Foreging Responses Behaviour in the African Giant Land Snail
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Wayamba Journal of Animal Science – ISSN: 2012-578X; P1059-P1065, 2015 First Submitted February 26, 2015; Number 1424965516 CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN MALNAD GIDDA CATTLE Suresh, S.C1*., Nagaraja, C.S2. and Satheesha,G.M3., 1Krishi Vigyan Kendra(IIHR-ICAR), 2 Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, Bangalore, 3Veterinary College, Shivamogga, Karnatak, India. Corresponding author:- [email protected] Cytogenetic investigation was carried out contributed 1.70 0.03 and 1.69 0.05 in two breed groups of cattle, viz. Malnad per cent towards total genome in male Gidda (B.indicus) and Jersey (B.taurus), in Malnad Gidda and male Jersey cattle, an effort to compare the respectively. The mean centromeric index karyomorphological pattern between (CI) of X chromosome was 0.32 0.01 Malnad Gidda cattle and Jersey. Blood and 0.33 0.01 in Malnad Gidda and samples were collected from Malnad Jersey cattle, respectively. The G-banding Gidda cattle maintained by farmers of pattern of Malnad Gidda cattle was almost Malnad region of Chikmagalur District of similar with minor differences to that of Karnataka and from Jersey cattle Amrithmahal, Hallikar and Deoni cattle, maintained at Livestock Breeding and reported earlier. Training Centre, Dharwad, Dept. of A.H & Key words: Malnad Gidda, Karyotyping, V.S, Govt. of Karnataka. Relative Length (RL), Centromeric Index Metaphase spreads were obtained by short (CI), Arm Ratio (AR) term whole blood lymphocyte culture using standard techniques. A normal Livestock rearing is an integral part of the chromosomal complement of 2n=60 (58 Indian rural agriculture, over the past many autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes) was centuries. Integrated crop-livestock farming observed in all Malnad Gidda and Jersey has been an age-old practice in Karnataka. cattle. X chromosome was submetacentric The farmers have excelled in livestock in both breeds and Y chromosome was breeding, which is evident from the number acrocentric in Malnad Gidda and of breeds of livestock developed in the state. metacentric in Jersey cattle. X At present in Karnataka, there are five well- chromosome was the longest chromosome, defined breeds of cattle apart from non- while first autosome was second longest descript local/native cattle distributed all and Y chromosome was shortest over the state. One such breed of cattle is chromosome in both Malnad Gidda and Malnad Gidda found in the Western Ghats Jersey cattle. The relative length (RL) of of Karnataka (Fig. 1). Generally, ‘Gidda’ autosomes progressively decreased from refers to dwarf, although the body is 4.85 0.05 to 1.85 0.03 per cent and compact and well built proportionately to the from 4.95 0.05 to 1.58 0.03 per cent in height. Malnad Gidda cattle are confined to male and female Malnad Gidda cattle, heavy rainfall and hilly areas of respectively; and from 5.00 0.07 to1.80 Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, 0.04 per cent and from 4.76 0.08 Shimoga, Udupi and Uttara Kannada of to1.83 0.05per cent in male and female coastal and transitional agro-climatic zones Jersey cattle, respectively. The X of Karnataka (Ashok, 2000). Malnad Gidda chromosome contributed 5.09 0.05 and cattle are known for their grazing ability at 5.15 0.05 per cent in male and female higher altitude, high disease resistance and Malnad Gidda, respectively; and 5.12 endurance to adverse climatic conditions 0.05 per cent and 4.86 0.09 per cent in such as heavy rainfall and hot humid male and female Jersey cattle, condition. Adoption of crossbreeding on an respectively, where as the Y chromosome extensive scale in these regions during the past several decades and frequent inter- PCopyright 1059 © Society Copyright of Animal © Society Science, of Animal Department Science, of Livestock Department & Avianof Livestock Science, & WayambaAvian Science, University Wayamba of Sri University Lanka of Sri Lanka http://www.wayambajournal.com http://www.wayambajournal.com P 1060 mating among cattle breeds located in used to collect the blood from animals. Four neighbouring areas has resulted in and a half to five ml of blood was directly significant decrease in the number of drawn into the vacutainer tube from the Malnad Gidda cattle across the Western jugular vein. Short term lymphocyte culture Ghats of Karnataka. It is most likely that was carried out to obtain metaphase they may serve as valuable genetic resources chromosomal spreads using standard for future exploitation of genes for high techniques (Eldridge, 1985) with some disease resistance through genetic modifications. Colchicine was used at the engineering. Thus, efforts are on the anvil to rate of five g per 10 ml of medium to conserve these animals in Karnataka. harvest the lymphocytes in cell culture at Keeping these facts in view, the present metaphase stage. Ethidium bromide was study was contemplated for cytogenetic added at the rate of 300 l per 10 ml of characterization of Malnad Gidda and to medium as an inhibitor of chromosome compare it with chromosomal profile of contraction to get lengthier chromosomes Jersey cattle. (Hsu et al. 1973; Ikeuchi and Sasaki, 1979). Hypotonic treatment was done by using 0.075 M Potassium chloride (KCl) for a duration of 45 minutes to get swollen lymphocytes and thereby to obtain better chromosomal spreads. For karyotyping, the slides with chromosomal spreads were placed on hot plate (600 C) for drying and incubated at 650C overnight for G- banding. G- banding was carried out using 0.1 per cent trypsin working solution and staing was done using 10 per cent buffered Giemsa stain (pH- 6.8) for 3-5 minutes. Good metaphase spreads were photographed using a bright field microscope (Leica DMLS), attached with 35 mm camera (Leica Wetzlar, MPS 32). For photography Kodak Gold 200 color film was used. For both the cattle breed groups karyotyping was carried out and the following linear parameters of Figure 1: Malnad Gidda female and male chromosomes were determined from their cattle mean lengths by the quotients. Relative Length (RL) = MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling site and quantity of rice gruel In the present study, Cytogenetic investigation was carried out on 20 Malnad Gidda cattle maintained by farmers of Malnad region of Chikmagalur District of Karnataka. Twelve Jersey cattle maintained at Livestock Breeding and Training Centre, Dharwad, Dept. of A.H & V.S, Govt. of Karnataka, were also used for comparative Based on the relative length of study. The cattle selected for the cytogenetic chromosomes the ideograms were also study comprised of 10 Malnad Gidda males, prepared for the both groups of cattle 10 Malnad Gidda females, 6 Jersey males breeds. Appropriate statistical analyses were and 6 Jersey females. A five ml sterile carried out as described by Snedecor and Sodium heparinised vacutainer tube was Copyright © Society of Animal Science, Department of Livestock & Avian Science, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka http://www.wayambajournal.com P 1061 Cochran (1967). The level of significance morphology. Similar findings were reported was fixed at 5 per cent (p 0.05). by Gupta et al. (1974), Desai et al. (1984), Raghunandanan and Mukundan, (1991), RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Shashikanth, (1992), Choudhury et al. Model chromosome number and (1997), Nagpure et al. (2001) and Sahoo et morphology al. (2004). However, differences were The karyotypes from female and male observed in the morphology of Y Malnad Gidda cattle (Fig. 2) and female and chromosome between Malnad Gidda and male Jersey cattle (Fig. 3) possessed diploid Jersey cattle. The Y chromosome of Malnad chromosome number of 2n=60 (58 Gidda (B. indicus) exhibited acrocentric autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes), as morphology in contrast to the metacentric established earlier (Raghunandanan and morphology of Y chromosome of Jersey (B. Mukundan, 1991; Shashikanth, 1992; taurus) cattle, which was in accordance with Choudhury et al., 1997; Sarkhel and the observations of Potter and Upton (1979), Katpatal, 1998; Dayananda, 2000; Desai et al. (1984), Raghunandanan and Appannavar et al., 2004; Sahoo et al., 2004). Mukundan (1991) and Choudhury et al. Karyotypes of Malnad Gidda cattle (Fig. 2) (1997). The difference in the structure of Y and Jersey cattle (Fig. 3) revealed that all the chromosome between zebu and taurus cattle autosomes were acrocentric and X would help in identification of male lines chromosomes were submetacentric in used in the crossbreeding programme. Figure 2 : Malnad Gidda Female and Male Karyotyping Figure 3: Jersey Female and Male Karyotyping Copyright © Society of Animal Science, Department of Livestock & Avian Science, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka http://www.wayambajournal.com P 1062 Relative length (RL) Kerala local cattle and Sahai and Mathur The relative length of each chromosome pair (1981) in Sindhi and Hariana cattle reported was expressed as a percentage of haploid findings similar to that observed in the genome and based on RL, ideograms were present study. In the present study, the constructed. The relative length of relative length of Y chromosome was 1.70 autosomes formed a continuous series 0.03 and 1.69 0.05 per cent in male ranging from 4.85 0.05 to 1.85 0.03 per Malnad Gidda and male Jersey cattle, cent and 4.95 0.05 and 1.58 0.03 per respectively. These findings were in cent in male and female Malnad Gidda agreement with the earlier report by Nagpure cattle, respectively. These values were et al. (2001) in Hariana cattle. However, apparently little different to those of other these findings were apparently little different breeds of Indian cattle (Raghunandanan and from the findings by other workers in Mukundan, 1991; Choudhury et al., 1997; different breeds of cattle (Raghunandanan Sarkhel and Katpatal, 1998; Nagpure et al., and Mukundan, 1991; Choudhury et al., 2001; Appannavar et al., 2004; Sahoo et al., 1997; Appannavar et al., 2004; Sahoo et al., 2004).