bad to undergo all the punishments that military and clerical refinement could invent to correct them. When a child finished his work, he took it to Archuleta and waited with fear and trembling. "AH! You've made a blot here! You wretch, you scoundrel!" "Worthy master," the child would say, "pardon me today and tomorrow I'll do better." But the master would seize an enormous whip and order the little one to hold out his hands. The boy could beg and weep all in vain; he had to hold out his hands, which trembled as he waited. The master raised the terrible whip and brought it down two or three times with a loud crack. Then he would hurl the student's paper to the floor with scorn and anger. Sometimes the master's whip was heard a hundred times in an hotabut there was a worse punishment yet! Upon the table lay a long cat-of-nine-tails. This dread weapon was used to punish major crimes, such as not knowing the lesson, having laughed aloud, or having spilled an inkwell. Then the master would order the criminal to be stretched out upon a bench. He would lash him a dozen times, with his fury increasing, his gray hair bristling, his eyes popping from their sockets as he frothed at the mouth like a wild boar. No wonder the children loved Governor Sola for saving them from these cruelties! The Governor saw the students frequently, to check on their progress. At this time, when ships came to Monterey but seldom, a ship's arrival was a major event. The lookout on Mount Parnaso near Point Lobos would inform Commandante Estudillo at the Presidio, who in turn notified the Governor, who then ordered the drums to be beaten, to notify the people. Then the Governor and all the people would go down to the beach to watch the ship arrive. Governor Sola ordered that the children should be allowed to leave school and join the excitement on the beach; he could question them about their lessons while everyone waited for the ship. Once when a ship was sighted, Schoolmaster Archuleta started for the beach, telling his pupils that before they came, they must close their books, cork their ink-bottles, and close the gatera by which the cat came in and out. The pupils ran off to the beach helter-skelter to see the Governor,

The immortal, incomparable Spanish nation has many and great resources with which to make herself respected. Don Pablo Vicente Sola, teniente coronel de los Reales Ejercitos, Gobernador Politico y Militar de la Alta California, y Comandante Inspector de las tropas que guarnecen sus Presidios.

N; r. n t T1EST COPY AVAILABLE Porque estos, sin duda, son corsarios franeeses, que hacen a loda ropa.

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Ya habia escuelas en California, pero antes de la época del gobernador Solaeran sitios espantosos, una "colecciOn de horrores y tormentos para la infancia." El maestro de Monterey, Archuleta, era un pobre soldado viejo, de rostro ceriudo y mal cariz. Llevaba ropas raidasy sucias, y sus escolares tenian que sufrir todos los castigos que el refinamiento militar y clerical pudo inventarpara corregirles. Cuando un nirio finalizaba su tarea la llevaba a Archuleta y esperaba con miedoy temblor. "Ah! Has hecho un borrôn aqui! .Desventurado, picaro!" "Benemerito maestro," decia el hirio, "perdoneme hoy y mariana lo hare mejor." Pero el maestro agarraba un enorme latigo y ordenaba al pequerio extender las manos. El nirio suplicabay lloraba en vano; tenia que extender las manos, que temblaban mientras esperaba. El maestro alzaba el terrible latigo y lo bajaba dos o tres veces con un fuerte chasquido. Luego arrojaba el trabajo del estudiante al suelo con clesden e ira. A veces se oia el latigo del maestro cienveces a la hora, pero habia otro castigo peor aim! Habia sobre la mesa una disciplina. Esta terrible arma se usaba para castigar crirnenes mayores, tales como no saberse la lección, reir en alto, o derramar un tintero. Entonces, el maestro ordenaba al criminal estirarse sobre un banco. Le azotaba una docena de veces, su furia en aumento, su pelo gris se erizaba, sus ojos se sal ian de sus órbitas conforme echaba espuma por la boca como un jabalf salvaje. ;No es extraiio que los niños amaran al gobernador Sola por salvarles de estas crueldades! forgetting all these instructions. The Governor questioned them, and was so pleased with their answers that he sent for a basket of dates to give them. But meanwhile, back at the schoolroom, a flock of chickens found their way in through the gatera and spilled the ink-bottles over the books. What thrashings would result when the class returned, but... But school, and all other Monterey daily life was interrupted by Bouchard's coming. The Governor knew that Bouchard would soon attack Monterey, and ordered preparations to be made. All the families were told to leave in the dark of night, and go inland, where they would be safer. Brave men would stay to defend the town, and some would serve as the Governor's messengers. The citizens of Monterey loved their families greatly, and many tears were shed at the idea of separation. Wives refused to leave their husbands, mothers their sons. But the Governor insisted. Everyone ran about hastily, packing the carts. Clothes were forgotten in the rush, hardly anyone remembered shoes, and only one clever girl thought to bring food. She ran into the woods, carrying on her head a basket filled with boiled beans; her long hair streamed in the breeze, but not for long! Grease from the beans came through the basket and ran down her hair and neck. What a mess! Many of the women packed themselves and their families into lumbering carretas (carts), and headed off to the inland missions. The Vallejo family, Juana Magdalena, Encarnación, Rosalia, Salvador, Mariano, and their mother filled one cart to overflowing. In another shivered Dofia Magdalena Estudillo, wife of the Comandante of Monterey, whose husband would i.alLow scarce be able to fight the enemy, I being so worried about Doria Mag- , dalena, his legendary wife. , I One group of women, led by the rascallyel lego(laybrother) Don Felipe Garc ia went off into the woods, wearing their bright red skirts. In the midst of the woods, to please his eyes, Don Felipe made the poor women lift up their skirts by telling them that the dreadpirateshad spy glasses and would be able to find them by seeing their full red skirts. Only he could have persuaded anyone thatpirate spyglassescouldseeseveralmiles through thick trees! r r el .) 4; El gobernador veia a los estudiantes frecuentemente para vigilar su progreso. En esta época, cuando arribaban barcos a Monterey, aunque rara vez, la llegada de un barco era un suceso importante. El vigia de Mount Parnaso, cerca de Point Lobos, informaba al comandante Estudillo del Presidio, quien a su vez notificaba al gobernador, que entonces ordenaba que se tocaran los tambores para avisar a la gente. Luego el gobernador y todo el mundo bajaban a la playa para contemplar la Ilegada del barco. El gobernador So la ordenaba que se dejara salir a los nifios de la escuela y que se unieran al jUbilo de la playa; les preguntaba sus lecciones mientras todos esperaban el barco. Una vez, un barco fue avistado. El maestro Archuleta se encaminó a la playay dijo a sus alumnos que antes de venir debian cerrar sus libros, tapar con el corcho sus tinterosy cerrar la gaterapor la cual entraba y salia el gato. Los alumnos se lanzaron a la desbandada a la playa a ver al gobernador, olvidándose de todas estas instrucciones. El gobernador les pregunto, y quedo tan satisfecho de sus respuestas que mandó por una cesta de &tiles para dárselos. Pero mientras tanto, en la clase, una bandada de pollos encontrô su camino a través de lagateray derram6 los tinteros sobre los libros. ; Qué palizas cuando volviera la clase! Pero. Pero la escuela y todo el resto de la vida diaria de Monterey fue interrumpida por la llegada de Bouchard. El gobernador sabia que Bouchard pronto atacaria Monterey, y orden6 que se hicieran los preparativos. Se ordenO a todas las farnilias que salieran en la oscuridad de la noche y fueran tierra adentro, donde estarian más seguras. Los hombres valientes se quedarian para defender la ciudad, y algunos harian de mensajeros del gobernador. Los ciudadanos de Monterey amaban a sus familias enorme- mente, y muchas lagrimas fueron vertidas ante la idea de la separación. Las mujeres rehusaban dejar a sus maridos, las madres a sus hijos. Pero el gobernador insistia. Todos corrian apresuradamente, cargando los carros. Se dejaron atres ropas con la prisa, apenas nadie se acordó de zapatos,y sOlo a una chica lista se le ocurriO traer comida. Conic!) al bosque, Ilevando sobre la cabeza una cesta Ilena de frijoles cocidos; su largo cabello flotaba en la brisa, pero; no por mucho tiempo! La grasa de los frijoles se filtraba por la cesta y descendia por el cabello y cuello. ;Que Muchas mujeres montaron con sus familias en lentas y chirriantescarretas,y se dirigieron hacia las misiones del interior. La familia Vallejo, Juana Magdalena, EncarnaciOn, Rosalla, Salvador, Mariano, y su madre, Ilenó una carreta hasta los topes. En otra tern blaba Dona Magdalena Estudillo, mujer del comandante de Monterey, cuyo marido, tan preocupado por Doña Magdalena, apenas po- &fa luchar contra el enemigo. Un grupo dernujeres,encabezadas por el vil lego Don Felipe Garcia se largO a los montes, con sus faldas de un rojo vivo. En rnedio de los bosques, para deleitar sus ojos, Don Felipe hizo que las pobres mujeres se subieran las faldas, diciendoles que losterribles piratas tenian catalejos y podrian encontrarles por sus amplias faldas rojas. SOlo éI pudo persuadir a alguien de que los catalejos de los piratas podian divisar varias millas a través de densos arboles. Mission of Nuestra Setiora Dolorosisima de la Soledad,founded 1791 byPadre LasuA

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A church was built here in 1797 and a new one in 1808.1n front, here, is Padre ItAtiez. a poet and friend of (lovernor Arrillaga, who had died here in 1814 and was buried in the nave. Padre Ibez died a few days after Bouchard bother ed the Monteryerms,Solvdad was badly flooded later, and little was left but heaps of mud. It is now being rebuilt 4 r-J Mission San Antonio de Padua, the third mission founded in Alta California, byPadre Serra in 1771 The first church here was a mile and a half away from the present one, which was begun in 1810. The grain and flour from here was famous through- out California.

Lieutenant Estudillo, Commander of the Presidio, was the highest ranking officer in Monterey after Governor So la, and was responsible, under Governor So la's command, for defending the town. He claimed to be afraid of nothing humanalthough he had had problems with animals. The Governor had ordered that no one in Monterey should gamble, but people met at night at the home of Don José Armenta to gamble in defiance of this law. Estudillo's aide, Victor Arroyo, decided to end the gambling without arresting anyone. He had a bear suit made which fitted him so perfectly that when he wore it, no one but another bear could have known Arroyo wasn't a bear. One night he hid himself in the woods near Tio Armenta's house by the little trail which led back to the Presidio (near the present road to Pacific Grove). At two or three in the morning the gambling ended, and the rich Garcia brothers, merchants, came along the trail. When Arroyo saw them he let out a terrifying roar, and began to chase them. They ran as fast as they could, but the bear ran faster. To escape what seemed certain death, the Garcia brothers left thetrail and leaped over the edge of a cliff. One broke his arm, the other his leg. Arroyo, seeing that his joke had become altogether too serious, went for a doctor. The Garcias told everyone that they had been attacked by eight ferocious bears, but enoughof the truth leaked out that people laughed at them. They believed Lieutenant Jose Maria Estudillo was responsible for their humiliation and pain, and they decided to revengethemselves on him after their recovery. With several gifts they persuaded Victor Arroyo and his brotherwho would also do anything for a joketo dress up in bear skins to give Estudillo a dose of the same medicine. Estudillo was riding by the lagunita on the road to the Orchard del Rey one day; two bears leapt out at him; apparently athirst for human blood. Estudillo's horse was terrified, and jumped intothe water. The bears remained on the bank; each time Estudillo tried to make his horse leave thepond, the bears roared so loudly that the horse swam away from the only landing place. Soon the horse got hopelessly stuck in the mud, and Estudillo had to get off and swim. When helanded, the bears attacked, and Estudillo decided he could save his life only by playing dead, since he believed bears would not attack a dead body. Perhaps he was right; he survived. The citizens of Monterey greatly enjoyed hearing this story, as they felt Estudillo boasted too much of his cwn talent and bravery. They used to say that a man could make a wonderful profit if he could buy Estudillo for as much as most people thought his talents were worth, and then sell him again at half the value Estudillo put on himself. Mission San Muluel A n-6ngelon the Salinas River, founded 1797 byPadre [Asian,rebuilt inI s18

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- El teniente Estudillo, comandantedel Presidio, era el oficial demayor graduación en Monterey despues del gobernador So la,y era responsable, bajo el mando del gobernador, ciudad. Alegaba que de la defensa de la no temia a nada humanoaunque habia tenidoproblemas con animales. El gobernador habia ordenado que nadie de Monterey jugara,pero la gente se reunia por la nocheen casa de Don José Armenta para jugara despecho de esta ley. El ayuda de Estudillo, decidiO terminar Victor Arroyo, con el juego sin arrestar a nadie. Se hizo hacerun traje de oso que le sentaba tan perfectamente que cuando lo llevabanadie, salvo otro oso, hubiera sabidoque Arroyo no era un oso. Una noche se escondióen el bosque cerca de la casa de Tio Armenta, conducia tras el Presidio junto al caminito que (cerca de la actual carreteraa Pacific Grove). A las dos o tres de la mañana acabô el juego, y los ricos hermanos Garcia, comerciantes, venianpor el camino. Cuando Arroyo los viô lanzó un rugido terrible,y comenzó a perseguirles. Corrian tan rápido corria más rápido. Para como pod Ian, pero el oso escapar de lo que parecia una muerte cierta, loshermanos Garcia dejaron el camino y saltaron sobre el bordede un precipicio, Unose rompió un brazo, el otro una pierna. Arroyo, viendo que su bromase habia convertido en algo demasiado serio, doctor. fue en busca de un "La chanza que hiereno es chanza, y las diversiones valenmenos cuando traen daftos." Los Garcias contaron a todo el mundo que habian sido atacadospor ocho osos feroces, pero la verdad se divulga lo suficientecomo para que la gente se riera de ellos. Creyeron José Maria Estduillo que el teniente era el responsable de su humillaciOny dolor, y decidieron vengarse de éluna vez recuperados. Con varios regalostrataron de persuadir a Victor Arroyoy a su hermanoque también hacia cualquiercosa por una bromapara quese vistieran con pieles de oso para dar Estudillo una dosis de la misma medicina. a Un dia, Estudillo cabalgaba juntoa la lagunita camino del Huerto del Rey; dos hacia el, al parecer sedientos de osos brincaron sangre humana. El caballo de Estudillo estabaaterrorizado, y saltO al agua. Los ososse quedaron en la orilla, cada vezque Estudillo trataba de hacer que dejara la charca, los su caballo osos rugian tan fuertemente que el caballo nadaba lejosdel imico lugar posible para salir. Pronto el caballo se quedo atascado en el cieno, y Estudillo tuvo que desmontary nadar. Cuando Dego a tierra lososos le atacaron y Estudillo decidiôque sOlo podia salvar su vida haciéndose el muerto. Quiza teniarazOn: sobreviviô. No son horlas las que dueten. «tt, Jest that wounds is no jest. illh.

A:1A pi i '4)1\ -446"---4111,._ t _.,,,,qtfi j ,, 11,,k-NV Nk:_,.. -.4*-"-----,,--4,..., Ik\N I ..1s, t' -...... _ ..\,.14,1...., 1 , - i. ,...,-,.-, .,.. \ 1 ,.., , .?0,.,..rji..r,..:*-Gs- ..5, :,,,, IN( -, -..e....\.-';?".4 ''' .-3....,14 :...,,,,,, . , ,...... , ...... -L,.....,-,-....-'L -..?...-- N'...- ---- 4'01 1 ,... .. 4e0 -...... ______-----____----' _...... x."---r. ro ',,,_ ------..... ------..- f!"1--- -r. : -..---::..- 1,-----H--.----:.:,,;,;1"1:k\--,t, _...:1. - .:!+1,:illt1.1":. El 22 de noviembre de 1818 el comandante Estudillo bajó a la costa de Monterey, dispuesto a cumplir su deber de saludar a todos los barcos que Ilegaban a Monterey para saber si se les podia permitir el desembarco. Llevabaconsigo su libro de hacer sefiales con. banderas (que databa del s(glo anterior), su catalejo y su fono de plata, que se puso a la boca, y grit6:" ;HO BERGANTIN! BARCO ES ESE? " On November 22, 1818, Com- mandante Estudillo went down to the shore in Monterey, ready to carry out his duty of greeting all ships arriving at Monterey to find out if they would be allowed to land. He carried with

.. him his book of flags (which date The Spanish artiller, n should from the last century), his spyglass, have been uniformeo this, and his silver megaphone, which he = but in 1817 Sola N8rot. that they placedtohismouthandcalled had no clothes to that the guns were defectke witions through, "HO, BRIGANTINE! WHA wanting, and the SHIP IS THAT?" men were disabled .11.11 r.

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Commodore Bouchard answered the polite question most rudely by firing onthe town's defenses. The harbor was guarded by a fort, which stood on the hill about a mile west of town, about 400 yards in front of the present Presidio Museum, and by a smallhidden battery near the water's edge in a place then known as the Mentidero, because Tio Armenta andiis friends met there to trade gossip. It is now the site of the concrete pier oppositeFisherman's Wharf. The fort had a wall facing the sea, where it mounted 10 brass 12-pounder cannon,but it was open and undefended on the land side. The little waterside battery had only three guns. Bouchard's fire was answered by young Captain Don José de Jesus Vallejo, commanding the waterside battery, who shot his three guns at the black frigate (the Santa Rosa) andaimed so well that he opened several holes in the waterline, and did serious damage to the masts, spars,and rigging. Soon the frigate, in serious difficulties, ran up a white flag to surrender. The main fort gave no help at all; its inexperienced artillerymen aimed too high and did no damage to the enemy. Lieutenant Estudillo, suffering from being separated from his famouswife, became useless with worry, and no one knew what to do about the enemy surrender.Governor Sola ordered young Vallejo to keep firing, but the commander of the upper fort,Don Manuel Gômez, commanded him to cease fire. One of Gómez's nephews was a lieutenant underBouchard: some people said Gómez was working for the rebels.

El cornodoro Bouchard contestó a esta cortés pregunta de la forma mas ruda disparando contra las defensas de la ciudad. El puerto estaba guardado por un fuerte que se alzaba sobre unacolina corno a una milla al oeste de la ciudad, unas 400 yardas frente al actual Museo Presidio, y por unapequeria bateria oculta cerca del borde del agua, en un lugar conocido entonces corm, el Mentidero,porque Tio Armenta y sus amigos sejuntaban alli para intercamhiar cotilleos. Hoy esti ocupado por el muelle de cemento frente a Fisherman's Wharf. El fuerte ten ia una murali,. que miraba al mar, donde estaba mont ado un catiOn de bronce de 12 libras, pero estaba al descubierto y sin defensa por el [ado _ de tierra. La pequeria bateria junto al agua tenia solo tres cariones.

0 I--;cif 0 El fuego de Bouchard fue contestado por el joven capitanDon José de Jestis Vallejo, al mando de la bateria junto al agua, el cual disparo sus tres canones contra lanegra fragata (el Santa Rosa) y apuntO tan bien que abrió varios boquetes en la linea de flotacidn,y causel gran dano a los mastiles, palos y aparejo. Pronto la fragata, en serias dificultades, enarbolOuna bandera blanca de rendiciOn. El fuerte principal no ayuclo en absoluto; sus inexpertos artillerosapuntaban demasiado alto y no averiaron al enemigo. El teniente Estudillo, sufriendo por estar separado desu celestial rnujer, quedo indtil con la preocupackm, y nadie sabia qué hacer acerca de la rendiciondel enernigo. El gobernador So la ordemi al joven Vallejo que siguiera disparando, pero el comandante del fuertede arriba, Don Manuel GOrnez, le ordemi el alto del fuego.Uno de los sobrinos de Górnezera teniente de Bouchard; algunos decian que Gómez trabajaba para los rebeldes.

Compaiiia de milicia activa de artilleria de California. The heavy artillery rent the air with its dreadful roar. La artilleria gruesa con espantoso estruendo romp fa los vientos. Cavalry ensign Estrada bravely took about 70 men to repel the enemy's landing. But Bouchard's force got ashore at the beach of Doria Brigida, Tio Armenta's wife, who grew all the vegetables con- sumed in Monterey. (This is now in Pacific Grove, about .three miles west of the fort.) Estrada's men retreated heroically, firing a gun now and again. Be- fore the troops in the fort could move their cannon to its undefended side, the enemy were charging it. They rushed up with their band playing and a bloody-red flag flying.* The Sandwich Islanders led, carrying pikes. As the enemy came into the fort, the defenders left hastily. Sgt. Ignacio Vallejo blew up a nearby ammunition dump, hoping to injure someone, but no harm was done, except to the ammunition. Bou- chard's men now turned the Spanish guns on the i4 town below, and Monterey was at their mercy. Its Bien es verdad que soy algo maticioso. citizens had abandoned it, and the enemy entered into the grand capital of California. Alvarado, one of So la's adopted sons, later wrote, "Histories of maritime battles neverbefore referred to an action as ridiculous as this. From beginning to end it was aseries of blunders. Monterey at 9 in the morning could have sunk half the enemy forces, but by3 in the afternoon it became the victim of its own fatal compassion, and flames andashes were the harvest it reaped." * The bloody-red flag, when raised by pirates, meant that no quarter would be given. You can learn all about this and more in the Bellerophon Book of PIRATES, just 2.95 at your store or write us.

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'. iiitraje ranchero. bit) The guns in the fort may have been mounted like this, but they were probably wheeled field pieces. The Spanish artillerymen were probably not in full uniform, but in ranchero 4...ir. El alférez de caballeria Estrada tomó valerosa- rnente setentahombres para rechazar el desembarco enemigo. Pero la fuerza deBouchard desembarcó en la playa de DonaBrigida, la mujer de Tio Armenta, la cual criaba todas lasverduras consumidas en Mon- terey. (Esti hoy enPacific Grove, unas tres millas al oeste del fuerte). Los hombres de Estrada se retiraron heroicamente, disparando de vez en cuando. Antes de que las tropas del fuertepudieran trasladar sucarión al lado indefenso, el enemigo lo estaba atacando. Se precipitaron al son de su banda, enarbolando una bandera color sangre, lo cual significaba que no darian cuartel. Los isleflos de las Sandwich iban en cabeza, portando picas. Conforme el enemigo entraba en el fuerte, los defensores salian a la desbandada. El sargento Ignacio Vallejo voló un depOsito de munición. Entonces, los hombres de Bouchard volvieron los cariones sobre la ciudad, abajo, y Monterey estaba a su merced. Sus ciudadanos la habian abandonado y el enemigo irrum- Withdrawing is not flight. pió en la gran capital de California. Alvarado, uno de los hijos adoptivos de Sola, escribiô más tarde: "Las historias de batallas navales nunca habian referido antes una acci6n tan ridicula como esta. De principio al fin fue una serie de disparates. Monterey a las nueve de la mariana podia haber hundido la mitad de las fuerzas enemigas, pero para las tres de la tarde se convirtiO en la victima de su propia y fatal compasion, y llamas y cenizas fueron la cosecha que segó."

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^ A legion of demons Alguna legiOn de demonios

There were Sandwich Islanders,Americans, Spaniards, Portuguese,and mixtures of all these, Blacks,Manilamen, Malays, and a few Englishmen.

Hab fa islerios de las Sandwich,americanos, espaiioles,portugueses y mezcla de todos estos, negros,manilelios, malayos y unos cuantos ingleses. La confusion de los hombres no eraaprobada en absoluto por las mujeres, quecabalgabande un lado a otro ayudando a sus maridos yhermanos.En aquellos dfas las californias eran expertasjinetas y pod fan hacer todo lo que hicieran loshombres, y a veces mucho más.

7 6 Bouchard's men had complete possession of Monterey, and now they behaved less like the soldiers they claimed to be, than like the pirates they were called by the loyal Califor- nians, who could not imagine that any rebel against their King could be anything but a criminal. Bouchard's sailors searched the houses for money, breaking and destroying anything they could not use. The Sandwich Islanders, who were quite naked when they landed, soon were dressed in the richest clothes they could find, with ponchos, or serapes, so richly embroidered that they were valued at hundreds of pesos, and silk rebozosexpensive China silk handkerchiefs to wrap around their heads. When they finished looting, Bouchard ordered them to burn the town. Los hombres de Bouchard tomaron posesion completa de Monterey, y entonces se compor- taron menos como los soldados que alegaban ser y mas como los piratas que les denominaban los leales californios, los cuales no podian imaginar que ningUn rebelde contra su Rey pudiera ser algo mas que un criminal. Los marineros de Bouchard registraron las casas en busca de dinero, rompiendoy destruyendo todo lo que no podian usar. Los islerios de las Sandwich, que estaban cornpletamente desnudos cuando desembarcaron, pronto estuvieron vestidos con las ropas mis ricasque pudieron encontrar, con ponchos osarapes,tan ricamente bor- dados que estaban valorados en cientos de ( pesos, y con rebozos de sedapariuelos de costosa seda china anudados en torno a sus cabezas. Cuando terminaron de saquear, Bou- chard les ordenó quemar la ciudad. The confusion of the men was not approved of at all by the women, who rode from one place to another helping their husbands and broth- ers. Californian women in those days were expert riders, and they could do anything that the men could, and sometimes much more. . ...\\\\frkk.13Y,i .,.....

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6Que descaecimiento es éste? What despondeno is this!

It would cause even the most hard-hearted man to weep (it drew tears from Sola himself, dressed in his colonel's uniform I

Haria Ilorar incluso al más duro de los hombres (provocO las lágrimds del propio Sola, vestido con su uniforme de coronel).

u Governor So la and his scattered army waited at Ranchodel Rey, now Salinas town, expecting Bouchard and his men to attack the rich missions of theinterior next in their war against the King of Spain, and fearing that they would not be able tostop them. But, as wise Sancho Panza says, "Heaven's help isbetter than early rising," and with no effort fromthe Governor's army, Bouchard's fleet just slipped away. No one knew why.History never tells us everything that happened, and not everything that history tells us is true;perhaps a friend of ours who knew how to use tools started Bouchard'sdeparture. El gobernador Sola y su disperso ejército aguardaron enel Rancho del Rey, hoy la ciudad de Salinas, esperando que Bouchard y sus hombres atacaranlas ricas misiones del interior como paso siguiente en su guerra contra el Rey de Espatla, y temiendo que nopodrian detenerles. Pero, corm dice el sabio Sancho, "La ayuda del cielo es mejor que unbuen madrugon," y sin empefin de parte del ejército del gobernador, la flota de Bouchard seescabull6,zarpOrumbo al sur.Nadie supo por que:. La historia nunca nos dice todo lo que ocurriô, y no todolo que la historia nos cuenta es verdad. Quizis una amiga nuestra que sab fa usar utensilios causó lapartida de Bouchard.

Men have received many lessons from the beasts. De las bestias han recibido muchos advertimientos los hombres y aprendido muchas cosas de importancia.

See what magic can do. Y advierte lo que puede la magia.

'

Something caused the pirates to suddenly just drift away,and it was considered .1 most marvelous thing that San Carlos Mission was left standing. Algohizo que los pirat as se dlejaran sübitamente, y se consideró una maravilla que la MisiOn de San Carlosquedara en pie Dejemos estas fantasmas y uoluamosa buscar mejores y nuis calificadas aventuras.

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' , I _ (11I ' After Bouchard left, Governor Sola returnedfrom the Rancho del Rey to begin the taskof rebuilding Monterey with the aid of workmen from allthe missions. They began with the church, which hadbeen sacked. Three times the soldiers, led by all theholy fathers, marched round it chanting hymns to cleanseit of the evil done there by Bouchard's band. Then theybegan fixing it. Within they foundsome poetry written by Don Nico- lAs Alviso: In 1818 at reveille, That time for praising God, \ A most terrible pirate, Bouchard, that was his name, Won great and horrid fame, On November the twenty-second.

Tras la partida de Bouchard, el gobernadorSola regresó del Rancho del Reypara iniciar la tarea de la reconstrucciOn de Montereycon la ayuda de trabajadores de todas las misiones. Comenzaronpor la iglesia, la cual habia sido saqueada. Tresveces marcharon los soldados en torno suyo, encabezados por los santos padres,entonan- do himnos, para lavarla del malinfringido por la par- tida de Bouchard. Luegocomenzaron a repararla. Dentro encontraron un poema escrito por Don Nicolis Alviso: En el a&) diez y ocho a la diana, Tiernpo de alabar a Dios, Un pirata muy atroz, "Bouchard" era su nombre, Adquirió grande renombre De noviembre al veintidós. I know by experience that I havc ue se por experiencia que tengo enemies visible and invisible. enemigos visibles e

Continuó en este rumbo por un tiempo,peromientrastanto elgobernador seafanaba en- viando mensajeros rumbo al sur, ordenando a sus vigias costeros que tuvieran cuidado de Bouchard y dieranla alarma a los colonos en cuanto alguno pretendiurd (tesem- barcar. Nuestros californios cabalgaron hacia el sur por la costa, rara vez perdiendode vista a ,uchard. 266 cook.Nn...

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He went on in this way atsome length, but meanwhile the Governor was busy sending south, telling his coast-watchers messenors to look out for Bouchard and alarm the settlerswhenever an,0:., tried to land. Our dos Californios rode south along the coast, seldom lettingBouchard out of sillht 267 They galloped along the upper Santa Barbara Channel, the land of the Canalenos atRef ugio Cove, just below Point Conception. Here the land belonged to the rich Ortegas,who made a fortune smuggling. By moonlight, and even in broad daylight, they met Yankee sailors on the Santa Barbara Islands to trade sea otter skins for Yankee merchandise. The mission fathers did not report or stop this illegal traffic because they got some of the profits, and business prosperedmiraculously. Bouchard's crew, lured by rumors of Or- The Ortega adobe at Arroyo Hondo near Refugio Coue tega gold, descended to punish the Ortegamen for this lucrative trade. 'They robbed, then burned the Refugio Ranch buildings which were probably located where thehighway now stands, opposite the State Park.The Or- tegasbuilt further up the canyon, but those buildings too are now gone. However, descen- dents of the Ortegas, the oldest Spanish fam- ily in California, still live nearby in a lovely adobe at Arroyo Hondo, which you can see from the highway going north from Refugio. At Refugio Bouchard's crew lost a lieutenant from Boston and two seamen, captured by lassos and put in the stocks for all to jeer at. Bouchard, undiscouraged, thought of ascending the Cuesta de Santa Ines to plunder the mission of that name. (The road there from Refugio haschanged little since the mission days: take it if you would like a taste of what travel was like in old California.) But, as Sancho says, "Fortune leaves always some door open to serve as a remedy," and a sudden mysterious misadventure forced Bouchard to sail on and repair his rudder. Underwater warfare is not so recent an invention as some think.

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Cariada del Refu, The 1812 earthquake is said'lave carried an American sea up the canyon and back dmci, The surfers there now ',aye loved this!

itagUCI Galoparon a lo largo del Canal superior de Santa Barbara, la tierra de los Canalehosen Refugio Grove, justo bajo Point Conception. Al li la tierra pertenecia a los ricos Ortegas,que hicieron fortuna contrabandeando. A la luz de la luna, e incluso en pleno dia, se reuniancon marineros yanquis en las islas de Santa Barbara para traficar pieles de nutriapor mercancia yanqui. Los padres de la misiOn no informaban acerca de este trafico ilegal, ni intentaron detenerlo porque ellos obtenian parte de los beneficios, y el negocio prosperô milagrosamente. La tripulación de Bouchard, atraida por losrumores del oro de Ortega, baja, para castigar a los hombres de Ortega por este lucrativo negocio. Robaron,y quemaron luego el Rancho Refugio, que estaba probablemente situado donde esta hoy la carretera, frente al ParqueEstatal. Los Ortegas volvieron a construir más arriba del cation,pero aquellas edificaciones también han desaparecido hoy. Sin embargo, unos descendientes de los Ortegas, la familia espanolamas antigua de California, viven aQn cerca, en una encantadora casa de adobeen Arroyo Hondo, que puedes ver desde la carretera yendo hacia el norte desde Refugio. En Refugio la tripulación de Bouchard perdióun teniente de Boston y dos marinos, capturados a lazo y puestos en el cepo para que todos se burlaran. Bouchard, sin desalentarse,pens() en subir la Cuesta de Santa Ines para saquear la rnisiOn de ese nombre. (La carretera desdeRefugio ha cambiado poco desde los tiempos de la misión; siguela si quieres una muestra de lo que era viajaren la antigua California.) 1 1, otarit-, ,1 , ,i'itsysii741- Y rnanos a la labor, 1 1 que en la tardanza dicen que suele es- .49mun....u.---...... ,...... ,. tar el peligro. iiii mono mum di( iiiiinim. . MUM RUM n MEIN MI MIN OMB 1111.1

Pero, conto dice Sancho, "La Fortuna siempre deja alguna puerta abierta de rernedio," y una repentina y misteriosa desgracia fortha Bouchard a zarpar y reparar su timOn. La guerra submarina no es un invento tan reciente corn() algtinos piensan. "Pero, seiior, decidrne Lllamaisa esto una aventura agradable cuando hernos salido apaleados tan lamentablernente? "

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...... Bouchard sailed on south, followed by Spanishtroops on the shore. By the evening of the 8th of December, he was off the town and mission of SantaBarbara. The citizens there, having heard of the destruction of Monterey and Refugio, hadfled the town. Bouchard zarpO rumbo al sur, seguido de las tropasespanolas por la costa. Para la mañana del ocho de diciembre estabacerca del pueblo y misión de Santa Barbara. Alli, los habitantes, enterados de la destrucción de Montereyy Refugio, hablan huido.

Is that not Bellerophon's horse? i,No es ése el caballo de Belerofonte? 271 Mission Santa Barbara, founded 1786 by Padre Lastan New churches were built here in 1787, 1789, 1793; the last one was destroyed by the 1812 earthquake. A new church was nearing completion when Bouchard arrived.

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The Comandante of Santa Barbara, Captain José de la Guerra, thought the enemy would not dare approach his shore, because the anchoring ground near Santa Barbara was dangerous in winter. But he prepared a defense, and Padre Ripoll organized a force of Indian lancers and archers. Everyone hoped that Saint Barbara, the patroness of the formidable Spanish artillery which had daunted Bouchard at Monterey, would defend her town. December fourth had been her day, and many prayers had been made to her. But Bouchard anchored, and ran up a flag of truce. He sent ashore a letter, which he left on a stick stuck into the sand, saying that if his captured men were returned to him, he would spare the town and leave the coast. Although his men were returned to him, that was not what made Bouchard flee from Santa Barbara, the town where the Spanish jailed the hunters of sea otters. Another mysteri- ous event struck fear in the hearts of his crew, who never knew what had frightened them; but we, who know that sea otters like to wrap themselves in kelp, may perhaps understand more than they did. A 11 mere bagatelle of gratitude, this, to a lovely town. Al pueblo e Santa Bdrbara Bouchard went on to the anchorage at Santa Cruz Island, where Yo, Bouchard, he found water and firewood. No one fought him here: the Indians exijo k deuolución de los tripulantes of the channel islands had been killed by sea otter hunters. Prisioneros.Debuil cantos y no atacaré The new mission church at Santa Barbara, above, begun in 1815 el pueblo. after the old one was destroyed in the 1812 earthquake, was just nearing completion at this time. Timbers were brought down from Santa Cruz by the American Captain Wilcox, the walls were strongly built of hewn stone with good buttresses, and there was a tower (not shown in any illustration) of two stories with six bells. It had a plastered, frescoed ceiling, marbled columns, and was said to be strong, neat, and agreeable.

El comandante de Santa Barbara, capital]. Jose de la Guerra, pens6 que el enemigo no se atreveria a acucarse a tierra, porque el fondeadero cerca de Santa Barbara era peligroso en invierno. Pero se aprest6 a la defensa, y el Padre Ripoll organizó una tropa de lanceros y arqueros indios. Todos esperaban que Santa Barbara, patrona de la formidable artilleria espanolaque habia espantado a Bouchard en Montereydefenderia la localidad. Su fiesta habia sido el cuatro de diciembre y se le hal:6n ofrecido muchas rogativas. A later church in the Santa Barbara Prestdio. which had been founded 1782 by Governor MOO Filipe de Neve and dedicated by Padre Serra , -"::- r- --,..-t.,. nitu. . I1i - -

A new presidio chapel was built in 1813 of wood. Here in 1818 was Capt. de la Guerra, who challanged Bouchard to a duel. Bouchard fondeo y enarbolô una bandera de tregua. Enviô a tierra una carta, que dejo en un palo clavado en la arena, diciendo que si se le devolvian los hombres que le habian sido capturados perdonaria al pueblo y dejaria la costa. Aunque le fueron devueltos sus hombres, esto no fue lo que hizo huir a Bouchard de Santa Barbara, el pueblo donde los espafioles encarcelaban a los cazadores de nutrias. Otro misterioso suceso sembral el miedo en los corazones de su tripulacion, que nunca supo lo que les habia atemorizado; pero nosotros, que sabemos que a las nutrias les gusta envolverse en algas, quiza podarnos comprender mejor que ellos. Una mera bagatela de gratitud, esta, para un pueblo encantador. Bouchard continuô hasta el fondeadero de la isla de Santa Cruz, donde encontró agua y lena. Nadie le cornbatió alli; los indios de las islas del canal habian sido muertos por cazadores de nutrias.

Aqui si que fue el erizarse los Not everyone is sufficiently intelligent to be able cabellos de todos, de puro espanto. to see things from the right point of view. Everyone's hair stood on end No son todas las personas tan in pure horror. discretas que sepan poner en su punto las cosas.

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Bouchard didn't stop here. This mission was famous for its magnificent gardens, and he couldn't take those with him.

Bouchard sailed on past the Mission Rancheria of Santa Monica to the anchorage at San Pedro. His spies signalled to him not to land; Los Angeles had sent out a large force of citizen soldiers to defend the coast. Bouchard continued southward, anchoring in the inlet at San Juan Capistrano. He sent a message ashore to say that he would spare the mission if it gave him a supply of provisions. Alférez Santiago Arguello, sent up from the presidio at San Diego to defend the town, replied that if Bouchard chose to land, they would be happy to supply him with more powder and shot than he could digest. Bouchard was enraged by this defiance, and he and his crew agreed to loot and burn the town. Arguello's men failed to live up to their brave words, and soon the town was Bouchard's. But the pirate crew was conquered by other means here.

Mission San Fernando Rey de Espalia, founded 1797 by Padre Lasuén

;I Fill11114iivil JkL Exquisite wines from San Fernando, made with secret formulae, were sent for the relief of Monterey in 1318.

Bouchard navegó pasando la misiOn Rancheria de Santa Monica hasta el fondeadero de San Pedro. Sus espias le hicieron señales de no desembarcar; Los Angeles habia dispuesto una gran tropa de milicia para defender la costa. Bouchard continuO rumbo al sur, fondeando en la ensenada de San Juan Capistrano. Envie) un mensaje a tierra para decir que perdonaria a la misión si le daba provisiones. El alferez Santiago Arguello, enviado desde el presidio de San Diego para defender el pueblo, replico que si Bouchard decidia desembarcar, ellos estarian contentos de proporcionarles más pOlvora y proyee- tiles de lo que podl'an digerir. Bouchard se enfureciô con este desaffo, él y su tripulacion acordaron saquear y quemar la poblaciOn. Los hombres de Arguello no lograron cumplir sus valientes palabras, y pronto el pueblo era de Bouchard. Pero la tripulaciOn pirata fue conquistada por otros medios. Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles, founded 1781

The Church of the Pueblo of .1ngeles. finished 1822-23

11111111/1=3Vk .'?\..-- aNI -puom1111 4 11111111 111PliMtie q,k el 11 4 111 4 _ The missions contributed brandy for the building fund of the church. This was converted into money as the citizens drank immense quantities in their zeal for the town's spiritual welfare. Bancroft MissionSan Gabriel Aredngel, founded 1771 by In 1818, oranges and Padres Camb

The insurgents arrived Llegaron los insurgentes With Hipolito Bouchard, Con HipOlito Buchar, And at the time they landed Y al tiempo de desembarcar Were met by a band of valiants. Se encontrO con los valientes. Many of his crewwere downed Le mataron muchasgentes And they all fell in confusion. Que se hicieron remolinos. Ah, that a bolt from heaven Ojald un rayo del cielo Would strike them down without pity Los caiga sin caridad, And that Satan, the merciless, Y que el Diablo sin piedad Would consume them inhis hell. Los consurna hasta el infierno. Alviso. 1818

Los hombre de Bouchard encontraron poco dinero,pero alguien les ayudó a descubrir los numerosos escondrijos subterraneos del pueblo, en los caales habiaoculto gran cantidad devino y licor procedente de diezenormes alambiques de la misiOn de San Luis Rey. Los hombresde Bouchard decidieron bebersu botin, y pronto estuvieron todos bien bulliciososalgunos tantoque tuvieron que ser atados sobrelos canones de campana estaban en forma y ser arrastrados de vuelta a la playa.No para librar una batalla ni quemaruna localidad. Here had been thefinest church in California, finishedin 1: a lofty tower. The earthquake with five stone arches and of 1812 brought it down, andkilled many Indians who ,,)(0/11IN111 were inside. It has not beenrebuilt. This was a favorite .11, sailors. stopping place for American ,2%-71)V7 , , ' /A7 h/1. 1111111FIFIriFilk 1_ i Mission San Juan Capistrano,r11cd 1775 byPadre Lasuen f - )1 / .111-4-A ---s` I .11:30 4640--- *WI /°;:rii*I'll.61.4'.,,,,' lik(a%b., = .001. ---"---111114 .....--- _ *. 'Nt1 -.11 - . ...7.:_it.rw WI/ __, II 0 Ilel.,t 1.1 ...... -.7:7.7:74.-- ; - f,-.5,e,- 10 II - ' re-)-----,miliiii= 4 4 ,., - ....------eltitir, we ....,, ' -- Z!--.7.,,--Iikli-Viil,,.., p. 1 71IC .. - rziltel0-0' %A4I I gk_ LE - I g,10::Srin al fI i . 11-4-- 4 / S:1:%":. - kill w - ..., "4 -./11 1 l',.-,..---- .t.alion_W_____(IgliI. ill " , ( YE, I =1 L 6-,,tw "/4 ( / t _.... \- ...- .apillic,..,, , I .... _ 4 ,z%----of wirii.v . 1.,i' ct ;,1041111 ik-' '-'- oe" AO " I 1'.4 -01 hl 5-144 JOINOtt tit I =mom e> 4_10 12p44:77k0 krAl* tV,4virr'; lj r- fir,1 ,04w 0 Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, founded 1798 by Padre LasuOn At\

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fr Two of Bouchard's crew,a Scottish drummer and a black saiior,were so disgusted with Bouchard's incompetent ways that they deserted, andjoined the Californios. Bouchard and his crew sailed for San Diego, but therough sea combined with theirheadaches and disturbed stomachs to make themmost unhappy. They wanted no more of AltaCalifornia. San Diego's harbor had an 'entrancenarrow enough that the soldiers could bar it witha heavy iron chain. Their fort was well manned, and Bouchard'squeasy crew didn't even test the aim of their famous cannon. They left Alta California, sickof their adventure, whileourdos,nowcuatro, Californios, galloped on to celebrate with the beautiful girls of San Diego the endof the greatest peril ever to face Spanish Cali- fornia. Content they were with theirvic- tories; and as Sancho says, "when one's content, there's nothing more to desire; and when there is nothingmore to desire, there's an end of it."

Dos de la tripulaciem de Bouchard, un tambor escoces y un marinero negro, estaban tan hastiados de las inadmisibles rnaneras de Bouchard que desertaron y se unieron a los californios. Bouchard y su tripulaciónzarparon para San Diego, pero el tempestaoso mar se combine) con sus dolores de cabeza y revueltos estOmagospara hacerles de lo The Californians may be mas desgraciadosiNo querian más de said to have formed lne Alta California! big family.I.G. Vallejo El puerto de San Diego tenia una entrada tan estrecha que los soldados podian atrancarlacon una pesada cadena de hierro. Su fuerte estaba bienguarnecido, y la nauseabunda tripulacionde Bouchard ni siquiera comprobe) la punterfa de su famoso carlem. Dejaron Alta California,hartos de su aventura, mientras nuestros dos, ahoracuatro, californios, galopabanpara celebrar con las preciosas chicas de San Diego el fin delmayor peligro que nunca afront6 la California espanola. Estaban contentos consus victorias, y como dice Sancho:"en estandouno contento, no tiene mas que desear, y no teniendo másque desear, acabOse." Mission San biego de Alcal6, first mission in Alta California,founded 1769 by Padre Serra 1141104 SSSSS

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Mission San Gabriel Arcringel,founded 1771 byPadres Cambón and Sornera In 1818, oranges and pomegranates were sent from San Gabriel to feed the Monteryeños. Bouchard's men found little money, but someone helped them discover the town's many underground hiding places, in which were concealed a great deal of wine and spirits from the ten huge stills at San Luis Rey Mission. Bouchard's men decided to drink their loot, andsoon were all quite roaringsome so much so that they had to be tied on top of the field guns and dragged back to the beach. They were in no shape to fight a battle or burn a town.

The insurgents arrived Llegaron los insurgentes With Hipolito Bouchard, Con HipOlito Buchar, And at the time they landed Y al tiempo de desembarcar Were met by a band of valiants. Se encontrO con los valientes. Many of his crew were downed Le mataron muchas gentes And they all fell in confusion. Que se hicieron remolinos.

Ah, that a bolt from heaven Ojali un rayo del cielo Would strike them down without pity Los caiga sin caridad, And that Satan, the merciless, Y que el Diablo sin piedad Would consume them in his hell. Los consuma hasta el infierno. Alviso, 1818

Los hombre de Bouchard encontraron poco dinero, pero alguien les ayudóa descubrir los numerosos escondrijos subterraneos del pueblo, en los cuales habia oculto gran cantidad de vinoy licor proccdente de diezenormes alarnbiques de la misiOn de San Luis Rey. Los hombres de Bouchard decidieron bebersu botin, y pronto estuvieron todos hien bulliciososalgunos tanto que tuvieron que ser atados sobre loscationes de campana y ser arrastrados de vuelta a la playa. No estaban en formapara librar una batalla ni quemar una localidad. Here had been the finest churchin California, finished in 1806 with five stone arches and a lofty tower. The earthquake of 1812 broughtit down, and killed many Indians who were inside. It has not been rebuilt. Thiswas a favorite stopping place for American sailors. / , er/:P('ri wot,IIVOrifirEiroRil Plirranur; [i

Mis.sion .San Juan Capistrano,founded 1775 byPadre Lasuén