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Diplomarbeit Titel Der Diplomarbeit Versuch Eines Vergleiches Zwischen Fusako Shigenobu Von Der JRA Und Ulrike Mein- Hof Von De

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Diplomarbeit Titel Der Diplomarbeit Versuch Eines Vergleiches Zwischen Fusako Shigenobu Von Der JRA Und Ulrike Mein- Hof Von De View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Versuch eines Vergleiches zwischen Fusako Shigenobu von der JRA und Ulrike Mein- hof von der RAF Verfasserin Angelina Kratschanova angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, im Oktober 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 378 295 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Japanologie Betreuer: o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Sepp Linhart 2 Für meine Töchter Lora und Larissa 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Verzeichnis häufig verwendeter japanischer Ausdrücke ................................ 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis ................................................................................... 8 1. Einleitung............................................................................................... 9 1.1 Quellenlage und Forschungsstand ...................................................... 11 1.2 Fragestellung und Methodik ................................................................ 14 1.3 Begriffsklärung..................................................................................... 15 2. Genesis der Ideologie der Weltrevolution - Marx, Lenin, Trotzki und Mao 17 3. New Left und die weltweite Studentenbewegung ................................ 20 4. Am Anfang war Amerika. Globalisierung der Proteste......................... 22 5. Die Studentenbewegung in Japan....................................................... 25 6. Psychometrische Analyse von Shigenobu Fusako nach Russel und Miller 28 7. Studentenbewegung in Deutschland ................................................... 36 8. Psychometrische Analyse von Ulrike Meinhof nach Russel und Miller 41 9. Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede bei den Psychometrischen Analysen Shigenobus und Meinhofs ................................................................... 50 10. Organisational Approach nach Martha Crenshaw bei der JRA............ 52 10.1 Gründung und Ideologie der Gruppe ................................................... 52 10.2 Aktionen der Japanischen Roten Armee ............................................. 55 10.3 Hierarchische Strukturen in der Gruppe .............................................. 60 10.4 Die Führungsrolle Shigenobus ............................................................ 63 10.5 Die Armee und ihre Soldaten, Solidarität mit der Gruppe.................... 65 10.6 Mythologie der JRA und gruppenbezogene Legitimation .................... 67 11. Organisational Approach nach Martha Crenshaw bei der RAF ........... 69 11.1 Gründung und Ideologie der Roten Armee Fraktion ............................ 69 11.2 RAF-Aktionen von der Gründung bis Oktober 1977 ............................ 71 11.3 Hierarchische Strukturen in der Gruppe .............................................. 78 11.4 Die Rolle Meinhofs bei der RAF........................................................... 82 11.5 Die Rote Armee, ihre Guerillakämpfer und die gruppenbezogene Legitimation ............................................................................................................. 85 12. Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede beim Organisational Approach für JRA und RAF ..................................................................................................... 87 13. International Enviromental Hypothesis für Japan nach Jenkins........... 90 13.1 Gesetzliche Maßnahmen im Kampf gegen die Radikalisierung........... 93 13.2 Reaktion des Staates auf die JRA nach 1972 ..................................... 94 14. International Enviromental Hypothesis für die Bundes Republik Deutschland nach Jenkins........................................................................................ 96 5 14.1 Die Reaktion des Staates. Die Polizei und die neu entwickelten Taktiken. 96 14.2 Gesetzliche Maßnahmen im Kampf gegen die Radikalisierung......... 100 14.3 Die Reaktion des Staates auf die Schleyer-Entführung und auf die Flugzeugentführung der Maschine Landshut..................................... 102 15. Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede bei der International Environmental Hypothesis bei JRA und RAF ............................................................ 105 16. Fazit................................................................................................... 108 17. Vierzig Jahre danach – Mona Mienhof und Shigenobu Twilight. ....... 109 ANHANG 1: Einige der anderen japanischen Rotarmisten heute .............. 110 ANHANG 2: Einige der RAF-Mitglieder heute ............................................ 112 Literaturverzeichnis .................................................................................... 114 Japanische Quellen.................................................................................... 121 Abstract...................................................................................................... 122 Lebenslauf.................................................................................................. 123 6 Verzeichnis häufig verwendeter japanischer Ausdrücke Verzeichnis häufig verwendeter japanischer Ausdrücke busō tōsō Japanisch: 武装闘争, Deutsch: Bewaffneter Kampf geba-bō Japanisch: ゲバ棒, Deutsch: „Gewaltstock“ heishi Japanisch: 兵士, Deutsch: Soldaten Kakukyōdo Japanisch: 革共同, Deutsch: Japanischer Bund Revolutionä- rer Kommunisten Keihin Ampo Japanisch: 京浜安保共闘, Deutsch: Gemeinsame Tōkyō- Kyōtō Yokohama-Front gegen den Ampo-Vertrag Kempeitai Japanisch: 憲兵隊, Deutsch: Militärpolizeilicher Arm der Kaiserlichen Japanischen Armee von 1881 bis 1945 Ketsumeidan Japanisch: 血盟団, Deutsch: Blutsbruderschaft, ultranationa- listische Organisation, gegründet vom Priester Inoue Nissho Kyōsando Japanisch: 共産同, Deutsch: Bund der Kommunisten Nihon Seki- Japanisch: 日本赤軍 , Deutsch: Japanische Rote Armee gun (JRA) Nihon Torot- Japanisch: 日本トロツキスト連盟, Deutsch: Japanischer sukisto Trotzkistenbund Renmei Rengō Seki- Japanisch: 連合赤軍, Deutsch: Vereinigte Rote Armee (VRA) gun Sekigun-ha Japanisch: 赤軍派, Deutsch: Rote Armee Fraktion (RA) Shinsayoku Japanisch: 新左翼運動, Deutsch: Neue Linke undō uchi-geba Japanisch: 中ゲバ, Deutsch: Interfraktionelle Gewalt Zengakuren Japanisch: 全学連, Abkürzung von: 全日本学生自治会総連合 Zen-nihon gakusei jichikai sō rengō, Deutsch: Alljapanischer Allgemeiner Verband der studentischen Selbstverwaltungen Zenkyōto Japanisch: 全共闘, Abkürzung von: 全学共闘会議 Zengaku kyoto kaigi, Deutsch: Allgemeines Universitätskampfkomitee 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Shigenobu während ihrer Zeit als Studentenaktivistin in Japan29 Abbildung 2: Shigenobu auf den Fahndungsplakaten der Polizei ................ 30 Abbildung 3: Shigenobu bei ihrer Verhaftung im Jahr 2000 ......................... 30 Abbildung 4: Ulrike Meinhof auf den Fahndungsplakaten nach der Baader- Befreiung im Jahr 1970........................................................................ 43 Abbildung 5: Ulrike Meinhof in der Redaktion von konkret........................... 47 Abbildung 6: Ulrike Meinhof bei ihre Verhaftung am 15. Juni 1972 in Hannover 50 Abbildung 7: Horst Herold im Jahr 1973 im BKA Wiesbaden. Hier mit dem FDP- Politiker Hans-Dietrich Gentscher........................................................ 98 Zitate aus den verwendeten japanischen Werken werden, wenn nicht anders angegeben, in eigener Übersetzung wiedergegeben. Japanische Namen erschei- nen in ihrer natürlichen Reihenfolge – Nachname, gefolgt von Vorname. 8 1. Einleitung 1. Einleitung Anlässlich des 40-jährigen „Jubiläums“ wurde viel über die Studentenbewegung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (BRD), über die Generation der 68er und auch ihre Eskalationserscheinung Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF) geschrieben. Meine In- ternetrecherchen ergaben allein im deutschsprachigen Raum und nur aus dem Jahr 2008 25 wissenschaftliche Werke, die sich mit der Problematik befassten. Die Fernseh- und Radiosendungen, die Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema kann man kaum erfassen. Auch die amerikanischen, französischen und italieni- schen Studentenbewegungen der 68er waren in den Medien stark präsent. Über die Studentenbewegung in Japan und die daraus resultierenden Terror- Organisationen Sekigun-ha (Rote Armee, RA), Nihon Sekigun (Japanische Rote Armee, JRA) und Rengō Sekigun (Vereinigte Rote Armee, VRA) wurde in Europa zu allen Zeiten wenig berichtet, und das trotz der Gewalt, mit der sie die Welt in Angst und Schrecken versetzten. Vielleicht liegt es daran, dass die Informationen über die Strukturen und Motivationen der Aktivisten in der japanischen Sprache verfasst sind und daher für die meisten Politikwissenschaftler eine schwer über- windbare Barriere darstellen. Oder aber es liegt daran, dass Sprachwissenschaft- ler sich wenig für politische Ereignisse interessieren? Wie kann man sich sonst erklären, dass im deutschsprachigen Raum im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs kaum über die 68er-Bewegung in Japan berichtet wurde? Und zu berichten gab es viel, denn die Studentenbewegung zeichnete sich durch einen enorm hohen Mobilisie- rungs- und Organisationsgrad der Studentenschaft aus. Ende der Sechzigerjahre gehörten etwa die Hälfte der 1,5 Millionen Studenten zum Studenten-Dachverband Zengakuren (Koelpping 1970:276) und konnten für ihre Straßenaktionen über 600 000 Menschen mobilisieren (Derichs 1995:93). Dazu kommt die enorme Gewalt- und Opferbereitschaft der Mitglieder. Verschiedenen Einschätzungen zufolge gab es bei Auseinandersetzungen zwischen verschiedenen Fraktionen und mit der Po- lizei zwischen 1968 und 1975 im Schnitt 500 Verletzte pro Jahr. Allein im Jahr 1969 wurden 1 145
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