DOCSLIB.ORG

Cosmological Implications of Quantum Anomalies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cosmological Implications of Quantum Anomalies University of Sydney Doctoral Thesis Cosmological Implications of Quantum Anomalies Author: Supervisor: Neil D. Barrie Dr. Archil Kobakhidze A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Sydney High Energy Physics Group School of Physics November 2017 Declaration of Authorship I, Neil David Barrie, declare that this thesis titled, `Cosmological Implications of Quantum Anomalies' and the work presented in it are my own. I confirm that: This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this University. Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated. Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed. Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work. I have acknowledged all main sources of help. Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself. Signed: Neil Barrie Date: 25/07/2017 i UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY Abstract Faculty of Science School of Physics Doctor of Philosophy Cosmological Implications of Quantum Anomalies by Neil D. Barrie The aim of this thesis is to investigate the possible implications of quantum anomalies in the early universe. We first consider a new class of natural inflation models based on scale invariance, imposed by the dilaton. In the classical limit, the general scalar potential necessarily contains a flat direction; this is lifted by quantum corrections. The effective potential is found to be linear in the inflaton field, yielding inflationary predictions consistent with observation. A new mechanism for cogenesis during inflation is presented, in which a new anomalous U(1)X gauge group in introduced. Anomaly terms source and X violating processes during inflation, CP producing a non-zero CS number density that is distributed into baryonic and dark matter. The two U(1)X extensions considered in this general framework, gauged B and B L each containing − an additional dark matter candidate, successfully reproduce the observed parameters. We propose a reheating Baryogenesis scenario that utilises the Ratchet Mechanism. The model contains two scalars that interact via a derivative coupling; an inflaton consistent with the Starobinsky model, and a complex scalar baryon with a symmetric potential. The inflaton- scalar baryon system is found to act analogously to a forced pendulum, with driven motion near the end of reheating generating an ηB consistent with observation. Finally, we argue that a lepton asymmetric CνB develops gravitational instabilities related to the mixed gravity-lepton number anomaly. In the presence of this background, an effective CS term is induced which we investigate through two possible effects. Namely, birefringent propagation of gravitational waves, and the inducement of negative energy graviton modes in the high frequency regime. These lead to constraints on the allowed size of the lepton asymmetry. These models demonstrate that a concerted approach in cosmology and particle physics is the way forward in exploring the mysteries of our universe. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Archil Kobakhidze for introducing me to world of particle physics, and for giving me the tools to explore the field. I have thoroughly enjoyed my PhD studies, and have grown considerably as a researcher under your guidance. I look forward to continuing our work together into the future. I would also like to thank my Associate Supervisor Michael Schmidt for our many fruitful discussions over the course of my studies. Thank you to all my collaborators for the opportunity to work with you, and for all the many insightful exchanges we have shared. I hope we shall continue to work together in the years to come. Special thanks to Kazuharu Bamba, Akio Sugamoto, Tatsu Takeuchi, and Kimiko Yamashita, for letting me join in their research pursuits. Also, a big thank you to Matthew Talia and Lei Wu for the many useful discussions over the course of our collaborations. To the residents of Room 342, thank you for the many informative and humorous discussions. These last few years would not have been as enjoyable or as filled with laughter without you. Particular thanks go to my long time office mates - Adrian Manning, Carl Suster, Matthew Talia, Jason Yue. I would also like to acknowledge Shennong for his amazing discovery 5000 years ago, which has made the last few years highly enjoyable and almost stress free. To Sonia, thank you for always being so supportive, positive and understanding. You have helped me more than you know during the stressful, final half of my degree. Finally, thank you to my family and friends for their ongoing support and help over the last few years, without which none of this could have been possible. iv Contents Declaration of Authorshipi Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv Contents v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Standard Model of Particle Physics.......................3 1.1.1 Formulation and Structure of the Standard Model.............4 1.1.2 Symmetries in the Standard Model......................7 1.1.3 Radiative Corrections and Quantum Anomaly Cancellation........9 1.2 The Standard Model of Cosmology and the Evolution of the Universe...... 12 1.2.1 The Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Metric.................. 13 1.2.2 The History of the Universe.......................... 14 1.3 Mysteries to be Solved................................. 16 1.3.1 The Inflationary Mechanism.......................... 16 1.3.2 The Origin of the Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry.............. 20 1.3.3 Dark Matter.................................. 23 1.3.4 Neutrino Properties and the Cosmic Neutrino Background......... 25 1.3.5 Gravitational Waves.............................. 26 1.3.6 Hierarchy Problem in the Standard Model.................. 26 1.4 Cosmological Implications of Quantum Anomalies................. 27 2 Scale Invariant Inflation 28 2.1 The Inflationary Epoch................................ 29 2.2 Modelling the Inflationary Epoch........................... 29 2.3 Scale Invariance, Weyl Transformations, and Non-minimal Couplings....... 33 2.4 Natural Inflation with Hidden Scale Invariance................... 34 2.4.1 Description of the Model........................... 35 2.5 Quantum Corrected Potential in Curved Spacetime................. 37 2.6 Observational Signatures and Model Predictions.................. 38 2.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects.......................... 40 3 An Asymmetric Universe from Inflation 41 v Contents vi 3.1 The Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry......................... 42 3.1.1 The Sakharov Conditions........................... 42 3.1.2 Asymmetric Dark Matter........................... 44 3.2 Topological Vacuum States and the Chern-Simons Number............ 44 3.2.1 Instanton and Sphaleron Transistions.................... 45 3.3 A Model of Inflationary Cogenesis.......................... 47 3.3.1 Models with an Anomalous U(1)X ...................... 48 3.4 Dynamics of an Anomalous Gauge Field During Inflation............. 51 3.5 Simultaneous Generation of Luminous and Dark Matter During Inflation.... 55 3.6 Replicating the Observed ρDM/ρB and ηB ...................... 57 3.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects.......................... 63 4 Baryogenesis During Reheating via the Ratchet Mechanism 64 4.1 The Reheating Epoch and Starobinsky Inflation................... 65 4.1.1 Starobinsky Inflation.............................. 66 4.2 Baryogenesis during Reheating via the Ratchet Mechanism............ 68 4.2.1 The Ratchet Mechanism............................ 68 4.2.2 Description of the Model........................... 68 4.3 Analytical Evaluation................................. 71 4.3.1 Approximate Analytical Solution....................... 74 4.3.2 Phase Locked States.............................. 76 4.4 The Generated Asymmetry Parameter........................ 78 4.4.1 Conversion to Standard Model Particles................... 78 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects.......................... 79 5 Gravitational Waves and the Cosmic Neutrino Background 82 5.1 The Cosmic Neutrino Background.......................... 83 5.2 Gravitational Waves and the Graviton Propagator................. 85 5.2.1 Linearised Gravitational Waves........................ 85 5.3 Graviton Polarisation Tensor in a Lepton Asymmetric CνB............ 86 5.4 Chern-Simons Modified Gravity and Observational Implications.......... 90 5.4.1 Birefringent Propagation through an Asymmetric CνB........... 90 5.5 Induced Ghost-like Modes and Vacuum Decay.................... 92 5.5.1 Photon Energy Spectrum from Induced Vacuum Decay.......... 93 5.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects.......................... 96 6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 98 A Baryon and Lepton Number Anomalies in the Standard Model 101 A.1 Baryon Number Anomalies.............................. 101 A.2 Lepton Number Anomalies.............................. 102 A.3 Mixed Gauged Baryon and Lepton Number Anomalies............... 103 B Further Details of Chapter3 Calculations 104 B.1 F+ Coefficients, Eq. (3.20)............................... 104 B.2 F− Coefficients, Eq. (3.21)............................... 105 Contents vii C Further Details of Chapter5 Calculations 106 C.1 Dimensional Regularisation Integrals
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Measurement of Associated Z+Charm Production and Search for W' Bosons in the CMS Experimented at the LHC
    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear TESIS DOCTORAL Measurement of associated Z+charm production and search for W' bosons in the CMS experimented at the LHC Medida de la producción asociada de Z+charm y búsqueda de bosones W' en el experimento CMS del LHC MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Alberto Escalante del Valle Director Juan Alcaraz Maestre Madrid, 2017 ©Alberto Escalante del Valle, 2017 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES ENERGETICAS´ MEDIOAMBIENTALES Y TECNOLOGICAS´ Measurement of associated Z+charm production and Search for W0 bosons in the CMS experiment at the LHC by Alberto Escalante del Valle A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias F´ısicas Departamento de F´ısicaAt´omica,Molecular y Nuclear Supervised by: Dr. Juan Alcaraz Maestre Dr. Juan Pablo Fern´andezRamos Madrid February 2017 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES ENERGETICAS´ MEDIOAMBIENTALES Y TECNOLOGICAS´ Medida de la producci´onasociada de Z+charm y B´usquedade bosones W0 en el experimento CMS del LHC por Alberto Escalante del Valle Memoria de la tesis presentada para optar al grado de Doctor en Filosof´ıa en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias F´ısicas Departamento de F´ısicaAt´omica,Molecular y Nuclear Supervisado por: Dr. Juan Alcaraz Maestre Dr. Juan Pablo Fern´andezRamos Madrid Febrero 2017 Abstract Measurement of associated Z+charm production and Search for W0 bosons in the CMS experiment at the LHC by Alberto Escalante del Valle Do we understand how elementary particles interact with each other? Are we able to predict the result of the collisions of these elementary particles at the LHC? The objective of this thesis is to investigate the validity of our current theoretical model, the Standard Model of particle physics, to explain the production of two low rate processes in proton-proton collisions at the LHC.
    [Show full text]
  • Gravitational Anomaly and Hawking Radiation of Apparent Horizon in FRW Universe
    Eur. Phys. J. C (2009) 62: 455–458 DOI 10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1081-4 Letter Gravitational anomaly and Hawking radiation of apparent horizon in FRW universe Ran Lia, Ji-Rong Renb, Shao-Wen Wei Institute of Theoretical Physics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China Received: 27 February 2009 / Published online: 26 June 2009 © Springer-Verlag / Società Italiana di Fisica 2009 Abstract Motivated by the successful applications of the have been carried out [8–28]. In fact, the anomaly analy- anomaly cancellation method to derive Hawking radiation sis can be traced back to Christensen and Fulling’s early from various types of black hole spacetimes, we further work [29], in which they suggested that there exists a rela- extend the gravitational anomaly method to investigate the tion between the Hawking radiation and the anomalous trace Hawking radiation from the apparent horizon of a FRW uni- of the field under the condition that the covariant conser- verse by assuming that the gravitational anomaly also exists vation law is valid. Imposing boundary condition near the near the apparent horizon of the FRW universe. The result horizon, Wilczek et al. showed that Hawking radiation is shows that the radiation flux from the apparent horizon of just the cancel term of the gravitational anomaly of the co- the FRW universe measured by a Kodama observer is just variant conservation law and gauge invariance. Their basic the pure thermal flux. The result presented here will further idea is that, near the horizon, a quantum field in a black hole confirm the thermal properties of the apparent horizon in a background can be effectively described by an infinite col- FRW universe.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiral Currents from Anomalies
    ω2 α 2 ω1 α1 Michael Stone (ICMT ) Chiral Currents Santa-Fe July 18 2018 1 Chiral currents from Anomalies Michael Stone Institute for Condensed Matter Theory University of Illinois Santa-Fe July 18 2018 Michael Stone (ICMT ) Chiral Currents Santa-Fe July 18 2018 2 Michael Stone (ICMT ) Chiral Currents Santa-Fe July 18 2018 3 Experiment aims to verify: k ρσαβ r T µν = F µνJ − p r [F Rνµ ]; µ µ 384π2 −g µ ρσ αβ k µνρσ k µνρσ r J µ = − p F F − p Rα Rβ ; µ 32π2 −g µν ρσ 768π2 −g βµν αρσ Here k is number of Weyl fermions, or the Berry flux for a single Weyl node. Michael Stone (ICMT ) Chiral Currents Santa-Fe July 18 2018 4 What the experiment measures Contribution to energy current for 3d Weyl fermion with H^ = σ · k µ2 1 J = B + T 2 8π2 24 Simple explanation: The B field makes B=2π one-dimensional chiral fermions per unit area. These have = +k Energy current/density from each one-dimensional chiral fermion: Z 1 d 1 µ2 1 J = − θ(−) = 2π + T 2 β(−µ) 2 −∞ 2π 1 + e 8π 24 Could even have been worked out by Sommerfeld in 1928! Michael Stone (ICMT ) Chiral Currents Santa-Fe July 18 2018 5 Are we really exploring anomaly physics? Michael Stone (ICMT ) Chiral Currents Santa-Fe July 18 2018 6 Yes! Michael Stone (ICMT ) Chiral Currents Santa-Fe July 18 2018 7 Energy-Momentum Anomaly k ρσαβ r T µν = F µνJ − p r [F Rνµ ]; µ µ 384π2 −g µ ρσ αβ Michael Stone (ICMT ) Chiral Currents Santa-Fe July 18 2018 8 Origin of Gravitational Anomaly in 2 dimensions Set z = x + iy and use conformal coordinates ds2 = expfφ(z; z¯)gdz¯ ⊗ dz Example: non-chiral scalar field '^ has central charge c = 1 and energy-momentum operator is T^(z) =:@z'@^ z'^: Actual energy-momentum tensor is c T = T^(z) + @2 φ − 1 (@ φ)2 zz 24π zz 2 z c T = T^(¯z) + @2 φ − 1 (@ φ)2 z¯z¯ 24π z¯z¯ 2 z¯ c T = − @2 φ zz¯ 24π zz¯ z z¯ Now Γzz = @zφ, Γz¯z¯ = @z¯φ, all others zero.
    [Show full text]
  • Jhep06(2019)110
    Published for SISSA by Springer Received: February 22, 2019 Revised: June 3, 2019 Accepted: June 10, 2019 Published: June 20, 2019 Coset cosmology JHEP06(2019)110 Luca Di Luzio,a;b Michele Redi,c Alessandro Strumiaa and Daniele Teresia;b aDipartimento di Fisica, Universit`adi Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy bINFN, Sezione di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy cINFN Sezione di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: We show that the potential of Nambu-Goldstone bosons can have two or more local minima e.g. at antipodal positions in the vacuum manifold. This happens in many models of composite Higgs and of composite Dark Matter. Trigonometric potentials lead to unusual features, such as symmetry non-restoration at high temperature. In some mod- els, such as the minimal SO(5)=SO(4) composite Higgs with fermions in the fundamental representation, the two minima are degenerate giving cosmological domain-wall problems. Otherwise, an unusual cosmology arises, that can lead to supermassive primordial black holes; to vacuum or thermal decays; to a high-temperature phase of broken SU(2)L, pos- sibly interesting for baryogenesis. Keywords: Cosmology of Theories beyond the SM, Global Symmetries, Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, Technicolor and Composite Models ArXiv ePrint: 1902.05933 Open Access, c The Authors. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2019)110 Article funded by SCOAP3. Contents
    [Show full text]
  • Higgs As Curvaton in Asymptotic Safe Gravity Scenario
    Higgs As Curvaton in Asymptotic Safe Gravity Scenario Taotao Qiu LeCosPA Center, National Taiwan University 2013/06/17 Based on: Y.-F. Cai, Y.-C. Chang, P. Chen, D. A. Easson1 , T. Qiu, arXiv:1304.6938 [hep-th]. Outline Higgs vs. Cosmology Preliminary of Asyptotic Safe Gravity Our model of Higgs Curvaton in ASG background perturbation non-Gaussianities contraints form Planck data Conclusion 2 Higgs vs. Cosmology 3 The discovery of Higgs Boson Recently, two groups (ATLAS and CMS) in LHC experiment have confirmed the existence of Higgs boson particles predicted in standard model particle physics with the mass value CMS Collaboration 4 ATLAS Collaboration Can Higgs play a role in Cosmology? Connecting cosmology with particle physics: Scalar fields: cosmology Particle physics inflaton, curvaton, Higgs boson quintessence…… Attempts & Problems: Higgs inflation unitarity problem C. P. Burgess, H. M. Lee and M. Trott, JHEP 0909, 103 (2009). Higgs curvaton Too small energy density ratio cannot give rise to enouph perturbation. T. Kunimitsu and J. 'i. Yokoyama, Phys. Rev. D 86, 083541 (2012); K. -Y. Choi and Q. -G. Huang, arXiv:1209.22775 [hep-ph]. The problem of Higgs as a curvaton The problem of Higgs curvaton: When Higgs is to be curvaton, the value of Higgs field h remains constant till the curvaton decays, when the effective mass is close to Hubble parameter: which induces Too small to fit the observational data! K. -Y. Choi and Q. -G. Huang, arXiv:1209.2277 [hep-ph]. Can the problem be solved in framework of Asymptotic Safe Gravity? 6 Preliminary of Asyptotic Safe Gravity 7 Problem: Quantization of Gravity In quantum field theory, people often check the renormaliza- bility of any terms in Lagrangian by its coupling constant! Consider the operator in the lagrangian: renormalizable Super- renormalizable non- renormalizable Another non-renormalizable example is the operator of Einstein- Hilbert Gravity , whose coupling constant is with 8 What is Asymptotic Safe Gravity (ASG) Proposal 1970’s by Steven Weinberg S.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientists Observe Gravitational Anomaly on Earth 21 July 2017
    Scientists observe gravitational anomaly on Earth 21 July 2017 strange that they named this phenomenon an "anomaly." For most of their history, these quantum anomalies were confined to the world of elementary particle physics explored in huge accelerator laboratories such as Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Switzerland. Now however, a new type of materials, the so-called Weyl semimetals, similar to 3-D graphene, allow us to put the symmetry destructing quantum anomaly to work in everyday phenomena, such as the creation of electric current. In these exotic materials electrons effectively behave in the very same way as the elementary Prof. Dr. Karl Landsteiner, a string theorist at the particles studied in high energy accelerators. These Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC and co-author of particles have the strange property that they cannot the paper made this graphic to explain the gravitational be at rest—they have to move with a constant speed anomaly. Credit: IBM Research at all times. They also have another property called spin. It is like a tiny magnet attached to the particles and they come in two species. The spin can either point in the direction of motion or in the opposite Modern physics has accustomed us to strange and direction. counterintuitive notions of reality—especially quantum physics which is famous for leaving physical objects in strange states of superposition. For example, Schrödinger's cat, who finds itself unable to decide if it is dead or alive. Sometimes however quantum mechanics is more decisive and even destructive. Symmetries are the holy grail for physicists.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenomenological Implications of Neutrinos in Extra Dimensions
    October 27, 2018 CERN-TH/2001–184 hep-ph/0107156 IFUP–TH/18–2001 Phenomenological implications of neutrinos in extra dimensions Andr´ede Gouvˆea, Gian Francesco Giudice, Alessandro Strumia∗, and Kazuhiro Tobe Theoretical Physics Division, CERN, CH-1211, Gen`eve 23, Switzerland Abstract Standard Model singlet neutrinos propagating in extra dimensions induce small Dirac neutrino masses. While it seems rather unlikely that their Kaluza-Klein excitations directly participate in the observed neutrino oscillations, their virtual exchange may lead to detectable signatures in future neutrino experiments and in rare charged lepton processes. We show how these effects can be described by specific dimension-six effective operators and discuss their experimental signals. 1 Introduction The hypothesis that Standard Model (SM) singlet fields propagate in extra dimensions leads to striking arXiv:hep-ph/0107156v2 1 Nov 2001 results. When applied to the graviton, it allows to lower the quantum gravity scale down to few TeV [1, 2], suggesting a new scenario for addressing the Higgs mass hierarchy problem. It is also natural to consider the case of “right-handed neutrinos” (i.e., fermions without SM gauge interactions) propagating in extra dimensions. The smallness of the neutrino masses, of the Dirac type, could in fact be a manifestation of this hypothesis [3, 4, 5, 6]. If the radius of the compactified dimensions is very large, R > eV−1, Kaluza-Klein (KK) modes of right-handed neutrinos would significantly participate in neutrino∼ oscillations. However, KK interpreta- tions of the atmospheric and solar neutrino puzzles are disfavoured by the following arguments: A KK tower of sterile neutrinos gives rise to active/sterile oscillations at a small ∆m2 1/R2 • ∼ only in the case of a single large extra dimension.
    [Show full text]
  • Higgs Boson in RG Running Inflationary Cosmology
    Higgs Boson in RG running Inflationary Cosmology 1,2, 1, Yi-Fu Cai ∗ and Damien A. Easson † 1Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 2Department of Physics, McGill University, Montr´eal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada An intriguing hypothesis is that gravity may be non-perturbatively renormalizable via the notion of asymptotic safety. We show that the Higgs sector of the SM minimally coupled to asymptotically safe gravity can generate the observed near scale-invariant spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Back- ground through the curvaton mechanism. The resulting primordial power spectrum places an upper bound on the Higgs mass, which for finely tuned values of the curvaton parameters, is compatible with the recently released Large Hadron Collider data. PACS numbers: 98.80.Cq I. INTRODUCTION play an important role in the early inflationary universe if the gravitational theory is asymptotically safe. Although at present there is no explicit proof of the asymptotical Weinberg has suggested that the effective description safety, it deserves to ask whether the gravity theories un- of a quantum gravitational theory may be nonperturba- der asymptotical safety are testable in any experiment. tively renormalizable through the notion of asymptotic The current study is exactly based on a specific trunca- safety (AS) [1, 2]. In such a scenario the renormalization tion of the gravity action and certain form of RG equa- group (RG) flows approach a fixed point in the ultravio- tions according to the conjecture of asymptotical safety. let (UV) limit, and a finite dimensional critical surface of In the frame of AS gravity, the gravitational constant trajectories evolves to this point at short distance scales G and cosmological constant Λ are running along with [3, 4].
    [Show full text]
  • What Atheist Steven Hawking Has Discovered at All, If Black Holes Do Not Evaporate?
    What atheist Steven Hawking has discovered at all, if Black Holes do not evaporate? Dmitri Martila Tartu University (2004{2011), Estonia∗ (Dated: December 8, 2020) Abstract It is the severe scientific criticism against Hawking's life work. One of the issues is the following. The evaporation of the Black Holes is impossible at first because of Steven Hawking's sentence in his original paper that the Schwarzschild Black Hole does not evaporate. We have no other spherical symmetric Black Hole, which would have an event horizon, and what shrinks despite that. ∗Electronic address: [email protected] 1 I. HISTORY OF MY UNDERSTANDING The evaporation of a Black Hole leads to the Paradox of Information Loss. So maybe Stephen Hawking has made a fatal mistake introducing Hawking Radiation? \Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" (the Sagan standard) was a phrase popularized by Carl Sagan. However, the roots of this phrase are much older, with the French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace stating that \. the weight of evidence for an extraordinary claim must be proportioned to its strangeness." The alleged Loss of Information is an absurd consequence of Steven Hawking's extraordinary thesis that \Black Holes do evaporate". Well, I still do not understand how the Black Hole can evaporate. Black Holes are obtained as the end products of a collapse (in other words: gravitational compression) of supernova matter. However, during the collapse, there is no event horizon. According to Hawking, evaporation does not occur at the most final stage of the collapse of a star, but it performs already during the collapse (according to Ref.
    [Show full text]
  • The Higgs Boson and the Cosmology of the Early Universe Mikhail Shaposhnikov Blois 2018
    The Higgs Boson and the Cosmology of the Early Universe Mikhail Shaposhnikov Blois 2018 Rencontres de Blois, June 4, 2018 – p. 1 Almost 6 years with the Higgs boson: July 4, 2012, Higgs at ATLAS and CMS 3500 ATLAS Data Sig+Bkg Fit (m =126.5 GeV) 3000 H Bkg (4th order polynomial) 2500 Events / 2 GeV 2000 1500 s=7 TeV, ∫Ldt=4.8fb-1 1000 s=8 TeV, ∫Ldt=5.9fb-1 γγ→ 500 H (a) 200100 110 120 130 140 150 160 100 0 -100 Events - Bkg (b) -200 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Data S/B Weighted 100 Sig+Bkg Fit (m =126.5 GeV) H Bkg (4th order polynomial) 80 weights / 2 GeV Σ 60 40 20 (c) 8100 110 120 130 140 150 160 4 0 -4 (d) -8 Σ weights - Bkg 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 m γγ [GeV] Rencontres de Blois, June 4, 2018 – p. 2 What did we learn from the Higgs discovery for particle physics? Rencontres de Blois, June 4, 2018 – p. 3 The ideas of the authors of the BEH mechanism were right Rencontres de Blois, June 4, 2018 – p. 4 The Standard Model is now complete Rencontres de Blois, June 4, 2018 – p. 5 126 125 U U U GeV Triumph of the SM in particle physics No significant deviations from the SM have been observed Rencontres de Blois, June 4, 2018 – p. 6 126 125 U U U GeV Triumph of the SM in particle physics No significant deviations from the SM have been observed The masses of the top quark and of the Higgs boson, the Nature has chosen, make the SM a self-consistent effective field theory all the way up to the quantum gravity Planck scale MP .
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:0905.2641V1
    TOPICS IN INFLATIONARY COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPHYSICS by Matthew M. Glenz A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee December 2008 arXiv:0905.2641v1 [hep-th] 16 May 2009 TOPICS IN INFLATIONARY COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPHYSICS by Matthew M. Glenz A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee December 2008 Major Professor Date Graduate School Approval Date ii ABSTRACT TOPICS IN INFLATIONARY COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPHYSICS by Matthew M. Glenz The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2008 Under the Supervision of Distinguished Professor Leonard Parker We introduce a general way of modeling inflation in a framework that is indepen- dent of the exact nature of the inflationary potential. Because of the choice of our initial conditions and the continuity of the scale factor in its first two derivatives, we obtain non-divergent results without the need of any renormalization beyond what is required in Minkowski space. In particular, we assume asymptotically flat initial and final values of our scale factor that lead to an unambiguous measure of the number of particles created versus frequency. We find exact solutions to the evolution equation for inflaton perturbations when their effective mass is zero and approximate solutions when their effective mass is non-zero. We obtain results for the scale invariance of the inflaton spectrum and the size of density perturbations. Finally, we show that a substantial contribution to reheating occurs due to gravitational particle production during the exit from the inflationary stage of the universe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Man Behind an Identity in Quantum Electrodynamics by F
    The man behind an identity in quantum electrodynamics by F. J. Duarte Introduction The 6th of May, 2010, marks the 10th anniversary of the passing of John Clive Ward a quiet genius of physics whose ideas and contributions helped shape the post-war quantum era. Since John was an Australian citizen it is only appropriate to remember him in the pages of this journal. First, as a manner of introduction, I will outline John’s most salient contributions. Then, I will attempt a description of the physicists, teacher, and friend that I was privileged to know. Physics theoreticians thus producing a series of brilliant papers on: In an approximated chronological order the contributions of the Ising Model (Kac and Ward, 1952), quantum solid-state John Ward began with a paper published (with Maurice L. physics (Ward and Wilks, 1952), quantum statistics (Montroll H. Pryce) in Nature as part of his doctoral research at Oxford and Ward, 1958), and Fermion theory (Luttinger and Ward, (Pryce and Ward, 1947). This was a solution to a problem, 1960). His last paper was on the Dirac equation and higher that according to John was posed by Dirac, and that J. A. symmetries (Ward, 1978). Wheeler had tried to solve (Ward, 2004). The suggestion to tackle this problem was made by Pryce (a former student of In a piece written in an Oxford publication it was once stated R. H. Fowler and John’s supervisor). This had to do with that Ward “has contributed deeply to an astonishingly broad the decay of γ particles and the emission of two correlated range of theoretical physics: statistical mechanics, plasma photons in opposite directions.
    [Show full text]